Physics 212

Lecture 8
Today's Concept: Capacitors
Capacitors in a circuits, Dielectrics, Energy in capacitors

Physics 212 Lecture 8, Slide 1

Music
Who is the Artist? A) B) C) D) E) Ricky Skaggs Jerry Garcia & David Grisman Tony Rice Steve Earle Mike Marshall & Darol Anger

Theme of the Week: Mandolin Players Extraordinaire Young (Chris Thile) & Old (David Grisman)

Physics 212 Lecture 8

Some Exam Stuff

Exam next Wednesday at 7:00 (Sep. 21)
Covers material through lecture 8 Bring your ID Conflict exam at 5:15 sign up in your gradebook by 10:00 TONIGHT If you have class conflicts with both of these, please email Dr. Park (wkpark@illinois.edu) by 10:00 tonight.

Where do I go? EXAM ROOMS (by discussion section) Preparation: no in class review :(
Practice exams Worked examples Exam Preparation Exercises Extra Office Hours

Physics 212 Lecture 8, Slide 3

Your Comments
It's hard to keep all of the symbols and letters separate, and even harder to remember the "special cases" when variables stay they same or are changed.

How do different situations (e.g. capacitors in series, parallel, presence of dielectric, etc.)
affect the charge, voltage, and energy of the circuit.

It seems like a lot of variables are inverses of each other... Can you clarify on this? An overview would be very helpful. Well summarize main points. i thought i understood till the 2nd and 3rd checkpoints Please, explain last checkpoint question (capacitors with and without a dielectric). Everything else was fine :) Will Do.. They were the hardest I would like to go over some more examples with
different types of capacitors set in circuits with both parallel and series connections.

WILL DO
See Calculation at End

Detail detail detail, and some worked calculations

would be
05

I worry that I have reached the capacity of my brain, I guess I can forget Chem to make some Physics 212 Lecture 8, Slide 4 room.

Simple Capacitor Circuit

Q

+Q -Q

Q=VC

Q
This Q really means that the battery has moved charge Q from one plate to the other, so that one plate holds +Q and the other -Q.

Physics 212 Lecture 8, Slide 5

Dielectrics

C0 Q0=VC0

C1=C0 V Q1=VC1

By adding a dielectric you are just making a new capacitor with larger capacitance (factor of )

11

Physics 212 Lecture 8, Slide 6

Qtotal

Parallel Capacitor Circuit

C1 Q1 = C1V Qtotal

C2 Q2 = C2V

Key point: V is the same for both capacitors Key Point: Qtotal = Q1 + Q2 = VC1 + VC2 = V(C1 + C2) Ctotal = C1 + C2
14

Physics 212 Lecture 8, Slide 7

Series Capacitor Circuit

Q

Q=VCtotal
+Q -Q +Q -Q

V1

C1 C2

V
V2

Q Q

Q Key point: Q is the same for both capacitors Key point: Q = VCtotal = V1C1 = V2C2 Also: V = V1 + V2 Q/Ctotal = Q/C1 + Q/C2 1 1 1 = + C1 C2 Ctotal

17

Physics 212 Lecture 8, Slide 8

Checkpoint 1
Which has lowest total capacitance:
C C C C C

Ctotal = C

1/Ctotal = 1/C + 1/C = 2/C Ctotal = C/2

Ctotal = 2C

18

Physics 212 Lecture 8, Slide 9

Checkpoint 2
Which has lowest total capacitance:

C C C

C C

Cleft = C/2 Ctotal = C

Cright = C/2

Ctotal = Cleft + Cright Ctotal = C

Same

20

Physics 212 Lecture 8, Slide 10

Similar to Checkpoint 3
Q2 C2

V0
V1

C1

V2 Q1 V3 C3 Q3

Ctotal Which of the following is NOT necessarily true:

A) B) C) D) E)
24

V0 = V1 Ctotal > C1 V2 = V3 Q2 = Q3 V1 = V2 + V3
Physics 212 Lecture 8, Slide 11

Checkpoint 3

(HW 3,4)

A circuit consists of three unequal capacitors C1, C2, and C3 which are connected to a battery of voltage V0. The capacitance of C2 is twice that of C1. The capacitance of C3 is three times that of C1. The capacitors obtain charges Q1, Q2, and Q3.

Compare Q1, Q2, and Q3. A. Q1 > Q3 > Q2 B. Q1 > Q2 > Q3 C. Q1 > Q2 = Q3 D. Q1 = Q2 = Q3 E. Q1 < Q2 = Q3 Since Q1 has the lowest capacitance, it has the highest charge and Q3 has the lowest Q=VC, V for C1 is greatest, charge in series for Q2, Q3 is the same The total capacitance of the Capacitors in series is 6/5C1. Since this total and C1 have the same amount of voltage between them, the charge through C2 and C3 must be higher in order to increase the capacitance to 6/5C1. Q2=Q3 because they are in series.

25

Physics 212 Lecture 8, Slide 12

Checkpoint 3
A circuit consists of three unequal capacitors C1, C2, and C3 which are connected to a battery of voltage V0. The capacitance of C2 is twice that of C1. The capacitance of C3 is three times that of C1. The capacitors obtain charges Q1, Q2, and Q3.

Compare Q1, Q2, and Q3. A. Q1 > Q3 > Q2 B. Q1 > Q2 > Q3 C. Q1 > Q2 = Q3 D. Q1 = Q2 = Q3 E. Q1 < Q2 = Q3

1. See immediately: Q2 = Q3 (capacitors in series) 2. How about Q1 vs. Q2 and Q3? Calculate C23 first. 1 1 1 1 1 5 6 = + = + = C23 = C1 C23 C2 C3 2C1 3C1 6C1 5

Q1 = C1V0 6 Q23 = Q2 = Q3 = C23V0 = C1V0 5

25

Physics 212 Lecture 8, Slide 13

Energy in a Capacitor
In Prelecture 7 we calculated the work done to move charge Q from one plate to another:

C
V

+Q U = 1/2QV = 1/2CV2 =1/2Q2/C

-Q

Since Q = VC

This is potential energy waiting to be used

26

Physics 212 Lecture 8, Slide 14

Messing w/ Capacitors
If connected to a battery V stays constant V1 = V

C1 = C

Q1 = C1V1 = CV = Q

If isolated then total Q stays constant Q1 = Q

C1 = C

V1 = Q1/C1 = Q/C = V /
Physics 212 Lecture 8, Slide 15

Checkpoint 4a
Two identical parallel plate capacitors are given the same charge Q, after which they are disconnected from the battery. After C2 has been charged and disconnected, it is filled with a dielectric.

Compare the voltages of the two capacitors. A. V1 > V2 B. V1 = V2

C. V1 < V2

Electric field decreases asd well as the voltage when dialectic is present. voltage is constant when a dielectric is added AHHHHHHH DECREASED DISTANCE INCREASES POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

Consider first the effect on the capacitance, then, does Q or V stay constant?
33

Physics 212 Lecture 8, Slide 16

Messing w/ Capacitors
Two identical parallel plate capacitors are connected to identical batteries. Then a dielectric is inserted between the plates of capacitor C1. Compare the energy stored in the two capacitors.

C0

C1 V
=2

A) U1 < U0

B) U0 = U1
Compare using U = 1/2CV2

C) U1 > U0

U1/U0 =
35

Potential Energy goes UP

Physics 212 Lecture 8, Slide 17

Checkpoint 4b
Two identical parallel plate capacitors are given the same charge Q, after which they are disconnected from the battery. After C2 has been charged and disconnected, it is filled with a dielectric.

Compare the potential energy stored by the two capacitors. A. U1 > U2 B. U1 = U2 C. U1 < U2

The energy is inverse to the capacitance dielectric does not effect potential energy U=1/2(q)(v), and C increases which increases Q

Consider first the effect on the capacitance, then, does Q or V stay constant?
33

Physics 212 Lecture 8, Slide 18

Checkpoint 4c
Two identical parallel plate capacitors are given the same charge Q, after which they are disconnected from the battery. After C2 has been charged and disconnected, it is filled with a dielectric. The two capacitors are now connected to each other by wires as shown. How will the charge redistribute itself, if at all?

A. The charges will flow so that the charge on C1 will become equal to the charge on C2. B. The charges will flow so that the energy stored in C1 will become equal to the energy stored in C2. C. The charges will flow so that the potential difference across C1 will become the same as the potential difference across C2. D. No charges will flow. The charge on the capacitors will remain what it was before they were connected. This is true because C1 must equal C2. Charge will flow to make the capacitors at the same potential

!
Physics 212 Lecture 8, Slide 19

When 2 plates are connected, they act as one solid object. The charges will want to even out the potential differences between the plate sets.

Checkpoint 4c
Two identical parallel plate capacitors are given the same charge Q, after which they are disconnected from the battery. After C2 has been charged and disconnected, it is filled with a dielectric. The two capacitors are now connected to each other by wires as shown. How will the charge redistribute itself, if at all?

A. The charges will flow so that the charge on C1 will become equal to the charge on C2. B. The charges will flow so that the energy stored in C1 will become equal to the energy stored in C2. C. The charges will flow so that the potential difference across C1 will become the same as the potential difference across C2. D. No charges will flow. The charge on the capacitors will remain what it was before they were connected.

V must be the same !! Q:

Q1 Q2 = C1 C2

C Q1 = 1 Q2 C2

U1 = 1 C1V 2 U: 2 U 2 = 1 C2V 2 2

U1 =

C1 U2 C2

Physics 212 Lecture 8, Slide 20

Calculation
V C0
x0

(HW 2, 5)

x0/4

An air-gap capacitor, having capacitance C0 and width x0 is connected to a battery of voltage V. A dielectric () of width x0/4 is inserted into the gap as shown.

What is Qf, the final Conceptual Analysis: charge on the Q capacitor? C V What changes when the dielectric added?

(A) Only C

(B) only Q

(C) only V

(D) C and Q

(E) V and Q
C changes
Q changes

Adding dielectric changes the physical capacitor V does not change and C changes
38

Physics 212 Lecture 8, Slide 21

Calculation
V C0
x0

x0/4

An air-gap capacitor, having capacitance C0 and width x0 is connected to a battery of voltage V. A dielectric () of width x0/4 is inserted into the gap as shown. What is Qf, the final charge on the capacitor?

Strategic Analysis:
Calculate new capacitance C Apply definition of capacitance to determine Q

To calculate C, lets first look at:

Vleft

Vright

(A) Vleft < Vright

(B) Vleft = Vright

(C) Vleft > Vright

Physics 212 Lecture 8, Slide 22

The conducting plate is an equipotential !!

40

Calculation
V C0
x0

An air-gap capacitor, having capacitance C0 and width x0 is connected to a battery of voltage V.

x0/4

A dielectric () of width x0/4 is inserted into the gap as shown. What is Qf, the final charge on the capacitor?

Can consider capacitor to be two capacitances, C1 and C2, in parallel

What is C1 ?

C1

C2

(A) C1 = C0 (B) C1 = 3/4C0

(C) C1 = 4/3C0

(D) C1 = 1/4C0

43

In general. For parallel plate capacitor: C = 0A/d A = 3/4A0 C1 = 3/4 (0A0/d0) d = d0

C1 = 3/4C0
Physics 212 Lecture 8, Slide 23

Calculation
V C0
x0

An air-gap capacitor, having capacitance C0 and width x0 is connected to a batter of voltage V.

x0/4

A dielectric () of width x0/4 is inserted into the gap as shown. What is Qf, the final charge on the capacitor?

C1

C2

C1 = 3/4C0

What is C2 ?

(A)C2 = C0

(B) C2 = 3/4 C0

(C) C2 = 4/3 C0

(D) C2 = 1/4 C0

In general. For parallel plate capacitor filled with dielectric: C = 0A/d A = 1/4A0 d = d0
45

C = (0A0/d0)

C2 = 1/4 C0
Physics 212 Lecture 8, Slide 24

Calculation
V C0
x0

An air-gap capacitor, having capacitance C0 and width x0 is connected to a battery of voltage V.

x0/4

A dielectric () of width x0/4 is inserted into the gap as shown. What is Qf, the final charge on the capacitor?

C1

C2

C1 = 3/4C0

C2 = 1/4 C0

What is C?

(A) C = C1 + C2 (B) C = C + C (C) C = 1 + 1 1 2 C C 1 2

C = parallel combination of C1 and C2: C = C1 + C2

C = C0 (3/4 + 1/4 )
46

Physics 212 Lecture 8, Slide 25

Calculation
V C0
x0

An air-gap capacitor, having capacitance C0 and width x0 is connected to a battery of voltage V.

x0/4

A dielectric () of width x0/4 is inserted into the gap as shown. What is Qf, the final charge on the capacitor?

C1

C2

C1 = 3/4C0

C2 = 1/4 C0

C = C0 (3/4 + 1/4 )
What is Q?

Q V

Q = VC

3 1 Q f = VC0 + 4 4
50

Physics 212 Lecture 8, Slide 26

Different Problem
V Q0
x0

C0

1/4x0

An air-gap capacitor, having capacitance C0 and width x0 is connected to a battery of voltage V and then battery is disconnected. A dielectric () of width 1/4x0 is inserted into the gap as shown. What is Vf, the final voltage on the capacitor?

(A) Vf < V

(B) Vf = V

(C) Vf > V

Q stays same: no way to add or subtract We know C: (property of capacitor)

Q = Q0 = C0V

C = C0 (3/4 + 1/4 ) Vf = Q/C = V/(3/4 + 1/4 )

Physics 212 Lecture 8, Slide 27

Different Problem
V Q0
x0

C0

An air-gap capacitor, having capacitance C0 and width x0 is connected to a battery of voltage V and then battery is disconnected.

1/4x0

A dielectric () of width 1/4x0 is inserted into the gap as shown. What is Vf, the final voltage on the capacitor?

Vf = Q/C = V/(3/4 + 1/4 )

How did energy stored in capacitor change when dielectric inserted?

(A) U increased

(B) U stayed same (C) U decreased

U = Q2/C Q remained same C increased

U decreased
Physics 212 Lecture 8, Slide 28