Roll No- 01 The End IS Near Div- A

VPMS K.G.JOSHI COLLEGE OF ARTS AND N.G.BEDEKAR COLLEGE OF COMMERCE

CERTIFICATE

CLASS:-_____________ SEM:-_______________ This is certify that,

ROLL NO.:-_________ DIVISION:-_________

Mr. /Miss__________________________________________ Has satisfactorily carried out the project work in Fundamentals Of Environmental Management for the students of F.Y. BAF First Semester.

(EXAMINED BY)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I owe a great many thanks to a great many people who helped and supported me during the writing of this book.

I express my thanks to the Principal Dr. (Mrs.) Shakuntala A. Singh, Coordinator Mr .D.M.Murdeshwar and Librarian Faculty of, K.G. Joshi College Of Arts and N.G. Bedekar College Of Commerce, Thane. for extending her support.

My deepest thanks to Lecturer, Mrs. Sandhya Thakkar the Guide of the project for guiding and correcting various documents of mine with attention and care. She has taken pain to go through the project and make necessary correction as and when needed.

I would also thank my Institution and my faculty members without whom this project would have been a distant reality. I also extend my heartfelt thanks to my family and well wishers.

Index Serial Number

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Contents
Cover page Certificate Acknowledgement Index Introduction What is Global Warming How To Stop Global Warming Simple Solutions To Stop Global Warming

Page Number
1 2 3 4&5 6 7 8 9&10

9.

Impacts Of Global Warming

11 to 15

10.

Green House Effect And Global warming

16

11.

Green House Effect: Facts And Myths

17

12.

How Does Green House Effect Contribute To Global Warming

18

13.

What Is The Difference Between Green House Effect And Global Warming

19

14. 15.

Conclusion Bibliography

20 21

Introduction
Global warming begins when sunlight reaches Earth. As Earth warmed up, this solar energy is radiated by thermal radiation or infrared heat, travelling directly out to space, thus cooling the Earth. However, some of the outgoing radiation is reabsorbed by carbon dioxide, water vapor and other gases in the atmosphere and is radiated back to Earths surface; these gases are known as greenhouse gases due totheir heat-trapping capacity. Nitrous oxide is released into the atmosphere by nitrogen-based fertilizers and other soil management practices. Once released, these greenhouse gases stay in the atmosphere for decades or longer. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), carbon dioxide and methane levels have increased by 35 and 148 percent since the 1750 industrial revolution. As the world continues to consume ever more fossil fuel energy, greenhouse gas concentrations will continue to rise, and with them Earths temperature. The IPCC estimates that based on plausible emission scenarios, average surface temperatures could increase between 2oC and 6oC by the end of the 21st century. Continued warming at current rates poses serious consequences. It has been projected that by 2080, 13 to 88 million people around the world would lose their home due to floods.

What is Global Warming?

This UN global warming scenario predicts temperature increases of up to six or seven degrees Celsius in the Arctic, about three degrees in Europe, and three to four degrees in Asia and the Americas.

Definition Global Warming is defined as the increase of the average temperature on Earth. As the Earth gets hotter, disasters like hurricanes, droughts and floods become more frequent.

How to Stop Global Warming?

Global warming refers to the increase in average temperature of the earth, particularly at the lower atmosphere due to the abundant increase of greenhouse gases. This is primarily due to the humans intervention and the life style they have adapted in the recent years. Greenhouse gases in its natural content in the atmosphere are required, for it acts as a greenhouse around the earth. It allows the suns rays to pass through the atmosphere but doesnt let it to escape and creates a surrounding suitable for life. Life cannot exist without green house gases like carbon dioxide, water vapour, methane etc but they should be existing in permissible quantities only. The problem of global warming arises when people started contributing abundant amount of green house gases which traps more heat in the atmosphere thus increasing the temperature.

Simple Solutions to Stop Global Warming

Keeping problems for tomorrow doesn't really help in solving them, but does worsen them. Same is the case with global warming. By the time the scientists come up with a concrete statement whether global warming is happening or not, the effects of global warming on Earth are bound to engulf the planet. If you are one of those people trying to figure out how can we stop global warming as a desperate measure to save our planet, the information given below will show you several simple yet efficient ways to prevent global warming or at least minimize its ill-effects. Global Warming is a dramatically urgent and serious problem. We don't need to wait for governments to find a solution for this problem: each individual can bring an important help adopting a more responsible lifestyle: starting from little, everyday things. It's the only reasonable way to save our planet, before it is too late. Here is a list of simple things that everyone can do in order to fight against and reduce the Global Warming phenomenon: some of these ideas are at no cost, some other require a little effort or investment but can help you save a lot of money, in the middle long term! 1. Replace a regular incandescent light bulb with a compact fluorescent light bulb CFLs use 60% less energy than a regular bulb. This simple switch will save about 300 pounds of carbon dioxide a year. 2. Clean or replace filters on your furnace and air conditioner Cleaning a dirty air filter can save 350 pounds of carbon dioxide a year. 3. Do not leave appliances on standby Use the "on/off" function on the machine itself. A TV set that's switched on for 3 hours a day and in standby mode during the remaining 21 hours uses about 40% of its energy in standby mode. 4. Cover your pots while cooking Doing so can save a lot of the energy needed for preparing the dish. Even better are pressure cookers and steamers: they can save around 70%.

5. Take a shower instead of a bath A shower takes up to four times less energy than a bath. To maximize, the energy saving avoid power showers and use low-flow showerheads, which are cheap and provide the same comfort. 6. Use less hot water It takes a lot of energy to heat water. You can use less hot water by installing a low flow showerhead (350 pounds of carbon dioxide saved per year) and washing your clothes in cold or warm water (500 pounds saved per year) instead of hot. 7. Plant a tree A single tree will absorb one ton of carbon dioxide over its lifetime. Shade provided by trees can also reduce your air conditioning bill by 10 to 15%. The Arbor Day Foundation has information on planting and provides trees you can plant with membership. 8. Keep your car tuned up Regular maintenance helps improve fuel efficiency and reduces emissions. When just 1% of car owners properly maintain their cars, nearly a billion pounds of carbon dioxide are kept out of the atmosphere. 9. Fly less Air travel produces large amounts of emissions so reducing how much you fly by even one or two trips a year can reduce your emissions significantly. You can also offset your air travel carbon emissions by investing in renewable energy projects. 10. Encourage your school or business to reduce emissions You can extend your positive influence on global warming well beyond your home by actively encouraging other to take action. 11. Protect and conserve forest worldwide Forests play a critical role in global warming: they store carbon. When forests are burned or cut down, their stored carbon is release into the atmosphere deforestation now accounts for about 20% of carbon dioxide emissions each year.

Impacts of Global Warming

Hearing about global warming and climate change in news every now and then must have made you wonder - what are the impacts of global warming? The following write up will help you picture how global warming can change things on our planet...

The incessant rise in average near-surface temperature of the planet, as a result of various natural occurrences and anthropogenic activities, is known as global warming. That definition of global warming may be technically correct, but whether it highlights the seriousness of the issue is a question that is difficult to answer. There is a lot more to know about this environmental issue which is acting as a catalyst for several other natural disasters on the planet. In our attempt to find out what are the impacts of global warming on the environment, we came across quite a few global warming facts which threaten our very existence on Earth.

Global Warming Impact on Plants

Global warming will trigger numerous changes in climatic conditions, and this climate change will in turn trigger the extinction of various plant species. These plants have taken years together to adapt to the conditions in which they thrive today, any changes in these climatic conditions now will result in adverse effects on these species. Climate change, i.e. change in pattern of seasons to be precise, will also alter the growing season of these plants, which will in turn affect their reproduction cycle. It will be difficult for these species to undergo the entire adaptation process all over, and in this process many of these species will become extinct. Irregularities in precipitation, irrespective of whether it is drought or flood, will affect various plant species including agricultural crops.

Global Warming Impact on Animals

If you thought the impact of global warming on plants was severe, the same will be even more harsh on numerous animal species. In fact, the global warming effects on animals have already begun, and a look at the list of extinct animals is full of evidence of the same. The Monteverde golden toad endemic to the rainforests of Cost Rica was one of the first causalities of global warming. It became extinct as a result of habitat loss, when extremely hot summers dried up the lake which this species inhabited. The list ofendangered animals also includes a number of animal species which have lost their natural habitat as a result of global warming. The relationship between polar bears and global warming best explains the effects and consequences of global warming on animals. Melting of polar ice as a result of global warming has resulted in loss of habitat for this species, and this has forced the species to move further north. The same trend has been witnessed in almost all the biomes of the world, including the ocean biome wherein coral reefs are fighting for their basic existence in warm ocean water.

Global Warming Impact on Humans

Without plants and animals, it will be impossible for us to survive on this planet. We are dependent on these plant and animal species for everything including the basics such as oxygen and food. Only plants have the ability to prepare their own food by resorting to the process of photosynthesis - the same energy is eventually transferred to us when we eat plants or eat animals which feed on these plants. We are just a part of the food chain, if any link of this chain is broken everybody, including us, will have to bear the brunt of the same. That was about our dependence on plants and animals, but our woes are not just restricted to global warming effects on plants and animals. When this hazardous phenomenon will reach its peak, we will have to face a number of problems. Global warming and glaciers are closely associated, and so are their impacts on humans. Glaciers act as freshwater reservoirs on the planet, and if they melt we will be left devoid of water to drinking. Similarly, glacial melting at high altitude will also trigger flash floods in the surrounding. All this water will be drained into the oceans, and that in turn will result in sea level rise. As sea level continues to rise all the low lying area and tiny islands will get submerged. Maldives islands sinking is one of the best evidence of this global warming problems. When water from melting glaciers enters the sea, the warm and cold water currents will result in conditions ideal for formation of hurricanes. As a result of this, the frequency of hurricanes will increase. Warm climate will also come as a blessing for various disease spreading insects, and thus some diseases which are restricted to tropical areas as of today will spread to various other regions. Extreme weather - drought, floods and lengthy or short growing seasons, will destroy the agricultural sector, and that will leave us devoid of food.

What are the Positive Impacts of Global Warming?

While the whole has been divided between those think global warming is really occurring or not, there does exist a group of people who are optimist about this phenomenon. These people are of the opinion that only the negative impacts of global warming are highlighted every now and then, but the fact is that there do exist some positive impacts of the same as well. These people argue that longer summer will mean longer growing seasons, and this will result in more crop produce. Similarly, melting of ice in certain areas around Antarctica will make these waterways navigable and help marine transport. Warmer winters will also mean that we would have face less number of devastating snow storms. While rise in sea level will turn out to be a boon when it comes to the development of tidal energy, formation of estuaries will add to the biodiversity of the planet. A large section of the scientists who are working on global warming impacts refute these claims as mere optimism. More importantly, all these positive effects are easily overshadowed by numerous negative global warming effects, and therefore we should stop being so optimist and start putting in efforts to curb the hazards associated with global warming. That must have given you a rough idea as to what are the impacts of global warming on the environment, with special emphasis on its impact on plants, animals and humans. It's high time we take the seriousness of the global warming causes and effects into consideration, and start working to save the planet. While the concerned authorities continue to ponder upon various global warming solutions at the international level, we can do our bit by resorting to some simple yet effective stop warming tips to save our planet. Over the period of time, the problem of global warming has become so intense that it will take mammoth efforts on our behalf to reduce the intensity of various global warming effects on Earth, if not get rid of them totally.

Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming

When it comes to the relationship between greenhouse effect and global warming, the number of myths associated with it are bound to take you by surprise. The following article is an attempt to get rid all these myths by explaining how exactly does the greenhouse effect work.

"Global warming occurs when the thermal radiations coming from the Sun are trapped within the atmosphere of the Earth by various greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide and methane."
While that would be an apt explanation of greenhouse effect and global warming for kids, as an adult you should obviously ask for more. That, however, doesn't really happen, as we are used to the practice of gathering bits and pieces of information, and adding to the prevailing myths about the issue. If an individual is asked 'why is greenhouse effect important to life on earth', he is bound to get perplexed, as we have always looked at greenhouse effect as an environmental issue. Even though greenhouse effect is not harmful for the planet, 'enhanced greenhouse effect' definitely is. Sadly though, this and other such important greenhouse effect facts have been eluding the brightest minds of the world since quite a long time.

Greenhouse Effect: Facts and Myths

Before we move on to understand the complex relationship between global warming and the greenhouse effect, let's try to get a proper understanding of what is the greenhouse effect. Basically, the thermal radiations coming from the Sun are reflected back to the space after they come in contact with the surface of the Earth. When these radiations are reflected back, some atmospheric gases restrict their reflection and trap them within the atmosphere of the Earth. The entire process of these thermal radiations entering the Earth's atmosphere and getting trapped in it is known as the greenhouse effect, and the atmospheric gases which play a crucial role in trapping these radiations are known as the greenhouse gases. Some of the most abundant greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane etc. Other than these gases, the green house gases list also includes gases such as nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), sulfur hexafluoride etc. Overall, the greenhouse effect is a perfectly normal phenomenon which is necessary for the existence of life on the Earth, and its absence can leave the planet absolutely cold and unsuitable for human habitation. A look at the green house effect diagram will make the concept easier for you to understand.

How Does Greenhouse Effect Contribute to Global Warming?

Simply put, global warming is an abnormal increase in the average near surface temperature of the planet. This 'abnormal rise' can be attributed to several underlying factors, including pollution and deforestation, all of which amount to enhanced greenhouse effect. When the Sun's thermal radiations are trapped by greenhouse gases within the Earth's atmosphere, they add to the near surface temperature of the planet and cause it to rise. More recently, the concentration of these greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased by a significant amount. This increase in concentration of greenhouse gases, in turn, results in increase in the amount of heat trapped within the atmosphere, and eventually contributes to global warming. The greenhouse effect causes can be broadly categorized into natural gases as well as anthropogenic causes. While natural causes of greenhouse effect include presence of water vapor, release of methane from wetlands, volcanic eruptions etc., the anthropogenic causes include human induced environmental pollution, deforestation, cattle rearing, and other activities. The difference between the two, however, is that the natural causes help in maintaining the balance of greenhouse gases, and anthropogenic causes disrupt this balance and cause global warming.

What Is The Difference Between Greenhouse Effect And Global Warming?

This is one of the most frequently asked question about global warming and climate change. If you compare and contrast the greenhouse effect and global warming, you would realize that the two share a cause and effect relationship, with the 'greenhouse effect' acting as a cause and the phenomenon of 'global warming' acting as its effect. While going through the information about global warming and greenhouse effect for kids may make this phenomenon look quite simple, it is only after going through all this intricate details that you realize that there is a lot more to know about it. That covered a great deal of information about the greenhouse effect and global warming relationship, which must have helped you get rid of various myths about this phenomenon. All being said, the onus is on us to ensure that we refrain from contributing to the greenhouse effect, either directly or indirectly, and do out bit to stop global warming and its repercussions on our planet.

Conclusion
The fact that greenhouse gas emissions from human activities cause the Earth to heat up and that this global warming changes the climate cannot be altered. This is a fact that so many scientific reports show the correctness of. Only people with economic interest in remaining a high use of fossil fuels have questioned the correctness. To solve the problem is extremely important. The impacts of the industrialized countries emissions of greenhouse gases will also harm the developing countries. Therefore it is important that the members of the United Nations were able to agree on a solution to the problem: The Kyoto Treaty. Although it was just a tiny step in the right direction it showed that the industrialized countries at least cared a little about the environment. The fear of losing money seems to hide the fact that a decision to stop the use of fossil fuels automatically will coddle the development of technologies that will use alternative energy sources. New technology like computing has already created many jobs and the development of alternative energy will do that too. Alternative energy will cause the economy to flourish. The cut in emissions of carbon dioxide is not the only reason to stop the use of fossil fuels. Cars and trucks emit many other substances that among other things cause asthma and respiratory illness. Therefore it is extra important to start cutting the use of fossil fuels. Additionally, the use of alternative energy will liberate USA from its dependence on oil from the Middle East. Many problems are caused by this dependency: the Golf War and the much-wanted war on Iraq.

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