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ng vt gip xc nh Bioindicators Manfred Rinderhagen, Jrgen Ritterhoff v Gerd-Peter Zauke * Carl von Ossietzky H Oldenburg, FB Biologie (ICBM), Postfach 2503, D-26111 Oldenburg, c * Tng ng vi tc gi; e-mail: gerd.p.zauke @ uni-oldenburg.de T kha: lch s cuc sng, sinh sn, amphipods, isopods, cc ch s sinh hc, tch ly sinh hc, cho n , tng trng, hnh vi, nghin cu dn s, trm tch c tnh, ng vt ph du h Tm tt u tin mt s c im sinh hc c bit ca ng vt gip xc c m t, bao gm hnh thi hc v Anatomy (phn khc, t chi, lp biu b), h hp, tun hon, bi tit v quy nh thm thu, sinh sn v chin lc lch s cuc sng (precopula, chn nui, u trng, moulting), phn phi v phong ph, v phng thc ca cuc sng (sng trong benthos hoc sinh vt ph du) . Phn ny c theo sau bi mt-de ui xem xt li kt qu cc cp khc nhau v phng php lun, c bit tp trung vo nc ngt am phipods, isopods v Cladocerans (v d nh cc thnh phn ca h ng vt ph du) . Mt c s sinh thi nh gi hp l l kin thc u i v sinh thi v phn phi ca ng vt gip xc theo dif iu kin mi trng ferent. Mc d thng tin v s phong ph ca cc loi l iu cn thit, ph hp ca cc ng lc sinh sn v dn s c nhn mnh. Sau , s pht trin ca cc ch s sinh hc (bao gm c t l Gammarus / Sao Asellus hoc ng vt gip xc lin quan n cc ch s saprobic) c tho lun. hiu c cc tc ng sinh thi nhim thu sn, thng tin v tch ly sinh hc cc cht l rt quan trng. p dng cho n, hnh vi, tc tng trng (v d precopula) v tri dt nh cc ch s c ngha sinh thi (hoc ch du sinh hc) sau c tho lun ti chiu di. Cui cng, thng tin nghin cu thc a v s tn ti v sinh sn c trnh by, lin quan n c tnh pha dung dch nc , trm tch c tnh v phn ng v phc hi ca cc cng ng ng vt ph du h tip xc vi acidifi

cation v kim loi. Mt s chi tit c minh ha trong mt nghin cu trng hp tp trung vo chin lc tch ly, toxicokinetic cc m hnh v c ch gii c trong amphipods gammarid . Gii thiu ng vt gip xc thng c s dng nh bioindicators v biomonitors trong cc h thng thu sn khc nhau . Mt l do l h l mt nhm rt thnh cng ca ng vt, phn phi trong mt s khc nhau habi tats bao gm c mi trng bin, trn cn v nc ngt. H l ng c vin do th v iu tra so snh. Mt s cc tnh nng c bit ca ng vt gip xc, c bit l repro chin lc duction, c th c nh gi cao quan trng i vi vic gii thch ca d liu t cc nghin cu bioindicator s dng nhng sinh vt ny, v cho s pht trin ca thit b u cui ecotoxicological . Tiu im ca trnh by v vic s dng ng vt gip xc, ch yu l cc loi nc ngt, nh bioindicators, sinh mn hnh. Hai thut ng ny khng phi lc no cng phn bit r rng. Chng ti s dng thut ng (i) bioindicator nh ngha mt tp th ca sinh vt t cc lnh vc (trong mt ngha thng k), cung cp thng tin v tnh trng mi trng, vi cc bin s nh hng l s hin din n thun ca h hoc khng c, lch s cuc sng ca h nng ng tnh trng dn c (v d nh v c cu tui, phong ph, cu trc gen hoc iu kin tion ch s [1] v biomonitor hn (ii) xc nh mt sinh vt c th c dng thit lp bin th a l v thi gian trong sinh kh dng ca cht gy nhim o accu mulated nng ca ha cht trong c th ton b hoc mt trong cc m c th [2] . Nh vy, kt qu kim tra c tnh tiu chun trong phm vi ca phn ny . Mt s pht trin gn y ca nh vy ______________ T: - (A. Gerhardt, ed) Biomonitoring nc nhim Nhn xt v ch thc t, Trans n phm cng ngh cao - Scitech, nghin cu mi trng Din n Vol. 9, 2000, p. 161-194.
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Rinderhagen et al. ng vt gip xc nh Bioindicators

trang _______________________________________________________________ _______________________ 2 kim tra l cc k quan xem xt trong [3] v [4]. Trong cc h thng bin, ng vt gip xc khng thng xuyn c s dng nh bioindicators nh c nu ra. y nhn mnh trn cc nhm khc, bao gm c nhuyn th hai mnh v, polychaetes ng vt da gai, ch yu l do n lc chi cho cc benthos. Chng ti bt u vi mt ngn gn description cc tnh nng c bit sinh hc ca ng vt gip xc c th c lin quan n ch , theo sau xem xt li cc kt qu thu c cc mc khc nhau v phng php nghin cu. Mt s vn quan trng illus trated chi tit hn bng cch m t mt nghin cu trng hp. N khng phi l d nh v s c gn nh khng th trnh by mt nh gi y kt qu c cng b trong lnh vc ny. y l mc tiu chuyn bit hn xem xt giy t, c cng b thng xuyn [5-12]. Hn na, vic la chn ca sinh vt , stricted trong ph hp vi nhng mc tiu chnh c cp trn. Trong khi Cladocera, v d, ng mt vai tr quan trng trong cc th nghim c tnh tiu chun, cc ti liu v bioindicators v biomonitors nc ngt r rng l b chi phi bi amphipods v isopods. c bit cc tnh nng sinh hc ca ng vt gip xc C hai s lng thch nghi khc nhau, hnh thi, sinh l v hnh vi v s thay i to ln trong m hnh lch s cuc sng v nhng c im sinh sn to iu kin thun li cho tin ha thnh cng ca ng vt gip xc [13]. Ch c mt phc tho ngn gn ca mt s c im sinh hc c bit v s thch nghi ng vt gip xc c lin quan n ch c a ra trong phn ny ( bit thm thng tin chi tit xem v d [14-19]). Mt s cc tnh nng c bit ca ng vt gip xc, c bit l cc chin lc sinh sn, c th c nh gi cao quan trng i vi vic gii thch d liu t cc nghin cu bioindicator bng cch s dng nhng sinh vt ny. Hnh thi hc v gii phu hc V c bn, ng vt gip xc ng vt chn t c trang b vi hm di, v c hai cp ca mt-

tennae v th bi phng tin mang. C th ca ng vt gip xc l phn on. N bao gm u (Cephalon), cc s phn on (ngc v bng) v kt thc ca c th (telson) nhng vc dng ca cc loi gip xc c th thay i rng ri [18-20 ]. -ng vt c tay chn di vi cc phn on nhiu loi vi cc phn on vi. S lng ca cc phn on c th khc nhau ngay c trong mt lp con. mt s loi c th c rt ngn hoc ko di. Lng ngc v bng (pleon) c th khng phi lc no cng c phn bit trong cc ng vt gip xc gn y. Thng thng, mt s cc phn on ngc hp nht vi cc cephalon to thnh mt cephalothorax. Cc phn on cn li ngc sau c gi l peraeon [19]. Nh vy, ng vt gip xc bao gm hoc l mt ngc, cephalon v pleon mt hoc mt cephalotho rax, peraeon v pleon. Nhng phn on mang chn khng c nh hn hoc khc nhau trong mt s khc tn trng t cc phn on trc c coi l thuc vng bng. Nhiu loi gip xc pht trin mt l chn lng (mai). y l mt s trng lp trong vo, c ngun gc t u cn li ca cc cephalon. N c th ch bao gm cc phn on nht nh ca c th v thm ch c th c hp nht cc phn on ny. Tuy nhin, n cng c th bao gm c th theo chiu ngang hoc thm ch bao quanh c th, mc ln hn hoc nh hn, nh v . Cc loi gip xc completely bao quanh bi mt v [18]. Chi in hnh ca ng vt gip xc biramous [18, 20] . Chng bao gm mt gc rng, y phng (Protopodite) v hai chi nhnh trc thuc, exopodite (bn ngoi) v cc endopodite (bn trong mt). C tn ti nhiu bin th trn cu trc c bn ny . Trong nhiu Malacostraca (isopods, amphipods v hu ht cc decapods) exopodite gim hon ton, sn xut mt chn i b ci gi l (Stenopodium). Mt bin th chi l phyllopodium ging nh l . Thng thng, cc chi c t tn sau khi mt trong hai phn c th m h c gn hoc sau khi chc nng ca h ( Thora copods, pereiopods, pleopods ch trong Malacostraca). Chi c gn lin vi cc cephalon

c lin quan n tiu ha thc n (maxillipeds). Mt s hp nht ca pleon v telson phn on c th c tm thy trong mt s nhm ng vt gip xc. Trong nhng trng hp ny, cc chi thng c sa i v sau c gi l uropods. Tt c nhng cu trc hnh thi c nh gi cao c lin quan trong vic xc nh cc loi gip xc loi, m l mt iu kin tin quyt cn thit cho vic s dng nhng con vt ny nh bioindicators.
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Rinderhagen et al. ng vt gip xc nh Bioindicators trang _______________________________________________________________ _______________________ 3 S lng ng k cc khong cht canxi lng ng trong cc lp biu b chitinprotein ca rt nhiu ng vt gip xc, v lm cho v cng v bn. Canxi xy ra nh canxit, vaterite hoc hydroxyapatite [18, 21]. Canxi l ch yu ly t mi trng (v d nh t nc hoc thc phm). N cng c th c lu tr trong haemolymph, gan ty v trong mt s nhm gip xc c bit cc c quan. Trong nhng trng hp ny, lng canxi c lu tr thng c bi tit (v d nh trong Carcinus n 90%). C tn ti mt mi quan h mnh m gia cc qu trnh trao i cht ca canxi v thit yu khc v khng cn thit kim loi. H hp H hp xy ra ch yu thng qua mang . y l nhng thng c sa i phn ph ca cc thoracopods (Epipodites), c mt lp biu b mng v din tch b mt ln v do thc y mt t l cao ca kh c thay i. Thng thng cc b mt ni tht ca mai cng tham gia vo h hp. Cc chi, ch yu l thoracopods, di chuyn gi mt dng nc giu oxy qua mang. Trong mt s t ng vt gip xc khng c c quan h hp c bit c pht trin. Di y h hp xy ra thng qua ton b b mt c th (

da h hp [18, 19, 22]). H hp c ch lm cho cc ng vt gip xc d b ha cht do nc . Lu thng H thng tun hon ca ng vt gip xc, v s pht trin ca cc mch mu ng mch h thng khc nhau rt nhiu trong s cc nhm khc nhau ca ng vt gip xc [18, 19, 22] . Ni chung, mt tri tim nm lng rut trong mt xoang mng ngoi tim. Bi v cc h thng tun hon m, mt hn hp ca mu v cht lng coelomic, c gi l haemolymph, dng chy xung quanh cc c quan. Oxygen vn chuyn trong ng vt gip xc l mt trong hai hemoglobin cha st (cha st) hoc cupriferous (ng cha) haemocyanin. S thch nghi c bit c trin khai nhm cung cp cho cc ng vt gip xc vi Thit b thit yu ng, trong s nhng phn t ny, cc metallothioneins phc v mt mc ch kp, c cng tham gia vo vic thi c kim loi c hi nh cadmium [23-26] . Bi tit v quy nh thm thu ng vt gip xc c lng khoan dung tng i nh vi nhng thay i v mn, vi ngoi l ca cc loi sng trong cc vng ca sng, khu thy triu. Ni chung, ng vt gip xc l stenohaline . Cc sinh l c ch quy nh ion v thm thu gi cn bng nc v mui gn nh lin tc [18, 19] . S thch nghi cn thit ca quy nh ion v thm thu ty thuc vo mi trng sng c th . Bin ng vt gip xc l ng trng vi nc bin, do thm thu quy nh l khng c vn cho cc c sch phc hi. Tuy nhin, k t khi thnh phn ion ca haemolymph v cc t bo khng phi l ng nht vi nc bin, s cn bng ion cn phi c quy nh. Mt khc, nng ion haemolymph ca ng vt gip xc sng trong nc l hoc nc ngt cao hn trong cc surlm trn trung bnh. Nhng con vt ny do phi iu chnh nng ion v os motic p lc. Thit hi ca mui phi c bi thng, hoc t nht, gim n mc ti thiu. Qu cao dng nc vo c th phi c ngn chn v thng d ca nc loi b khi c th .

Qu trnh hot ng c tham gia vo cc c ch ny quy nh, quy nh thm thu trong lim netic ng vt gip xc i hi phi c mt s u t nng lng. Hn na, tt c cc quy trnh cht ch li lated n s chuyn ha ca cc nguyn t vi lng cn thit v khng cn thit . Cc c quan khc nhau v c ch c lin quan n quy nh ion v thm thu. Chnh c quan s o thi v quy nh thm thu trong ng vt gip xc l cc tuyn antennal v tuyn hm trn . y l nhng nephridia, m ti cc phn khc c bn ca ng ten th hai v ti c s ca giy ond hm trn. H lun lun bao gm ba phn: mt ti cui cng, coi nh l mt di tch ca coelom (Sacculus), mt knh (nephridial knh) c di khc nhau trong cc nhm khc nhau ca ng vt gip xc, v mt thit b u cui ng ngn ngoi bin (ng thot), m ra vo cc nephropore. Nc tiu chnh l
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Rinderhagen et al. ng vt gip xc nh Bioindicators trang _______________________________________________________________ _______________________ 4 hnh thnh trong ti cui cng bng phng tin ca lc mng . Mt ti hp thu ca ion xy ra trong xa phn. Thng thng, cc chc nng tuyn antennal trong giai on u trng sm, sau thoi v tuyn hm trn c hnh thnh, m l chu trch nhim v s bi tit ng vt trng thnh . Cc c quan khc c lin quan n bi tit, bao gm c b mt c th, rut, epithelia ca gan ty, v trn tt c, mang. Mang c cc c quan trao i quan trng v c th cc ion ra khi nc. Do , thng l mt biu m c bit vi cc hot ng qun l thm thu tn ti trong mang [18]. Ve chn dung ng vt gip xc, b mt c th khng thm nc v cc ion hn so vi cc loi sinh vt bin. M t chi tit hn v quy nh thm thu trong ng vt gip xc c cho bi

Pequeux [27]. Nghim cm nhn bn, chin lc pht trin v i sng lch s Hu ht cc ng vt gip xc l dioecious. Tuy nhin, trong cc nhm khc nhau ca ng vt gip xc, c hai hermaph roditism v parthenogenesis (v d nh trong hu ht cc Cladocera) c th c tm thy [13, 18, 19]. Cirripedia l ban u dioecious, nhng hu ht cc loi lng tnh. Sex l ch yu di truyn xc nh, mc d cc yu t mi trng thng c nh hng ng k trn . V d, trong Malacostraca cc tuyn sinh dc lng tnh trong qu trnh pht trin sm. Sau trong giai on v thnh nin, yu t di truyn xc nh xem mt tuyn ni tit t androgen s c cm ng, sn xut con c, hay n s teo, kt qu ph n . Hiu qu cc yu t mi trng bao gm nhit ban ngy di, v mn. V d, trong Gammarus duebeni (Amphipoda) t l gii tnh c xc nh bi ngy di. Ngoi ra cn tn ti yu t quan h tnh dc t bo cht c coi l k sinh trng n bo. Trong mt s amphipods v isopods, h c th ngn chn cc tuyn ni tit t androgen, tt c cc ng vt tr thnh con ci, m ch sn xut n tr, mc d sao chp vi c hai gii [18 ]. Nh vy hiu ng c th b hiu lm, v d nh ang c gy ra bi nhim mi trng. Giao phi vi nhau xy ra hu ht cc ng vt gip xc. Trong mt s trng hp, precopula mt trc copulation. Cc c quan c bit chu trch nhim v s chm sc ca b m c hnh thnh trong qu trnh thay lng-trng thnh ca Cc con ci, v nhng qu trng tr thnh chun b cho s trng. Nam bm vo con ci mnh ticular, i khi c bit hnh thnh t chi. Rt him khi, nhng qu trng c pht hnh vo trong nc hoc gn lin vi vt liu rn. Thay vo , b m chm sc chim u th. Nhng qu trng c thc hin trn c th cho n khi u trng n. Mt bung p trng c th c hnh thnh bi mt phn ca khoang mai hoc mt c bit pht trin epipodite ca cc thoracopods. Mt s loi sn xut mt s lng ln trng nh n u trng planktotrophic, h da trn thc vt ph du, vi khun nui dng v

vn cn trong mi trng sng gn bin trong vi tun hoc vi thng. Nhng loi vi trc tip pht trin thun ch sn xut mt qu trng ln n u trng lecithotrophic, h thng khng n sinh vt ph du thc phm, thay v ty thuc vo lng trng cho s tng trng v pht trin ca h [13 ]. Cc tnh nng tho lun y c th c lin quan trong cc nghin cu s dng ng vt gip xc nh bioindicators . -Dis ruption cp precopula l thng xuyn c s dng nh mt thit b u cui c tnh. S pht trin ca nhiu ngi ng vt gip xc, bao gm c amphipods, isopods v decapods, cung cp c hi s dng sinh sn nhng c im nh cc ch s cht lng mi trng hoc tnh ton vn. Theo Sastry [13] rt kh phn loi cc c im lch s i sng ca ng vt gip xc nh l r rng r hoc K-la chn. Thay vo , cc thnh phn c bit ca lch s cuc i v chin lc sinh sn i din ca r-K-c im trn lin tc-RK. C v nh, tuy nhin, l mt xu hng K-hn i vi chin lc la chn r. Trong mi trng nc, ch c ng vt gip xc sng trong mi trng thp hn mesopelagic, bin khi su v bin su y v mt s decapods nc ngt cho thy c im r rng tng quan vi nhng K-la chn chin lc. Pht trin xut hin hai dng c bn, trc tip hoc gin tip [13 ] Gia hai loi ln, c t l hao ht nhiu. Trong qu trnh pht trin gin tip, u trng phi b dergo nhiu moults sau khi n t trng, t c hnh thc cui cng ca n (bin thi) . -Char
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Rinderhagen et al. ng vt gip xc nh Bioindicators trang _______________________________________________________________ _______________________ 5 acteristic u trng ca ng vt gip xc l nauplius. Tuy nhin, c tn ti nhiu loi khc nhau ca larvae (cho mt m t chi tit xem [18-20]) . Trong nhiu trng hp, u trng n ti mt nng cao hn

giai on pht trin (v d nh metanauplius, zoa u trng, megalopa u trng). Trong pht trin trc tip , ngi cha thnh nin c cng mt s phn on v cc loi hin php tng t nh ngi ln . Pht trin ca h bao gm s tng trng v trng thnh, khng c bin thi. c bit l tm vn u trng loi thuc b c th c hn ch v mi trng, v d, nhng con hu bm v deca v qu ang chu nh hng ca tng UV-B bc x [28, 29]. S tng trng ca tt c cc ng vt gip xc xy ra trong cc giai on, mi kt hp vi thay lng mt, t nht cho n khi tnh dc trng thnh l t 18, 19]. Moulting c kim sot bi hormon . Thay lng c gy ra bi cc ng ngha lun n ca hormone moulting . Tng hp ca b ngn chn bi mt tagonistic hormone. Thi gian gia moults tun t tr nn di hn theo tui tc ngy cng tng. Cc bt u ca mt thay lng b nh hng bi nhit v lng thc n . Tui th ca ng vt gip xc khc nhau rng ri . Theo Sastry [13] thm ch c nhn khc nhau cc th h trong dn s c th khc nhau v tui th . V d, mt th h overwintering c th sng vi thng na so vi th h ma xun. Ni chung, ng vt gip xc nh hn sn xut nhiu th h mi nm, trong khi cc loi ln hn c th sng mt thi gian kh di (v d nh Astacus astacus 20 nm [18]). Tui th ca sinh vt c lin quan, v d, lp d ton tip xc vi mi trng cng thng trong iu kin hin trng . Phn phi v s phong ph ng vt gip xc l mt nhm rt thnh cng vi nhiu loi bao la ca cc loi hnh sinh thi sng trong mt s lng ln ca mi trng sng khc nhau. Nhiu ng vt gip xc sng trong mi trng bin, nhng ngi khc trong nhiu h thng nc ngt, bao gm cc h v sng, m cn trong nc ngm vng bin hang ng. Trong bin v mi trng nc ngt, ng vt gip xc c th sng trong benthos cng nh trong khi vng. Tt c cc mi trng sng b chim ng, t nhit i n vng bin Bc cc, t bin su ti ma rine duyn hi v t h thng nc ngt vng ng bng n vng ni [13, 30] . ng vt gip xc thm ch sng

trong h nc nh trong phytotelmata ca bromeliads. S a dng cng cc ca s thch nghi trong hnh thi, sinh l hc, con ng ca cuc sng v sinh sn vi cc iu kin khc nhau cho php ng vt gip xc hnh thnh trong c th hu nh bt k nc (i vi chi tit ca s thch nghi cho ref v d. [14, 30] v cc ti liu trch dn trong ). Bi v s thch nghi c bit, nhiu loi cng c th c c tm thy trong mi trng sng trn cn. c bit, bao gm cc isopods trn mt t (woodlice; Onis cidea). Hn na, mt s loi gip xc, c bit sng nh k sinh trng. V vy, i vi bt k cu hi quan tm, n s c th tm thy mt s loi gip xc y lin quan n c s dng so snh sinh thi ca mt lot cc mi trng sng. Phng thc ca cuc sng Cc vn ng ca ng vt gip xc ph thuc rt nhiu vo mi trng sng, trong h ang sinh sng [17, 19]. ng vt gip xc sng y hoc i b hoc kt hp i b v bi li. Chn tay khc nhau c s dng cho cc loi hnh vn ng (v d: thoracopods i b, pleopods cho bi li ). Khc gip xc loi vnh vin bi, trn tt c cc ng vt gip xc sinh vt ph du nh hn (Clado CERA, Copepoda), nhng cng c mt s loi ln hn nh decapods tm ging hoc ging tm v mt s amphipods. Nhng thay i trong hnh vi vn ng cng l ch s tt ca cc p lc mi trng nh, v d, trnh by di y cho amphipods. Cc loi khc hin mt ch hon ton khng cung cuc sng (v d nh bin Cirripedia), s l mt li th ln trong cc nghin cu biomonitoring, mc d nhng loi ny him khi c s dng [2, 31 ]. S a dng ca s thch nghi ca ng vt gip xc vi mi trng sng khc nhau cng c phn nh trong mt lot cc n c ch [17-19]. Mt s ng vt gip xc n lc (v d nh Anacostraca, Phyllopoda, nhiu CoTrang 6

Rinderhagen et al. ng vt gip xc nh Bioindicators trang

_______________________________________________________________ _______________________ 6 pepoda v nht Cirripedia). Cc t chc khc nm ly thc phm ca h trc tip. H c th hnh x nh chn lc hoc n tin gi (trt qua) khng chn lc, n xc thi hoc ng vt n tht. Cng tn ti mt s ht k sinh trng. Tuy nhin, hu nh khng c s phn chia cht ch gia mt trong hai c ch cho n hoc loi thc phm. Nhiu ng vt gip xc s dng mt c ch cho n thay th hoc trung hc v nhiu ngi trong s h gest mt lot cc loi thc phm. Trong mi trng bin, nhiu ng vt gip xc trong khu vc mesopelagic thp hn l loi n tp vi mt xu hng carnivory, trong khi vng bin khi su, hu ht cc ng vt gip xc l xe nivorous. Ch c mt vi ng vt gip xc n chuyn ngnh ( bit thm chi tit xin xem ref [32] v vn hc trch dn trong ). Nhn xt v kt qu thu c mc khc nhau v phng php nghin cu Trong phn ny chng ta s a ra mt ci nhn tng quan v kt qu iu tra (t khong nm 1990) ti khc nhau mc phng php lun s dng ng vt gip xc nh bioindicators hoc biomonitors, cp n c im sinh hc quan trng nht c tho lun trong phn trc. Nhn xt ny s tp trung ch yu trn cc sinh vt nc ngt, c bit l trn amphipods, isopods v Cladocerans, thng c s dng trong cc nghin cu nc ngt nh bioindicators v biomonitors [33] . Ngc li, ng vt gip xc c t c s dng cho mc ch trong cc nghin cu bin, do s c ch mt thi gian ngn gii quyt. Mt s arguments c cung cp bi Schulz [34] cho vng ven bin ca Bin Baltic. Bioindicators nn loi sinh vt y, phn phi trn ton b khu vc quan tm, v phi sng trong cc khu vc duyn hi cho php ly mu d dng . Hn na, h nn c tm quan trng sinh thi. V th, ng ngh hu Balanus improvisus nh gip xc duy nht c s dng nh mt bioindicator bin Baltic.

Theo , ch yu l sinh vt y nhuyn th hai mnh v hoc polychaetes duyn hi c s dng nh biomonitors v, t hn mc , nh bioindicators trong h thng bin [35-39]. V h thng bin khi, ng vt gip xc cng c s dng nh biomonitors [40-43], nhng cha lm bioindicators. u i v sinh thi v phn phi S phn b vi ca cc loi khc nhau gammarid ph thuc vo u i c bit sinh thi, chng hn nh cu trc mi trng sng (bao gm c dng chy, nc b mt v thc phm) cng nh s khc bit trong khoan dung sinh l cht lng ni dung, nhit v nc oxy . S hin din hay vng mt cc loi sn mi cng ng mt vai tr quan trng. Dahl v Greenberg [44] cho thy pulex Gammarus, v d, c th nh gi s khc bit v cht lng mi trng sng v p ng vi n. Khi nhn to sui c sa i bng cch thm mt cht nn th, v d, s phong ph ca amphipods cc trang web ny c tng ln. Crane [45] iu tra cc c im dn s Gammarus pulex trong nm dng ting Anh nh ly mu trong nm 1992 . Kt qu cho thy mt bin i ln ca G. pulex di khc nhau lotic tnh trng da c tt. S khc bit ng k gia cc qun th ca cc dng khc nhau lin quan n mt dn s, ng cy trng sinh khi, kch thc c nhn v t s gii tnh . kin cho rng mt s nhng khc bit ny gy ra bi cc cht gy nhim hoc do cu trc vt l ca ging dng . Cuc xm lc ca loi cn sinh c th c gy ra bi s khoan dung khc nhau nhim mi trng [46]. Tc dng c hi c th dn n vic loi b cc loi a phng, v cn sinh loi rt c th kh nng chng nhim c th in vo cc h sinh thi trng rng. Streit v Kuhn [47] cho thy rng iu ny c th l mt l do cho cuc xm lc ca Gammarus tigrinus trong sng Rhine sau khi loi b Gammarus fossarum (xem thm phn m t tc dng c hi) . Meijering [48] nghin cu s xut hin ca Gammarus fossarum, Gammarus pulex v Gammarus ro eseli trong vng bin chy Hessen (c) 1968-1988. Sau khi xem xt sinh thi

s thch ca cc loi c bit i vi nhit , thc n, tc dng chy nc v geologi cc iu kin cal, thiu oxy ch yu l do nhim hu c v pH thp c cng nhn l yu t quan trng nht xc nh s phn b ca cc loi Gammarus. i vi c
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Rinderhagen et al. ng vt gip xc nh Bioindicators trang _______________________________________________________________ _______________________ 7 phong ph, G. pulex l mnh m hn chng li nhim, oxy thp v pH thp . V vy, i khi n c th chi phi hoc cc loi Gammarus duy nht trong mt khu vc b nh hng bi nhng mi trng con straints. i vi aquaticus Sao Asellus isopod n c bo co rng n khng ch p ng trc tip n pollution bng cch pht trin mt kh nng chu tng [49], n cng bc l mt s thch nghi gin tip ca lch s i sng chin lc, nh chng minh bng cch u t t hn trong sinh sn, sn xut t hn, nhng con ci ln hn ti cc a im nhim ca mt dng sui. Phng th nghim nghin cu cho thy rng nhng hin tng ny c th c mt di truyn c s. Th nghim trong phng th nghim bi Pilgrim v Burt [50] chng t rng Bc M amphipod Hyalella Azteca l axit nhy cm nh cc loi Gammarus cp trn, cng b nh hng Nhit nc. nhit thp hn, amphipods c th chu ng cng thng axit cn khong thi gian hn so vi nhit cao hn. Nhng kt qu ny cho thy rng kh nng chu acidifica tion c th thay i theo ma v cc thng ma h l nhng ngi nhy cm nht. Hu ht cc mi trng sng t nhin ca H. Azteca (thch ao h) cho thy cc bin th theo ma ca nc tem perature. V vy, khi s dng H. Azteca trong th nghim sinh hc, n l thc t hn s dng nhiu

nhit m phng trong phm vi lnh vc v acclimatise H. Azteca cho h tng ng, trc khi iu chnh pH . nhy ph thuc vo nhit axit ha sau c a vo ti khon cho d bo cc tc ng sinh thi. Cc kha cnh sinh sn nh trng sng st v pht trin by n (mi ln lin quan n ti u nhit ), kh nng sinh sn cng nh kh nng sinh sn ca qun th ca Gammarus fossarum Gammarus roeseli o su iu tra [51, 52]. Khng ng k trong ni b c th tm thy khc bit gia cc qun th ca mt trong hai loi, nhng c s khc nhau gia hai loi, xut hin c nhng yu cu nhit khc nhau. Cc nhit ti u trng thy cho G. fossarum l mt cht thp hn so vi cho G. roeseli, hn na, G. fossarum rng hn phm vi nhit ti u cho s sng cn trng v sinh sn thnh cng (50% s tn ti hay nhiu hn na , vi 3,6-19,2 C cho s sng cn trng v 4,5-19,1 C cho sinh sn thnh cng) so vi G. roeseli (trng tn ti: 11,9-15,1 C; sinh sn thnh cng: 7,0-21,0 C). Nhng thuc tnh ny cng c th nh hng n m hnh phn phi ca c hai loi. Thi gian sinh sn ca G. fossarum m rng t Decem BER, v ca G. roeseli t thng ba n thng. iu kin ny s c ti u cho G. fossarum trong sui ngh mt vo ma h, trong khi cho G. roeseli iu kin ti u s oc hin trong sui ma h, m p, t G. fossarum l thng vng mt. Ch G. fossarum l cng c th sinh sn trong dng sui ma ng lnh, vi thi gian pht trin hn 3 thng (< 10 C) v do thi gian th h di . Mt cuc iu tra chuyn ngnh ca s thch s hin din v mi trng sng ca cc Gammarus amphipod mi NUS c cung cp bi ngh lam king et al. [53]. S hin din hay vng mt ca amphipod ny c nh gi mt s sui nc lnh trung tm Pennsylvania, cho thy s khc bit v pH v ni dung ion . Cc amphipods b mt tch trong l xo c pH <6.0 v dn <25 ms cm -1 , V l mt sinh vin tt nghip UAL tuyn tnh gim mt dn s vi kim v cng nc gim (Ca

2+ v Mg 2+ ). Brood kch thc v khi lng b m c lp ca pH ma xun v ni dung ion, nhng tng quan vi kch thc c th m. Hn na, t l phn trm ca ci ging c lp ca pH v ion ni dung trong l xo khc nhau . Hu ht cc quan st thy s khc bit gia cc qun th trong l xo khc nhau khng th c gii thch r rng . N c xut rng mt dn s c th nhiu hn mt chc nng ca thc phm sn c hn l tc ng trc tip sinh l trn am phipods kim v cng. Nh vch ra bi Meurs v Zauke [54], n khng phi l kim tra s phong ph ca sinh vt mt h sinh thi c c mt bc tranh hon chnh ca cc qu trnh sinh thi tim nng . t c mc tiu ny, iu tra chi tit vo cc bin ng dn s c yu cu, nh chng minh cho amphipod Gammarus zaddachi ca sng Weser v nc ngt mt nhnh ln (sng Hunte). Ti cc trang web nc ngt trong sng Hunte, phn b chiu di ca gammarids cho thy khc bit
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Rinderhagen et al. ng vt gip xc nh Bioindicators trang _______________________________________________________________ _______________________ 8 bin ng theo ma, vi ngi cha thnh nin nh xut hin vo cui ma xun (thng) v ngi ln ln hn xut hin vo ma ng (thng hai) . Th v nht, mc d precopula cp ny thng quently quan st thy vo ma ng, khng c con ci trng thnh mang v thnh nin trong ti b m xy ra tt c, v s phong ph ca nhn dn cc trang web ny gn bng khng gia thng Hai v thng Ba .

Cc tc gi suy lun rng cc qun th gammarid ti cc trang web nc ngt khng c duy tr bi autochthonous sinh sn, nhng do cuc xm lc ca ngi cha thnh nin t cc b phn khc ca h thng sng. G. zaddachi c bit n sinh sn trong vng nc l v iu ny cng quan st thy mt trang web Weser ca sng. Ph n mang v thnh nin trong marsupium nhiu trong thng mi hai v thng ba Thng T. Mt phn tch chuyn ng ca nc trong qu trnh ln xung v l lt cho thy rng n cng c th l c th i vi ngi cha thnh nin (pht hnh vng nc l ca sng) di chuyn ln trn v t c cc trang web nc ngt ca sng Hunte nh d on ca cc phn tch tng ng theo ma. Cc tc gi nhn mnh s cn thit ca cc cuc iu tra chi tit trong cc h thng sng phc tp trc khi sinh thi tnh hnh c th c nh gi y - v d, trong bi cnh ca nh gi tc ng mi trng . Gammarus / Sao Asellus t l v cc ch s sinh hc khc S xut hin ca Gammarus amphipod pulex v / hoc aquaticus Sao Asellus isopod c th hin l mt cng c hu ch trong vic nh gi cht lng nc. G. pulex v A. aquaticus rng ri phn phi chu u . Mc d h c hc dinh dng tng t (i vi lch s cuc sng patchim nhn bin v s dng cc cht hu c lm thc n), h thng xy ra cc phn khc nhau ca cc dng sng . S khc bit thch hp sinh thi ca G. pulex v A. aquaticus c khm ph bi Graca et al. [55, 56], ngi phn tch microdistribution, m hnh lch s cuc sng v s thch ca thc phm . aquaticus ch yu xy ra trong cc tri di thp hn ca cc kha hc nc [57, 58], trong khi G. pulex thng xy ra tri di trn. Bi v khoan dung cao hn iu kin nhim v thiu oxy, A. aquaticus chim u th trong mi trng sng di p lc con ngi [59], trong khi Gammarus loi bnh thng sng cng oxy ha, khng b nhim ko di. Tuy nhin, cng c cng tn ti qun th c hai loi. i vi cc qun th cng tn ti quan st thy, Graca et al . [55] tm thy khng c lin c th dif

ferences trong microdistribution, nhng s khc bit trong ni b c th trong vic phn phi ca ngi cha thnh nin ln ngi ln. Ni sinh sng ch yu l to / bryophyte chiu u tin, trong khi sau ny a thch ht th cht nn. D liu v bin ng dn s ca hai loi ny khng c kt qu r rng lin quan n c hay khng s cnh tranh l mt yu t quan trng trong vic xc nh phn phi ca h. i vi V d, Hargeby [60] khng tm thy bt k du hiu h tr gi thuyt rng s bin mt ca G. pulex trong qu trnh axit ha ca cc dng c gy ra bi s cnh tranh vi A. aquaticus. Hn na, qun th cng tn ti khng xut hin c s thch thc phm khc hn dn s allopatric . C hai thc n chn nui loi vt liu l nm c iu kin v u tin cc loi nm tng t . Nu c mt s la chn, tuy nhin, A. aquaticus a thch ca si nm, trong khi G. pulex thch nm iu kin vt cht l [59, 61]. Ngc li vi A. aquaticus, G. pulex l c th chu ng deteriora tion v cht lng thc phm, bi thng gim lng nng lng bng cch gim nng lng expendi ture. Chng cho trong hc dinh dng cao, cho thy rng s cnh tranh thc n ng mt vai tr quan trng trong m hnh phn phi ca G. pulex v A. aquaticus, c bo co bi Graca et al. [55]. l ngh rng cc yu t sinh hc v / hoc phi sinh hc hn cc i th phi chu trch nhim cho cc spa tial tch bit ca hai loi ny. Ni dung oxy ha tan v nng amoniac l quan trng hn na cc yu t bt li v sinh de termining phn phi ca amphipods v isopods (cng nh ca ng vt nc ngt khc) trong mi trng nc ca A. aquaticus, v d, nm ln nhiu kh nng chu tnh trng thiu oxy v hai thi khng ammonia un-ionisised hn G. pulex [62]. Ngi cha thnh nin l t nhy cm hn ngi ln cho c hai cht, nh c ch ra bng cch kim tra ca cc b mt h hp, t l thng gi v haemolymph. T nhng kt qu v d liu vn hc c kin cho rng tnh nhy cm khc nhau ca

hai loi iu kin oxy thp c th c gy ra bi interspecific s khc bit trong h thng thng gi sut v c im mu (chng hn nh haemocyanin tp trung v c i lc oxy ca n ). Cc
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Rinderhagen et al. ng vt gip xc nh Bioindicators trang _______________________________________________________________ _______________________ 9 l do cho kh nng chu ng s khc bit c th lin ammonia l cha r rng. Cc dung sai ca hai loi khc nhau vi iu kin nhim v oxy thp thng xuyn c s dng nh mt cng c n gin nh gi cht lng nc [63 ]. Trong phng php ny, s phong ph ca G. pulex trong lin quan n s phong ph ca A. aquaticus c s dng to ra mt t l Gammarus / Sao Asellus. N c hin th cho cc con sng khc nhau rng nhng thay i trong vic phn phi ca c hai loi l ph hp vi thay i cht lng nc . Rt c ngha tiu cc tng quan gia Gammarus / Sao Asellus t l v Hi ng qun tr, nng ca amoniac, nit, nit-nitrite v phosphate pht pho c bo co. i vi mt s cht gy nhim tng quan ng k gia s phong ph ca Sao Asellus v nng ca ha cht do nc c th c thit lp. Tuy nhin, tr chuyn khng gi. V d, nng clo tng t l thun vi s phong ph cc A. aquaticus, nhng s ca G. pulex khng tng vi nng gim ca clorua [63]. Mt bt li ca phng php ny phng php nm trong thc t l t l Gammarus / Sao Asellus, mt s mc , b nh hng bi cc k thut ly mu . Khi Aufwuchs tiu chun n v v airbrick ph ly mu thc dn strate c s dng, d liu c ng thun tuyt vi vi kt qu thu c vi s tr gip ca ngi ly mu Surber ( bit chi tit ca ngi ly mu c th, xem ref. [64] v vn hc trch dn trong ). Ngc li, ly mu gi kt qu thin v, bi v h ng h thc dn theo

Gammarus. Trong khi t l Gammarus / Sao Asellus l mt ch s sinh hc ch khng phi chuyn ngnh, mt s ng vt gip xc cng c bao gm trong ch s sinh hc ni chung khc nhau bao gm mt phm vi rng hn ca loi. Ti c v mt s nc khc ca Trung ng chu u, h thng saprobic 'c thng qua theo quy nh ca php lut chnh thc wa chng trnh nh gi cht lng ter [33]. Ch s saprobic (S) c th c coi l trung bnh c cn s phong ph (A i ) Ca cc loi th i c tm thy trong mt h thng sng, ko di. Cc trng lng c cho bi gi tr saprobic (s i ) Ca cc loi th i (c trng cho cht lng nc m h li garded nh mt ch s, phm vi 1-4, vi 1 nc sch = 4 = nc b nhim) v cc ch mang tnh trng lng (G i ) (c trng cho kh nng chu ng ca mt loi i vi cc cp khc nhau ca cht lng nc, vang ing 1-16, vi 1 ch s = ngho v 16 = ch s tt). Ch s saprobic c nh ngha l [33, 65]: = = * * * = n i i i n i i i i

G Mt G Mt s S 1 1 Trong s cc ng vt gip xc, 7 loi c lit k trong h thng saprobic c, tc Sao Asellus aquaticus (L.) vi s = 2,7 v G = 4; Atyaephyra desmaresti (Millet) vi s = 1,9 v G = 8; Gammarus fossarum (Koch) vi s = 1.6 v G = 8; Gammarus pulex (L.) vi s = 2.1 v G = 4; Gammarus roeseli Gervais s = 2.0 G = 8; Gammarus tigrinus Sexton vi s = 2.4 v G = 4 v Proasellus coxalis Dollfus vi s = 2.8 v G = 4. Tm quan trng to ln ca amphipods v isopods trong nh gi cht lng ca ngun nc ngt c nh du bi danh sch ny. Mc d h thng saprobic c thng qua theo quy nh ca php lut trong cc chng trnh nh gi cht lng nc chnh thc, c th b ch trch t mt im sinh thi ca xem [66-68 ]. Mt s vn quan trng lin quan n vic vn hiu chun v xc nhn ca cc gi tr saprobic v trng lng ch mang tnh, mt thc t rng iu ny bin php phn nh gn nh c quyn phn hy gy nhim hu c, v vn cha c gii quyt. so snh cc h thng khc nhau lotic. Braukmann [69], v d, xut mt khu vc khc nhauentiation ca khi nim ny, c tnh n mt ch s ni ti saprobic ca cc con sng tng ng . ng cho rng ch s saprobic ca cc con sng trn ni cao c gim 0,7 sng ni vo 1.0 v cc vng ng bng sng khong 1,7 n lm cho cc kt qu so snh. Wuhrmann [67] ng h so snh sinh hc cng ng t mt on nhim ca mt con sng duy nht nhng ngi tng t nh vi-mi trng sng ti uncontami
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Rinderhagen et al. ng vt gip xc nh Bioindicators trang

_______________________________________________________________ _______________________ 10 cc trang web NAT ngc dng ca ngun gc ca nhim. Mt khi nim c th c to iu kin thun li rt nhiu bi utilis cc cht nn nhn to (v d nh gch vt liu) cho mt mu tiu chun ca macroinvertebrates [70 ]. Mt ci nhn rng ln hn cho pht trin ch s lin quan n cc zonation, sng lin tc, dng thy lc, ngun lc leo thang, xung l, nng sut ven sng v nh bt khi nim thun gn y c xem xt: [71] . V nhim groundwaters, ng vt gip xc c th cng c s dng nh bioindicators nh th hin trnh by ch ca h hoc khng c. Malard et al. [72] iu tra nc ngm nhim trong mt khu vc ni vi min nam nc Php . Mt trang web nc thi nhim c thng tr bi oligochaetes, trng by thp stygobite s phong ph v thc vt nc ngm ca n bao gm ch yu ca loi stygoxene . Mt khc cc trang web khng b nhim cho thy tp hp ng vt b chi phi bi cc ng vt gip xc, vi mt s lng ln cc chung gobite loi. Ngoi ra nhim hu c (v d nh nc thi nc thi sinh hot), ng vt gip xc c s dng nh bioindicators ca cc bin mi trng nh mn con ngi hoc t nhin ha l c tnh. Ni chung, s phong ph v a dng ca microcrustaceans sinh vt y c th c s dng nh mt bioindicator v ni dung ion, cc bin th cht v s sn c mi trng sng nc ngt. iu ny c th hin bi Rundle v Ramsay [73] cho cc dng trong hai physiographically tng phn khu vc ca nc Anh. Ch c 33% ca 43 loi copepod v Cladoceran c tm thy trong c hai vng t thp pha nam nc Anh v x Wales vng cao. Cc tc gi nhn mnh rng iu quan trng l hiu h sinh thi loi v Biogeography trc khi nh gi tc ng ca nhim trn dng communities. Vic s dng ostracods nh bioindicators tim nng c iu tra bi Milhau et al. [74] trong Slack

Lu vc sng, min bc nc Php. S phong ph ca ostracods, i din ca mi by loi, lin quan n mc cht lng nc khc nhau v bin ha l. Trong bin Aral, ostracods c s dng bi Boomer et al. [75] nh cc ch s ca s gia tng mn anthropgenic ca qu kh ba thp k qua. Trong s mi mt loi ostracods sng vng bin Aral nm 1960 ch c mt l vn cn hin din . Hn na, s phn b ostracod hin i trong cc h ca Hoa K v pha bc trung tm cho thy lm th no ostras phong ph c tuyt b nh hng bi nng ca cc ion chnh nh sunfat, canxi v bicar bonate [76] Mt ln na, cc loi ostracod khc nhau c lin quan vi cht lng nc khc nhau: ti lp trng, Limnocythere sappaensis v Heterocypris glaucus c tm thy trong bicarbonate giu sulphate thng tr vng bin, trong khi Limnocythere staplini phong ph trong bicarbonate cn kit sul phate thng tr vng bin. Candona ohioensis v Limnocythere Itasca c tm thy trong nc ngt, v Candona rawsoni trong c hai-bicarbonate lm giu v bicarbonate cn kit sulphate chim u th vng bin Smith ostracods khuyn co nh l mt tr gip xc nh nhng thay i trong c hai thnh phn ion (solUtes) v nng ion. Llano [77] iu tra s phn b ca ostracods sinh vt y bin v sa i bi hin tng nc tri bin epibathyal v cc khu vc thm lc a. ng kt lun rng ostracods c th c s dng nh cc ch s trong cc nghin cu thy vn v iu tra a cht. Ostracods cng c th c s dng trong cc nghin cu palaeoecological. Griffiths et al. [78] ni rng Psychrodro olivaceus mus c th phc v nh l mt ch s v mt, tan vng nc giu v substrata th hin i v subfossil faunas. Tch ly sinh hc trong th nghim v nghin cu thc a ng vt gip xc, c bit l amphipods v isopods, thng c s dng trong th nghim tch ly sinh hc v trong nghin cu thc a, nh s lng ln cc giy t v ch ny chng thc . Trong phm vi ny

chng, ch c mt vi kha cnh quan trng s c cp. Mt s chi tit c minh ha trong trng hp nghin cu (xem di y). Kt qu cho fasciatus Gammarus amphipod c m t bi Amyot et al . [79]. Cc tc gi trong ferred rng G. fasciatus l mt biomonitor thch hp cho Cd, Ni, Pb, nhng khng cho Cu v Zn, dng nh c quy nh. S thay i ng k nng Ni, Cd v Pb trong cc mu thc a
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Rinderhagen et al. ng vt gip xc nh Bioindicators trang _______________________________________________________________ _______________________ 11 c bo co cho cc ma khc nhau. N s c cp, tuy nhin, kim loi c ch meas ured hai ln mt nm, cc c s d liu c th l qu nh suy ra cc bin th 'ma' . Khng c s khc bit ng k no c tm thy cho Mn, Cu, Zn v Cd. l gi thuyt rng cc bin th c th lin quan n moulting nhim thc phm. Trong mt nghin cu khc, Amyot et al. [80] c s dng G. fasciatus iu tra s phn b ca mt s kim loi trong cc c quan khc nhau ca nhng con vt ny. Phn phi ny ph thuc rt nhiu vo kim loi theo xem xt. i vi Cd v Cu, cao nht cc mc c tm thy trong gan ty, trong khi cho Cr, Fe , Mn v Ni nng cao nht trong rut (mt th t cng cao hn trong khc c quan). Zn c nng thay v khng thay i khp c th. Mt phn quan trng ca Pb c kt hp vi cc b xng ngoi. Loc trong khng lm thay i nng c th trung bnh ca Cd, Cu, Zn, trong khi Pb gim ng k. Hn na, ni dung rut c mt ngha nh hng n nng Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb. i tin (c gi l loc trong trong ref . [80]) gy ra s gim quan trng trong nng kim loi ton b c th, hng n thc t

ni dung rut khng nn c bao gm trong cc nghin cu biomonitoring. V vy, loc trong nn c s dng trong bt k iu tra nh vy . V sng Rhne, Plenet [81] c s dng amphipods Gammarus fossarum (detrivorous ani mals, sng trn di cng ca cc con sng; epigeans) cng nh rhenorhodanensis Niphargus cf v. Niphargopsis casparyi (ng vt n tp, sng trong cc k trm tch; hypogeans) biomonitors km v nhim ng. ng tm thy s khc bit trong kh nng tch ly Zn v Cu gia epigean v hypogean amphipods, vi G. epigean fossarum hin thp hn nng c th ca Zn hoc Cu so vi N. cf. rhenorhodanensis hoc N. casparyi. A dng tnh mi tng quan gia gnh nng c th Zn, Cu v nng kim loi trong trm tch c ghi nhn G. fossarum. i vi cc amphipods hypogean mi quan h khng c tm thy. R rng, N. cf. rhenorhodanensis c th iu chnh nng c th ca Zn v Cu ln n mt ngng nht nh cp. Bi v iu ny, G. fossarum c ngh l mt biomonitor hu ch nhim kim loi , trong Ngc li vi c hai amphipods hypogean . Tch ly sinh hc ca Nh, Cd, Cu, Pb v Zn c iu tra trong hai nhm ca amphipod Hyalella Azteca [82]. Mt nhm kim sot c tip xc vi cho 28 d trong iu kin phng th nghim trm ments thu thp t mt khu vc depositional ca mt con sng. Mt nhm sinh vt c thu thp t riffles lin k vi khu vc depositional v s tch t kim loi ca h trong iu kin thc a c o. Mc d cc m hnh ca kim loi tch ly c tng t trong hai nhm, kim loi con centrations thp hn 50-75% trong cc sinh vt t cc nhm kim sot, tip xc trong kinh nghim phng th nghim ments. l kt lun gim st lu di ca cc dng sng nhim khng nn ch da vo bioassays trm tch ngn hn, nhng cng nn bao gm vic nh gi tch ly sinh hc di hn trong lnh vc.

Tch ly sinh hc bng cch n tin gi khng amphipod Rheopoxynius abronius ca polycyclic c rngmatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) t trm tch b nhim c kim tra bi Meador et al. [83]. Trm tch c thu thp ti cc ca sng Hudson-Raritan v cc sinh vt c tip xc vi h 10 d. Phn tch ca nng m ca 24 PAHs v so snh cc d liu cho R. abronius vi iu khng chn lc, cho n tin gi giun nhiu t Armandia brevis khng mang li sig nificant khc nhau v PAHs trng lng phn t thp (LPAHs). Trong tch ly sinh hc, tng phn ca trng lng phn t cao PAHs (HPAHs) khc nhau r rt gia hai loi. Sau khi phn tch mi tng quan gia nng trong t bo v cht nn mi trng cng nh phn vng ng H s, cc tc gi kt lun rng kh dng sinh hc ca HPAHs thp hn ng k cho R. abronius, c th l do phn vng ca h carbon hu c phn hy, trong khi n vn cn cao giun nhiu t n tin gi . Cc v d trc cho thy tch ly sinh hc l mt qu trnh rt phc tp, chu nh hng ca SEV cc yu t mi trng eral. V d, con ng hp thu ng mt vai tr quan trng, v n c th l
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Rinderhagen et al. ng vt gip xc nh Bioindicators trang _______________________________________________________________ _______________________ 12 khng c mi tng quan n gin c th c thit lp gia nng ca cht gy nhim b mt v trong c th, hoc nhiu hn mt tuyn ng hp thu c lin quan . nh hng v hot ng cho n v tng trng Thc n hot ng v tng trng l hai ch s ph gy cht ngi nhy cm mc c nhn hoc ganism m bn thn c th nh hng n mc cao hn ca t chc sinh hc ( dn s, com munity hoc h sinh thi).

Taylor et al. [84] pht trin mt th tc th nghim khng ph hy o n Gammarus amphipod pulex. N cho php hot ng n ung c theo di theo kinh nghim iu kin v tinh thn lin quan n mt phn tch thi gian p ng. Amphipods c t vo tr POTS (tit din ngang 18 cm -2 ) Cng vi 10 v t trng Artemia Salina nh l mt tiu chun thc phm ngun cho c nhn ngi ln. S trng n trong ni tng c ghi nhn thng xuyn v thi gian 50% s trng c tiu th c nh ngha l thi gian n trung bnh ( FT 50 ). Cc tc gi pht hin rng cc hot ng n gim tip xc vi ng, vi mt tuyn tnh tch cc cormi quan h vi nng kim loi v thi gian phi sng. V d, FT 50 tng t 1,6 gi trong vic kim sot n 11,5 gi sau tip xc vi 3 h n 101 mg Cu l -1 . Pht trin hn na ca approach tit l rng cc hot ng n ca v thnh nin G. pulex l mt tiu chun p ng nhy cm i vi s dng trong vic nh gi c tnh ph gy cht ngi ca ng, lindane, v 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) [85] . Gim trong hot ng nui gammarid c pht hin sau 96 gi tip xc ti 12,1 mg Cu l -1 hoc 8,4 mg lindane l -1 v 240 gi tip xc ti 918 l mg -1 3,4-DCA. Tuy nhin, mt quan trng trong np gp c quan st thy trong t l cho n ca gammarids tip xc vi 240 h 0,09 mg lindane l -1 trong so snh vi cc gi tr kim sot. S gia tng trong t l cho n c th c hiu nh l mt

c th kch thch hiu qu lin quan n cc hnh ng c t ca lindane . Sinh th nghim cho n cng c s dng nh mt cng c trong mt cuc iu tra ca cc tng tc loi trong cc h thng c t. Li n sponses ca G. pulex, vn c duy tr trong s hin din ca aquaticus Sao Asellus (nh tng tc cp) v tip xc vi mt lot cc nng ca lindane hoc 3,4-DCA, minh ha tnh cht phc tp h thng th nghim tch hp cc p lc ca cc c t v cnh tranh. Trong mt lot cc nghin cu thc a, n c tm thy rng t l n ca Gammarus pulex l mt nhy cm c cator ca cht lng nc [86, 87]. Trong nhng nghin cu ny, c nhn ca cc qun th khc nhau ca G. pulex c trin khai trong lng cc dng khc nhau trn v di thi cha kim loi. By comgt t l n vi tch ly sinh hc o, Maltby v Crane [87] nhn thy rng hai tng quan m, v mangan cng nh st c a ln bi cc loi ng vt . Lm th no bao gi ht, hiu ng ny khng th c gii thch bng cch hp th cc cht ny mt mnh . Phng th nghim kinh nghimments c thc hin xc nhn kt qu t nghin cu lnh vc. N ch ra rng tip xc vi nng st tng t nh nhng ngi c o trong lnh vc th nghim thc s lm gim cc thc n t l ca G. pulex, trong khi mangan khng c tc dng b sung . S khc bit v nhy cm gia dn s ca cc trang web khc nhau c bo co v cc tc gi kt lun rng ng vt c ngun gc t mt trang web b nhim c th pht trin mt dung sai kim loi ln hn. Nh vy, kt qu thu c cho khc nhau Tp th Gammarus phi c coi mt cch thn trng mt s. Hn na, Cu v Maltby [86] tm thy s khc bit gia t l cho n o trong hai phng th nghim khc nhau . Nhng khc nhau ences dng nh khng c tnh h thng, nhng nhng l do vn cha r rng, ch n s cn thit th tc thch hp intercalibration. Cn lu , tuy nhin, rng vic gim t l cho n di tip xc vi kim loi l khng b hn ch ng vt gip xc, nh th hin, v d, Fe v u trng ca ephemerid Leptophlebia marginata [88].

Moore v Farrar [89] xem xt mi quan h gia khu phn thc phm v t l tng trng ca Hyalella Azteca. Tc tng trng gim ng k vi cc khu phn lng thc gim, trong khi sng st khng c fluenced sau 10 ngy. Tuy nhin, sinh sn cng gim vi cc khu phn thc phm thp . Hiu ng nh
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Rinderhagen et al. ng vt gip xc nh Bioindicators trang _______________________________________________________________ _______________________ 13 nhng bo co trong nghin cu ny c th b nhm ln vi cc hiu ng c hi trong cc th nghim tng ng v cn c xem xt cn thn. Phm vi cho tng trng Phm vi cho tng trng l mt bin php ca ngn sch nng lng, tc . s khc bit gia nng lng hp th (T thc n ung) v nng lng chuyn ha. N cung cp cho mt du hiu ca tnh trng trao i cht ca mt sinh vt. Phm vi cho s tng trng l thng xuyn c s dng nh mt ch s v nhim mi trng cng thng trong h thng bin (V d nh v con trai), nhng him khi trong cc h thng nc ngt. Nu thc hin ng cch, n cung cp mt cao c lin quan ch s sinh thi [90]. Maltby et al. [91], v d, iu tra s nhy cm phm vi cho s tng trng trong nc ngt sinh vt y gip xc Gammarus pulex. Cc sinh vt c t ra cho km, 3,4-dichloraniline, oxy v ammonia trong iu kin phng th nghim. N c th hin rng phm vi cho s tng trng cung cp mt xt nghim nhy cm, vi mt phn ng vi nhng cng thng khc nhau. Phm vi cho tng trng gim trong bn cht c p dng . Trin khai lnh vc ca mt phm vi cho tng trng kho nghim s dng G. pulex c m t bi Maltby et al. [92]. Cc loi ng vt c lng v h lu ca mt ngun nhim. So vi cc trang web tham kho thng ngun, phm vi cho s tng trng gim tt c cc trang web h lu ca cc ngun nhim.

 nh gi s nhy cm ca 'phm vi Gammarus kho nghim tng trng ", Maltby v Naylor [93] c s dng ging con ci ca G. pulex v so snh hiu qu ca km trn phm vi tng trng li sn xut. Kch thc v s lng con ci ca hin ti v b m sau c o trong khong thi gian 2 thng nh cc thng s sinh sn, nh gi nh hng ca qu kh v hin ti pollu tion. So snh kt qu vi t nghin cu trc y [91] cho thy rng sinh sn ph n nhy cm vi cng thng hn nam gii . nng 0,3 mg Zn l -1 , Phm vi cho s tng trng gim ng k nh l mt kt qu ca nng lng hp th gim. Kch thc ca con ci trong subse b m quent gim tng t nh vy. Gim ny c quan st trn phm vi kch thc ton b v thnh nin v c lp vi s lng con ci thnh by n, nhng s lng con non b hy b trong np nhn nh l kt qu ca c hai tip xc km hin ti v qu kh. Nhng kt qu tc ng cn pht trin tinh thn thi gian v gim kh nng sinh sn, hai bin quan trng i vi s tn ti hay tiep tuc tr s tn ti ca dn s. Tuy nhin, cc tc gi nhn mnh rng sinh thi c ngha ecotoxicological bi kim tra nn c s dng ch c nhng loi phn b rng ri v ng mt vai tr quan trng trong cc hot ng ca cc h sinh thi [93]. Ngoi ra, h ch ra rng kim tra da trn cc phn ng sinh l, di ng hoc subcellular l hu ch ch khi quan st li sponses c th c lin quan n nh hng mc cao hn ca t chc sinh hc (ton b c th , popu lation, cng ng, h sinh thi) . Tc dng trn moulting v ti sinh Mt loi phn ng ph gy cht ngi nhim, tc. nh hng ca cht gy nhim moulting v ti sinh ng vt gip xc, c m t cho mt s loi [94]. Moulting v ti sinh kim sot bi h thng thn kinh ni tit, m trn cc cht c hnh ng. Kim loi nng thng li

tard ti sinh chn tay v nh hng n chu k thay lng bng cch gy ra s chm tr trong ecdysis. Chm pht trin ca ti to v ecdysis tr hon cng gy ra bi cc hp cht tributyltin organometal (TBT) , l b sung lin quan n bt thng v gii phu, v d nh trong mi hoc ao chnh ca nam gii cua vi UCA pugilator. Hydrocarbon thm v dioxin gim tng tng trng mi thay lng. Ngc li, DDT c th tng tc ti sinh v moulting. Hnh vi thay i Thay i hnh vi c chng minh l mt ph rt nhy cm, khng ph hy v nhanh chng gy cht ngi p ng mt lot cc cht nhim. H v c bn i din cho mt phn ng tch hp ca mt c vidual sinh vt, mc d mt s hnh vi thay i chng hn nh precopula s gin on (xem trn) c th
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Rinderhagen et al. ng vt gip xc nh Bioindicators trang _______________________________________________________________ _______________________ 14 dn n thay i cp cng ng dn c. Poulton v Pascoe [95] m t mt sinh th nghim hnh vi nh gi p lc mi trng s dng nc ngt amphipod Gammarus pulex. S gin on ca cp precopulatory c ly lm mt tn hiu v s hin din ca cht gy nhim hoc k sinh trng. Thi gian tch gy ra, tc. thi gian t gii thiu ca mt cp gii php th nghim pht hnh ca ph n c c, c o chng ti ing cadmium gy nhim. Gy ra c ngha l tch thi gian gim vi cadmium tng nng , dao ng t 8,3 mg l -1 46,7 mg l -1 . C ngha l ln tch dao ng t 944 s trong kim sot 471 s nng cadmium cao nht . Cc sinh th nghim cng c thnh cng

c s dng trong lnh vc ny. S gin on ca precopula cng c m t nh l kt qu ca vic tip xc vi nhiu nng ca (lindane) [96]. Mt tip xc n 0,5, 1,0 v 2,0 mg l -1 20 pht hoc 1,0 v 2,0 mg l -1 10 pht hoc 2,0 mg l -1 trong 2 pht tch cc cp. Trong thi hn 4 n 72 h sau khi tip xc, thu hi precopula xy ra. Malbouisson et al. [97] hn na trong vestigated s dng cho tc v ti kt ni ca precopula n nh gi c tnh lindane. Thc n t l gim ng k, hoc do tip xc lu di vi nng thp ca lindane (48 gi 5,0 mg l 1 ) Hoc do tip xc ngn vi nng cao (20-20 pht 2,0 mg l -1 hoc 20 pht 1,0 mg l -1 ). Rekt ni precopula ch b nh hng bng cch kt hp nng cao hn v tip xc lu hn. Precopula s gin on ca G. pulex l mt sinh th nghim ph gy cht ngi c nh gi bi Pascoe et al. [98] phng th nghim v trong lnh vc. Trong th nghim trong phng th nghim, cc cp precopula c tip xc vi cc con centrations ca 3,4-dichoroaniline, atrazine, ng v lindane. Trung bnh gy ra tch ln c xc nh v c hai khng quan st thy hiu ng nng (NOEC) v quan st hiu ng thp nht nng (LOEC) c ly t nhng d liu ny v so snh vi LC 50 gi tr. Tch thi gian r rng gim vi tng nng c t . Trong lnh vc, cc cp precopula ca G. pulex c gi trong mt dng sng trong 24 h ti 9 im nhng khong cch khc nhau di y thi ca nc thi c x l ,

trang tri dng chy, bc h nc thi v cht thi trong nc. Precopula gin on xy ra nhanh hn ng vt tip xc vi ngun nc b nhim hn so vi nhng ngi lu gi ti mt trang web tham kho trn c bit l disph. V d, do c ngha l tch thi gian l 630 s ti trang web ca dng nc thi c x l, so vi 992 ca cc trang web khng b nhim. S xo trn ca precopula cng c quan st bi McCahon et al. [99] nh l mt hiu ng ca amoniac tng c v gim nng oxy ha tan, de k m phng nhim cht thi nng nghip . T nhng kt qu ny, n c th c ngh precopula disruption l mt phng php rt nhy cm v nhanh chng pht hin cc p lc mi trng cho mt phm vi rng ca nhim, c trong phng th nghim v trong lnh vc. Borlakoglu v Kickuth [100] nh gi mt s thay i hnh vi nh l mt hiu ng ca tip xc vi mt chlorophenolic hp cht (3,5 4 , dichloropropionic axit). Thot khi tihnh ng, hnh vi bi, hnh vi giao phi vi nhau v hot ng c o. cp xung quanh 5% ca LC 50 gi tr, thay i hnh vi c quan st, th hin s nhy cm rt ln cc phng php ny s dng cc loi Gammarus . Mt cun tiu thuyt phng php tip cn k thut o nhng thay i hnh vi c pht trin bi cHardt et al. [101] v sau ti u ha v c s dng theo di phn ng ca Gammarus pulex nhim kim loi [102-104]. Phng php ny c da trn mt k thut chuyn i tr khng , l c kh nng ghi chp cc loi khc nhau ca hnh vi ng thi. Hai in cc, tin hnh dng in xoay chiu l 0,3 mA, c t trn cc bc tng bn ca phng th nghim . Cc lnh vc in gia chng l thay i bi cc phong tro ca cc sinh vt th nghim, v thay i kt qu trong hin nay c o bng mt cp in cc, c ghi li trn mng v c x l bi mt my tnh

h thng. G. pulex c tip xc vi nng khc nhau su sc c hi ca Pb (0,01, 0,05, 0,1 v 0,5 mg Pb l -1 ) V nng gy cht ngi ca ph Cu (0.05 mg Cu - l -1 ). C hai u phn ng cng thng ban u trong thi gian tip xc ngn hn (1 h) v cc hiu ng c hi ca cc kim loi gy ra do tip xc mn tnh (Pb: 7 d, Cu: 35 d) c th c pht hin bi h thng . T l t vong do Pb tip xc l 30%, trong khi cu posure Cu khng kt qu trong bt k t l t vong trong vng 35 ngy. G. pulex cho thy h thng thng gi v
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Rinderhagen et al. ng vt gip xc nh Bioindicators trang _______________________________________________________________ _______________________ 15 gim vn ng nh cc phn ng cng thng ban u trong vng 30 pht (Cu) hoc 1 h (Pb) sau khi kim loi tip xc . Sau nhiu ngy tip xc vi nng ph nguy him, tng thng kh v gim lo comotion c quan st thy. N c k kt m G. pulex l mt bioindicator nhy cm ca kim loi cng thng v rng nhng thay i hnh vi thng gi v vn ng l ch s hu ch ca cp tnh v ng c mn tnh, c bit l pht hin cc phn ng u. Mt hnh vi trong cc loi Gammarus, n tht ngi, c nghin cu bi Dick [105], nhng cha lin quan n nhim . Cn nhn mnh, tuy nhin, n tht ngi c th kim tra c tnh thin v tuyt vi mc . Nh vy, tu th nghim phi c cung cp bng gc thch hp trnh n tht ngi [106, 107]. Drift Drift l mt phn ng c bit hnh vi hot ng ca ng vt lotic p lc mi trng. Liess [108] s dng Gammarus pulex nh mt ch s v thuc tr su cng thng lin quan n mt nc-off nh ru -

ral sng. Tng quan v cc khi nim ny c cung cp bi Liess v Schulz [109] G. pulex cho thy mt tri tng hnh vi nh l mt kt qu ca nhim thuc bo v thc vt (v d nh do lindane, permethrine hoc fenvalerate), tng cng dng chy t nng nghip . Cc loi ng vt cung cp cho phn ng rt nhy cm vi thp lng fenvalerate (100% tri dt nng ca fenvalerate hai n t hng ca cng di y LC 50 gi tr l 18 mg l -1 ). Hn na, G. pulex l kh nng ca recolonising cc trang web trong mt s ngy hoc vi tun. Cc loi khc (v d nh u trng trichopterean Limnephilus lunatus) khng hin th bt k tri, v hnh vi ti cc a im nhim, c th tr nn km phong ph do cht c . Cc tc gi pht trin mt h thng ch tiu d kin cho cc u vo t dng chy b mt. Mt khc tay, kh nng G. pulex s thch ng vi cng thng thuc tr su c a vo ti khon. Mt trong vestigation ca hnh vi sinh sn ca hai qun th cho thy dn s sng trong mt mi trng sng tip xc vi thuc tr su c th tr nn thch nghi vi n, nh c ch ra bi mt precopula cao hn t l. Matthiessen et al. [110] nghin cu G. pulex c lng trong sinh th nghim ti ch trong phng h u ngun dng thot t nng nghip c iu tr v do khng th trnh nhim bng cch tri dt. H nhn thy rng ng vt ngng n v cht sau khi ma ln. t nng nghip c iu tr bng 3 kg carbofuchy ha -1 nh ht pht sng, v nng ln n 26 mg l -1 o c cc u ngun dng sau khi mt trn ma ln. Cc nng ny vt qu cc G. pulex 24 gi LC 50 21 mg l

-1 . N c tip tc bo co rng nng thp l 4 mg l -1 cht ny c th lm gim ngun cp d liu cc t l. Taylor et al. [111] c s dng s di c ca G. pulex t trm tch vo ct nc nh l mt c havioural thc o ca s hin din ca ng trong trm tch khng axit ha v axit ha. Tri, vn b nh hng bi c hai loi trm tch, n mt mc lin quan n nng ng. S axit ho tng phn ng c x vi ng. nh hng trn hiu ng sng st, sinh sn / hn hp Rt nhiu th nghim bng cch s dng cc sinh vt tp trung vo c tnh cp tnh v cung cp LC 50 gi tr. Nhiu ph gy cht ngi ef fects thng c thm nh km theo nh hng n s sng cn. Trong nghin cu ny phn cc bi kim tra m ng h cu tr li Duce mt s c xem xt. Amphipods, isopods v Cladocerans l ng vt gip xc ch yu c s dng trong cc th nghim c tnh (bioassays) Gammarus pulex l mt trong cc amphipods thng xuyn nht c s dng chu u, c bit l trong cc th nghim c tnh dung dch nc pha, trong khi Hyalella Azteca nht thng xuyn s dng amphipod M, c bit l cho cc xt nghim c tnh trm tch. C hai c nc giai on v trm tch c th l mt ngun quan trng ca cht gy nhim cho cc sinh vt trong t nhin sys thng tp tin gc. i vi c hai phng tin truyn thng tip cn khc nhau v phng php nghin cu c s dng trong bioassays: tnh hoc dng chy thng qua cc iu kin c th c s dng cho cc kim tra dung dch nc pha, v cc sinh vt th nghim c th c c
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Rinderhagen et al. ng vt gip xc nh Bioindicators trang _______________________________________________________________ _______________________ 16

t ra cho ton b lp trm tch, nc k, eluates hoc cht chit xut. Ref. [112] v [113] cung cp mt tng quan v th tc th nghim vi ng vt a bo y cho vic nh gi c tnh trm tch , cluding nc ngt v ng vt gip xc bin. Dung dch nc-giai on c tnh McCahon et al. [99] m phng nhng nh hng ca cht thi nng nghip nc thi (tng amoniac, gim dis gii quyt nng oxy) trong hai dng th hai . T l cho n ca Gammarus pulex gim ng k do tip xc vi amoniac (ti a 4,7 mg l -1 ) Nhng hi phc sau phi nhim. Mt gim t l cho n v tng t l t vong cng c gy ra bi k sinh vi cc acantho cephalan Pomphorhynchus laevis. Ngoi ra, s gin on ca precopula c quan st thy nh mt hiu ng ca c hai amoniac tng ln v tnh trng thiu oxy (xem thay i ny cng hnh vi). N c k kt m trang tri s c nhim cht thi c th c thc t m phng trong lnh vc ny v iu quan trng l s dng tiu ch phn ng ph gy cht ngi chng hn nh t l cho n trong trng hp ca nh ngn hn ca nhim . Mc d cp tnh t l t vong thp quan st di tip xc, McCahon et al. [99] cho rng s gin on cho n v hnh vi sinh sn rt quan trng sn xut hiu qu ngay c h thng eCOSys tem mc. c tnh ca ammonia cng c nghin cu trong Hyalella amphipod Azteca Borgmann [106] di phng th nghim iu kin. Young (0-1 tun tui) v ngi trng thnh (4-5 tun) H. Azteca c tip xc vi cc nng ca amoniac ln n mi tun. T l t vong tng t cho ngi cha thnh nin v ngi ln v tng trng khng gim nng thp hn t l t vong gy ra, tc l 1 mM tng amoniac. Tuy nhin, sinh sn c gim nng thp l 0,32 mM . Cc effects ca pH v c tnh ammonia cng c nh gi . Phng php thng k c th gip pht hin mi tng quan gia nguyn nhn v phn ng trong b ln ca mi

ronmental d liu. Mulliss et al. [114, 115] tip xc Gammarus pulex (Amphipoda) v Sao Asellus aquaticus (Isopoda) t cc trang web khng b nhim thi th thy sn cho 36 d v o t l t vong v tch ly sinh hc ca kim loi nng ca c hai loi. Mt s ha cht khc nhau v cc c im thy vn cng c o . Cc bin nh hng n t l t vong nhsessed bng phng php a bin thng k . Mt s bin s nh hng n t l t vong ca c hai c sch phc hi (viz. Hi ng qun tr 5 , Dung dch nc ng tp trung, tc dng chy v cht rn l lng). Ngoi ra, t l t vong ca G. pulex b thay i bi amoniac, tng nng ch dung dch nc v gii th con centrations ng v km, trong khi t l t vong ca A. aquaticus b nh hng bi mt s khc bin, bao gm nng c th ca km, cadmium, ch v ng v b gii th nng dung dch nc ca cadmium. Kt qu l mt s phng trnh tin on c trnh by. Maltby [49] cho thy A. aquaticus khng ch p ng trc tip n nhim, bng cch pht trin gia tng khoan dung, m cn thay i chin lc lch s ca n mt cch gin tip bng cch u t t hn trong reproduc tion, sn xut t hn, nhng con ci ln hn cc a im nhim ca mt dng sui. Kt qu t de Nicola Giudici et al. [116] khng ngh gim ng k tuyn dng sau khi tip xc vi ng (Xem di y). Phng th nghim nghin cu ch ra rng nhng khc bit ny c th c mt c s di truyn. S khc bit v kh nng chu nhim mi trng c th dn n cuc xm lc ca cc loi cn sinh, lp khong trng sinh thi trng rng sau khi loi a phng c loi b bi cc hiu ng c hi. Streit v Kuhn [47] cho thy rng loi b cc Gammarus pulex cng nh fossarum Gammarus trong sng Rhine v nhp c Gammarus tigrinus c th c gii thch bi kh nng chu ng ln hn ca ny vo thuc tr su organophosphorous. c ch acetylcholinesterase c s dng nh mt tham s ca

ph c tnh gy t vong trong nghin cu. Crane et al. [117] cng c s dng acetylcholinesterase hot ng trong G. pulex trong mt th nghim ti ch xc nh nh hng ca Malathion thuc tr su organophosphorous 60 cc cng ng ng vt khng xng sng thy sinh. Sau khi ng dng ca Malathion 60, acetylcholinesterase Activ ITY gim ng k, trong khi t l t vong cao ti trm th nghim, v khng c nh hng r rng v t l cho n bt k trm . Do , n kt lun rng vic s dng
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Rinderhagen et al. ng vt gip xc nh Bioindicators trang _______________________________________________________________ _______________________ 17 Malathion 60 trn ging ci xoong trnh by t ri ro G. pulex nu Liu khuyn co l s dng v nu nc thi c pha long, v d nh i qua mt h bi gii quyt . Tuy nhin, thi nc thi trc tip vo mi trng nc c th gy ra tc dng ph gy cht ngi hoc c th gy cht ngi . Crane [118] tm thy s khc bit trong kh nng chu km gia bn qun lnh vc nh bt ca Gm marus pulex. T l t vong thp hn trong mt dn s trong 2 ngy u tin tip xc, trong khi sau 6 ngy k t ngy tip xc vi t l t vong cng nh nhng hiu ng gy cht ngi chng hn nh t l cho n tng t cho tt c bn qun th. Mt LC 50 km sau 6 ngy c a ra l 0,75 mg l -1 . Tc gi kt lun rng ch ngn hn qu trnh c th chu trch nhim v s khc nhau v kh nng chu km . V vy, khi hoc ganisms thu t lnh vc ny c s dng trong cc th nghim c tnh, kim tra di hn s c xt duyt cho priate. Trong qu trnh kim tra ngn hn, n c th l mt s qun th ca mt loi nht nh c th c th chng li hoc chu ng nng c hi hn nhng ngi khc. tng ny c h tr bi kt qu ca Gerhardt et

al. [104], cho thy G pulex t mt dng sui khng b nhim. Nhy cm tip xc vi Cu ( 50 mg l -1 ) So vi mt dn s a phng t sui b nhim Cu- . Maund et al. [119] iu tra nh hng ca ng v c cu dn s v tuyn dng Gammarus pulex. Tip xc vi ng gim mt dn s, tuyn dng v tng trng. LOEC cho tuyn dng ca G. pulex l 14,6 mg l -1 . kin cho rng cc tc dng ph gy cht ngi ng nng ny l do gim lng nng lng trao i cht c sn sinh sn (v d nh bng cch gim t l cho n nh m t trn cho cc cht v ni tng ch ngha, hoc bi s gin on ca cc chc nng sinh l khc nhau) . nh hng ca phi nhim mn tnh ng ob phc v trong G. pulex c so snh vi kt qu t ref . [116] cho Sao Asellus aquaticus. Mt s tc dng tng t, chng hn nh gim s tng trng v s sng cn, trong khi gim tuyn dng khng quan st thy trong A. aquaticus (tri ngc vi kt qu t Maltby [49] tho lun trn, c Cate nhim dn n s khc bit trong chin lc sinh sn nh l mt s thch nghi gin tip) . Maund et al. [119] tho lun c hay khng nhng khc bit ny c th l do s khc bit trong lch s cuc sng chin lc ca hai loi iu tra . S nh hng ca lch s i sng ca isopod nc l Idothea balthica v tc dng tip xc cp tnh v di hn Cd v Cu c bo co trong ref. [120, 121]. c tnh ca 3,4 dichloroaniline (DCA), atrazine, ng v lindane n giai on v thnh nin ca Gmmarus pulex (2 hoc 3 thay lng) c nh gi bi Taylor et al. [122] v so vi obtained cho instar 2 u trng ca cn trng Chironomus riparius. i vi G. pulex, lindane l cht c hi nht, tip theo l ng, tip xc vi atrazine v DCA sau, cho 240 h (corre sponding LC 50

gi tr theo th t: 0,07, 0,33, 4,4 v 5,0 mg l -1 ). Collyard et al. [123] cho thy khng c s khc bit ng k trong tui c th s nhy cm ca Hyalella Azteca cht gy nhim vi cc ch c hi khc nhau . LC 50 gi tr c xc nh bng cch tip xc ca H. Azteca (Vi tui khc nhau, t <1 n 26 d) dazinon thuc tr su organophosphate, mt hn hp cc alkyl ethoxylates phenol, ng, cadimi v km trong 96 gi . Nhy cm ca H. Azteca (cng vi hai macroinvertebrates gip xc sinh vt y khng khc) nm kim loi (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni v Cd) v thuc tr su (chlorpyrifos, dieldrin, p, p'-DDD, p, p'-DDE v p, p'-DDT) c nh gi bi Phipps et al. [124]. Tip xc xy ra trong mt, nc ch chy thng qua kim tra h thng bng cch s dng h nc t nhin trong iu kin phng th nghim. H. Azteca c c quanism nhy cm nht vi kim loi (10 d LC 50 ; Cu: 31 mg l -1 , Zn: 73 mg l -1 , Ni: 780 mg l -1 ; 8 d LC 50 ; Cd: 2,8 mg l -1 , Pb: 16 mg l -1 ), Nhng t nhy cm vi thuc tr su (10 d LC 50 : Chlorpyrifos: 0,086 mg l -1 , dieldrin: 7.6 mg l -1

, P, p'-DDD: 0,19 mg l -1 , P, p'-DDE: 1,66 mg l -1 , P, p'-DDT: 0,07 mg l -1 ). l emphasised rng th nghim ca nhiu loi trong vic nh gi trm tch l rt quan trng v nhy tivity khng ch ph thuc vo loi th nghim m cn v ch kim tra. Tnh iu kin ch khng phi l dng chy thng qua cc bi kim tra hoc s dng ca nng danh ngha ch khng phi o nng c th ch ra nng hiu qu cao hn, nng thc t cha bit hiu qu . McCahon et al. [125] nghin cu nhng tc ng gy cht ngi v gy t vong ph ca axit, nhm v vi trn Gm
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Rinderhagen et al. ng vt gip xc nh Bioindicators trang _______________________________________________________________ _______________________ 18 marus pulex. Bng cch gii thiu cc liu lng acid sulfuric, nhm sunfat v vi vo mt dng mm nc, h to ra khu vc nhim nhm pH thp, mt s trong c limed v nhng ngi khc khng. Nng ca nhm thp trong khu vc limed, c th l do hp ph nh ch cc ht vi. T l t vong tng ln cc khu vc b nhim, nhng Ngoi ra t l t vong gim vi. Thi gian gy cht trung bnh l 89,4 h trong khu vc unlimed v 169,4 h trong khu vc limed. C nhn k sinh vi Pomphorhynchus acanthocephalan laevis cho thy t l t vong cao hn ng k trong c hai khu vc (gy cht trung bnh ln 63,6 h v 100,8 h) . Hn 90% cc cp precopula tch trong cc khu vc b nhim trong mt thi gian tip xc ca 3 h, nhng h bt u ti thit lp precopula sau khi chuyn vo khu vc kim sot khng b nhim.

Mt sinh th nghim xc nh nh hng ca cht c vo s pht trin ca mt giai on cuc sng nhy cm ca Gmmarus pulex (v thnh nin, c th di 3-4 mm, trng lng ca t 2 mg.) c m t bi Blockwell et al. [126]. Lindane ( ) c s dng nh c t nng trung bnh l 0,19, 0,88, 2,67 v 6,11 mg l -1 hn 14 ngy trong iu kin phng th nghim. nh hng v tng trng c dec bo v bi trng lng cc loi ng vt. T l t vong t hn 10% nng thp hn v 30 % 6,11 mg l -1 . Tng trng ca v thnh nin G. pulex gim trong thi gian tip xc. Cc khng, tp trung quan st thy hiu ng (NOEC) l 2,67 mg l -1 , Nng thp nht c hiu lc 6,11 mg l -1 . Trm tch c tnh c tnh ca dung dch nc pha v ng trm tch b rng buc Ceriodaphnia ng vt gip xc dubia (CLAdocera), Daphnia magna (Cladocera) v Hyalella Azteca (Amphipoda) nh c ch ra bi s sng cn v sinh sn c iu tra bi Suedel et al. [127]. Cc sinh vt c tip xc trong tnh h thng cho thi k khc nhau ln n 14 d. nhy gim trong C. th t dubia> D. magna> H. Azteca. T l t vong v nh hng tng trng tng ln vi thi gian ngy cng tng ca cc bi kim tra trong trng hp H. Azteca. Khi b nhim trm tch ng c s dng trong cc th nghim, hiu ng trn t vong, tng trng v sinh sn trong nc nm pha trn tng quan vi nng ca ng hn l vi nng ng trong trm tch s lng ln hoc nc l rng. Nhng nh hng ca ng trm tch b nhim trn cc sinh vt tng t cng c nghin cu bi Kubitz et al . [128]. Ngoi ra,

h so snh mc nhy cm ca H. Azteca c tnh th nghim vi mt D. hunh quang magna kim tra, da c ch qu trnh enzyme trong c th sng nh mt cng c sng lc nhanh chng. Cc kt qu cng tng t nh Suedel et al. [127]. D. magna v C. dubia c cng nhy cm vi ng b nhim trm tch (LC 50 22 v 24 mg l -1 ), Trong khi H. Azteca l t nhy cm (LC 50 43 mg l -1 ). l ch ra rng tng trng amphipod l mt thit b u cui sinh th nghim nhy cm hn so vi gy cht . S tng trng ca H. Azteca, Daphnia magna hunh quang, t l t vong ca C. dubia v D. magna khng km nhy cm khi tip xc vi ng b nhim trm tch. Tuy nhin, kt qu th nghim bng cch s dng tng vt trm tch khng nht thit phi d on c tnh trong lnh vc thu trm tch c cha tng t tc nhn gy bnh, trong trng hp ny ng . c tnh ca trm tch D. magna cng c nghin cu bi Bridges et al . [129]. Cc loi ng vt c t ra 21 d eluates trm tch bn cng . Thit b u cui ca sinh th nghim c s sng cn, tui tc lc u reproduction, s lng con non sn xut v tng s thanh nin sn xut mt ngi ln . Survival v sao chp d liu t trm tch mi parameterised vi mt m hnh ma trn ngu nhin tch hp tt c cc kim tra kt thc im . Gim s sng cn ln lt c tc ng tiu cc v ti sinh sn. Tng trng dn s ch yu l chu nh hng ca tui sinh sn u tin, theo sau bi kh nng sinh sn v tn ti. Cng c mt s du hiu cho thy nhng nh gi c tnh Cladocerans s dng c th c bi ri bi s hin din ca cc lp trm tch b nh ch trong eluates. T l t vong v cc tc dng ph nguy him ca ng trong Gammarus pulex cng b iu tra bi Taylor et al.

[111]. Cc c nhn c tip xc vi cc lp trm tch c iu tr ng khng axit ha v axit ha . Mortality v mt phn ng hnh vi (tri dt vo ct nc, xem trn thuc hnh vi
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Rinderhagen et al. ng vt gip xc nh Bioindicators trang _______________________________________________________________ _______________________ 19 thay i) c o. T l t vong thp trong iu kin t nhin (khng c iu tr trm tch). Ngoaition ng (ban u nng dung dch nc ca 136-942 mg l -1 ) khng gy ra mt s gia tng ng k t l t vong, trong khi axit ha tng t l t vong ln n 90%. Kubitz et al. [130] c thit k mt sinh th nghim sng lc v khng nh s dng H. Azteca nh gi c tnh ca trm tch sng. S tn ti v tng trng c th nghim trong bc u tin ca sinh th nghim. Trong bc th hai duy nht tng trng iu tra. Thit b u cui ca sinh th nghim ny l c ch s tng trng 25%. Do kch thc c th ca n fe cundity tng trng, l mt thay th tt ca kh nng sinh sn sinh sn trong H. Azteca. p ng v phc hi ca cc cng ng ng vt ph du h axit ha v kim loi Nhiu nghin cu c thc hin trn tc ng ca qu trnh axit ha v lng kh thi kim loi phyto v cng ng ng vt ph du v phc hi tip theo trong thao tc (viz. vi x l) h V d, trong khu vc Sudbury, Ontario, Canada b nhim nng ng niken l nung (ref. [131, 132] v cc ti liu trch dn trong ). Trong nhng loi gip xc nghin cu vn th Cc loi sinh vt ph du c s dng nh bioindicators cc cp khc nhau xem xt. Ngc li vi khi nim v ch s sinh hc (c bit l v h thng saprobic, xem trn), nh gi kt qu ca b th nghim ny yu cu so snh hoc l mt tnh trng nhim trc (i vi

thng tin him khi c sn) hoc h tham chiu thi gian v khng gian trong cng, Gion. Mt cch tip cn tham gia iu tra v mc dn s vi Daphnia Cladoceran galeata mendotae, tham gia vo cc cuc iu tra ti khon paleolimnological ca mt ephippial trong trm tch h, thc t ng c phiu ca D g. mendotae, phn tch di truyn (bao gm lch Hardy- Weinberg gim s a dng v tnh) v cc th nghim sinh hc nh lng s sng cn v sn xut b m khi tip xc vi thc t v lch s nc sinh Cu v Ni mc [132]. Cc tc gi kt lun rng D. g. mendotae hi phc sau khi thao tc ca cc h th nghim v gim kim loi nng c l hu ht ti khon phc hi . Phng php th hai lin quan n n bin s liu cho cc ng vt ph du gip xc (s phong ph, s phong ph loi, a dng v eveness) v a bin s liu da trn phn tch th [131]. a bin s liu incorporat ing s phong ph ca loi c biu din tng th tt nht. Trong ba trc u tin 50% ca vari ance trong cc d liu ng vt ph du c tm tt . Axis ti tch cc cng ng ng vt ph du nh, giu dinh dng v b lon dng h, trc cng ng II ca h su v nonacidic. Mnh nht tng quan ca cc im trc III l h cao . Koivisto et al. [133] gii quyt cc cu hi c hay khng cadmium nhim thay i dinh dng trong teractions trong foodwebs th nghim bao gm sinh vt ph du, ng vt ph du nh thn (CHYdorus spharicus, Cyclops sp. v lun trng), Daphnia magna v Notonecta sp. nh zooplanktivorous ng vt n tht. Mazumder [134] cho thy s vng mt hay vng mt gn Daphnia ln v planktivo Rous c nh l mt ch s v s thng tr chc nng ca cc lin kt l hoc thm ch khi h h thng eCOSys thng tp tin gc. Do , nghin cu ca Koivisto et al . [133] lin kt nghin cu c hc sinh thi n cc khi nim l thuyt ca dinh dng thc (xem thm ti liu trch dn trong ). Kt qu ca h cho thy rng Cd ( t

10-20 mg l -1 nh hng tiu cc thc vt ph du v s phong ph ng vt ph du, trong khi Notonecta li duced Daphnia dn s v do gin tip tng sinh khi thc vt ph du trong domi Nant l thc phm lin kt web . Cadmium v Notonecta n tht c mt tc dng tng tc trn phytosinh vt ph du nhng khng phi trn ng vt ph du . nh hng ca iu kin th nghim / xc nhn iu kin th nghim c th rt quan trng trong cc th nghim c tnh s dng ng vt gip xc nh bioindicators . Ro v Roper [135], cho thy Chaetocorophium cf lucasi, mt sng amphipod trong ca sng trm tch bn, m s sng cn ph thuc ch yu vo loi ct c s dng trong cc th nghim. iu ny ch ra rng mt s amphipods c th rt nhy cm vi cc tnh nng ca trm tch, mt pht hin c th dn
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Rinderhagen et al. ng vt gip xc nh Bioindicators trang _______________________________________________________________ _______________________ 20 c gii thch khng chnh xc ca cc xt nghim c tnh. Kt qu tng t cng c tm thy bi mt ke v Burton [136]. S sng cn ca H. Azteca trong trong cc bi kim tra ti ch c gim xung cn di 50% bng cch hn ch thi k ca s thch nghi vi nc lnh (v d nh 2-3 h trong th nghim thay v 3-5 h trong phng th nghim kinh nghim ments cho s thch nghi vi <15 C). Mt so snh interlaboratory trong s 10 phng th nghim, kim tra chnh xc ca cc xt nghim c tnh trm tch s dng H. Azteca nh sinh vt th nghim, cho thy rng cc th nghim methods sai tng i thp v ch yu l chp nhn c chnh xc [137 ]. S cn thit cho th tc xc nhn d liu th nghim c nhn mnh bi Chapman [138-140]. Nghin cu trng hp S ph hp ca amphipods gammarid biomonitors c iu tra ti i hc Olden

Burg (ICBM) trong mt b cc nghin cu thc a (o lng th nghim trong mt ngha thng k) v manipu lative th nghim trong iu kin phng th nghim v bn trng. Mc tiu chnh l c c statistical thng tin v tnh khng ng nht v thi gian v khng gian ca mc kim loi trong gammarids, tm hiu thm v chin lc tch ly v c ch gii c tim nng v pht trin toxicong ngn cc m hnh nh mt cng c cho hiu chun ca biomonitors. Mc d nhiu nghin cu thun ty v ng dng sinh thi i ph vi thi gian, vn ca thi gian t ng tng quan l rt him khi c cp. Trong nhiu trng hp, phn tch hi quy c in c p dng, hon ton b qua thc t ca t tng quan thi gian . Th tc ph hp s bao gm, v d, chuyn giao chc nng m hnh ting n [141-144] . S dng mt cch tip cn nh vy l c th, v d, lin quan n nng Cd hng thng trong tigrinus Gammarus amphipod t Weser sng (Tng i) Nhit nc hng thng ca thng trc [145] . Th v nht l, s chm tr ny parameter trong m hnh ting n chuyn giao chc nng l ng thun tuyt vi vi khong thi gian c ngun gc t toxicokinetic th nghim (c tm tt trong ref [146].). Trong nh gi tnh trng cht lng ca cc h thng sinh thi l cn thit so snh kt qu khc nhau nghin cu biomonitoring. Mt iu quan trng vn pht sinh trong n lc l biomonitoring nhiu nghin cu hot ng trn quy m khc nhau v khng gian v / hoc thi gian. ng nh ngha ca mt h thng phn cp ca cc n v iu tra c lp tng ng sao chp trong ngha ca Hurlbert [147] important vn cho s pht trin v ti u ha thit k th nghim. Mt v d v iu ny ch c trnh by bi Zauke et al. [148] cho cadmium trong amphipods gammarid. Khng gian nh nht quy m (v ht) c a vo ti khon cp ca cc a phng duy nht trong mt ca sng, yu cu subsamples c lp t mi a phng nh sao chp, trn quy m ln nht l chu u ven bin nc. Ly nhng c im lch s cuc sng ca tp th gammarid vo ti khon, n c th pht hin tuyn tnh ef

fects ca kh nng sinh sn v tnh trng tng trng trn c th gnh nng Cd ca gammarids trong cc ca sng Weser [149]. Nhng nghin cu ny c th dn n th tc bnh thng lm gim s thay i ca cc c tnh nng kim loi trong cc sinh vt cp ca cc a phng duy nht, nhng vi chi ph ca nhiu kinh nghim tinh thn n lc v chuyn mn sinh hc cn thit xc nh nhng c im lch s ca cuc sng gammarid tp th. Chi ph ny s khng lun lun l hp l. Cch khc l phn tch gammarid tp th m khng ch n cc bin php bnh thng ha. Trong mt phn tch nh vy, v d, s thay i lin mu tuyt vi m khng c s khc bit trong Cd c th c pht hin gia cc gammarids trong ca sng Weser. Thng mi-off gia ng cc v n lc, trch nhim ca cc th nghim chn mt thit k ph hp th nghim . Gi s tnh ng nht ca Cd trong gammarids trong mt ca sng (xem trn) v tch ly tng t chin lc (xem di y), s thay i thi gian trong ca sng Weser v s thay i khng gian gia cc ca sng Elbe cc, Weser v Ems c nghin cu chi tit hn [148] . Trn c s khong tin cy 95%, khng c bin i ng k ca Cd gammarids t Weser estu ary c r rng trong khong thi gian nm 1984 - 1991, mc d khng ng nht ng k gia ca sng. Trn quy m ca cc vng nc ven bin chu u kt qu s b khng ch ra ng k
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Rinderhagen et al. ng vt gip xc nh Bioindicators trang _______________________________________________________________ _______________________ 21 s khc nhau gia cc ca sng Weser v o Helgoland, nhng cho thy tng Cd con centrations trong gammarids ca vng bin Bc Cc (Barents Sea, cha xut bn d liu).

Chin lc tch ly khc nhau gia quy nh tinh khit v tch ly rng (hoc l khng gii hn hoc hin loc trong), ty thuc vo cc loi sinh vt v nguyn t ha hc c coi l [150-153]. Ch c mt vi kt lun chung l c th, v d, rng con hu bm c net accu mulators cho Zn hoc ng vt gip xc loai thp tuc nhiu c iu chnh cho Cu v Zn. Mt khc, c th c pht m interspecific bin i ngay c gia cc loi lin quan, ku gi chi tit nh gi cp loi . Ch sau khi th tc xc nhn thch hp v hiu chun thnh cng c thc hin l n chp nhn c s dng tp th ca thnh phn loi khc nhau nghin cu biomonitoring [146]. Chin lc tch ly ca cc sinh vt c th c nh gi bng cch tip xc vi cc kim loi bn ngoi con centrations, thuc phng th nghim kim sot hoc theo iu kin lnh vc bn kim sot . Trong toxico nghin cu ng hc, qu trnh thi gian ca s hp thu v gii phng mt bng (loc trong) c theo sau v nh gi d liu bao gm, v d, ngn m hnh, cung cp cc hng s tc v bioconcentration yu t (BCFs) cho s cn bng l thuyt [146, 154-158] . Mt pht hin nng kim loi khng d dng t n mt giai on cao nguyn ch mang tnh mt chin lc tch ly rng . Mc d nh c periments cn thit hiu chnh mt, h thay v tn thi gian v tn km. Xem xt ng vt gip xc amphipod, v d, chin lc tch ly rng c bo co cho Cd v Cu trong Echinogammarus pirloti [152], cho Cd trong G pulex [159, 160], Pb trong G pseudolimnaeus [161] v Cd, Pb v Hg trong loi Hyalella Azteca Bc M, Cu l apparently quy nh v Zn mt chin lc trung gian rt c th l 157, 162, 163]. p dng ngn m hnh khng nh tch ly rng ca Zn G pulex [155] v Cd trong cc hn hp. G salinus v G. zaddachi [146, 164, khng ch cho thy s hp thu m cn xo b cc cc yu t. Mt s v d ca phng php ny toxicokinetic c bin dch cho cc nguyn t cadmium trong Bng 1

v hnh 1. Cc h s xp x xc nh cho thy rng cc m hnh thu c gii thch mt t l ln ca phng sai o v do cung cp cho mt m t hp l ca d liu. Tuy nhin, c gng xc nhn m hnh cn thit trc khi sinh kh dng ca kim loi cho cc c quan ch ngha c th c nh gi y . Xc nhn l mt qu trnh thc hin bng cch so snh cc m hnh d on vi cc th nghim lnh vc c lp v cc php o th nghim. Mt v d v mt valida tion c a ra trong hnh. 2. Cc dng rn i din cho d on m hnh da trn cc thng s summa vn trong Bng 1, trong khi cc biu tng i din cho cc php o c lp t cc nghin cu s hp thu. Results bin son trong hnh. 2 cho thy mt bin i tng ln, tuy nhin, d on m hnh v meas urements trong hp ng kh tt, t nht l trong nhng ngy u tin ca cc th nghim. Cc m hnh c tnh cho n ngy 40 minh ha cho hnh vi tin on khi tip cn l thuyt equi librium. Chng ti khng suy ra, tuy nhin, mt b duy nht ca k 1 v k 2 gi tr tn ti m c th ph hp nh mt cng c chn on, nhng ng hn l c c mt gia nh ca k 1 v k 2 kt hp c a ra bi m hnh khc nhau trong hnh. 2. R rng, s khc bit tr nn r rt hn khi tip cn l thuyt cn bng, nhng ngay c sau bin i dng nh c th chp nhn c v nhng g chng ta c pect t m hnh sinh thi. tm tt kt qu ca nhng nghin cu trng hp, gammarids iu tra xut hin ph hp biomonitors t nht l cho cadmium yu t, v cc d liu cung cp mt c s tt cho hiu chun nhng biomonitors cng nh i vi th tc bnh thng c s dng trong thi quen chuyn nghip

grammes.
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Rinderhagen et al. ng vt gip xc nh Bioindicators trang _______________________________________________________________ _______________________ 22 Bng 1. Toxicokinetics Cd trong amphipods gammarid t cc sng Weser, Hunte v Ems. Tm tt thng tin thng k nh gi s tt lnh ca ph hp ca hai ngn m hnh p dng *. Col im kinh nghim BCF k 1 SE k1 k 2 SE k2 R 2 J 1 17 425 mt 25,9 2,4 0,061 0,013 0,878 Q 1 17 377 mt 24,9

1,7 0,066 0,011 0,940 P 1 17 542 mt 65,8 4,2 0,121 0,011 0,959 J 2 23 947 mt 52,8 2,6 0,056 0,007 0,968 Q 2 23 1180 mt 70,6 5,2 0,060 0,010 0,950 P 2 23 1190 mt 98,4 6,9

0,083 0,011 0,945 Lnh vc 0,5 680 b K 51,5 409 c 103 26,2 0,253 0,069 0,785 Q 51,5 416 c 87,7 22,5 0,211 0,061 0,796 Hu 51,5 576 c 73,2 7,0 0,127 0,013 0,874 Ga 51,5 465 c 61,4 7,9 0,132

0,020 0,792 Ghi ch * Thng k tnh ton ca systat cho Windows, phin bn 5, NONLIN chng trnh con v piecewise hi quy ty chn (Ref. [165], trang 443 ff.). mt ref. [146], dng chy-thng qua cc bi kim tra theo lnh vc iu kin bn; b Weser ca sng (ma h 1985); c ref. [164], th nghim tnh trong iu kin phng th nghim; Col: gammarid tp th, sng Weser: J (Nordenham, 100% Gammarus zaddachi), K (Einswarden, 100% G. zaddachi), Q (Langltjen-1, 100% G. salinus), P (Bremerhaven, 45% G. zaddachi v 55% G. salinus); sng Hunte: H Cm o (Huntebrck, 100% G. zaddachi), sng Ems: Ga (Gandersum, 100% G. zaddachi); im kinh nghim: tip xc [ gl -1 ]; BCF: yu t Bioconcentration = k 1 /K 2 [Dw ww / dw-t l = 4; k 1 : t l lin tc cho giai on hp thu [ d -1 ]; k 2 : t l c nh cho giai on gii phng mt bng [d -1 ];

SE k1 v SE k2 : Li gn ng tiu chun; R 2 : gn ng h s xc nh;

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Rinderhagen et al. ng vt gip xc nh Bioindicators trang _______________________________________________________________ _______________________ 23 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 thi gian [d] Cd i n gammari ds [Mg kg -1 dw] mt 0 5 10 15 20

25 30 35 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 thi gian [d] Cd i n gammari ds [mg kg -1 dw] b 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 thi gian [d] Cd i n gammari ds [mg kg -1 dw] c 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 thi gian [d] Cd i n gammari ds [Mg kg -1 dw] d Hnh 1. Hp th v gii phng mt bng ca Cd trong bn tp th trong mt th nghim trong phng th nghim di gammarid Cd tip xc vi khng i (51,5 1,3 mg l -1 ): (A) G zaddachi, a phng Gandersum, Ems, (b) G. salinus, a phng Langltjen-1, Weser, (c) G. zaddachi, Einswarden a phng, Weser v (d) G. zaddachi, lo cality Huntebrck, sng Hunte. So snh cc quan st (l) c ngha l gi tr (vi nhng thanh thng ng = phm vi ca subsamples ba ln) v d on kt qu ( ____ ) T cc m hnh hai ngn ( kinetic d liu trong Bng 1), ngy th 15 kt thc ca giai on hp thu. Ritterhoff et al. [164]; Elsevier Khoa hc BV
Trang 24

Rinderhagen et al. ng vt gip xc nh Bioindicators trang _______________________________________________________________ _______________________ 24 Ga Hu K Q1 P1 J2 Q2 P2

0 1 2 3 4 5 0 10 20 30 40 ngy mg CD kg -1 Dw] 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 B C F s cho cc o r e t ic mt l e quilibr ium Elbe

Weser Ems Hnh 2. Xc nhn ca cc m hnh ngn ( ____ ) Vi kt qu thc nghim tch ly sinh hc Cd trong tp th gammarid (G zaddachi, G. salinus). M hnh: Q 1 ,J 1 ,P 1 ,Q 2 ,J 2 ,P 2 t Zauke et al. [146]; Hu, Ga, K, Q t Ritterhoff et al. [164] (d liu ng trong Bng 1). S liu thc nghim (Elbe, Weser, Ems) Zauke et al. [107]; tip xc: 3,8 mg Cd l -1 . Kt lun Nh c th hin trong iu tra rt nhiu cp khc nhau v phng php nghin cu, ng vt gip xc cung cp c hi tuyt vi ly c cc ch s nhy cm v sinh thi c lin quan ca mi trng cng thng. iu ny ch yu l do cc thuc tnh sinh hc c th ca h, bao gm cc chin lc lch s cuc sng ca h . Bi v ph n thng mang trng hoc ngi cha thnh nin trong cu trc c bit trn c th (v d nh trong marsupium), hnh vi sinh sn, v d, c th c kho nghim trong phng th nghim v lnh vc bn th nghim nh cng nh trong cc cuc iu tra lnh vc sinh hc. Nu n c th c chng minh trong cc kho st thc a dn s c th sinh sn theo cc hn ch mi trng, pht hin ny c th c coi l ch th sinh thi thc s . Mt khc, nu nhng c im lch s cuc sng nh kh nng sinh sn xu i trong labo

cc th nghim ratory hoc bn lnh vc, pht hin ny cung cp mt thit b u cui c ngha cho php mt s d bo s pht trin trong tng lai tim nng ca cc qun th c nghin cu. Khng ch reproducPage 25

Rinderhagen et al. ng vt gip xc nh Bioindicators trang _______________________________________________________________ _______________________ 25 tion, nhng cng phn ng hnh vi ca ng vt gip xc, chng hn nh nhng thay i trong chn nui, tri, lo comotion hoc hnh vi precopula chng minh cung cp cc thit b u cui nhy cm i vi bioindication. Trong tt c cc kha cnh, ng vt gip xc c li th ln so vi cc nhm khc, c phong ph, nhuyn th hai mnh v hoc chn bng. N l ni bt, tuy nhin, hu nh khng c h thng ch tiu r rng c pht trin cho mi trng bin nh c nu ra. Mt l do c th l nhim mnh m gradi ents trn thang im t khu vc a phng hoc thm ch c ghi nhn ch yu cho cc h thng nc ngt, v d nh trong lin quan n nc thi phn hy trong nc (dn n cc ch s sinh hc khc nhau) hoc axit ha v kim loi kh thi trong cc h. Mt l do khc c th l s nghin cu ch nc ng k lut hng u trong s pht trin ca khi nim l thuyt, v d nh thc dinh dng. Trong vi nm qua chng ta thy ngy cng c nhiu giy t giao dch vi cc tip xc vi hn hp cht gy nhim hoc b nhim trm tch thu thp trong lnh vc ny. Phng php tip cn nh vy l c bitbit l lin quan n chng ny, nhiu hn so vi vic p dng c in c tnh tiu chun nguyn thy cols. Tuy nhin, tht ng ngc nhin cn lu l hu ht cc nghin cu i ph vi hiu ng ecotoxicological hoc vi tch ly sinh hc, nhng khng phi vi c hai kha cnh kt hp. Mt cch tip cn kt hp s c c bit thch hp khi ng vt c tip xc vi hn hp cc cht gy nhim hoc thuc lnh vc con

ditions, bi v chng ta c th mong i c bit l nhng cht c a ln c th sn xut qung co cu hiu ng. Tuy nhin, trong bi cnh ny, n cng s l cn thit nh gi tim nng detoxifica tion c ch - v d, cc rng buc ca cc ion kim loi metallothioneins hoc ht v trao i cht ca xenobiotics hu c, c th l kt qu trong cc sn phm t c hi. Nh vy, trong tng lai nghin cu tng hp hn l cn thit, c tnh n tt c cc kha cnh khc nhau . Hn na, chng cn pht trin cc m hnh tin on, c lin quan tch ly sinh hc (v d nh trn c s ca khoang cc m hnh) vi hiu ng, cng nh xc minh tip theo v xc nhn lnh vc ca cc m hnh ny. nh gi ngha ca bioindicators, cc phng php nghim ngt hiu chnh c yu cu, kim tra liu mt tm kim t mt khu vc b nhim l c ngha thng k khc nhau t mt tm kim c ngun gc cho mt tham kho trang web. Hot ng gim st thng xuyn chy nc ch yu da vo mt s ha cht trong nc giai on, ngn sch oxy v sp xp mt s ch tiu sinh hc, ty thuc vo quc gia lin quan. c , v d, h thng saprobic vn cn s dng, mc d n c thng xuyn ch trch. Cc li dng nhng phng php ny l kt qu c th c ngng t cc bn cht lng nc, t trong s hnh thnh d dng truy cp ngay c i vi nh khoa hc khng . V vy, trng tm phi c t trn lin kt cc cch tip cn tch hp ca bioindication v biomonitoring vi phng php tip cn thng em ployed trong cnh quan sinh thi, chng hn nh nhng ngi s dng geostatistics hoc cc h thng thng tin a l. t c mc tiu ny, chng ta cn hp tc cht ch hn gia cc nhm khoa hc khc nhau, by gi lm vic trong s c lp trong cc lnh vc c th c in ca h, v mt chnh sch ti tr ng h inte-sng to grated phng php tip cn thay v n nh cc khi nim c in. Ti liu tham kho [1] Gestel CAM, van v TC Brummelen, van (1996): Kt hp biomarker cc con-

chp nhn trong nghin cu c hc sinh thi cuc gi cho mt nh ngha li t ng. Sinh thi cht c, 5, 217-225. [2] PS Rainbow (1995): Biomonitoring c kim loi nng trong mi trng bin . Bn tin nhim bin, 31, 183-192. [3] G. Persoone (1998): Pht trin v xc nhn ca cc microbiotests toxkit vi ng vt khng xng sng, c bit l ng vt gip xc, 437-449. : PG Wells, K. Lee v C. Blaise (1998): micro Kim tra trong c Cht Thy sn, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA. [4] PM Chapman (1998): Death bn: Amphipod kim tra c tnh trm tch, 451463. Trong: PG Wells, Lee K. v C. Blaise (1998): Kim tra micro trong cht c thy sn, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA. [5] R. Castro, A. Bosquez, MK Ali, AN Ernest (1997): trm tch thy sn. Nc Envi
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Crustaceans as Bioindicators
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