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Definitions, Types, Basic Steps Sample Computations

DEFINITIONS Estimates is a logical and sensible assumptions of the quantities, qualities, values, or degrees of a set of subjects. Cost Estimation Models are mathematical algorithms used to estimate the costs of a product or a project.

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TYPES OF ESTIMATION Cost Estimates is concerned with knowing the probable total cost of a project. Quantity Survey is a preliminary estimation technique that aims to establish the quantity of each material for a project, not yet considering their cost. Productivity Estimates is concerned with the determination of probable cost of labor by logical assumptions of the productivity of the workers.

TYPES OF ESTIMATION Bill of Materials is a list of materials needed for a project. It usually presents the probable cost for each item item. Value Engineering is a review of the plan and design of a project so as to coordinate with the sizes and specifications of construction materials. Its aim is to avoid wastage and maximize the use of each material Value material. Engineering is also concerned with other items that may reduce the cost of a construction project or speed-up the project construction. speed-

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TYPES OF ESTIMATION Detailed Estimate is an estimate that breaks the subject down into as many items or components possible. Each component are possible often described with specifications. Rough Estimate is an estimate that is computed in general and vague. It is often an assumption by area, volume, or bulk. Lump Sum is an assumption of the totality of an item without consideration of its specific components .

BASIC STEPS IN DETAILED ESTIMATION

1. Classify the general parts of the project into categories. 2. Break down each category into as many parts, works, or materials possible. 3. Write down the specifications for each material or component. 4. Use the round-up method for inexact figures. round5. Provide allowances for breakage, wastage, or slack. 6. Compute the materials, labor, and equipment separately. Avoid computing by percentage of each other. Remember that cost of labor vary significantly from the type of work to be done. done 7. Consider the rental of equipment. 8. Consider all other non-salient components and do not simply nonrely on the item - over-head cost. over9. Unless otherwise instructed, not forget to include contingency costs, profit, VAT, and professional and other fees.

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CONCRETE
CONCRETE a stone-like material formed by mixing cement and aggregate with
water. Concrete solidifies and hardens after mixing and placement due to a chemical process known as hydration. The water reacts with the cement, which hardens,
bonding the other components together and eventually creating a stone-like material.

CEMENT is a binder, a substance which sets and hardens independently, and can bind other materials together. ROMAN CEMENT was coined by JAMES PARKER in 1796 England BRITISH CEMENT was patented by JAMES FROST in 1822 England PORTLAND CEMENT patented by JOSEPH ASPDIN in 1824 England patented by son WILLIAM ASPDIN in 1843 England MODERN PORTLAND CEMENT first recognized in 1867 Germany

MAIN COMPOSITION OF CEMENT

Lime
is a general term for various naturally occurring minerals and materials derived from them, in which carbonates, oxides and hydroxides of calcium predominate.

Silica

is the chemical compound silicon dioxide. It is found in nature in several forms, including quartz and opal. or Aluminium oxide is a chemical compound of aluminium and

Alumina

oxygen. It is an excellent thermal and electrical insulator.

Iron oxide

is a mixture of small iron pieces with ammonium chloride used chloride,

to join iron or steel surfaces.

Magnesia

or Magnesium oxide is a white solid mineral that is formed by an ionic bond between one magnesium and one oxygen atom.

Sulfur Trioxide

a chemical compound that is prepared on massive scale as a precursor to sulfuric acid

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TYPES OF CEMENT
- Ordinary Portland Cement - Rapid-hardening Portland Cement (for high early strength) Rapid- Portland Blast Furnace or Sulphate (resist chemical attack) - Low-heat Portland Cement (reduce hydration heat for massive section) Low- Portland

Pozzolan Cement (for slow-hardening)

- Hi h Alumina Cement (for fast-hardening) High Al i C t

ADMIXTURES
Admixtures are materials in the form of powder or fluids that are added to the concrete to give it certain characteristics not obtainable with plain concrete mixes. Admixture dosages are less than 5% by mass of cement, and are added to the concrete at the time of batching / mixing. Types of admixtures:
Accelerators speed up the hydration (hardening) of the concrete. Retarders slow the hydration of concrete. AirAir-entrainers add and distribute tiny air bubbles in the concrete, which will reduce
damage during freeze-thaw cycles (Weathering). Plasticizers or Water Reducers increase the workability of plastic or "fresh" concrete, allowing it be placed more easily, with less consolidating effort. It reduces the water content of a concrete while maintaining workability. Thi i t t t f t hil i t i i k bilit This improves it strength and its t th d durability characteristics. Pigments can be used to change the color of concrete, for aesthetics. Corrosion inhibitors are used to minimize the corrosion of steel in concrete. Bonding agents are used to create a bond between old and new concrete. Pumping aids improve pumpability, thicken the paste, and reduce dewatering of the paste.

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TERMINOLOGY
Aggregates are materials used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed
stone, slag, or recycled crushed concrete.

Brick is an artificial stone made by forming clay into rectangular blocks which are
hardened, either by burning in a kiln or sometimes, in warm countries, by sun-drying.

Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU), concrete block, breeze block, or

cinder block is a large rectangular brick used in construction. Concrete blocks are
made from cast concrete formed into blocks.

Cement Plaster a mixture of suitable plaster sand, portland cement & water which
is normally applied to masonry interiors and exteriors to achieve a smooth surface surface.

Mortar is a material used in masonry to fill the gaps between bricks and bind them
together.

Stucco or Render is a material made of aggregates, binder, and water which is applied wet, and hardens when it dries. It is used as a coating for walls and ceilings and for decoration.

CONCRETE PROPORTIONING
CLASS AA 1 : 2 : 3 (Cement : Sand : Gravel) CLASS A 1:2:4 for beams, slabs, columns, and members subject
to bending

CLASS B CLASS C CLASS D

1 : 2.5 : 5 1:3:6 1 : 3.5 : 7

for members not reinforced for bending stress for footing not underwater for other applications

MIXTURE

CEMENT (in bags)

SAND (in cu.m.)

GRAVEL (in cu.m.)

CLASS AA CLASS A CLASS B CLASS C CLASS D

10.50 10 50 7.84 6.48 5.48 5.00

0.42 0 42 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.45

0.84 0 84 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.90

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WATER IN CONCRETE MIX

AMOUNT OF WATER PER BAG OF CEMENT:
Type Footings / Reinf. Walls Sidewalks / Steps Fence Post Wet mix Moist mix Dry mix 5.0 gals. 3.75 gals. 3.5 gals. (gallons of water per bag mix)

7.5 gals. 6.0 gals. 5.5 gals. 4.5 gals. 4.5 gals. 3.75 gals.

Approximate Quantity of Surface Water Carried by Average Aggregates:

Aggregate Classification A t Cl ifi ti Very Wet Sand Moderately Wet Sand Moist Sand Moist Gravel / Crushed Rock Gal. C G l / Cu.m. 8.1 10.8 5.4 2.7 2.7

SAMPLE COMPUTATION FOR CONCRETE

PROBLEM:
Determine the number of bags of cement, amount of aggregates, and gallons of water needed for a wet concrete mix to be poured for a 30-meter long, 1.2 m wide, and .12 m thick sidewalk. Aggregates are moist.

SOLUTION:
Volume of concrete needed = 30 X 1.2 X .12 X 1.05 (wastage allowance) = 4.536 cu.m. Type of Concrete Mix = Class AA Cement = 4.536cu.m. X 10.50 bags/cu.m. = 47.628 or 48 bags Sand Gravel Water = 4.536cu.m. X 0.42 = 1.90512 or 2 cu.m. = 4.536cu.m. X 0.84 = 3.81024 or 4 cu.m. = 48 bags X 5.5 gallons/bag = 264 gals. less 2.7gal. X 6 cu.m. = 16.2gals. 264 gals. 16.2 gals. = 247.8 or 248 gals.

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COMPUTATION FACTORS FOR CHB, MORTAR, & PLASTER

CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS = 12.5 pcs. per squaremeter area of wall VOLUME FOR MORTAR FILL = 0.0015 cu.m. per piece of 4 CHB 0.003 cu.m. per piece of 6 CHB 0.0045 cu.m. per piece of 8 CHB VOLUME FOR MORTAR LAY = 0.001016 cu.m. per piece of 4 CHB 0.001524 cu.m. per piece of 6 CHB 0.002032 cu.m. per piece of 8 CHB VOLUME FOR PLASTER = 0.00229 cu.m. per piece of CHB (1 side) 0.00458 cu.m. per piece of CHB (2 sides)

SAMPLE COMPUTATION FOR CHB, MORTAR, & PLASTER

PROBLEM:
Determine the number 4-CHB, and amount of cement and aggregate needed for laid and plastered (2 sides) CHB wall 10 meters in length and 3.2 m. in height (from the finished floor level), with a 0.90m X 2.10m door and 1.20m X 2.40m window opening. opening Top of wall footing is 0 60 m. below the finished floor level 0.60 m level.

SOLUTION:
Area of Wall = (10m X [3.2m+0.60m]) (0.9m X 2.1m) (1.2m X 2.4m) = 33.23 m2 Number of 4-CHB needed = 33.23 m2 X 12.5 pcs./m2 = 415.375 415.375 X 1.05 (breakage) = 436.14 or 437 pcs. Volume of Mortar Fill needed V l fM t d d = 437 437pcs. X 0 0015 0.0015cu.m./pc. = 0 66 cu.m. / 0.66

Volume of Mortar Lay needed = 437pcs. X 0.001016cu.m./pc. = 0.444 cu.m. Volume of Plaster needed = 437pcs. X 0.00458cu.m./pc. = 2.002 cu.m.

Note: Allowance for wastage can be applied after all materials are determined.

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TECHNIQUES IN DETAILED ESTIMATION

1. Avoid constant rounding-up. A part of one bulk of materials roundingcan complete the lacking part of another. Allowances can be considered after all similar items are computed. 2 3 Computation:
2 + 3 + 1 = 7 + allowance

1 1/4

instead of 2 [3] + 3 [4] + 1 [2] = 9 + allowance

TECHNIQUES IN DETAILED ESTIMATION

2. In computing the components of frames like wood nailers or studs, round-up then add one (1). roundLength to be framed = 3.00 meters Space between nailers = 0.40 meter Computation: 3.00m [divided by] 0.40m = 7.50 [round-up to] 8 [plus] 1 = 9 pcs. [round-

3. In determining the space between frame components (nailers), consider the dimension of the covering material (ceiling) to avoid too much wastage. Ex. If the dimension of the covering material is 1.20m, spacing can be 0.60m, 0.40m, or 0.30m.

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TECHNIQUES IN DETAILED ESTIMATION

4. In estimating the reinforcing bars, consider the anchorage and bends.

TECHNIQUES IN DETAILED ESTIMATION

5. Put in to mind the gradual changes in the spacing of ties and stirrups.

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