Energy

Basal Metabolism (BM)

Expressed as basal metabolic rate (BMR) The rate of energy use for metabolism under special conditions: after a 12 hrs fast and restful sleep, without any physical activity or emotional excitement, and in comfortable setting. It is usually expressed as kcal/kg/hr
i.e. Accounts for 60 70% of total energy use by

a body of a sedentary person

If no fasting
Resting metabolism rate (RMR) Usually 6% BMR

Factors increase BM
Greater

lean body mass Larger body surface area Male gender (> lean mass) Body temperature (fever/cold temp) Thyroid hormones Aspects of nervous system activity Pregnancy Caffeine & tobacco use

Factors decrease BM
A low

calorie intake

10 20% Body shifts to conservation mode Good for long term weight management?

Aging
1 2% every decade after 30 yr-old Physical activity aids in maintenance of

lean body mass remain active high BM aids in weight control

BM
Can

vary 25 30% among individuals Estimate of BMR for

an average male = 1.0 kcal /kg/hr an average female = 0.9 kcal/kg/hr

BMR

calculation

For a 59 kg female

59 kg x 0.9 kcal/kg/hr = 53 kcal/hr 53 kcal/hr x 24 hrs = 1272 kcal BMR for a 59 kg female for entire day is 1272 kcal

Energy for Physical Activity (PA)

PA
Voluntary movement of the skeletal

muscles and support systems

energy expenditure beyond basal needs by about 25 40% Calories expenditure vary widely among people

Energy for Physical Activity (PA)

Energy

needed depends on

Muscle mass Body weight Activity Duration, frequency, intensity

Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)

Energy

body uses to digest food, absorb and further process the nutrients recently consumed Liken to a sales tax
About 5 10% of the total calories ingested Need this energy to cover energy used to

process food eaten Warming of the body during and right after a meal

TEF
Influenced

by food composition

> energy required to metabolize amino acids

into fat than to convert glucose into glycogen or transfer absorbed fat into adipose stores

Meal types Protein-rich food CHO-rich food Fat-rich food

Influenced

TEF (calories consumed) 20 30 % 5 10% 0 3%

by meal size Larger meal, higher TEF

Thermogenesis
The

increase in nonvoluntary PA triggered by

Cold conditions Overeating

Cold

conditions

Shivering when cold Fidgeting Maintenance of muscle tone Maintaining body posture when not

lying down

Thermogenesis
Fairly

small contribution to overall calorie output I.e. For a sedentary person, BM and thermogenesis accounts for 60 70% of energy used The remaining 20 30% is used mostly for PA, with a small amount used for thermogenesis

Adaptive Thermogenesis (AT)

Involved

brown adipose tissue found in small amt in infants

Abt 5% of infant body weight brown appearance results from its rich blood

flow thought to be important for heat regulation

Adaptive Thermogenesis (AT)

Energy released from energy-yielding nutrients into the environment as heat

When body adapts to
Physical conditioning Extreme cold Overfeeding Starvation Trauma / other stress Building tissues Producing enzymes & hormones necessary to

cope with the demand

Common in hibernating animals

Determination of energy use

Based

on

Height Weight Degree of physical activity Age

Using
Direct calorimetry Indirect calorimetry

Direct calorimetry (DC)

Measures

the amount of body heat released by a person Principle

Almost all the energy used by the body

eventually leaves as heat

Indirect calorimetry (IC)

Measures

the amount of oxygen a person consumes A predictable relationship exists between the bodys use of energy & oxygen i.e. body uses 1 L oxygen to yield about 4.85 kcal energy

Estimating Energy Requirements (EER)

Formulas

published by Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) to estimates energy For men 19 years or older
EER = 662 (9.53 x AGE) + PA x (15.91 x WT + 539.6 x HT)

For

women 19 years or older

EER = 354 (6.91 x AGE) + PA x (9.36 x WT + 726 x HT)

Keys:
AGE = age in years PA = Physical Activity (PA) Estimate ( see following slide) WT = weight in kilograms HT = height in meters

PA Estimates
Activity Level Sedentary (no exercise) Men 1.00 Women 1.00 1.12 1.27 1.45

Low activity (walks ~ 2 miles/ d @ 3-4 1.11 mph) Active (walks ~ 7 miles/ d @ 3-4 mph) 1.25

Very active (walks ~ 17 miles/d @ 3-4 1.48 mph)

Sample EER Calculation

Case 1: 25yr-old Male, 1.75 m, 70 kg, active lifestyle
EER = 662 (9.53 x 25) + 1.25 x (15.91 x 70 + 539.6 x 1.75) EER = 2997 kcal *

Case 2: 25yr-old Female, 1.62m, 54.5 kg, active lifestyle

EER = 354 (6.91 x 25) + 1.27 x (9.36 x 54.5 + 726 x 1.62) EER = 2323 kcal* *serves as estimates, many other factors can affect actual energy needs

Estimation of Healthy Weight

Healthy

weight

Preferred term to use for weight recommendations

Recommended

to establish a personal healthy weight (or need for weight reduction) under a doctors guidance based on
weight history fat distribution patterns family history of weight-related disease current health status

Estimation of Healthy Weight

Important

to note

Hypertension Elevated LDL-CHL Family history of obesity, CVD, certain forms

of cancer Pattern of fat distribution in the body Elevated blood glucose

Highlights how well the person is tolerating any existing excess weight Height & weight = Rough guide

Estimation of Healthy Weight

Also

pertinent to ask

What is the least one has weighed as an

adult for at least a yr? What is the largest size clothing one would be happy with? What weight has one been able to maintain during previous diets without felling constantly hungry? A number code to health

Estimation of Healthy Weight

More

than numbers Healthy lifestyle is encouraged than numbers on scale

Overweight, not necessary not fit Thin may not = healthy

Estimation of Healthy Weight

Using

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Preferred

because it is the clinical measurement most closely related to body fat content

Estimation of Healthy Weight

BMI

calculation
Body weight ( in kilograms) Height2 (in meters)

BMI in western culture

BMI for Public Health Action in Asian Populations

Classification
Low to moderate risk

BMI (kg/m2)
18.5 27.5

Moderate to high risk

23.0 32.5

High to very high risk

27.5 37.5

BMI
Not

necessary a marker of overfat

Male athlete BMI > 25 but not appeared

fat because of muscle tissue Adult under 5 ft, high BMI but not reflect overweight or fatness BMI should be used as a screening test

BMI

Adults BMI should not applied to children, adolescent, frail older people, pregnant & lactating women and highly muscular individuals Pregnant women & children have unique BMI standards

Conclusions

Energy balance involves matching EI with EO Body uses energy for basal metabolism (BMR), physical activity calorie expenditure, digest food (TEF), & involuntarily heatproducing activities (Thermogenesis) EER can be calculated based on gender, weight, height, age, amount of physical activity BMI is a good screening method in a clinical setting to determine healthy body weight.

QUIZ
T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F Body uses energy even when we are at rest Body needs energy to digest foods Age affects the amount of energy use Body weight of a person determines his/her health Men and women have the same amount of body fat Health risks in upper-body obesity and lower-body obesity individuals are different