Professional Documents
Culture Documents
UNDER NELSIP
(NORTH EAST LOCAL SERVICES IMPROVEMENT PROJECT
Gama Neguma Inter Divisional Rural and Small Township Development Initiative
For the North and East Province)
Executive Summary
1.0 Introduction
1.1 General
1.2 Objective of the Project
1.3 Project Location
1.4 Data collection
1.5 Maps Used
Annexes
Kalmunai Munical council was selected to get financial assistance from the
Ministry of Economic Development under the world bank funded project
NELSIP ( North East Service Improvement Project). Improvement of the storm
water drainage system has been identified as the most significant issue in
Kalmunai Municiapl Council during problem identification meetings with the
local residents .
Due to the conflict prevailed for almost three decades, various infrastructures
have been damaged. That has been seriously affected the economic activity in
this region. The mean house hold income per month in the Eastern Province is
estimated to be 60 percent of national average. This figure indicates rather
deteriorated economic situation of the region in comparison with other provinces
in Sri Lanka.
The residents living in this area have been suffered from inundation caused by
the storm water in rainy season.
The outcomes of this study will be the conceptual design after carrying
out a detailed investigation and shall provide the following information.
i. Existing and proposed drainage paths.
ii. Existing and proposed sea outfall details.
iii. Average drain sizes and shape.
iv. Tentative cost Estimation
The study is mainly focus on decreasing the risk of flood and volume of
stagnant water in three areas; part of Kalmunaikudi, Kalmunai town and
and Islamabath area. ( See Fig.1.1 Project Locations )
Year Name of the Roads Estimated
amont (Millons)
2011 1. Mosque Road ,Thaika Road Kalmunaikdy 6
2. Islamabad Mosque road and Ameer Road 3.7
,Kalmunai Town
2012 Sahibu Road (New Outfall ) and Mosque lane 7
Fig 1.1- Drainage Project Locations in 2011 and 2012 under NELSIP
1.4 Data Collection
Detail Survey was carried out for all individual three sites providing
layout of proposed area, existing drains and culverts, spot levels of the
area etc.
Plans available with the Survey Department, the newly surveyed plans
and recent Satellite Images have been examined along with the
Meteorological data collected from Department of Meteorology.
Social survey was carried out in the project area to collect information
including flood level of the area, flooding segments, frequency of flooding,
reasons for flooding and other opinion related to flooding were collected
from following sources.
Interviews with community members experiencing floods and
drainage related problems.
Group discussions with community leaders, MC officials and other
representatives from UDA Office, RDA, Agrarian Development
Department, Irrigation Departments, Samurdhi Centers etc.,
Topography
The study area is a flat terrain along the costal of 2.5 m elevation from the Mean
Sea Level in average, on a permeable sandy soil surrounded by the India Sea and
swamps on the west. It has approximately 67 square kilometers of land area and
it is stretching near 10 kilometer along the coast.
The town is in the Indian Ocean and the lagoon drainage basin. About 90% of the
town area is drained by these two basins, and the distance between these two
drainage areas is about 700m. There is no stream to interconnect these two, as
shown in Figure 2.2.
Because of the characteristics of flat low lying terrain where the town is located,
an elevation with only +2.5m MSL on an average, the discharge of storm water is
considerably difficult. Further more, as it is surrounded by lagoons and swamps,
and also due to comparatively higher ground elevation at the beach, the situation
is more critical. According to a questionnaire survey carried out by a JAICA
study team in September 2005 and it was revealed that the inundation depth
exceeds 1m in some locations and flood water remains for 10 – 15 days during
heavy rainy season.
The average temperature is about 28.70°C, and during dry period in April
to August temperature is 30.4°C. The temperature variation in this area
from year to year is less than 10%. The Table 2.1 shows the monthly
average rainfall and monthly average temperature in Ampara district.
Table 2.1:- The monthly average rainfall and temperature in Ampara district.
3-1
account for the future water and sanitation and other development
activities.
Economy of the area is assumed to predominantly rely on agriculture. As
previously, stated 60 percent of the total population is estimated to be
engaged in agriculture, 20 percent in business, 10 percent in fishery 10
percent in various types of occupations. Only a handful number of people
earn their living from business and office work.
3.3 Infrastructures
The neatest railway station is Baticalloa which is 38 km away from
Kalmunai town. A major trunk road namely Baticallo – Ampara road A4
traverses the coastal segment of the project area.
Pipe borne water supply is available for most of the areas such as
Sainthamaruthu, Kalmunai and Natpitimunai cities in Kalmunai
Municipal Council whereas Maruthamunai is getting pipe borne water
supply from the second phase of the ECTAD Water Supply Scheme. The
balance gets water from well and browser supply.
3-2
04 DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS
4-1
According to the collected data in the Kalmunai Municipal Council area,
population in the year 2001 is 94,457. Population forecast for the year of
2030 is 1765,000.
4-2
Figure 4.1 Arc View Map of the Project Area
4-3
05 CHARECTERISTICS OF EXISTING DRAINAGE FACILITIES
5.1. Inundation Problem
Certain areas of Kalmunai town including roads and residential,
commercial areas are subjected to flooding during heavy rains due to
following reasons:
Flat terrain, low-lying area, proximity to the sea and high water
table.
Inadequate drainage network or absence of drains.
Rapid developments makes increment in built up area resulting
higher runoff.
Unauthorized fillings and urbanization depleting the flood
retention areas.
Closure of drains due to building operations.
Poor maintenances of existing drainage channels.
Solid waste disposal in to drainage system.
Problems prevailing in existing drainage outfall system.
Municipal Council of Kalmunai has been suffered from inundation
problem, particularly during not only in the rainy but also in dry season
because of the above reasons. The depth of inundation frequently exceed
more than 1.0 meter, and brings about social-economic problems al well as
environmental pollution.
5-1
5.2. Existing Drainage
There is no pipe borne drainage in the project area like in the other
Municipal areas whereas few roads have road side gutters and the storm
water mixed with grey water discharged in to canals and finally to the sea.
Roadside gutters in the municipality area are frequently clogging and this
requires frequent cleaning activities by the relevant authorities. The local
authority maintains the drains and arrangements are to be made to clean
them in most of the places.
5-2
5.3. Solid Waste Management
Based on the unit waste rate of 0.4 kg/person/day and population data,
the present municipal waste generation from household in Kalmunai
Municipality is estimated at approximately 40 tons/day.
Since the dumping areas are far from residential areas, householders
throw their waste in to drains or on road side, they do not see pollution as
a problem. However it may create an environmental problem in the future
and therefore the local authority should take remedial action to prevent
this. Households outside the town area either waste if they have space or
burn it.
5-3
5.4. Environmental Health
The health risk arising from side drains containing greywater depend
upon the pathogen content of the drain and the possibility of either direct
contact between persons, particularly children, and the drain or
contamination of water supplies by ingress of polluted drain water,
particularly for shallow well supplies and leaking distribution on
networks where interrupted supplies are frequent.
An infectious is one that can be transmitted from one person to another
directly or indirectly. All infectious diseases are caused by pathogens.
These are living organism such as bacteria, viruses or parasitic worms. A
disease is transmitted by the passing of these organisms from one person’s
body to another. Excreta related diseases are caused by pathogens
transmitted in human excreta, normally in the faeces. Inadequate facilities
for excreta disposal reduce the benefits of even a safe water supply by
transmitting pathogens from infected to healthy people by various routes
involving excreta.
Water level varies with the seasons. During the wet season groundwater
levels are high, close to ground level. And most of the septic tank and
soak-away pits contaminate the ground water which leads to the potential
for pathogens to migrate through the ground from the soakage pit to the
drains. Pathogens are not removed during the passage of effluent through
this process. Moreover, those household without their own latrines share
their neighbors’ latrine or excrete in the open areas.
5-4
Legal action to be imposed against the people or factory owners
who do not take proper action to dispose their affluent
according to the approved standard set by the CEA.
5-5
6.0 ANALYSIS AND COMPUTATIONS
6.1 Design Approach
The data were collected by various methods and verified as far as possible
with the help of Kalmunai Municipal Council. According to the discussion
held with the officials from KMC, Agrarian Development Department, and
studying of the hydrological aspects of the area and an appropriate design
was adopted to avoid any hydrological problems arising from the project by
attending to the following tasks.
Season Months
Second Inter- Monsoon October - November
Northeast Monsoon December - February
First Inter- Monsoon March – April
Southwest Monsoon May – September
Rainfall has not been gauged in Kalmunai, but in Baticalloa and Ampara.
Therefore, the data of Baticallo station have been considered for hydrological
analysis as it is the closet area with the same conditions. With regard to the
6-1
topography there are similarities and being coastal areas Kalmunai and
Baticallo are similar in elevation, tidal action, catchments characteristics etc.
Data was collected from the department of Metrology.
Average monthly rainfalls for 1996-2000 and 2001-2005 have been plotted
separately in Figure 6.1 below. There is no significant deviation in rainfall
pattern from 1996 to 2005.
600
500
Reinfall (mm/day)
400
300
200
100
0
OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP
It shows that the study area is getting much rain during the northeast
monsoon season starting from December to February.
120
100
Reinfall (mm/day)
80
60
40
20
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Time (Days)
6-2
The following Table and Graph shows annual rainfall, daily rainfall for the
last 10 years.
3,000
2,500
2,000
Rainfall (mm)
1,500
1,000
500
0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
6-3
6.3 Design Criteria for Drainage
The flowchart below describes the criteria used for the drainage design in this
study.
Identification of
Drainage Network Site Maps &
Survey Plans
Identification of
Catchment and
Subcatchment
Project
Return Rainfall
Period Data
Rainfall
Intensity Estimation
of peak
runoff
Land use pattern
Runoff coefficient
6-4
6.4 Rainfall Intensity
Rainfall intensity (I) normally given in millimeter per hour is a function of
time of concentration (Tc), can be estimated using several methods.
Tc = L + 15
V x 60
Where,
Tc - Time of concentration in minutes.
L - Length of maximum stream length in meters
V - Average velocity in meters per seconds
15 - Time for over land flow (till it connects to a proper path)
The magnitude of Average Velocity can be adopted from the table given
below in Table – 6.2 for the appropriate catchment slope.
0 to < 1 0.45
1 to < 2 0.60
2 to < 4 0.90
4 to < 6 1.20
≥6 1.50
Source: Design of Irrigation Head works for small catchments- A.J.P. Ponrajah.
The relationship between Time of Concentration (Tc) and rainfall intensity (I)
is given in Table – 6.2, and also schematically presented in Fig. 6.2. For an
appropriate recurrence period to be project Rainfall Intensity (I) could be
found using this relationship.
6-5
The Intensity Duration Frequency Curve for Baticallo, developed by
Department of irrigation, is used in this hydrological analysis.
160
2 5 10 25 50
140
Rainfall Intensity (mm/hr)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
6-6
watershed are
length of the longest drainage
slope of the different segment of longest river
land-use pattern
extent of the localized flood detention areas
The peak flow estimates are made either by analyzing the available flow
records, extrapolating representative flow records or applying rainfall-run off
relationship.
The flow estimation for the watersheds draining into the canal system, need
to be based on rainfall-runoff relationship. Such relationship either
incorporates empirical parameters or use parameters that are based on
watershed characteristics. The accuracy of the estimates depends on the
accuracy of the parameters and hence a verification process is often carried
out using measured data. In the presents of measured value, flow can be
made using reliable watershed models and with observed data of recent past.
6-7
This work is an application of commonly used peak flow hydrological models
on each watershed concern. The values obtained with each model were
compared and judgment were made giving due considerations to the model
structure, model parameters and the reliability of these inputs and observed
flood records during the last one year.
With the availability of data, the estimation of expected peak storm water
flows were ascertained using rational formula, which is widely used in
engineering practice for small catchments.
Rational Formula
Rational formula is stated as a reliable method to estimate peak flow in small
watersheds. However, due to the importance of these watersheds, being
located in the main city and adjacent to the city it was decided that only the
very small watersheds would be modeled using rational formula.
6-8
coefficients have been calculated based on terrain and soil features. Table 6.3
shows the typical values of Run-Off coefficient for various types of ground
features.
Table – 6.5 Typical Values for Runoff Coefficient – C for Urban Areas
Description of Area Runoff Coefficient [C]
Business
Downtown Areas 0.70 – 0.95
Neighbourhood 0.50 – 0.70
Residential
Single Family Areas 0.30 – 0.50
Multiunits, Detached 0.40 – 0.60
Multiunits, Attached 0.60 - 0.75
Residential (Suburban) 0.25 – 0.40
Apartment Dwelling 0.50 – 0.40
Areas
Industrial
Light Areas 0.50 – 0.80
Heavy Areas 0.60 – 0.90
Parks, Cemeteries 0.25 – 0.35
Play Grounds 0.25 – 0.35
Railroad Yard Areas 0.30 – 0.40
Unimproved Areas 0.20 – 0.40
Streets
Asphalt 0.70 – 0.95
Concrete 0.80 – 0.95
Brick 0.70 – 0.85
Drives and Walks 0.75 – 0.85
Roofs 0.75 – 0.95
Lawns; sandy Soil
Flat, 2% 0.05 – 0.10
Average, 2 – 7% 0.10 – 0.15
Steep, 7% 0.15 – 0.20
Lawns; Heavy Soil
Flat2% 0.13 – 0.17
Average2 – 7% 0.18 – 0.22
Steep, 7% 0.25 – 0.35
6-9
consistency in planning scale for the entire basin. When a planning scale is
applied for a main stream in lower reaches, an equivalent or lower planning
scale is given for that main stream in its upper reaches. Planning scales for
tributaries are lower than that for min stream.
When area is very congested the design return period is restricted to 2 years.
In this study 5 years return period is adapted for the design of urban drainage
6-10
6.11 Drain and Culvert Design
The proposed drainage scheme has been arrived at after ascertaining the
catchment areas and the discharges resulting from such catchment areas. The
objective is to remove surface water and ground water to some extent from
developed residential areas, paved roads and their immediate surrounding
areas. This is achieved by providing a system of drains and culverts all
connected together in one network and ultimately discharging into a main
stream and then to the sea outfalls and to the lagoon drainage.
The size and type of the drain and the culverts are then chosen for the design
discharge by considering headwater and tail water elevations and allowable
outlet velocity.
Velocity of Flow
The velocity of that has been adapted is such that is neither erosion nor
siltation. Minimum velocity of 0.6 m/s and maximum velocity of 3m/s has
been adapted for proposed lined drains and culverts.
Manning’s formula is widely used to compute the canal cross sections and the
openings of culverts where the flow is approximated to be normal flow under
gravity. Flow discharge is calculated using the Manning’s formula as given
below for the appropriate return period.
Q = (1/n).A.R 2/3 S ½
Where Q - flow in cubic meters per second.
n - Manning’s roughness coefficient (see Table 04)
A - Cross Sectional area of Flow
R - Hydraulic gradient of drain
S - Slope of the canal bed.
6-11
The following factors have been considered in the hydraulic design of drain
channels and their stability.
Design frequency
Channel gradient, which effects both the channel size and velocity
Channel shape and alignment
Flow discharge and velocity of flow
Free board (average 20% of water depth)
Local soil condition
Table 6.6 given below shows the values of roughness coefficient ‘n’ used for
the design of drains and culverts.
Table– 6.6 Values of Roughness Coefficient “n”
Minimum Normal Maximum
Type of Channel Description
Lined or Built – up Channels
1. Metal
a. Smooth steel surface
i. Unpainted 0.011 0.012 0.014
ii. Painted 0.012 0.013 0.017
b. Corrugated 0.021 0.025 0.030
2. Nonmetal
a. Cement
i. Neat, surface 0.010 0.011 0.013
ii. Mortar 0.011 0.013 0.015
b. Wood
i. Planed, untreated 0.010 0.012 0.014
ii. Planed, creosoted 0.011 0.012 0.015
iii. Unplanned 0.011 0.013 0.015
iv. Plank with battens 0.012 0.015 0.018
v. Lined with roofing paper 0.010 0.014 0.017
c. Concrete
i. Trowel finish 0.011 0.013 0.015
ii. Float finish 0.013 0.015 0.016
iii. Finished, with gravel on bottom 0.015 0.017 0.020
iv. Unfinished 0.014 0.017 0.020
v. Gunite, good section 0.016 0.019 0.023
vi. Gunite, wavey section 0.018 0.022 0.025
vii. On good excavated rock 0.017 0.020
viii. On irregular excavated rock 0.022 0.027
d. Concrete bottom float finished with
sides of
i. Dressed stone in mortar 0.015 0.017 0.020
ii. Random stone in mortar 0.017 0.020 0.024
iii. Cement rubble masonry, 0.016 0.020 0.024
plastered 0.020 0.025 0.030
iv. Cement rubble masonry 0.020 0.030 0.035
v. Dry rubble or riprap
e. Gravel bottom with sides of 0.017 0.020 0.025
6-12
i. Formed concrete 0.020 0.023 0.026
ii. Random stone in mortar 0.023 0.033 0.036
iii. Dry rubble riprap
f. Brick 0.011 0.013 0.015
i. Glazed 0.012 0.015 0.018
ii. In cement mortar
g. Masonry 0.017 0.025 0.030
i. Cemented rubble 0.023 0.032 0.035
ii. Dry rubble 0.013 0.015 0.017
h. Dressed ashlars
i. Asphalt 0.013 0.013
i. Smooth 0.016 0.016
ii. Rough 0.030 0.500
j. Vegetal lining 0.012 0.015 0.018
k. Concrete pipes and box culverts
6-13
7.0 Environmental impacts
The proposed project will
Minimize damages to houses, business establishments, public offices,
infrastructure facilities etc., due to ineffective storm water drainage
system which prevails in the project area.
Reduce cost of maintenance and repair of roads and public
infrastructure.
Improve the water quality of the existing canals.
Reduce health hazards caused by stagnant storm water, specially water
borne diseases like diarrhea, Diesentry and also reduce breeding of
mosquitoes thereby reducing the spread of vector diseases such as
Malaria, Dengue etc.,
Increase land values due to reduction in water logging and inundation.
6-14
8.0 Project Cost Estimates
The following shows the project cost estimated for improvements of flood
protection and drainage improvements
Total 16,700,000.00
9-1
9.0 Project Evaluation
9.1 Benefit
The benefits by implementation of the project are expected in terms of savings
on preventing inundation damages, savings on social welfare and health
expenditure, savings on income losses, savings on maintenance of roads,
increased land values.
No social economic survey was carried out this time, considering the
preliminary stage of the study. Therefore, some of the benefits were
calculated from previous studies in the past in the same area, which were
focused on the similar issues (flooding & Drainages)
9-2
10.0 Recommendations and Conclusions
By implementing this drainage proposal in this project area, the people living
in the vicinity will be greatly benefited. Economic feasibility of the project can
be considered to be positive taking into account both tangible and intangible
benefits. Economic benefits of the project are
10-1
Annexure -1 . Design Calculation and Tables
A. Catchment -6
Haniffa Road
QH1 QH2
Thaika Road
QTh2
QTh1 Q2
Mosque Road QM
QMo2
QMo1Q3 Q1
Moaque lane
QMl2
QMl1 Q4
Madarasa Road
QMa1 QMa2
QMa3
Cassim Road
A-1
B.Catchment -5
P.P Road
QP1 QP3
QP2
Sahibu Road QS
QS2
QS1
Haniffa Road
QH
A-2
Specimen Calculation
Catchments Area
Stream
Q
Consider Mosque Road Drain leading to outfall ( QM)
Length of longest stream path, L = 800m
A-3
Rainfall Intensity, I = 95 mm/Hr
Rational Formula,
Section Design
Consider section with 1.2 m Width , Average Depth =1 m , Slope of Drain (From the LS) = (2.096-.763)/(783-290) =.0027
From Table 5.4 n= 0.013
Apply Manning eqn, Q = (1/n).A.R 2/3 S ½
A= 1.2*.1= 1.2 m2 , Wetted Perimeter = 1.2 +2*1 =3.2 m R= 1.2/3.2 =0.375
So the Flow Capacity of the Drain Q= 2.494 m3/s > 2.346 m3/s .. Design Satisfies
A-4
KALMUNAI MUNICIPAL COUNCIL
CATCHMENT-6
QMo2 1 100 0.003 19 5 86 0.35 0.083611111
QM 25.4 800 0.003 44 25 95 0.35 2.345972222
Thaika QTh1 3.7 500 0.004 33 5 80 0.35 0.287777778
QTh2 0.9 110 0.004 19 5 86 0.35 0.07525
Q2 6.4 500 0.004 33 5 80 0.35 0.497777778
Haniffa QH1 0.9 110 0.004 19 5 86 0.35 0.07525
QH2 0.9 110 0.004 19 5 86 0.35 0.07525
CATCHMENT-5
QS 15.2 560 0.002 35 10 81 0.35 1.197
Haniffa QH 3 475 0.005 32 5 80 0.35 0.233333333
A-5
KALMUNAI MUNICIPAL COUNCIL
Thaika -Mosque
Connection 0.49778 0.002 0.013 0.8 0.75 0.6 2.35 0.2553 0.8307 1.385 0.494 0.4128 0.01065
Mosque lane 0.6859 0.003 0.013 0.75 0.65 0.4875 2.15 0.2267 0.76375 1.567 0.578 0.3903 0.01537
Mosque Road-
CATCHMENT-6
Mosque lane
connection 1.09463 0.003 0.013 0.8 0.9 0.72 2.5 0.288 1.32295 1.837 0.656 0.563 0.00731
Main Drain of
outfall 2.34597 0.0027 0.013 1 1.2 1.2 3.2 0.375 2.49425 2.079 0.664 0.8592 0.00396
Sahib- Hainffa
Road connection 0.23333 0.003 0.013 0.7 0.35 0.245 1.75 0.14 0.27831 1.136 0.433 0.1992 0.06378
Sahib Road Out
fall- Rectangular 1.197 0.003 0.013 0.8 0.9 0.72 2.5 0.288 1.32295 1.837 0.656 0.563 0.00731
Sahib Road Out
fall-Pipe 1.197 0.004 0.012 0.9 0.6031 2.248 0.2682 1.32209 2.192
CATCHMENT-5
Islamabad road 0.13067 0.004 0.013 0.6 0.35 0.21 1.55 0.1355 0.2695 1.283 0.529 0.1949 0.06327
A-6
CATCHMENT-1
Annex-2 Drawings
Master Layout
A-7
A-8