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1
CHUYN 1:
Phng trnh v h phng trnh.
I.Gii phng trnh bng cch t n ph thch hp.
Bi 1:Gpt:
2 2
2
2
2 2 4
10. 11. 0.
1 1 1
x x x
x x x
+ | | | | | |
+ =
| | |
+
\ . \ . \ .
Gii:
t
2 2
;
1 1
x x
u v
x x
+
= =
+
(1).
Ta c: 10.u
2
+ v
2
-11.uv = 0(u-v).(10u-v)=0 u=v hoc 10u=v.
Xt cc trng hp thay vo (1) ta tm c x mt cch d dng.
Bi 2:Gpt: (x
2
- 4x+3).(x
2
- 6x + 8)=15.
Gii:
t x
2
- 5x + 5 = u (1).
Ta c: (x
2
- 4x+3).(x
2
- 6x + 8)=15
(x-1).(x-3).(x-2).(x-4)-15=0
(x-1).(x-2).(x-3).(x-4)-15=0
(x
2
-5x+4).(x
2
-5x+6)-15=0
(u-1).(u+1)-15=0
u
2
-16=0
u= 4.
Thay cc gi tr ca u vo (1) ta d dng tm c x.
Bi 3:Gpt:
2
90.
1 1
x x
x x
| | | |
+ =
| |
+
\ . \ .
Gii:PT
2
2 2
1 1
. 90
( 1) ( 1)
x
x x
(
+ =
(
+
.
2
2
2 2
2 2
. 90
( 1)
x
x
x
+
=
.
t u = x
2
( u >0) (1).
Ta c:
2 2
2
2 2
. 90 2 2 90.( 1)
( 1)
u
u u u u
u
+
= + =
( u = 1).
0 90 182 88
2
= + u u .
T y ta d dng tm c u, thay vo (1) ta tm c x.
Bi 4:Gpt:
3 3
3
2 3 12.( 1) x x x + = .
Gii:
t
3 3
; 2 3 x u x v = = (1).
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Hunh Minh Khai: Gv: THCS Th Trn cu K, Tr Vinh
2
C: ) .( 4 ) .( 3 ) .( 4
3 3 3 3
3
3 3
v u v u uv v u v u v u + = + + + + = +
=
=
= + = + +
v u
v u
v u v u v uv u v u 0 ) ).( .( 3 0 ) 2 ).( .( 3
2 2 2
Xt cc trng hp thay vo (1) ta d dng tm c x.
Bi 5:Gpt: x
x
x x x 3
2 2
1
2 3 3 5
2
2 3
+ = + + + (1).
Gii:
T (1) suy ra: 1 6 2 3 3 5 . 2
2 2 3
+ = + + x x x x x
x x x x x x x x 12 2 12 1 36 8 12 12 20
2 3 2 4 2 3
+ + + = + +
0 9 24 22 8
2 3 4
= + + x x x x (x= 0). 0
9 24
22 8
2
2
= + +
x x
x x .
t y
x
x = +
3
(*) ta c:
y
2
- 8y + 16 = 0 suy ra y = 4 thay vo (*) ta d dng tm c x.
Bi 6:Gpt: ( ) ). 1 ( 0 18
4
1
). 4 .( 3 ) 4 .( 1 =
+
+ +
x
x
x x x
Gii: iu kin x > 4 hoc x < -1.
*Nu x > 4, (1) tr thnh:
0 18 ) 4 ).( 1 ( . 3 ) 4 ).( 1 ( = + + + x x x x
t 0 ) 4 ).( 1 ( > = + y x x (2) ta c:
y
2
+ 3y -18 = 0.
T ta d dng tm c y,thay vo (2) ta tm c x.
*Nu x < -1, (1) tr thnh:
0 18 ) 4 ).( 1 ( . 3 ) 4 ).( 1 ( = + + x x x x
t 0 ) 4 ).( 1 ( > = + y x x (3) ta c:
y
2
- 3y -18 = 0.
T ta d dng tm c y,thay vo (3) ta tm c x.
Bi 7:Gpt:(2x
2
- 3x +1).(2x
2
+ 5x + 1)=9x
2
(1).
Gii:
(1) 0 1 2 20 4 4
2 3 4
= + + + x x x x (x= 0).Chia c hai v cho x
2
ta c :
4x
2
+ 4x -20 +
2
1 2
x x
+ = 0. 0 24
1
2 . 2
1
2
2
= |
.
|
\
|
+ + |
.
|
\
|
+
x
x
x
x . t y =
x
x
1
2 + .(2)
Ta c: y
2
+ 2y -24 = 0.
T ta tm c y,thay vo (2) ta d dng tm c x.
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Hunh Minh Khai: Gv: THCS Th Trn cu K, Tr Vinh
3
Bi 8:Gpt: . 0 16 8 . 2 64 16
2 2 2
= + + + x x x x x
Gii:PT . 0 4 . 2 8 = + x x x
n y ta xt tng khong ,bi ton tr nn n gin.
Bi 9:Gpt: (1 + x + x
2
)
2
= 5.(1 + x
2
+ x
4
).
Gii:
4 2 3 2 4 2
5 5 5 2 2 2 1 x x x x x x x + + = + + + + +
4 3 2 4 3 2
4 2 2 2 4 0 2 2 0 x x x x x x x x + + = + + =
Nhn thy x = 0 khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh cho, vy x= 0.
Chia c hai v ca phng trnh trn cho x
2
ta c:
2x
2
- x + 1 - 0
2 1
2
= +
x x
. t y =
x
x
1
+ (*). Ta c:
2y
2
- y - 3 = 0.T ta d dng tm c y, thay vo (*) ta tm c x.
Bi 10: Gpt: (6-x)
4
+ (8-x)
4
= 16.
Gii:
t 7 - x = y (*).
Ta c: (y-1)
4
+ (y + 1)
4
=162y
4
+12 y
2
+2 = 162.(y-1).(y+1).(y
2
+7)=0 y =1 hoc y = -1.
Thay cc gi tr ca y tm c trn thay vo (*) ta d dng tm c cc gi tr ca x.
II.Tm cc nghim nguyn (x;y) hoc (x;y;z) ca cc phng trnh sau:
Bi 1: x
2
= y.(y+1).(y+2).(y+3)
Gii:
t y
2
+ 3y = t.
Ta c: x
2
= y.(y+1).(y+2).(y+3) = (y
2
+ 3y).(y
2
+ 3y +2) = t
2
+ 2t.
*Nu t > 0 th t
2
< x
2
= t
2
+ 2t < (t+1)
2
suy ra khng tn ti x tha mn.
*Nu t < -2 th 2t + 4 < 0 nn t
2
+ 2t > t
2
+ 4t + 4 suy ra t
2
+ 2t > t
2
+ 4t + 4 = (t+2)
2
.
Suy ra: x
2
= t
2
+ 2t > (t + 2)
2
(*).
Li c: t
2
+2t < t
2
suy ra x
2
< t
2
(**).
T (*)&(**) suy ra (t + 2)
2
< x
2
< t
2
suy ra x
2
= (t+1)
2
suy ra t
2
+2t = (t +1)
2
(=x
2
)
Suy ra : t
2
+2t = t
2
+2t +1 (V l).
*Nu t = -1 suy ra x
2
= t
2
+2t = -1 <0 (V l).
*Nu t = 0 suy ra x = 0y = 0 hoc -1 hoc -2 hoc -3 .
x - 0 4 8 +
x-8 - - - 0 +
x-4 - - 0 + +
x - 0 + + +
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Hunh Minh Khai: Gv: THCS Th Trn cu K, Tr Vinh
4
Bi 2:
= +
= +
) 2 ( 1 2 2
) 1 ( 2
2
z x xy x
z y x
Gii:
T (2) ta c: 2x
2
- xy+x-2z =1 kt hp vi (1) ta c:
2x
2
- xy+x-2.(2 - x + y)=12x
2
-xy +3x-2y-5=0
. 7 , 1 2 2 7
2
7
1
2
5 3
2
= + + Z e
+
+ =
+
+
= x x
x
x
x
x x
y
T ta tm c x tm c y tm c z.
Bi 3:
=
=
) 2 ( 1
) 1 ( 3
2 2 2
z y x
z y x
Gii: Thay (1) vo (2) ta c:
(y + z -3)
2
-y
2
-z
2
=1yz - 3y - 3z = -4(y-3).(z-3) = 5 = 1.5 = (-1).(-5) = 5.1=(-5).(-1.
T ta tm c y v z tm c x.
Bi 4: 2xy + x + y = 83.
Gii:PT . 167 , 1 1 2 1 2 167
1 2
167
1
1 2
2 166
2
1 2
83
= + + Z e
+
+ =
+
=
+
= y y
y y
y
x
y
y
x
T ta tm c y tm c x.
Bi 5: . 3 = + +
y
zx
x
yz
z
xy
Gii:iu kin : x,y,z = 0.
Nhn xt:Trong ba s x,y,z lun tn ti hai s cng du (Theo nguyn tc irichl c 3 s -3 th
m ch c hai chung-mi s nguyn khc 0 ch mang du m hoc du dng)
Ta c th gi s x,y cng du vi nhau.Suy ra x.y = xy > 0 v . 0 , >
x
y
y
x
t A= . 3 = + +
y
zx
x
yz
z
xy
Gi s z <0 khi 3 = A = 0 0 0 0 = + + < + +
y
zx
x
yz
z
xy
(V l).
Vy z >0.Ta c:
A =
3
3 . 3 . . . . . 3 . . 3 z xy
x
y
z
y
x
z
z
xy
y
x
z
x
y
z
z
xy
y
zx
x
yz
z
xy
= > + + = = + +
= = =
= = =
= = >
1 , 1
1 , 1
1 , 1 . 1
y x z
y x z
xy z z xy
Bi 6: 2x
2
- 2xy = 5x + y - 19.
Gii:T bi ra ta c: . 17 , 1 1 2 1 2 17
1 2
17
2
1 2
19 5 2
2
= + + Z e
+
+ + =
+
+ +
= x x
x
x
x
x x
y
T ta tm c x tm c y.
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Hunh Minh Khai: Gv: THCS Th Trn cu K, Tr Vinh
5
III.Gii h phng trnh v cc phng trnh khc.
Bi 1: . 2
2
1 1
2
=
+
x
x
Gii:iu kin : 2 , 0 < = x x .
-Nu x < 0 th <
+
2
2
1 1
x
x
. 2
2
1
2
1
2
< s
x
Vy ta xt x > 0:
t x = a v b x =
2
2 (a,b > 0).
Ta c:
= +
= +
2
2
1 1
2 2
b a
b a
C: 1
1
. 2
1 1
2 > > + = ab
ab b a
(1).
Li c: 2 = a
2
+ b
2
>2ab suy ra 1>ab (2).
T (1)&(2) suy ra ab = 1 m a
2
+ b
2
=2 nn suy ra (a+b)
2
= 4 suy ra a + b = 2.
Vy ta c: 1 1
2
1
= = =
= +
=
x b a
b a
ab
.
Bi 2: . 5 16 3 2 4 1 4
4 2 2 2
+ = + + + + y x y y x x x
Gii:
iu kin:
>
> +
> +
>
) 4 ( 0 16
) 3 ( 0 3 2
) 2 ( 0 4 1
) 1 ( 0 4
4
2 2
2
x
y y x
x
x
T (4) suy ra x
2
>4 kt hp vi (1) suy ra x
2
= 4 kt hp vi (2) suy ra x = 2.
Phng trnh cho tr thnh:
5 1 + = y y .
Lc ny vic tm y khng cn kh khn g na (Lp bng xt du).
Bi 3: 2x
4
-21x
3
+ 74x
2
-105x +50 =0.
Gii:
Nhn thy x = 0 khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh cho.
Vy x= 0.Chia c hai v ca phng trnh cho cho x
2
ta c:
0 26
25
. 21
25
. 2 0
50 105
74 21 2
2
2
2
= |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ = + +
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
t y
x
x = +
25
ta c:
2y
2
-21.y - 26 = 0.T ta tm c ytm ra x.
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Hunh Minh Khai: Gv: THCS Th Trn cu K, Tr Vinh
6
Bi 4:
= + +
= +
7 1 . 4 1
5 1 1 . 2
x x
x x
Gii:
t :
> =
> + =
0 1
0 1
x b
x a
H cho tr thnh:
= +
=
7 4
5 2
b a
b a
T tm c a =3,b =1.
n y vic tm ra x khng cn kh khn na.
Bi 5:
+ =
= +
) 2 ( 1 5
) 1 ( 1 5 1
x y
y x
Gii:
Thay biu thc (2) vo phng trnh (1) ta c:
1 1 . 2 1 5 1 5 1 = = + + x x x .
T ta tm c x.Vic tm gi tr ca y cng khng c g kh khan na.
Bi 6:
= + +
= + +
) 2 ( 0 3 3 2
) 1 ( 0 24 45 12 4 15 2
2 2
2 2
xy x y y x
y x y xy x
Gii:
Phng trnh (2) phn tch c nh sau:
(x - y).(x -3 + 2y) = 0
=
=
y x
y x
2 3
Xt cc trng hp thay vo phng trnh (1) ta d dng tm c x v y.
Bi 7: x
3
+ (3-m).x
2
+ (m-9).x + m
2
-6m + 5 = 0.
Gii:
Phng trnh cho phn tch c nh sau:
| || | 0 ) 1 ( 2 . ) 5 (
2
= m x x m x .
n y vic gii v bin lun phng trnh khng cn kh khn g na.
Bi 8:
= + +
= + +
xyz z y x
z y x
4 4 4
1
Gii:
B : . : , ,
2 2 2
ca bc ab c b a R c b a + + > + + e
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c. (D dng chng minh c b trn).
S dng b ta c:
xyz = x
4
+ y
4
+ z
4
>x
2
y
2
+ y
2
z
2
+ z
2
x
2
>xyz.(x + y + z) = xyz.
Suy ra cc du bt ng thc trn u phi tr thnh ng thc tc l ta phi c:
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Hunh Minh Khai: Gv: THCS Th Trn cu K, Tr Vinh
7
x = y =z kt hp vi gi thit ban u :x + y + z =1 ta c:
3
1
= = = z y x .
Bi 9:
( )
+ + + =
= +
) 2 )( 2001 .(
) 1 ( 1
2000
2000 1999
1999
2 2
xy y x x y y x
y x
Gii:
iu kin: x,y . 0 >
Nhn nhn phng trnh (2) ta thy:
-Nu x > y th:
VT > 0, VP < 0 suy ra: VT > VP.
-Nu y > x th:
VT <0, VP >0 suy ra: VT < VP.
-Nu x = y khi : VT =VP =0.
Kt hp vi (1) (Ch :x,y . 0 > ) ta c:
2
1
= = y x .
Bi 10: 2 . 2 2 5 2 . 3 2 5 2 = + + + x x x x (1).
Gii:
(1) ( ) ( ) 2 . 2 3 3 2 .
2
1
1 5 2 .
2
1
2 2
= + + x x 4 3 5 2 1 5 2 = + + x x
Ta c:
. 4 1 5 2 5 2 3 1 5 2 5 2 3 4 = + + > + + = x x x x
Vy du bt ng thc trn phi tr thnh du ng thc tc l:
2
5
7
5 2 9
0 5 2
0 5 2 3 > >
>
>
> x
x
x
x
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l:
(
e 7 ;
2
5
x .
CHUYN 2: Bt ng thc.
Cc bi ton tm gi tr ln nht , nh nht.
Bi 1:Cho a,b,c l di ca ba cnh tam gic.
CMR: ab + bc + casa
2
+b
2
+c
2
< 2.(ab + bc + ca).
Gii:
Ta c:
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
- ab + bc + ca | | . 0 ) ( ) ( ) ( .
2
1
2 2 2
> + + = a c c b b a
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c.
Vy: ab + bc + casa
2
+b
2
+c
2
.
Li c:
a < b + c a
2
< a.(b + c) (1)
Tng t: b
2
< b.(a + c) (2) ,c
2
< c.(b + a) (3).
Cng (1),(2),(3) theo v ta c:
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Hunh Minh Khai: Gv: THCS Th Trn cu K, Tr Vinh
8
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
< a.(b + c) + b.(a + c) + c.(b + a) = 2.(ab + bc + ca).
Bi 2:Gi s x > z ; y > z ; z > 0.CMR: xy z y z z x z s + ) .( ) .( (1).
Gii:
t:
+ =
+ =
n z y
m z x
(m,n,z > 0).
Khi (1) tr thnh: ) ).( ( n z m z zn zm + + s +
( ) z n
z
m
n m + |
.
|
\
|
+ s + . 1 (2).
p dng BT Bunhiacopxki ta c:
( )
2
2
1 .( ) . 1 .( ) .
m m m
n z n z n m n z n m
z z z
| |
| | | |
+ + > + = + + + > +
|
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .
Vy (2) ng, tc l (1) cng ng (pcm).
Bi 3:Cho xy > 0 v x + y = 1.CMR: ( ) . 5
1
. 8
4 4
> + +
xy
y x
Gii:
T gi thit . 0 ,
0 1
0
>
> = +
>
y x
y x
xy
Ta c:
). 1 ( 4
1
4
1
. 2 1 > > > + =
xy
xy xy y x
Li c:
( ) ( )
2
2
2
4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
8. 4.(1 1 ).( ) 4.( ) (1 1 ).( ) 1. x y x y x y x y x y
(
( + = + + > + = + + > + =
Suy ra: 8.(x
4
+ y
4
) 1 > (2).
T (1) v (2) suy ra:
( ) . 5 4 1
1
. 8
4 4
= + > + +
xy
y x
Ta c pcm.
Bi 4:Cho ba s phn bit a,b,c.CMR:C t nht mt trong ba s sau y l s dng:
x = (a + b + c)
2
- 9ab ; y = (a + b + c)
2
- 9cb ; z = (a + b + c)
2
- 9ac.
Gii:
Ta c:x + y + z = 3. (a + b + c)
2
- 9.(ab + bc + ca) = 3.(a
2
+ b
2
+c
2
- ab - bc - ca) =
= | | . 0 ) ( ) ( ) ( .
2
3
2 2 2
> + + a c c b b a (Do a= b = c = a).
Vy trong ba s x,y,z lun c t nht mt s dng.
Bi 5: Nu
>
> +
0
1
ab
b a
th
8
1
4 4
> + b a .
Gii: Hon ton tng t bi 3.
Bi 6:CMR: ( )( ) ( )( )
4 4 8 8 2 2 10 10
. . y x y x y x y x + + > + + .
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Hunh Minh Khai: Gv: THCS Th Trn cu K, Tr Vinh
9
Gii:
Ta c: ( )( ) ( )( )
4 4 8 8 2 2 10 10
. . y x y x y x y x + + > + +
( ) ( )
4 4 4 4 12 12 8 8 2 2 12 12
. . y x y x y x y x y x y x + + + > + + + ( ) ( )
4 4 4 4 8 8 2 2
. . y x y x y x y x + > +
( ) 0 .
6 2 2 6 8 8 2 2
> + y x y x y x y x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 6 6 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 4
. . 0 . . 0 x y x y x y x y x y x x y y > + + >
Bt ng thc cui cng lun ng.Vy ta c pcm.
Bi 7:CMR: Nu a,b,c l cc s i mt khc nhau v a + b + c < 0 th :
P = a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
- 3abc < 0.
Gii:
C:P = a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
- 3abc = (a + b + c).(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
- ab - bc - ca) < 0.
Bi 8:CMR:
4
1
) 1 2 (
1
...
25
1
9
1
2
<
+
+ + + =
n
A vi . 1 , > N e n n
Gii:
D dng bin i tng ng chng minh c:
(
+ +
+
+
<
+ ) 2 2 ).( 1 2 (
1
) 1 2 .( 2
1
.
2
1
) 1 2 (
1
2
n n n n n
p dng ta c:
.
4
1
2 2
1
2
1
.
2
1
2 2
1
1 2
1
...
4
1
3
1
3
1
2
1
.
2
1
) 2 2 ).( 1 2 (
1
...
5 . 4
1
4 . 3
1
3 . 2
1
.
2
1
<
(
+
=
(
+
+ + + =
=
(
+ +
+ + + + <
n n n
n n
A
Ta c pcm.
Bi 9:CMR: Nu: p,q > 0 th: pq
q p
q p
>
+
+
2 2
.
Gii:
C:
( ) ( )
. 0
.
2
2 2
>
+
+ +
=
+
+
q p
q pq p q p
pq
q p
q p
Ta c pcm.
Bi 10:CMR:
k k k
1
1
1 1
2
< .
p dng cho k = 2,3,...,n ta c:
.
1
2
1
1
1
...
3
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
...
3
1
2
1
1
2 2 2
n n n n
= |
.
|
\
|
+ + + + < + + + +
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10
Bi 11:Cho hai s x,y tha mn: x > y v xy = 1.CMR: . 0 2 2
2 2
>
+
y x
y x
Gii:
Ta c: . 0 2 2
2
). ( . 2
2
2 2
> =
>
+ =
+
y x
y x
y x
y x
y x
y x
Ta c pcm.
Bi 12:Cho tam gic ABC c cc cnh tha mn: . c b a s s CMR: ( ) . 9
2
bc c b a s + +
Gii:
T gi thit bi ra ta c:
( ) ) 1 ( 9 2 5 4
0 ) 4 ).( ( 0 4 2
2 2 2
bc c b bc c b
c b c b c b c a b b
s + s +
s > > + >
M: (a + b + c)
2
s(2b + c)
2
(2).
T (1) v (2) suy ra:
(a + b + c)
2
s(2b + c)
2
s9bc.
Ta c pcm.
Bi 13:
Cho 0 < a,b,c < 2.CMR:Ba s a.(2-b) ; b.(2-c) ; c.(2-a) khng ng thi ln hn 1.
Gii:
Ta c:
. 1
2
2
.
2
2
.
2
2
) 2 ( ). 2 .( ). 2 .( ) 2 ( ). 2 ( ). 2 .(
2 2 2
= |
.
|
\
| +
|
.
|
\
| +
|
.
|
\
| +
s
s =
c c b b a a
c c b b a a a c c b b a
Tch ca ba s nh hn hoc bng 1 v vy chng khng th ng thi ln hn 1.
Ta c pcm.
Bi 14: Cho ba s a,b,c tha mn: a > b > c > 0.CMR:
c a c a
c
b a b a
b
+
<
+
.
Gii:
Ta c:
c a c a
c
b a b a
b
+
<
+
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2. 2 2.
a b a b a c a c
a b a b a c a c
a a b a a c a b a c b c
+ + + +
< + + < + +
+ < + < >
Bt ng thc cui cng lun ng.
Vy ta c pcm.
Bi 15:Cho cc s dng x,y,z tha mn: . 1
2 2 2
> + + z y x CMR: . 1
3 3 3
> + +
x
z
z
y
y
x
Gii:
p dng BT C Si:
2
3 3
2 . 2 x xy
y
x
xy
y
x
= > + (1).
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11
Tng t:
2
3
2y yz
z
y
> + (2) v
2
3
2z xz
x
z
> + (3).
Cng (1),(2),(3) theo v ta c:
) .( 2
2 2 2
3 3 3
z y x zx
x
z
yz
z
y
xy
y
x
+ + > + + + + +
Suy ra:
. 1 ) ( ) ( ) .( 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3
> + + > + + + + > + + z y x zx yz xy z y x
x
z
z
y
y
x
Vy ta c pcm.
CHUYN 3: a thc v nhng vn lin quan.
Bi 1:Cho
1 2 2
&
2 3
5
2 3
2
+ +
+
=
+
=
x x
b
x
a
Q
x x
x
P . Vi nhng gi tr no ca a,b th P=Q vi mi
gi tr ca x trong tp xc nh ca chng.
Gii:
iu kin: . 1 , 2 = x
Ta c: P=Q 1 , 2
2 3
2 ) 2 (
2 3
5
) 1 , 2 (
3
2
3
2
=
+ + +
=
+
= x
x x
b a x b a ax
x x
x
x
=
=
=
= +
=
2
1
5 2
0 2
1
b
a
b a
b a
a
Bi 2:Cho s nguyn n, A= n
5
- n.
a-Phn tch A thnh nhn t.
b-Tm n A=0.
c-CMR: A chia ht cho 30.
Gii:
a) A= n
5
- n = n.(n
4
-1) = n.(n-1).(n+1).(n
2
+ 1)
b) A=0 n = 0,1,-1.
c) Theo nh L Fecma: 5 5 ) 5 (mod
5 5
A n n n n (1).
Li c: 2 2 ) 1 ( A n n (2) v: 3 3 ) 1 .( ). 1 ( A n n n + (3).
V 2,3,5 i mt nguyn t cng nhau nn t (1),(2)&(3) suy ra ) 5 . 3 . 2 ( A (pcm).
Bi 3: CMR: Nu x,y l nhng s nguyn tha mn iu kin x
2
+ y
2
chia ht cho 3 th c x v y
u chia ht cho 3.
Gii:
Nhn xt:S chnh phng chia cho 3 c s d l 0 hoc 1.
V vy t gi thit x
2
+ y
2
chia ht cho 3 . 3 , y x
Bi 4:Tm gi tr ca p,q a thc (x
4
+ 1) chia ht cho a thc x
2
+ px + q.
Gii:
Gi s (x
4
+ 1) = (x
2
+ px + q).( x
2
+ mx + n)
Khai trin v ng nht h s ta c h:
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12
+ =
=
=
=
= + +
= +
q
q p
qn
p m
qn
q pm n
p m
1
1
1
0
0
2
Vy c th thy cc gi tr ca p,q cn tm l:
+ =
>
q
q p
q
1
0
Bi 5:Cho a thc: 120 154 71 14 ) (
2 3 4
+ + = x x x x x A Z x e .
a)Phn tch A(x) thnh nhn t.
b)Chng minh a thc A(x) chia ht 24.
Gii:
a).Ta c: 120 154 71 14 ) (
2 3 4
+ + = x x x x x A
3 2 2
( 2).( 12 47 60) ( 2).( 3).( 9 20) x x x x x x x x = + = +
b).Ta c:A(x)=
24
2
) (
120 144 72 ) 14 ).( 1 ).( 1 ( + + + x x x x x x
x B
-Nu x chia ht cho 4,x-14 chia ht cho 2 B(x) chia ht cho 8.
-Nu x chia cho 4 d 1 th x-1 chia ht cho 4,x+1 chia ht cho 2B(x) chia ht cho 8.
-Nu x chia cho 4 d 2 th x-14 chia ht cho 4,x chia ht cho 2B(x) chia ht cho 8.
-Nu x chia cho 4 d 3 th x + 1 chia ht cho 4,x-1 chia ht cho 2B(x) chia ht cho 8.
Vy trong mi trng hp ta u c B(x) chia ht cho 8 (1).
M tch ca ba s nguyn lin tip th chi ht cho 3 nn (x-1).x.(x+1) chia ht cho 3
B(x) chia ht cho 3 (2).
M (3,8)=1 nn t (1) v (2) suy ra B(x) chia ht cho 24.
Vy ta c pcm.
Bi 6:Tm tt c cc s nguyn x : x
2
+ 7 chia ht cho x-2.
Gii:
Ta c: x
2
+ 7 = (x-2).(x + 2) +11 chia ht cho x-2 khi v ch khi 11 chia ht cho x-2.
x-2=-1,-11,1,11.
T ta d dng tm ra cc gi tr x tha mn bi ra.
Bi 7: Mt a thc chia cho x-2 th d 5, chia cho x-3 th d 7.Tnh phn d ca php chia a
thc cho (x-2).(x-3).
Gii:
Gi a thc cho l F(x).Theo bi ra ta gi s a thc d cn tm l ax+b.
Ta c:
F(x) = (x-2).(x-3).A(x) + ax + b. (trong A(x) l a thc thng trong php chia)
Theo gi thit v theo nh l Bdu ta c:
F(2)=2a +b=5 v F(3)=3a+b=7.
Gii h hai phng trnh trn ta tm c a = 2, b = 1.
Vy a thc d l 2x+1.
Bi 8: Cho bit tng cc s nguyn a
1
, a
2
, a
3
..., a
n
chia ht cho 3.Chng minh rng:
A(x) =
3 3
2
3
1
...
n
a a a + + + cng chia ht cho 3.
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13
Gii:
Theo nh l fecma ta c: Z n n n e ) 3 (mod
3
.
p dng ta c: ) 3 (mod
1
3
1
a a , ) 3 (mod
2
3
2
a a ,..., ) 3 (mod
3
n n
a a .
Suy ra:
3 3
2
3
1
...
n
a a a + + + ) 3 (mod 0 ) 3 (mod ...
2 1
+ + +
n
a a a
Ta c pcm.
Bi 9:Chng minh rng (7.5
n 2
+12.6
n
) lun chia ht cho 19, vi mi s n t nhin.
Gii:
Ta c:
A = 7.5
2n
+ 12.6
n
= 7.25
n
+ 12.6
n
.
Ta c: ) 19 (mod 6 25 ) 19 (mod 6 25
n n
.Suy ra:
) 19 (mod 0 ) 19 (mod 6 . 19 6 . 12 6 . 7 +
n n n
A .
Ta c pcm.
Bi 10: Phn tch thnh nhn t x
10
+ x
5
+ 1.
Gii:
Ta c: x
10
+ x
5
+ 1 = (x
2
+ x + 1).(x
8
-x
7
+ x
5
-x
4
+ x
3
-x + 1).
CHUYN 4: Cc bi ton lin quan ti phng trnh
bc hai v nh l Vi-et.
Bi 1:Cho phng trnh : x
2
-(2m+1)x + m
2
+m -1= 0
1.Chng minh phng trnh lun c nghim vi mi m.
2.Chng minh c mt h thc gia hai nghim s khng ph thuc vo m.
Gii:
1. Ta c : A= (2m +1)
2
- 4.(m
2
+ m - 1) = 5 > 0
suy ra phng trnh lun c nghim vi mi m
2.Theo vi-et ta c:
+ =
+ = +
) 2 ( 1 .
) 1 ( 1 2
2
2 1
2 1
m m x x
m x x
T (1) suy ra:
2
1
2 1
+
=
x x
m thay vo (2) ta c:
|
.
|
\
| +
+ |
.
|
\
| +
= 1
2
1
2
1
.
2 1
2
2 1
2 1
x x x x
x x 1
2
1
2
1
.
2 1
2
2 1
2 1
= |
.
|
\
| +
|
.
|
\
| +
x x x x
x x .
Ta c pcm.
Bi 2: Tm nhng gi tr nguyn ca k bit thc A ca phng trnh sau l s chnh phng:
k.x
2
+ (2.k-1).x + k-2= 0; (k= 0)
Gii:
Ta c : A= (2k-1)
2
- 4.k.(k-2) =4k +1 .
Gi s 4k + 1 l s cp khi n l s cp l hay: 4k + 1 = (2n + 1)
2
n l s t nhin.
Hay: k = n
2
+ n.
Vy A l s cp th k = n
2
+ n( th li thy ng).
Bi 3: Tm k phng trnh sau y c ba nghim phn bit :
(x-2)(x
2
+ k.x + k
2
- 3)= 0
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14
Gii:
t f(x)= (x-2)(x
2
+ k.x + k
2
- 3) = (x-2).g(x)
f(s)=0 c ba nghim phn bit tng ng vi g(x) =0 c hai nhgim phn bit khc 2
hay:
=
> >
=
> = A
1
2 2
0 ) 2 (
0 ) 3 .( 4
2 2
k
k
g
k k
Bi 4: Tm a,b hai phng trnh sau l tng ng:
x
2
+ (3a + 2b) x - 4 =0 (1) v x
2
+ (2a +3b)x + 2b=0 (2)
vi a v b tm c hy gii cc phng trnh cho.
Gii:
-iu kin cn:
Nhn thy pt (1) lun c 2 nghim phn bit.Vy pt (2) cng phi c 2 nghim phn bit ging
vi (1).
t f(x) = x
2
+ (3a + 2b) x - 4 =0 v g(x) = x
2
+ (2a +3b)x + 2b.
hai phng trnh cho l tng ng th f(x) = g(x) (*) vi mi x (V h s ca x
2
ca c
hai pt u bng 1).
Thay x = 0 vo (*) ta c b = -2 (3).
Thay x = 1 vo (*) kt hp vi (3) ta c a= -2.
-iu kin :
Vi a=b=-2 ta thy hai phng trnh tng ng vi nhau.
Bi 5: Gi s b v c l cc nghim ca phng trnh :
x
2
- a.x-
2
1
.a
2
=0; (a= 0)
chng minh : b
4
+ c
4
> 2+ 2 .
Gii:
Theo nh l Viet ta c:
=
= +
2
2
1
a
bc
a c b
Ta c: | |
2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4
2 2 ) ( 2 ) ( c b bc c b c b c b c b + = + = +
2 2 2 6 2
2
3
. . 2 2
2
3
2
1 1
4
4
4
4
4
2
2
2 4 4
+ > + = + > + + = + |
.
|
\
|
+ = +
a
a
a
a
a a
a c b .
Bi 6 : Chng minh rng vi mi a,b,c phng trnh sau lun c nghim :
a(x-b).(x-c) + b.(x-c). (x-a) + c.(x-a).(x-b) = 0
Gii:
t f(x) = a.(x-b).(x-c) + b.(x-c). (x-a) + c.(x-a).(x-b) =
= (a + b + c).x
2
-2.(ab + bc + ca).x + 3abc
*Nu a + b + c = 0.Khi :
A
'
= a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
-abc.(a + b + c) = [(ab-bc)
2
+ (bc-ca)
2
+ (ca-ab)
2
].
2
1
0 >
*Nu a + b + c = 0.Khi :
-Nu ab + bc + ca = 0 th phng trnh cho lun c nghim.
-Nu ab + bc + ca =0. Khi kt hp vi gt a + b + c =0 ta d dng chng minh c
a=b=c=0.V d nhin trng hp ny pt cho c v s nghim.
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Bi 7:CMR:Nu cc h s a,b,c ca phng trnh:ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 (a = 0) u l cc s l th
phng trnh bc hai trn khng th c nghim hu t.
Gii:
Gi s phng trnh bc hai trn vi cc h s a,b,c u l cc s l c nghim hu t
x
0
=
n
m
vi m,n l cc s nguyn (m,n)=1 v n = 0 ;khi ta c:
a. 0 .
2
= + + |
.
|
\
|
c
n
m
b
n
m
hay: 0
2 2
= + + cn bmn am (1).Suy ra:
n am
m cn
2
2
m (m,n)=1 1 ) , ( ) , (
2 2
= = n m m n nn:
n a
m c