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Nguyn tc ca phng php bo ton e Khi c nhiu cht oxi ho hoc cht kh trong hn hp phn ng (nhiu phn ng hoc phn ng qua nhiu giai on ) th "Tng s mol e m cc cht kh cho phi bng tng s mol e m cc cht oxi ho nhn " Tc l :
e nhng
e nhn
II. Cc gii php t chc thc hin. Mu cht quan trng nht l hc sinh phi nhn nh ng trng thi u v trng thi cui ca cc cht o xi ho ,cht kh ,nhiu khi khng cn quan tm ti cn bng phn ng Phng php ny c bit l th i vi cc bi ton phi bin lun nhiu trng hp xy ra III.Cc v d 1- V d 1: Ho tan hon ton 1.2 gam Kim loi M vo dung dch HNO3 d thu c 0.224 lt kh N2 duy nht ktc . Kim loi M l : A- Mg Hng dn : B- Fe Chn p n A . Theo bo ton e c Mn+ 2N+5 + 10 (e) 0.1 N2 0.01 C- Al D- Cu
Suy ra 2- V d 2
0.1 1.2 = n M
Cho 40.5 gam Al tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 thu c 10.08 lt kh X ktc ( khng c sn phm kh no khc ) . X l A.NO2 Hng dn : c B.NO Chn p n D v s mol kh X = 0.45 mol . Theo bo ton e C. N2O D. N2
Al3+
sn phm 0.45
Suy ra
0.45 n = 4.5 n = 10 . Vy kh X l N2
3- V d 3 Cho 8,3 gam hn hp gm Al,Fe vo 1 lt dung dch AgNO3 0.1 M v Cu(NO3)2 0.2 M .Sau khi phn ng kt thc thu c cht rn Z ( khng tc dng vi dung dch HCl ) v dung dch T khng cn mu xanh . Khi lng ca Z v %mAl trong X l : A. 23.6 gam & 32.53% C. 23.6 gam & 45.53% Hng dn : Chn p n A
Cu(NO3)2 phn ng ht
Z khng tc dng vi vi dung dch HCl Al, Fe ht Dung dch T khng cn mu xanh Vy cht rn Z gm c Ag,Cu mZ = mAg + mCu = 0.1x108 + 0.2 x 64 = 23.6 gam Gi s mol ca Al ,Fe ln lt l a,b Al -3(e) a 3a Fe2+ Al3+ Ag+ + 1(e) 0.1 0.1 Cu Cu2+ + 2(e) 0.2 0.4 Ag
Fe - 2(e) b 2b
3a + 2b =0.5
a = 0.1 b = 0. 1
=32.53%
Ho tan hn hp X gm Al v Fe vo dd HNO3 d sau phn ng hon ton thu c dd A v 4.4 gam hh kh Y c th tch 2.688 lt (ktc) gm 2 kh khng mu trong c mt kh t ho nu ngoi khng kh .S e m hh X nhng l : A. 2,53 .1023 B .3,97 .1023 C.3,25 .1023 D. 5,53 .1023
Gio vin gi : Mun tm s e nhng phi tm c s mol e nhng v khi 1 mol bao gi cng c 6.023 .1023 e ,nn hc sinh s ngh ngay ra phng php s dng bo ton e Cch gii : S mol kh Y l 2.688 : 22.4 = 0.12 mol Suy ra
M
4.44 0.12
= 37 m c kh NO (M = 30) kh cn li l N2O
Khi cho Al,Fe vo dd HNO3 th Qu trnh oxi ho Al - 3 e Al3+ Fe- 3 e Fe3+ Qu trnh kh N+5 + 3e N+2 3a a 2N+5 + 8e N2+1 8a a
e nhng
n n
e nhng
e nhn
e nhn
5- V d 5 Hn hp X gm FeS2 v MS c s mol bng nhau ,M l kim loi ho tr khng i .Cho 6.51g X tc dng hon ton vi dd HNO3 d c dd A v 13.216 lt kh ktc hn hp kh B gm NO2 v NO c khi lng 26.34 gam .Thm mt lng d dd BaCl2 vo ddA thy to ra m gam kt ta .Kim loi M v khi lng m l : A- Zn v 20.97g B. Al v 15.57g Hng dn nkh B = 13.216 :22.4 = 0.5875 mol .Gi s mol NO2 v NO l a,b C. Mg v 4.55 g D. Cu v 45.69g
Gi x l s mol ca FeS2 v MS Qu trnh oxi ho FeS2 - 15 e Fe3+ + 2S+6 x 15x MS - 8 e M2+ + 2S+6 x 8x Qu trnh kh N+5 + 3e N+2 3a a N+5 + e N+4 b b
e nhng
= 15x+8x
n n
e nhng
e nhn
23 x =0.69 x = 0.03
p n A
6- V d 6 Nung 8.4 gam Fe trong khng kh sau p thu c m gam cht rn X gm Fe ,Fe2O3 ,FeO , Fe3O4 . Ho tan ht m gam cht rn X vo dd HNO3 d c 2.24 lt kh NO2 ktc l sn phm kh duy nht .Gi tr ca m l : A- 11.2 gam Hng dn 8.4 gam Fe
O2
B- 10.2 gam
D- 6.9 gam
H N 3O
Qu trnh oxi ho
Qu trnh kh
O +
m 8.4 16
2e
O-2
m 8.4 8
e nhng
= 0.45
n n
e nhn
m 8 .4 8
e nhn
e nhng
p n A
7- V d 7 m gam phoi st A trong khng kh sau p thu c 12.0 gam cht rn B gm FeO ,Fe2O3 ,Fe , Fe3O4 . Cho B tc dng hon ton vi dd HNO3 d c 2.24 lt kh NO ktc l sn phm kh duy nht .Gi tr ca m l : A- 11.2 gam B- 10.08 gam Hng dn m gam Fe
O2
C-11.08 gam
H 3 N O
T trn ta thy Fe ban u chuyn ht vo dd di dng mui Fe3+ mO =12 - m nO = nFe = m/56
Qu trnh kh O +
12 m 16
2e
O-2
12 m 8
e nhng
3m 56
e nhn
12 m 8
12 m 8
e nhng
e nhn
+ 0.3 =
3m 56
m = 10.08 gam
p n B
IV.Cc bi tp ngh Bi tp 1 Ho tan hon ton 9.6 gam Mg trong mt lng dd HNO3th thu c 2.24 lt kh A ktc .Kh A l : A- NO Bi tp 2 Ly 0.03 mol Al v 0.05 mol Fe cho tc dng vi 100 ml dd cha AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 khuy k ti phn ng xy ra hon ton ch thu c 8.12 g cht rn gm 3 kim loi . Ho tan cht rn bng dd HCl d thy bay ra 0.672 lt kh H2 ktc . Hiu sut cc phn ng l 100 % . Nng mol/l ca AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 ln lt l : A- 0.3 M v 0.5 M C- 0.13 M v 0.25 M Bi tp3 Cho 3.04 gam hp kim Fe ,Cu tan hon ton trong dd HNO3 nng th thu c 1.792 lt kh NO ,NO2 ktc c t khi hi i vi H2 l 21 . %mCu v %mFe ln lt l : A-63.16% v 36.84 % C- 27.1% v 72.9 % Bi tp 4 Cho thanh Al vo dd CuSO4 ,sau mt thi gian nhc thanh Al ra thy thanh Al tng m gam .Al c 3,613.1023 electron tham gia phn ng trao i trong qu trnh phn ng vi CuSO4 . Vy m c gi tr l : A-13.8 gam Bi tp 5 B- 1.38 gam C- 2.7 gam D - 27.8 gam B- 50% v 50 % D- 19.4% v 80.6% B- 0.3 M v 0.15 M D- 0.1 M v 0.2 M B- NO2 C- N2 D- N2O
Khi cho mt thanh Fe vo dd CuSO4 ,sau mt thi gian nhc thanh Fe ra lm kh v cn nng thy thanh st tng ln 6.4 gam .S electron tham gia phn ng trao i ca Fe trong qu trnh phn ng vi CuSO4 : A-1,44.1024 B- 4,818.1023 C- 9,636.1023 D - 0.8
Bi 1: Hn hp A gm 0,06 mol Mg, 0,02 mol Al v 0,04 mol Fe tc dng ht vi dd HNO3 thu c V lit hn hp kh gm N2 v N2O c t khi so vi Hidro bng 20. a) Hy biu din cc ptp dng ion thu gn.
b) V=? ( o ktc ). c) Tnh s mol HNO3 phn ng.
Bi2: Cho hn hp bt kim loi A gm 0,02 mol Fe, 0,04 mol Al, 0,03 mol Cu v 0,01 mol Zn ha tan ht vo dung dch HNO3 thu c V lit hn hp kh gm NO v N2O c t khi so vi Hidro l 16,75. Tnh V ( ktc). Bi 3: Cho hn hp bt kim loi A gm 0,04 mol Al, 0,02 mol Fe v 0,05 mol Cu tc dng vi dd HNO3 12,6% c V lit hn hp kh gm NO v N2 c t khi so vi Hidro l 14,75. Tnh V ( ktc), khi lng dd HNO3 phn ng bit axit HNO3 d 10% so vi lng cn dng. Bi 4: m(g) Fe trong khng kh b oxi ha 1 phn thnh 12(g) hn hp cc oxit v Fe d. Ha tan hn hp ny vo dd HNO3 d thu c 2,24 lit kh NO duy nht (kc). Tm m. Bi 5: m(g) Fe2O3 nung vi CO thiu thu c 6,52(g) hn hp Y gm 4 cht. Ha tan Y ht vo dd HNO3 th thu c 0,15 mol kh NO duy nht. Tm m. Bi 6: Cho m(g) hh bt kim loi A gm Mg v Al ha tan ht vo dd HCl d thy gii phng 0,25 mol kh. Thm 1 lng Cu bng 1,255m (g) vo hh A c hh B. Ha tan B vo dd HNO3 d th thu c 0,5 mol hh kh gm NO v NO2 c t khi so vi Hidro bng 21,4. Tnh tfn % theo klng cc cht trong hh A. Bi 7: Hn hp X gm 1,56(g) Mg v 0,486(g) Al c ha tan ht vo V lit dd HNO3 2M thy gii phng 0,4704 lit (kc) hn hp kh gm N2 v N2O. Cng V lit dd HNO3 ha tan va ht 3,3335(g) kim loi M gii phng kh N2O duy nht. Xc nh kim loi M v tnh V.
Bi 8: Ha tan ht kim loi Mg vo dd cha 1,5 mol HNO3 thu c dd A v 0,2 mol hh kh gm NO v N2O. Hi kt ta ht lng Mg2+ c trong dd A cn ti thiu bao nhiu mol NaOH? Bi 9: Ha tan 12,9(g) hh A gm Zn v 1 kim loi M ha tr II vo dd H 2SO4 long d thu c 2,24 lit H2. Cn khi ha tan ht 12,9(g) hh A vo dd H2SO4 c c 4,144 lit hn hp gm SO2 v H2S c t khi so vi Hidro bng 31,595. Xc nh kim loi M bit th tch cc kh o ktc. Bi 10: Hn hp kim loi A gm Mg, Al, Cu nng 20,3(g) c ha tan vo 200ml dd HCl dM thu c 6,72 lit kh v cn li 9,2(g) cht X khng tan. Lc ly X, chia thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Ha tan ht phn 1 vo dd HNO3 thy gii phng 2,8 lit hh kh ( NO v NO2 ) c t khi so vi Hidro bng 21,4. em t chy phn 2 bng 1 lng oxi xc nh c m(g) hh Y gm 2 oxit kim loi. Ha tan ht Y vo dd HNO3 c nng th c 1,68 lit kh NO2 v dd B. Cho dd B tc dng vi 200g dd NaOH 12,4% c kt ta, lc tch v nung kt ta ti khi lng khing i thu c m(g) cht rn khan Z. Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton v cc th tch kh o ktc. Tm d, m, m v tnh % theo khi lng cc kim loi trong A. Bi 11: Hn hp A gm Al v Zn c ha tan ht vo dd HNO 3 c dd B v gii phng 1,2992 lit hn hp kh ( N2O v N2). Mt khc ha tan ht A vo dd NaOH c th thu c 5,376 lit H2 v dd C. C cn dd B thu c m(g) hh mui khan. Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton v cc th tch kh o ktc. Hi m c gi tr trong khong no? Thm 0,48 lit dd H2SO4 1M v dd C, hi c bn gam kt ta to thnh? Cc p: Al + NaOH + H2O NaAlO2 + 1,5H2 Zn + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2 2NaAlO2 + H2SO4 + H2O 2Al(OH)3 Na2SO4 + Nu d axit: 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2O