1

Polish History(1914-1935) (1) 1914-1921 1) Timeline Date 1914.8 1916.11 1918.1 1918.3 1918.11 1919.6 1920-21 1921.3 1921.3 Events Russian Promise Polish Kingdom Wilsons demand Brest-Litovsk Treaty Independent Second Republic Versailles Peace Treaty Polish Soviet war Treaty of Riga March Constitution Details Grand Duke Nicholas promised the independence of Poland Germany and Austria declared Polish Kingdom to be restored (subject to the authorities). A united, independent and autonomous Poland ,with free, unrestricted access to the sea Poland was still left as a country of a German puppet state. Pi sdki took power(11th), became Chief of State(14th). Without frontiers, established territory, government Poland gained the territories which had been governed by Germany before the War. Dmowski became as the Chief Polish Delegate. War on Eastern border. Poland Win Completed Polands territorial struggle Similar to the constitution of Third Republic of France. Reduction of the power of president, absence of a strong civil service.

2) Political Parties   Polish National Organization (PON):from 1914 to 1917, led by Jzef Pi sudki, founded in Cracow. They are activist who hoped to win Polish independence by making his Legions indispensable to Central Powers. Polish National Committee: In 1914, led by Roman Dmowski, founded in Warsaw. They are passivists who sought to gain their ends by diplomatic means and by association with Allies.

(2) 1921-1939 1) Timeline Date 1922.12 1924 1925 1926.5 Events Presidential Election The New Z oty Land reformation The May Coup Details Gabriel Narutowicz was elected, though soonly assacinated by ND. Wojciechowski succeeded. W adzs aw Grabski established The New Z oty to balance the budget. Government purchased 200,000 hectares and parceled out among the poor peasants. Pi sdki led his troops to Warsaw and fought against troops loyal to the President. In 1926.5.14, the President and Prime minister(Wincenty Witos) were forced to resign. Moscicki became president in 1926, to 1935

1932.1 1934.1 1935.4 1935.5 1936

Non-aggression pact with USSR Non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany April Constitution Pi usdki death Central Industrial Place

The president gained more power. Kwiatkowski became vice prime minister and minister of finance planned to invest.

2) Pi usdkis Government        Sanacja=a return to health Pi usdki retained Inspector General of the Armed Forces and Minister of War. Non-Party Bloc for Co-operation with the Government (BBWR) was founded to gain popular support. Fighting against oppositions such as socialist, nationalist, peasants separatist(Ukrainians). Most of the post in government was taken by Military men. The father of modern Polish Nationalism. Chief Polish Delegate in Versailles treaty

3) Rivalries(Dmowski)

        

1923, foreign minister Claime to coherent ideology and a consistent entourage Nation: natural phenomenon(biological kinship) Independence: essencial precondition for all political activity Realist The aim of corporation: to match the strength of Left National religion: Roman Catholicism Anti-Semitism Main threat comes from Germnay

4) Rivalries(Pi usdki)           Champion of modern Polish independence 1918, Chief of State and Commander for 4 years Reluctance to formulate theoretical position Nation: Product of history(ethnic and cultural variety was source of strength) Independence: ultimate goal Not believe the power The aim of corporation: dont care about what is going in the parliament No strong feeling about religion Welcome Jewish Main threat comes from Russia

Revolution in Russia (1) 1898-1917 1) Timeline Date 1898 1903 1905.10 1917.2 1917.3 Events Communist Party founded London Disagreement Soviet February revolution The Provisional Government legitimated April Thesis Coup dtat October Revolution Details the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party was founded, though Lenin and Trotsky were absent because both of them were in exile. the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks were emerged. This difference is because of the way to achieve their revolution. Bolsheviks: limited member, Mensheviks: involve more member Striking metalworkers organized a Soviet of Workers' Deputies, inspired other cities. After this, Tsar promised making constitutional government(October manifesto) Start from womens protest demanding equal rights, then turned into bloody protest. Consequently, Nicholas abdicated, Duke Mikhail succeeded but soon decline the crown. The Provisional Government wants to continue and win this war. But the Russian people want that 1. the war should be brought to a speedy end 2. the immediate distribution of the land to the people living and working on it Prince Lvov was a prime minister 1.An immediate end to the war, 2.Redistribution of land, 3.The party should strengthen the soviets throughout the country to challenge the provisional government Koronilov sent troops to Petrograd but troops didnt want to fight and persuaded to leave their weapons. Bolshevik troops attacked the Winter Palace and the Peter and Paul fortress. 25th 10pm, the first Soviet congress was assembled. Kerenski fled from the palace.

1917.4 1917.8 1917.10

Third Reigh & Crisis of democracy (1) Third Reigh 1) Timeline Date 1919.2 1919.6 1920 1921 1923.11 1925 1925.10 1932.7 1933.1 1934.8 1935.3 1936.3 1938.3 1938.9 1939.3 1939.8 1939.9 Events Weimar Republic Versailles Treaty NSDAP developed Hitler becoming the president of the party Munich uprising My struggle The treaty of Locarno Election Chancellor Fuhrer Rearmament Moving into Rhineland Anshuluss Munich Agreement Invasion Czechoslovakia Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact WW to Details Friedrich Ebert was the first president of the republic and new constitution was shown. Disarmament, strict prohibition of annexation with Australia, Rhineland was demilitarized, Territorial Change. National Socialist German Workers Party(NSDAP) was depeloped. At that time, the party has 3000 members. Hitler attempted to make revolution but failed and arrested. It showed the idea that the world as a conflict to the death between the nordic Aryan race (a spurious concept) and the Jews. Agreement to respect mutual frontiers with Belgium, France, Britain, U.S.A. NSDAP gained 230 seats and became the largest party. Hindenburg appointed Hitler as a Chancellor with the help of the communist KPD After the death of Hindenburg, Hitler combined the power of the president and Chancellor, then became Fuhrer. (Third Reigh started) Reintroducing conscription in order to build up a peacetime army and navy There are no military action, Allies country only show the vocal accusation. Hitlers Germany annexed with Austria. Hitler, Chamberlain, Daladier, Mussolini met in Munich and they approved that The Sudeten areas are to be ceded to Germany Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia are now under the protection of the German Reich. Non-aggression pact, ensuring that division of Poland and Russian annexation of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania. NAZI Geramany and USSR started to invade into Poland

2) Lebensraum  The acquisition of a vast new "living space" (Lebensraum) in eastern Europe, at the expense of the inferior races according to the NAZI Race theory: The Eastern nations are considered as Slave Nations, who should conceive all their territories and resources to the wellness of the German superior Race.  This should be achieved by power and by war. Therefore, this principle was not realized until 1939. (2) Crisis of Democracy 1) Italy           1919.03: Fascio di Combattimento was founded by Benito Mussolini 1921.05: 35 Fascists were elected to the Chamber of Deputies(representing about 250,000 official party members) 1922: The Fascist army marched from Naples to Rome, and then Mussolini became the Premier in October. 1925.10: Palazzo Vidoni Pact was concluded, which make capitalists and labors corporate to develop their economy. 1933: A massive state holding company controlling investment in steel, shipping and other heavy industries was founded. 1931.04: The Second Republic started 1934.10: Communist rose up in Asturias but soon defeated by Francisco Franco. 1936.02: The Popular Front won a narrow victory in the elections. 1936.07: Spanish Civil War occurred.(Nationalist led by Franco VS Socialist) 1939.03: Spanish Civil War ended.

2) Spain

World War (1) Events in Europe 1) Timeline Date 1939.9.01 1940.5.10 1940.6.5 1940.7~ 1941.3 1941.4 1941.6.22 1941.8 1942.11 1943.1 1943.7 1943.9 1944.6.4 1944.8.25 1945.2.4 1945.4.30 Events WW Invasion to Netherland and Belgium Invasion to France Battle of Britain Lend-lease act Invasion into Greece Operation Barbarosa The Atlantic Charter El Alamein Battle of the Stalingrad ended Allie landed Sicily Italy surrenders D-DAY Liberation of Paris Yalta Conference Hitler death Details German troops invaded into Poland Allied troops were defeated soon, but 350,000 troops successfully evacuated from Dunkilk. June 14th, German troops entered into Paris. Code name Sea Lion Germany used Messershmitt 109 and Britain used Spitfire for their attack. This battles were taken place all over the British soil This act enabled U.S. to provide any nations which was not against U.S. interests. After invasion into Yugoslavia, German troops drive into Greece with few British troops. Later it faced persistent resistance from partisans in Greece, Yugoslavia and Bulgaria. Germany broke the non-aggression pact and sent troops into East Poland. Very general statement of the basic principles of democracy, free trade and international law. It also contributed to create the United Nations. German tanks led by Rommel were defeated by British troops led by Motgomery. 200,000 German troops were surrounded by Russian troops and had no chance to defeat. Hitler said the Sixth Army will do its historic duty at Stalingrad to the last man This campaign had immediate repercussion to Italian Politic. July 24th, Mussolini was forced to resign from his position. In October, Italy declared the war on Germany. Allies landings begin in Normandy. The three Allied leaders, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met in Yalta Discussed about how to conduct the war in the west and future world after war ends. Hitler committed suicide and his wife, Eva Braun also took poison.

(2) Events in Poland 1) Timeline Date 1939.8 1939.9.30 1940.4.10 1941.6.22 1941.7.30 1941.end 1943.4 1943.4 1943.7 Events Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact Exile Government Katyn Operation Barbarosa Common front The Final Solution Break the agreements Warsaw ghetto uprising Death of Sikorski Details Non-aggression pact, ensuring that division of Poland and Russian annexation of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania. Firstly founded in France, later in London, under General Sikorski. Russian troops captured the Polish military officers, professionals and reservists, then almost all of them were killed. Only in 1943, These dead bodies found by German troops. Germany broke the non-aggression pact and sent troops into East Poland. Stalin developed the diplomatic relations with the Polish Government and both governments concluded the military convention against Germany. Nazi decided that Jewish had to be exterminated. After the news of Katyns massacre, Stalin denounced the agreements made with Sikorski 2 yeas ago. Continuing for 3 weeks, armed with hand-guns, grenades and home-made bomb. 7000 were killed, 56,000 were transported to Treblinka. When he was going to flying back to England from North Africa where Polish armies fighting, the Plain was clashed soon after the plane took off from Gibraltar. Succeeded by Stanis aw Miko ajczyk Thez agreed that Europ would be divided into zone of influence and border between Poland and Russia would be the Curzon Line, without any Polish representatives. Led by Bl-Komorowski. It began at 5:00 pm. Lasting for 63days and he finally captured 2 October. 200,000 people were killed. The loss of east territories would be compensated by western German territories. Western border was fixed. It was from Oder to Neisse river.

1943.11 1944.8.1 1945.2 1945.8

Teheran Conference Warsaw uprising Yalta Conference Potsdam

2) Underground government VS Communist government   Although underground government contributed greatly to liberation of their country, but after the war, it was regarded as an illegal organization and member of them were put into jail. For this reason, Exile government was forced to join their communist government in Warsaw after the war. Government Council Army Polish Underground State National Unity Council National Army(AK) Polish Committee of National Liberation(PKWN) Countrys National Council Peoples Army

Cold War (1) Events in Europe 1) Timeline Date 1946.3 1947.3 1947.6 Events Iron Curtain Speech Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan Details Made speech by Churchill From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. United States policy to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. Secretary of State George. D. Marshall promised American funding for a European recovery program. Then, in 1948, the European Recovery Program(the Marshall Plan) was completed. Communist Information Bureau. Stalin created to orchestrate foreign communist parties. Britain and America sent foods and other substances to Berlin by air. This airlift continued 1949.5. the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance was established. Initially, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union had joined. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It was formed initially to counter the communist East and has searched for a new identity in the post-Cold War world. West Germany was created in 1949.9 led by Konrad Adenauer, East Germany was created led by Walter Ulbricht in 1949.10 North Korea attacked the South Korea, lasting until 1953. The European Coal and Steel Community was created by original Six. Jean Monet If you cant beat them, join them the Warsaw Treaty Organization. an alliance creating an organised and Russian dominated - military among central and political ties in order to compete with NATO. Denouncing Stalinism in the party conference. Anglo-French troops attack on Egypt which was going to nationalize the Suez Company, but failed. It showed the limit of their power.

1947.9 1948.6 1949.1 1949.4 1949.9~10 1950.6 1952 1955.5 1956.2 1956

Cominform Blockade of Berlin COMECON NATO Two Germany Korean War ECSC(into existence) Warsaw Pact Khrushchev Speech Suez Crisis

1956.10 1958 1961.8 1962 1963 1968 1972.3 1973 1985

Hungary Revolution EEC Berlin Wall Cuba Crisis Franco-German Treaty Plague Spring SALT1 Britain join EEC Glasnost(liberation)& Perestroika(reconstruc tion) Fall of Berlin wall Germany reunited

Hungary tried to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact, but failed by Soviet troops. The European Economy Committee was created to promote integration. To prevent East Berlin people from escaping to West, it was created in a night. USSR was going to develop the Missile basement in Cuba and both great powers seemed to go into the Nuclear War. Charles De Gaulle and Konrad Adenauer reached to agree with new relationship. Dubcek was going to reform his government but failed because Soviet tanks rolled in. Brezhnev Doctrine =USSR is a guardian of Socialist Internationalism Dtente had started. After the long negotiation, Britain could join the EEC with Denmark and Ireland. Gorbachev became the first secretary and began to reform his government.

1989.11 1990.9

1991.12

Soviet corrupted

East Germany stopped to control their border. 2(West and East Germany) + 4(U.S., Britain, France, USSR) Treaty. 1.Germany is obliged to limit the power of its army and to commit itself to principles of peace and democracy, 2.Recognition of the Eastern border, 3.Germany is receiving full sovereignty Instead of USSR, a loose Commonwealth of independent states was developed.

(2) Events in Poland                    1944: Miko ajczyk joined the provisional government(RTTP) which had been created by PKWN in Lublin 1945: Polands post war border was established in Potsdam. 1946: The first parliament elections which almost all parties were outlawed took place. 1948: Poland united Workers Party(PZPR) was created. 1949: Poland was forced to join COMECON instead of Marshall plan which was offered by U.S.A 1950: Soviet-style centralized planning economy began with the Six-years plan. 1951: Territorial Exchange with USSR. 1952: Polish Constitution issued 1956: In Poznan, Workers in the industrial city went on strike caused by the appaling working conditions and wage fraud. 1956: Gomu ka was elected as a first secretary. He promised to make his country more liberal, but it was never achieved. 1968: Student demonstrations at Warsaw University broke out(March 1968 events) 1970: Odel-Neisse line was settled 1970: Gierek was elected as a first secretary. He reformed Polish economy and Polish people enjoyed better living standard. 1976: Government raised foods price, it caused the national strike. 1978: The Archbishop of Krakw, Karol Wojty a, was elected Pope, taking the name John Paul II 1980: Lech Wa sa who was the leader of Solidarity signed the Gda sk Agreement with Mieczys aw Jagielski 1981: Martial Law(From Dec.1981 to July.1983) 1989: Round Table Talks 1990: Republic of Poland was developed.