J. GERAK, M. MARI: Assessment of thermophysiological wear comfort of clothing systems, Tekstil 57 (10) 497-505 (2008.

497

Assessment of thermophysiological wear comfort of clothing systems

Prof. Jelka Gerak, PhD Prof. Milan Mari, PhD University of Maribor Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Laboratory for Clothing Engineering, Physiology and Construction of Garments Maribor, Slovenia e-mail: jelka.gersak@uni-mb.si Received February 15, 2008

UDK 677.017.881:536.24 Original scientific paper

The comfort of clothing systems plays an important role within the domains of sport, daily routine and, in particular, work clothing, business clothing, as well as of military clothing. Only optimal comfort will enable the wearer to work efficiently over long periods of time and help to protect the body from dangerous local cooling or from imminent overheating. Since the problem of ensuring optimal clothing comfort is a complex one, the contribution presents the brief survey of past related work, and some models developed for the evaluation of human thermal regulation, together with the new approach to predicting clothing thermophysiological comfort, based on current advances in science of heat balance modelling, human biometeorology and weather conditions. Keywords: clothing, clothing system, human body, thermophysiological comfort, human biometeorology, models of human thermoregulation

1. Introduction
Comfort is defined as freedom from pain, freedom from discomfort. It is a neutral state. Thermal comfort is that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment. From the physiological point of view, thermal comfort occurs when there is a thermal equilibrium between the human body and the environment. From this point of view the clothing quality is not reflected only through fulfilling aesthetic and functional requirements, but also as a feeling of comfort in wearing, as a physiological response of the wearers body to a particular article of clothing. Clothing systems with optimised heat and moisture transport are of highest importance, especially if the human body needs to be protected against external, detrimental influences, such as heat, cold, wind and weather. In most cases, a compromise needs to be found, taking into account require-

ments of both protection and physiology. Considering the complexity of the problem of assessing thermophysiological wear comfort of clothing systems, the requirements of thermal physiological clothing comfort and a short survey of the past related work and some models developed for the evaluation of human thermal regulation will be shown within this contribution.

2. Thermophysiological comfort
Comfort that is felt by wearing clothing is a decisive criterion for the evaluation of the quality of particular clothing in usage. Clothing must provide certain heat isolation, high degree of wet permeability and good ventilation in order to maintain optimal thermoregulation of the human body. The result of the balanced interactions within the manclothing-environment system is expressed by the comfort that is felt while wearing the clothing.

From the point of view of thermophysiology, clothing can be seen as a quasi physiological system, which impacts thermoregulation of the body of its wearer in such a manner that he/she feels comfortable under various weather conditions and at various levels of physical activity [1, 2]. The feeling of comfort is in this context a complex subjective perception, e.g. a psychological condition, while comfort in wearing clothing is expressed as the result of a balanced process of heat transfer among the body, clothing and environment. Human body constantly generates heat from the metabolism of food and muscle activity and loses this heat to the environment. A balance must be maintained between the rates of heat production and heat loss. Heat production and heat loss as heat exchange between human body and environment are described using the following equation of heat balance [3]:

498

J. GERAK, M. MARI: Assessment of thermophysiological wear comfort of clothing systems, Tekstil 57 (10) 497-505 (2008.)

M - Pex = Qsk + Qres = = (QC + QR +QE-sk) + (QC-res + QE-res) (1) and QE-sk = QE-sw + QE-dif (2) where: M - rate of metabolic energy production (W m-2), Pex - rate of mechanical work (W m-2), Qsk- total rate of heat loss from the skin (W m-2), Q res - total rate of heat loss through respiration(W m -2), QC - rate of convective heat loss from the skin (W m-2), QR - rate of radiative heat loss from the skin (W m-2), QE-sk - rate of total evaporative heat loss from the skin (W m-2), QC-res - rate of convective heat loss from respiration (W m-2), QE-res - rate of evaporative heat loss from respiration (W m-2), QE-sw - rate of evaporative heat loss from the skin through sweating (W m-2), QE-dif rate of evaporative heat loss from the skin through moisture diffusion (W m-2). Heat exchange between body and environment depends: upon weather parameters of the thermal environment (environmental air temperature, relative air humidity, air movement velocity and mean radiation temperature in the environment), as well as upon non-weather parameters (thermal properties of the clothing and heat generated by the body). The metabolic rate, as a conversion of chemical into mechanical and thermal energy, measures the energetic cost of muscular load and gives a numerical index of activity. Metabolic rate is an important determinant of the comfort or the strain resulting from exposure to a thermal environment [4]. Metabolic energy M is generated within the body, and almost completely converted into heat, while only a small part is used as kinetic energy for various activities [1]. M = Q + Pex (3) where: Q is thermal energy generated within the body, and Pex - rate of mechanical work, i.e. mechani-

cal (external) power, needed to perform activities. Energy for mechanical work varies from about zero (for many activities) to no more than 25% of total metabolic rate [5]. In an environment at a lower temperature than skin temperature, an unclothed body loses body-generated heat to the environment. About 90% is emitted from the skin surface (80% by conduction, convection, and radiation and 10% by evaporation), the other 10 % is lost through respiration. For the body to be in heat balance, i.e. constant temperature, the rate of heat storage is zero (S = 0). If DS/ Dt = 0, the body is in thermal equilibrium, while if DS/Dt 0, it means that thermal balance in the body has not been accomplished through heat exchange with the environment and the body reacts by rising or lowering body temperature. Evidently, clothing, i.e. clothing system, which is a heat exchange layer between the body and its environment, plays an important part in the thermoregulation process, as most of the body is exposed to microclimatic conditions occurring between the skin surface and the layer of the clothing system used. It means that the clothing provides a microclimate between the body and external environment. Clothing acts as a barrier for heat and for vapour transfere between the skin and the environment. This barrier is formed both by the clothing materials themselves and by the air they enclose and the still air that is bound to its outer surfaces. The nude body exists within and responds to this microclimate and the thermoregulatory responses of the body and the heat transfer and vapour permeation properties of the clothing determine the microclimate. A clothing system of proper thermophysiological properties should, at various weather conditions and at various levels of physical activity of the wearer, ensure physiological thermal balance at minimum body

strain. It means that the wearer should feel physiological comfort, no excessive heat or cold. This is why a clothing system should possess such thermal properties as to absorb and eliminate humidity, offer the feeling of coolness in hot environment (releases heat, but should be a proper insulator, too) and the feeling of warmth in cold environment (retain warmth). Human thermal sensation is mainly related to the thermal balance of his/her body as a whole. This balance is influenced by physical activity and clothing, as well as by the environmental parameters. Several investigations have been conducted in order to quantify and qualify the variables that affect thermal comfort [1, 6-8]. They show that comfort can be evaluated from three different classes of variables, this are: ambient variables (air temperature, mean radiant temperature, air humidity and air velocity), physical activity and clothing isolation. The first practical system of units for the description of the heat exchange of man with his environment was proposed by A. P. Gagge et al. [9] as early as 1941. Clothing insulation is measured in units of Clo. The clo unit to express the relative thermal resistance values of various clothing assemblies (1 clo = 0.18 m2 K h kcal-1 = 0.155 m2 K W1 ) and represents the insulation provided by the normal indoor clothing of a sedentary worker in comfortable indoor surroundings (The value zero (0) Clo corresponds to a unclothed person and value one (1) Clo corresponds to a person wearing a typical business suit). Later, P.O. Fanger [6] developed a model of whole body thermal comfort; know as the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) model. Fangers PMV model was development in the 1970s from the laboratory and climate chamber studies. It was based on thermoregulation and heat balance theories. The PMV model combines four physi-

J. GERAK, M. MARI: Assessment of thermophysiological wear comfort of clothing systems, Tekstil 57 (10) 497-505 (2008.)

499

cal variables (air temperature, air velocity, mean radiant temperature, and relative humidity) and two personal variables (clothing insulation and activity level) into an index that can be used to predict thermal comfort. The index provides a score that corresponds to the ISO 7730 [10] seven-point thermal sensation scale as well as ASHRAE thermal sensation scale (ASHRAE Standard 551992) [11]. Below are some examples of investigating the impact of clothing system at various levels of physical activity and environment conditions on thermal physiological response of human body, which are carried out in the last years at the Laboratory for Clothing Engineering, Physiology and Construction of Garments, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor. 2.1. Review of past related work Investigation of the relationship between thermophysiological properties of the clothing system and/ or other textile products for technical use (car seats, bedding mattresses) and the level of thermophysiological comfort of the user achieved at various weather conditions are presented in this chapter.

2.1.1. The influence of thermophysiological characteristics of clothes on human comfort during different levels of exposure and weather conditions [12] Six identical sport and free time clothing systems were tested by six wearers. The clothing system consisted of: cotton underwear, thermovelours shirt, sports trousers and jacket with Phase change materials (PCMs) as a thermoregulating layer. Testing was done in a computercontrolled climatic chamber, in cold, medium warm and warm environments, i.e. in the temperature range between -15 and +25 C, with air velocity of v = 1 ms-1. Testing was done at rest and in movement walk on a moving belt, at 4 km h-1 in the direction of the wind. The results on the relationship between thermophysiological properties of the clothing system and the achieved level of thermophysiological comfort at various weather conditions, expressed as physiological parameter mean skin temperature, Fig.1, as well as subjective assessment of thermal comfort, indicated that the analysed clothing system ensured thermophysiological comfort at rest in the range between

5 and 20 C, while at various levels of physical activity (walk at 4 km h-1 in the direction of the wind) thermophysiological comfort was achieved between -5 C and 15 C [12]. 2.1.2. The influence of environmental conditions on thermo physiological wear comfort of business clothing [13] The influence of different environmental conditions on thermo physiological comfort of business clothing was investigated employing the objective and subjective evaluation of comfort. For this purpose, thermal properties and thermo physiological comfort of different male business clothing made of standard textile materials, as well as male business clothing that contain phase-change materials (PCMs) used as liner and outerwear material were investigated under different environmental conditions. The investigation was subdivided into two parts. In the first part of the experimental work 10 different combinations of male business clothing systems were tested on the sweating manikin Coppelius under different environmental and sweating conditions in order to evaluate the influ-

Fig.1 Dependence of skin temperature upon weather condition

500

J. GERAK, M. MARI: Assessment of thermophysiological wear comfort of clothing systems, Tekstil 57 (10) 497-505 (2008.)

ence of environmental and sweating conditions on thermal comfort properties of clothing systems. The second part of the investigation included the evaluation of the impact of different climatic conditions and clothing systems on thermo physiological comfort of the wearer (with human subjects) [13]. The results obtained in the investigations described indicated that the environmental conditions and thermal properties of business clothing systems had a considerable impact on thermo physiological comfort of the wearer, and that the PCMs in business clothing systems provided a small temporary heating/cooling effect during activity changes. The results also showed that at clothing systems cs4 and cs5 mean skin temperatures in the third period and also in the fourth period was a bit lower, on the average by 0,4 C, because the microPCMs absorbed heat in walking and produced an cooling effect, Fig.2a. At the ambient temperature of 15 C, mean skin temperatures ranged between 31.5 and 32.0 C while walking, and between 32.0 and 33.0 C while sitting in the climate chamber. It can also be seen that in the fourth period of testing mean skin temperatures measured in the clothing systems cs4 and cs5 were little higher, on average by 0.6 C, because the microPCMs released absorbed heat (while walking) and thus caused a heating effect, Fig.2b [13].

2.1.3. The influence of kind of materials for car seat on thermophysiological comfort of driver [14, 15] Two different seat covers, mounted on the seat of a sports car, were used to investigate the impact of the type of car seat material on the thermal physiological comfort of the driver, under various climatic (ambient) conditions. The seat covers were as follows: a) seat cover made of 100% PES woven fabric, impregnated with a PA foam, mass 332 gm-2, with air permeability of 144.6 ldm-2 min-1, and b) seat cover made of natural leather, mass 705 gm-2, with air permeability of 30.0 ldm-2 min-1 [14]. Five testing persons were included, of approximately same stature and mass, wearing in the course of the investigation two different clothing systems, i.e.: a) underwear and T-shirt of cotton knitted fabric, with a track suit, and b) underwear and T-shirt of outlast knitted fabric and a track suit. Testing persons performed 90 min. of driving simulation, on a specially designed workplace in an airconditioned chamber, which included a car seat and driving simulator, Fig.3a. The investigation was performed under artificially designed ambient conditions, in a computercontrolled climatic chamber, in order to simulate as closely as possible real conditions at four different environmental temperatures, i.e. at

20, 22, 24 and 26 C, with 45% air humidity and air velocity of 1 m s-1. The results obtained showed that the type of seat cover material and the clothing system used had a considerable impact on the thermal comfort of the driver. Laminated PES woven fabric, offering higher thermal resistance, reduced heat loss, which had a detrimental impact on the thermal comfort of the driver at an exogene heat strain, as compared to the leather seat cover, which had considerably lower heat resistance. These quite different physical mechanisms of heat exchange affected physiological regulation of human body temperature, e.g. thermal physiological comfort of the driver. The analysis of testing average skin temperature indicated that with higher ambient air temperature the average skin temperature rose. The analysis also showed that the average skin temperature was affected by the type seat cover and the combination of the clothing system as well, Fig.3b [15]. The lowest average skin temperature was recorded with textile seat covers; when testing persons wearing the underwear and T-shirts of outlast knitted fabric, while the highest value was recorded with leather seat covers, when testing persons wearing the underwear and T-shirts of cotton knitted fabric. Smaller variations of the average skin temperature were recorded at lower air temperatures than when the same combination of clothing

a)

b)

Fig.2 Time dependent mean skin temperature measured in clothing systems with/without PCMs at two different ambient temperatures: a) at 20 C, b) at 15 C

J. GERAK, M. MARI: Assessment of thermophysiological wear comfort of clothing systems, Tekstil 57 (10) 497-505 (2008.)

501

a) Fig.3 Dependence of skin temperature upon ambient temperature

b)

system was applied with the leather seat covers, while the least variation in the average skin temperature was recorded at higher temperatures when the leather seat covers were tested and testing persons wore the underwear and T-shirts of outlast knitted fabric. It can be attributed to better thermoregulatory effect of the outlast knitted fabric as a functional layer of the clothing system, since it offers better and faster adaptation of the body to temperature changes. It is quite evident that there is a correlation between the average skin temperature and subjective assessment of thermal comfort as well, Fig.4 and 5. The analysis of the results show that the feeling of comfort is achieved at the ambient air temperature of 20 C, the per-

sons feel rather uncomfortable at 22 C, while at 26 C testing persons feel distinctly uncomfortable, regardless of the car seat cover material and clothing system used [14, 15]. When analysing subjective assessment of comfort from the point of view of the seat cover material used, it can be concluded that under identical testing conditions, seat covers of natural leather are favoured, as testing persons felt more comfortable with them than with textile ones. 2.1.4. The impact of fabric type and construction of bedding mattresses on thermal physiological comfort of the user [16] The investigations presented dealt with the impact of the type and con-

struction of bedding mattress on thermal-physiological comfort of the user. The impact of three different mattresses on thermal-physiological comfort of the user was investigated, at four different sets of climatic conditions, artificially achieved in a climatic chamber, imitating real conditions in bedrooms, particularly during summer and conditions of adjusting temperatures in the bedroom. Fig.6 shows the average skin temperature in sleeping on the mattresses tested, as dependent on the temperature of the environment [16]. The results obtained in the investigations indicate that the type of the fabric and mattress construction directly influenced thermal-physiological comfort of the user in sleeping. Higher ambient air temperature

Fig.4 Relationship between subjective assessment (0- neutral, +1 slightly warm, +2 warm, +3 hot, +4 very hot) of thermal feeling and ambient temperature

Fig.5 Relationship between subjective assessment (0 comfortable, - slightly uncomfortable, uncomfortable, - very uncomfortable) thermal comfort and ambient temperature

502

J. GERAK, M. MARI: Assessment of thermophysiological wear comfort of clothing systems, Tekstil 57 (10) 497-505 (2008.)

Fig.6 hanges in average skin temperature, as dependent upon the conditions of the investigation

resulted in higher average skin temperature of the testing persons, while heart rate varied independently. 2.2. Models overview In the past four decades, numerous studies have focused on the heat transfer from human body to the surrounding air. Most of the work has been done in the framework of occupational medicine or indoor climate conditions design. Mathematical models based on multi-node models of human thermoregulation have been developed, e.g. J.A.J. Stolwijk [1 7], S. Konz et al. [18], E.H. Wissler [19], D. Fiala et al. [20, 21], G. Havenith [22], C. Hui-

zenga et al. [23, 24], and S.I. Tanabe et al. [25]. J.A.J. Stolwijk [17] developed a multinode comfort model, based on six body segments: head, torso, arms, hands, legs and feet. Stolwijks 25-node model of thermoregulation [26] set out the fundamental concept, algorithm, physical constants and physiological control subsystems for many contemporary multimode models. J.A.J. Stolwijk considered clothing as an insulation without mass. Later, B. Farnworth [27] developed a numerical model of the combined diffusion of heat and water vapour through clothing. He considered the combination of the tree heat flow mechanisms, con-

duction by air, radiation, and diffusion of water vapour, in a numerical model of multi-layered clothing systems. The calculations were performed in a time-dependent mode and compared to experiments performed on a sweating hot plate in a non-steady state mode. Berkeley multinode comfort model can be also mentioned. The Berkeley Multinode comfort model was based on the Stolwijk model as well as on the work by S. Tanabe in Japan [25], but included several significant improvements over the Stolwijk model. The Berkeley model used sixteen body segments corresponding to the Berkeley segmented thermal manikin [23, 24]. The model is capable of predicting human physiologic response to transient, non-uniform thermal environment. D. Fiala et al. [20, 21, 28] presented a computer model of human thermoregulation for a wide range of environmental conditions. The Fiala Model of human heat transfer and thermal comfort is based on six years research work carried out at HfT Stuttgart and De Montfort University, UK. The multi-node, dynamic mathematical model incorporates two interacting systems of thermoregulation: the controlling, active system and the controlled passive system, Fig. 7 [28]. The passive system [20] is a multi-segmental, multi-layered representa-

a)

b)

Fig.7 Schematic presentation of the Fiala Model of human heat transfer and thermal comfort [28]: a) passive system, b the active system

J. GERAK, M. MARI: Assessment of thermophysiological wear comfort of clothing systems, Tekstil 57 (10) 497-505 (2008.)

503

tion of the body with spatial subdivisions that include a detailed representation of the anatomic, thermophysical and thermophysiological properties of the body. The model accounts for phenomena of heat transfer that occur inside the body (blood circulation, metabolic heatgeneration, conduction, accumulation) and at its surface (free and forced surface convection, long and short wave radiation, evaporation, diffusion, and accumulation). The active system model [21] simulates responses of the thermoregulatory system: vasoconstriction and vasodilatation of cutaneous blood flow sweat excretion and changes in metabolic heat production by shivering thermogenesis. The active system was developed by means of statistical regression analysis using measured responses obtained from steady and transient exposures to cold stress, cold, moderate, warm and hot stress conditions [28]. These models simulate phenomena of human heat transfer inside the body and at its surface, taking into account the anatomical, thermal and physiological properties of the human body. Heat losses from body parts to the environment are modelled in detail considering the inhomogeneous distribution of temperature and thermoregulatory responses over the body surface. Rapid development of the models in the field has brought about the development of the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), realised within the framework of the COST action 730 [29, 30]. The COST action 730 brings together leading physiologists and meteorologists from Europe and the rest of the world to develop a new weather index which accounts for the physiological and behavioural response of humans coupled with influences of the weather in a more universal and comprehensive manner. The purpose of the UTCI is to inform the public of how the weather feels, taking into account factors previously considered when devel-

oping the wind chill and UV indices, (asymmetric) radiation and humidity. The thermophysiological model now chosen as a basis for the UTCI is the 340-node Fiala model which has been validated for a wide range of climates. An advanced clothing model shall need to be developed taking into account human behaviour and changes in clothing properties caused by the weather.

3. A novel approach to improve the thermophysiological clothing comfort

A novel approach to improve the thermophysiological clothing comfort is based on a complex integration of current advances in science

of human heat budget modelling, human biometeorology and weather conditions, with achievement tree-dimensional body scan method in measuring body surface and development of advanced clothing model as a heat exchange layer between the body and environment. Integrated systems related to the study of three-dimensional (3D) anthropometric measurement, which could provide information regarding the 3D body model and body surface, 3D product development and clothing area factor, as well as study of development of clothing model for heat and moisture transfer from the body, through the clothing system, into the environment, which could provide information regarding all forms of heat transfer such as dry heat trans-

Fig.8 The logic diagram of the design model of novel approach to improve the thermophysiological clothing comfort

504

J. GERAK, M. MARI: Assessment of thermophysiological wear comfort of clothing systems, Tekstil 57 (10) 497-505 (2008.)

fer (radiation, convection and conduction) and evaporative heat transfer (sweat evaporation and condensation) [31, 32, 33]. This must have the ability of fast evaluation of heat transfer for various textile materials incorporated into the clothing system under different ambient conditions. The logic diagram of the design model of novel approach to improve the thermophysiological clothing comfort is shown in Fig.8. According to the diagram of the design model, Fig.8, the development of the model for heat transfer from the human body to the environment is subdivided into five parts [31]: 1. Modelling a human body as the thermal physiological model, 2. Determining clothing area factor as a basis for the calculation and simulation of heat exchange between the human body and the environment through the layers of textile materials incorporated into the clothing system, 3. Designing a mathematical model for the heat transfer in the system man clothing environment, 4. Calculation and simulation of the heat transfer from the human body to the environment, 5. Testing the developed model and its implementation. The key idea of a model based in the above manner is to construct a real model for an objective evaluation of human thermal comfort, based on the data concerning thermal physical parameters of the material, the data concerning heat and humidity transfer from the body, through the clothing system, and into the environment, as well as on the data concerning the changes of testing person physiological parameters on wearing the clothing [31].

well as the develop a strategy for modelling appropriate advance clothing model as a novel approach to improve the thermophysiological clothing comfort, based on current advances in science of heat budget modelling, human biometeorology and weather conditions. Future development will include incorporation of a tree-dimensional body scan method in measuring body surface, biometeorological procedure to determine the optimal outdoor clothing system insulation for the forecasted weather and appropriate thermoregulatory clothing model, which could provide information regarding the adequacy of chosen clothing systems in terms of comfort and thermal injury protection.
References: [1] Mecheels J.: Krper - Klima Kleidung: Wie funktioniert unsere Kleidung?, Schiele & Schn GmbH, Berlin 1998 [2] Gerak J., D. Gruji: Influence of thermophysiological characteristics of clothes on the human comfort during different burden exposure and climate condition (Vpliv oblaila na toplotno fizioloko udobje loveka pri razlinih obremenitvah in klimatskih pogojih), Tekstilec 46 (2003) 7-8, 183-190 [3] ASHRAE, Physiological principles, comfort and health. Fundamentals Handbook. American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Condotioning Engeneers, Atlanta 1989 [4] SIST EN ISO 8996, Ergonomics of the thermal environment Determination of metabolic rate (ISO 8996: 2004), January 2005 [5] Parsons K.C.: Heat Transfer Through Human Body and Clothing System. Protective Clothing System and Materials, Edited by Masture Raheel, Maral Sekker INC, New York 1994 [6] Fanger P.O.: Thermal comfort. Analysis and application in environmental engineering, McGrawHill Book Company, New York 1970 [7] Holmer I., S. Elns: Physiological evaluation of the resistance to eva

4. Conclusion
The paper presents the brief survey of past related work, and some models developed for the evaluation of human thermal regulation as

porative heat transfer by clothing, Ergonomics 24 (1981.) 1, 63-74 [8] Gagge A. P., A. P. Forbelets, P. E. Berglund: A standard predictive Index of human response to thermal environment, ASHRAE Transactions, Part 2, 92 (1986) 709-731 [9] Gagge A. P. et al.: A practical system of units for the description of the heat exchange of man with his environment, Science 94 (1941) 428 [10] SIST EN ISO 7730, Ergonomics of the thermal environment - Analytical determination and interpretation of the thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria, November, 2006 [11] ASHRAE Standard 55-1992, Thermal environment Condition for human Occupancy, Atlanta, GA ASHRAE, 1992 [12] Gerak J.: Designing a garment system from the point of view of thermophysiological comfort. Annals of DAAAM for 2001 & Proceedings of the 12th International DAAAM Symposium Intelligent Manufacturing & Automation: Focus on Precision Engineering, Jena University of Applied Sciences, 24-27 October 2001, Jena, Germany, Vienna, 2001, 157-158 [13] Celcar D. et al.: The influence of environmental conditions on thermophysiological wear comfort of business clothing. International Conference Innovation and Modelling of Clothing Engineering Processes IMCEP 2007, Proceedings, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Maribor, 2007, 141-149 [14] Satler N.: Influence of kind of materials on ergonomy of car seat (Vpliv vrste materiala na ergonomijo avtomobilskih sedeev), Speciality work, University of Maribor, Faculty of Mechanical Enginering, Maribor, 2004 [15] Gerak J.: Influence of kind of materials for car seat on thermophysiological comfort of driver. 5th International Conference INTECH-ED 05, Proceedings, Budapest Tech, Rejt Sndor Facul-

J. GERAK, M. MARI: Assessment of thermophysiological wear comfort of clothing systems, Tekstil 57 (10) 497-505 (2008.)

505

ty of Light Industry Engineering, Budapest 2005., 366 [16] Plazl K., J. Gerak: The impact of fabric type and construction of bedding matresses on thermal physiological comfort of the user. International Conference Innovation and Modelling of Clothing Engineering Processes IMCEP 2007, Proceedings, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Maribor, 2007, 220-227 [17] Stolwijk J.A.J.: A mathematical model of physiological temperature regulation in man, Washington, DC, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA CR-1855), 1971 [18] Konz S. et al.: An experimental validation of mathematical simulation of human thermoregulation, Comput Biol Med, (1977) 7, 71-82 [19] Wissler E.H.: Mathematical simulation of human thermal behaviour using whole body models, In: Shitzer A. and Eberhart R.C. (ed) Heat transfer in medicine and biology analysis and applications, Plenum Press, New York and London, 1985, 325-373 [20] Fiala D. et al.: A computer model of human thermoregulation for a wide range of environmental conditions: the passive system, Journal of Applied Physiology 87 (1999) 5, 1957-1972 [21] Fiala D. et al.: Computer prediction of human thermoregulatory and temperature responses to a wide range of environmental con[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

ditions, Int. J. Biometeorol. 45 (2001), 143-159 Havenith G.: An individual model of human thermoregulation for the simulation of heat stress response, Journal of Applied Physiology 90 (2001) 1943-1954 Huizenga C. et al.: An improved multinode model of human physiology and thermal comfort, IBPSA Conference Proceedings, Masaya, O. (Ed), Kyoto 1999 Huizenga C. et. al.: A model of human physiology and thermal comfort for assessing complex thermal environments, Building and Environment 36 (2001) 6, 691-699 Tanabe S. et. al.: Numerical simulation model of thermal regulation of man with 16 body parts of evaluating thermal environment (Part I Heat transfer at skin surface and comparison with SETT and Stolwijk model), Summaries of technical papers of annual meeting, Architectural Institute of Japan, 1995 Stolwijk J.A.J., H.C. Hardy: Temperature regulation in man A theoretical study, Pflugers Archive Ges. Physiology (1966) 291, 129-162 Farnworth B.: A Numerical Model of the Combined Diffusion of Heat and Water Vapour through Clothing, Textile Research Journal 56 (1986) 11, 653-665 Fiala D. et. al.: A dynamic simulation of human heat transfer and thermal comfort, ICEE 2007; Proceedings of the 12th Interna-

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

tional conference Environmental Ergonomics, Portoro, 2007, 513-515 Jendritzky G. et al.: The universal thermal climate index UTCI Goal and state of COST action 730, ICEE 2007; Proceedings of the 12th International conference Environmental Ergonomics, Portoro, 2007, 509-512 Richards M., G. Havenith: Progress towards the final UTCI model, ICEE 2007; Proceedings of the 12th International conference Environmental Ergonomics, Portoro, 2007, 521-524 Gerak J., M. Mari: Development of a mathematical model for the heat transfer of the system man - clothing environment, Int. j. cloth. sci. technol. 19 (2007) 3/4, 234-241 Gerak J., M. Mari.: Modeling the heat transfer of the system man - clothing - environment. 3rd International Textile, Clothing & Design Conference ITC&DC, Magic world of textiles, book of proceedings. Zagreb: Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, 2006., 420-425 Gerak J., M. Mari: A novel approach to improve the thermophysiological clothing comfort. AGILTex Design - 2nd International Workshop Design - Innovation - Development, Iai, Romania, 31st August - 3rd September 2007, AgilTex Design: book of proceedings, Iai, Editura Performantica, Iasi, 2007, 102-112