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    The document discusses several key concepts in computer architecture: - System clocks regulate CPU and components, while bus clocks are usually slower and can cause bottlenecks. - I/O interfaces convert signals between the system bus and external devices and allow the CPU to communicate with devices via input/output registers. - Memory-mapped I/O maps device registers to memory addresses, while instruction-based I/O uses specialized instructions for input/output. - A byte is 8 bits while a word size depends on the CPU but is typically 16 or 32 bits, allowing the CPU to handle multiple bytes at once. - Byte-addressable architectures assign unique addresses to each byte, while word-addressable assigns addresses to

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    The document discusses several key concepts in computer architecture: - System clocks regulate CPU and components, while bus clocks are usually slower and can cause bottlenecks. - I/O interfaces convert signals between the system bus and external devices and allow the CPU to communicate with devices via input/output registers. - Memory-mapped I/O maps device registers to memory addresses, while instruction-based I/O uses specialized instructions for input/output. - A byte is 8 bits while a word size depends on the CPU but is typically 16 or 32 bits, allowing the CPU to handle multiple bytes at once. - Byte-addressable architectures assign unique addresses to each byte, while word-addressable assigns addresses to

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    154 views2 pages

    15

    Uploaded by

    ashar565
    The document discusses several key concepts in computer architecture: - System clocks regulate CPU and components, while bus clocks are usually slower and can cause bottlenecks. - I/O interfaces convert signals between the system bus and external devices and allow the CPU to communicate with devices via input/output registers. - Memory-mapped I/O maps device registers to memory addresses, while instruction-based I/O uses specialized instructions for input/output. - A byte is 8 bits while a word size depends on the CPU but is typically 16 or 32 bits, allowing the CPU to handle multiple bytes at once. - Byte-addressable architectures assign unique addresses to each byte, while word-addressable assigns addresses to

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    15. How do system clocks and bus clocks differ?

    Generally when we mention the term clock, we are referring to the system clock, or the master clock that regulates the CPU and other components. However , certain buses also have their own clocks. Bus clocks are usually slower than CPU clocks, causing bottleneck problems. 16. What is the function of an I/O interface? Input and output devices are not directly connected to the CPU. Instead there is an interface in between and that is I/O interface. This interface converts the system bus signals to and from a format that is acceptable to the given device.CPU communicates to these external devices via input/output registers. 17. Explain the difference between memory-mapped I/O and instruction-based I/O. In memory mapped I/O the registers in the interface appears in the computers memory map and there is no real difference between accessing memory and accessing I/O device. In instruction based i/o the CPu has specialized instructions that perform the inpout and output 18. What is the difference between a byte and a word? What distinguishes each? 8-bits make a byte word, on the other hand, can have different meanings, depending on what your CPU is. If it's a 16-bit CPU, then your word is 16-bits, or 2 bytes. If it's a 32-bit CPU, then your word is 32-bits, or 4 bytes. In other words, it's just the number of bits the CPU can handle at once. 19. Explain the difference between byte-addressable and word-addressable. Byte addressable, means that each individual byte has a unique address. Word addressable, means each word( not necessarily each byte) has its own address. 20. Why is address alignment important?

    If an architecture is byte-addressable, and the instruction set architecture word is larger than 1 byte, the issue of alignment must be addressed.
    21. List and explain the two types of memory interleaving and the differences between them. High order interleaving the more intuitive organization distributes the addresses so that each module contain consecutive addresses Low order interleaved memory places consecutive words of memory in different memory modules. 22. Describe how an interrupt works and name four different types. Interrupts are the events that alter the normal flow of execution in the system Mask-able, non-maskable, synchronous, asynchronous

    23. How does a maskable interrupt differ from a nonmaskable interrupt? Maskable interrupt can be disabled or ignored Nonmaskable interrupt is a high priority interrupt cannot be disabled and must be acknowledged 24. Why is it that if Computer has 4K words of main memory, addresses must have 12 bits? It is the characteristic of the MARIE, a simple architecture. 25. Explain the functions of registers IR, AC, OutReg, InReg, MAR, MBR, PC. AC : Accumulator which holds data value, general purpose MAR : the memory address register which holds the memory address of the data being referenced. MBR : memory buffer register, which holds either the data just read from memory or the data ready to be written to memory. PC : Program Counter, holds the address of the next instruction to be processed. IR : Instruction register, holds the next instruction to be executed. InREG : input register, holds data from the input device. Outreg : output register, holds data for the output device.

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