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homework # 10
Due: 1:00pm on Sunday, November 22, 2009
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Playing with a Water Hose

Description: Water ows through a hose. Find the fraction of the hose hole that has to be covered in order to increase the speed of water such that the emerging stream reaches a given distance. Two children, Ferdinand and Isabella, are playing with a water hose on a sunny summer day. Isabella is holding the hose in her hand 1.0 meters above the ground and is trying to spray Ferdinand, who is standing 10.0 meters away. Part A Will Isabella be able to spray Ferdinand if the water is owing out of the hose at a constant speed of 3.5 meters per second? Assume that the hose is pointed parallel to the ground and take the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity to be 9.81 meters per second, per second. Hint A.1 General approach: considerations on particle motion

Consider the water owing out of the hose to be composed of independent particles in projectile motion. Recall that projectile motion is described as a combination of horizontal motion with constant velocity and vertical motion with constant acceleration. Note that the hose is pointed parallel to the ground, so the initial velocity of the water is purely horizontal. Hint A.2 Projectile motion

A projectile is a body with an initial velocity that follows a path determined entirely by the effects of gravitational acceleration and air resistance. If the effects due to air resistance are ignored, the motion of a projectile can be analyzed as a combination of horizontal motion with constant velocity and vertical motion with constant acceleration. Consider a particle undergoing projectile motion in the x-y coordinate plane, with the x axis horizontal and the y axis pointing vertically upward. Let and represent the components of the initial velocity of the particle. Let and represent the initial horizontal and vertical positions of the particle. The equations describing the position of the particle as a function of time are then

where

is the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity.

ANSWER:

Yes No

Part B To increase the range of the water, Isabella places her thumb on the hose hole and partially covers it. Assuming that the ow remains steady, what fraction of the cross-sectional area of the hose hole does she have to cover to be able to spray her friend? Assume that the cross section of the hose opening is circular with a radius of 1.5 centimeters. Hint B.1 General approach: considerations on uid mechanics

By restricting the area across which the water is owing, Isabella forces the water to ow out at a higher speed. After estimating the initial velocity that the water must have in order to reach a distance of 10 meters, you can determine the cross-sectional area of the hose hole that corresponds to such an initial velocity of the water by applying the continuity equation.

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Hint B.2

Find the outow speed needed

Find the initial speed that the water should have in order to reach a distance of 10 meters. Consider the water owing out of the hose as composed of independent particles in projectile motion. Recall that projectile motion is described as a combination of horizontal motion with constant velocity and vertical motion with constant acceleration. Note that the hose is pointed parallel to the ground, so the initial velocity of water is purely horizontal. Thus . Hint B.2.1 Projectile motion If the effects due to air resistance are ignored, as they should be in this problem, the motion of a projectile can be analyzed as a combination of horizontal motion with constant velocity and vertical motion with constant acceleration. Consider a particle undergoing projectile motion in the x-y coordinate plane, with the x axis horizontal and the y axis pointing vertically upward. Let and represent the components of the initial velocity of the particle. Let and represent the initial horizontal and vertical positions of the particle. The equations describing the position of the particle as a function of time are then

, where is the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity. In this part, you are asked to nd the outow speed, which is horizontal, and thus corresponds to is the above equation. Consider carefully what the values of the other constants-- , and --are. Express your answer numerically in meters per second to three signicant gures. ANSWER: =

Hint B.3

Find the cross-sectional area needed

Once you know the horizontal velocity of the water that would be needed for the emerging stream to reach a distance of 10 meters, nd the cross-sectional area that corresponds to that outow speed. Assume that the ow rate remains steady after the partial blockage of the hose hole, so that the continuity equation applies. Hint B.3.1 Apply the continuity equation In an incompressible uid moving steadily, the mass of uid owing along a ow tube is constant. In particular, consider a ow tube between two stationary cross sections with areas and . Let the uid speeds at these sections be and , respectively. Then conservation of mass takes the form , which is known as the continuity equation. If initially the water is owing through the hose of cross-sectional area area at a higher speed , what should the new cross-sectional area Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = , , and . at a speed , and you want it to ow through a smaller

of the hose be?

Express your answer numerically in centimeters squared to three signicant gures.

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ANSWER:

Since

is the fraction of the area of the hose that should remain uncovered in order to achieve the desired water velocity, of the hose should be covered?

what fraction

Express your answer as a percentage to the nearest integer. ANSWER: = %

Flow Velocity of Blood Conceptual Question

Description: Conceptual question on plaque changing the effective cross sectional area and blood pressure of an artery. Arteriosclerotic plaques forming on the inner walls of arteries can decrease the effective cross-sectional area of an artery. Even small changes in the effective area of an artery can lead to very large changes in the blood pressure in the artery and possibly to the collapse of the blood vessel. Imagine a healthy artery, with blood ow velocity of value for the kinetic energy per unit volume of blood of . and mass per unit volume of . This leads to a

Imagine that plaque has narrowed an artery to one-fth of its normal cross-sectional area (an 80% blockage).

Part A Compared to normal blood ow velocity, Hint A.1 , what is the velocity of blood as it passes through this blockage?

Continuitity equation and reduced cross-sectional area

By the equation of continuity, as the cross-sectional area of an artery decreases because of plaque formation, the velocity of blood through that region of the artery will increase. The new ow speed can be calculated by rearranging the equation of continuity, ; so

where

and

are the initial and nal cross-sectional areas, and

and

are the initial and nal velocities of the blood,

respectively. ANSWER:

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Part B By what factor does the kinetic energy per unit of blood volume change as the blood passes through this blockage? ANSWER: 25 5 1

Part C As the blood passes through this blockage, what happens to the blood pressure? Hint C.1 Blood pressure and blood velocity

Bernoullis equation states that the sum of the pressure, the kinetic energy per volume, and the gravitational energy per volume of a uid is constant. For initial and nal pressures and , initial and nal velocities and , and mass per unit volume of blood, , ignoring the effects of changes in gravitational energy leads to . Basically, the sum of kinetic energy and pressure must remain constant in an artery. This leads to a very serious health risk. As blood velocity increases, blood pressure in a section of artery can drop to a dangerously low level, and the blood vessel can collapse, completely cutting off blood ow, owing to lack of sufcient internal pressure. Hint C.2 Calculating the change in blood pressure From Bernoullis equation, the change in pressure is the negative of the change in kinetic energy per unit volume. For initial and nal kinetic energies of the blood, and , respectively, , or , where . Rearranging this equation yields

or .

ANSWER:

It increases by about 240 It increases by about 40 It stays the same. It decreases by about 40 It decreases by about 240 . .

Since the kinetic energy increases by a factor of 25, . Bernoulli's equation tells you that .

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As the blood velocity increases through a blockage, the blood pressure in that section of the artery can drop to a dangerously low level. In extreme cases, the blood vessel can collapse, completely cutting off blood ow, owing to lack of sufcient internal pressure. In the next three parts, you will see how a small increase in blockage can cause a much larger pressure change.

For parts D - F imagine that plaque has grown to a 90% blockage. Part D Relative to its initial, healthy state, by what factor does the velocity of blood increase as the blood passes through this blockage? Express your answer numerically. ANSWER:

Part E By what factor does the kinetic energy per unit of blood volume increase as the blood passes through this blockage? Express your answer numerically. ANSWER:

Part F What is the magnitude of the drop in blood pressure, unblocked) kinetic energy per unit volume of the blood. Express your answer in pascals. ANSWER: = , as the blood passes through this blockage? Use 10 as the normal (i.e.,

Buoyant Ping-Pong Ball

Description: Short conceptual problem on uid density and the buoyant force. This problem is based on Young/Geller Conceptual Analysis 13.6. A Ping-Pong ball is held submerged in a bucket of water by a string attached to the bucket's bottom. Part A Salt is now added to the water in the bucket, increasing the density of the liquid. What happens to the tension in the string ? Hint A.1 How to approach the problem

The tension in the string balances the sum of the ball's weight and the buoyant force. If either of these two forces changes as salt is added to the water, then the tension in the string must change as well. Hint A.2 Determine the effects of a density change

What is the effect of increasing the density of the water in the bucket? Hint A.2.1 Buoyant force When an object is completely or partially immersed in a uid, the uid exerts an upward force, called the buoyant force, equal in magnitude to the weight of the uid displaced by the object.

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Hint A.2.2 Density of a uid The density of a uid is dened as mass per unit volume. That is, if a mass density of the material is given by . of homogeneous material has a volume , the

Hint A.2.3 Find the buoyant force Let be the density of water, the volume of the water displaced by the ball, and the acceleration due to gravity. Which of the following expressions represents the buoyant force experienced by the ball? ANSWER:

Use this relation to determine the change in buoyant force when the density of water increases.

ANSWER:

The buoyant force increases because the weight of the water displaced by the ball increases. The buoyant force decreases because the weight of the water displaced by the ball decreases. The buoyant force increases because the weight of the ball decreases. The buoyant force decreases because the weight of the ball decreases. There are no effects because the density of water plays no role in the balance of the forces acting on the ball.

Since the density of salty water is greater than that of fresh water, the Ping-Pong ball will experience a greater upward force. To maintain the ball in equilibrium, then, will the tension in the string increase or decrease?

ANSWER:

The tension does not change. The tension increases. The tension decreases.

Part B What happens to the tension in the string if the Ping-Pong ball is replaced by a smaller spherical object of equal weight? Hint B.1 How to approach the problem

The tension in the string balances the sum of the object's weight and the buoyant force. Since the Ping-Pong ball is replaced by an object of equal weight, the tension in the string will change only if the buoyant force on the object differs from the buoyant force experienced by the Ping-Pong ball. Hint B.2 Determine the effect of a volume change

What is the effect of replacing the Ping-Pong ball with a smaller spherical object of equal weight? ANSWER: The buoyant force experienced by the smaller object is greater than the buoyant force on the Ping-Pong ball because now the weight of the water displaced by the object is smaller. The buoyant force experienced by the smaller object is less than the buoyant force on the Ping-Pong ball because now the weight of the water displaced by the object is smaller. The buoyant force experienced by the smaller object is greater than the buoyant force on the Ping-Pong ball because now the weight of the water displaced by the object is greater.

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The buoyant force experienced by the smaller object is less than the buoyant force on the Ping-Pong ball because now the weight of the water displaced by the object is greater. The buoyant force experienced by the smaller object is equal to the buoyant force on the Ping-Pong ball because the two objects have the same weight.

Since now a smaller volume of water is displaced by the object, the water exerts a smaller upward force on the object. To maintain the object in equilibrium, then, will the tension in the string increase or decrease?

ANSWER:

The tension does not change. The tension increases. The tension decreases.

Submerged Block
Description: Find the position of equilibrium for a wood block oating between two uid layers of differing densities. A beaker contains a thick layer of oil (shown in green) of density oating on water (shown in blue), which has density . A cubical block of wood of density with side length is gently lowered into the beaker, so as not to disturb the layers of liquid, until it oats peacefully between the layers, as shown.

Part A What is the distance Hint A.1 between the top of the wood cube (after it has come to rest) and the interface between the oil and water?

How to approach the problem

After the wood block has come to rest, it is in static equilibrium. Thus, the magnitude of the buoyant force (directed upward) must exactly equal the magnitude of the gravitational force (directed downward). The buoyant force will depend on the quantity that you are trying to nd. Hint A.2 Find the buoyant force of the total bouyant force on the wood block?

What is the magnitude

Hint A.2.1 How to approach the question The total buoyant force on the wood block has two contributions, one from each of the two different uids. To nd the total buoyant force, imagine that the wood block is divided into two pieces (not necessarily cubes), one in the oil and the other in the water. Apply Archimedes' principle to each and add the two buoyant forces to nd the total force. Hint A.2.2 Archimedes' Principle Archimedes' principle states that the magnitude of the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the uid displaced.

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Hint A.2.3 Find the buoyant force due to the oil Find , the magnitude of the contribution to the total buoyant force acting on the wood block due to the displaced oil alone. and any necessary quantities from the problem introduction.

Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: =

Express your answer in terms of quantities given in the problem introduction and the magnitude of gravitational acceleration . ANSWER: =

Hint A.3 What is

Find the gravitational force , the magnitude of the gravitational force acting on the wood block? and any needed quantities from the problem introduction.

Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: =

Express your answer in terms of quantities given in the problem introduction. ANSWER: =

In solving this problem, there is an implicit assumption that since and not the case?

. In examining the solution just obtained, one sees that

by assumption (the oil is less dense than water), we must have (the wood block is less dense than water) , or (the oil is less dense than the wood block). The only way that the situation described in the . What would happen if this were

problem introduction (with the block of wood oating "peacefully") can exist is if

CHAPTER 13: Fluids

8.ThepressureisgivenbyEq.133.

24. Fromsection95,thechangeinvolumeduetopressurechangeis ,whereB

isthebulkmodulusofthewater,giveninTable121.Thepressureincreasewithdepth forafluidofconstantdensityisgivenby ,where isthedepthofdescent. Ifthedensitychangeissmall,thenwecanusetheinitialvalueofthedensityto calculatethepressurechange,andso .Finally,consideraconstantmassof water.Thatconstantmasswillrelatethevolumeanddensityatthetwolocationsby .Combinetheserelationshipsandsolveforthedensitydeepinthesea, .

Thedensityatthe6kmdepthisabout3%largerthanthedensityatthesurface.

32. Thedifferenceintheactualmassandtheapparentmassofthealuminumisthemassof theairdisplacedbythealuminum.Themassoftheairdisplacedisthevolumeofthe aluminumtimesthedensityofair,andthevolumeofthealuminumistheactualmass ofthealuminumdividedbythedensityofaluminum.Combiningtheserelationships yieldsanexpressionfortheactualmass.

42. Forthecombinationtojustbarelysink,thetotalweightofthewoodandleadmustbe equaltothetotalbuoyantforceonthewoodandthelead.

56. (a) equation. RelatetheconditionsatthetopsurfaceandattheopeningbyBernoullis (b)