Rituals and Practices of Witchcraft in Selected Foreign Movies From 1971-2010

An

Undergraduate

Thesis

presented

to

the

Faculty of College of Education University of Rizal Rizal System

Angono,

In The

Partial

Fulfillment for the

of Degree

Requirements of

Bachelor

Secondary in English

Education

Major

Francisco, Gega,

Joanne M.

A.

Rachel Arwil

Guleng,

Angelin

E.

March 2013
APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled RITUALS AND PRACTICES OF WITCHCRAFT IN THE SELECTED FOREIGN MOVIES , has been prepared and submitted by Joanne A. Francisco, Rachel M. Gega and Arwil Angelin E. Guleng in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in English, which is hereby recommend for acceptance approval. Mrs. Norma F. Elvia Adviser Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in English by Examination Committee with the rating of _______. _____________ Member _______________ Chairman _____________ Member

Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in English. Ms. Wahinee M. Cruzada UTW Instructor Dr. Isabelita S. Bacud Dean, URSA

_____________ Date

_____________ Date

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This piece of work would not have been possible without the help of the following research-oriented persons who showed patience and gave guidance for the accomplishment of this endeavor: Dr. Olivia F. De Leon, President of the University of Rizal System; Dr. Gloria P. Sarabia, Cluster 3 Chancellor for uplifting the quality of education in URS; Dr. Isabelita S. Bacud, University of Rizal System Angono Campus Dean, for showing concern and support to all faculty and students; Ms. Wahinee M. Cruzada, UTW Instructor and to our thesis adviser Mrs. Norma Elvia for their patience, advises and for sharing their time for the improvement of this research; The respondents namely Mrs. Rhoda Seo and Mrs. Janette Ojascastro who willingly entertain the researchers despite of their busy schedules and activities;

The Libraries that the researchers visited, The National Library and the University of Rizal System Angono Library;

Our beloved parents who served as inspiration and support to us in conducting this whole research; Above all, to Almighty God who gave them perseverance, wisdom and strength to finish this study.

J.A.F R.M.G A.A.E.G

DEDICATION

I would like to extend my deepest appreciation to the following persons for giving their endless support and whatever help they give. To my beloved parents, Purisima and Danilo

Francisco for giving me a wholeheartedly support and guidance in everything I do, for the deep understanding and for giving me a chance to pursue my care that they give to me. To my friends especially my two group mates for giving their worthy effort in order to overcome and successfully finish our study, for the patient even in worst time that we made together and all the precious moments with them. To all my teachers whom I owe a lot in whatever knowledge and wit they impart, especially to our thesis instructor Ms. Wahinne Cruzada for giving us guidance in our study. And to Almighty God for giving guidance, strength and wisdom to everyday and giving me an opportunity to live in this world with all his special gifts. They serve as my inspiration to overcome adversities and all the hard times in my life and also to finish this study.. JOANNE (rEd LiMe) dreams and for the endless love and

Dedication

I sincerely dedicate this piece of art to my parents Dom and Merly who have been fully supportive and for showing so much love, inspiration and advises to me.

To my friends and to my thesis partners, thanks much for your patience and thanks much for being understanding always.

And most especially, thanks much to HIM who gave me hope and guidance to fully accomplish everything I do.

cheL =)

Dedication
The students wishes his profound gratitude and sincere thanks to those persons who aided in the accomplishment of this compilation.

First to the blessed power of our Almighty God, whom I used for finishing this compilation of our Thesis, to our adviser teacher who gained my knowledge Maam Achie, And to our beloved teacher Ms. Wahinee M. Cruzada, who gave her full efforts and love to gave the education we deserve. To all of the school staffs and teachers who are always open in sharing their knowl;edge and experiences. To the valuable suggestions and unselfish cooperations of all my friends and classmates who aided about this work. And at last to the unending support and love of my beloved parents, who hand and hand support my financial studies and needs.

pAuwiL^^ =)

ABSTRACT Title: RITUALS AND PRACTICES OF WITCHCRAFT IN THE SELECTED FOREIGN FILMS

Researchers: Joanne A. Francisco Rachel M. Gega Arwil Angelin E. Guleng Course and Academic Year: Bachelor of Secondary Education, 2009-2013. Area of Specialization: English Adviser: Mrs. Norma Elvia This study sought to analyze the Rituals and Practices of Witchcraft in the Selected Foreign Movies

which are The Craft, Season of the witch, The Sorcerers Apprentice and Macbeth. It sought to analyze how the

rituals and practices were shown in the movies. It also sought to discover how the story was structured using LevyStrauss Approach. The formalist approach emphasized the

characters description. Using the Mythological Approach the researchers were able to identify the motifs and archetypes that was revealed in every movie. The researchers used the qualitative method of research with formalist, structural and mythological approach in the content analysis. The

researchers supplemented the

analysis with observation and interview. The researchers chose their respondents based on their background and

specialization

and

also

their

appropriate

knowledge

to

contribute how the researchers justified the findings.

TABLE PRELIMINARIES

OF

CONTENTS PAGE

Title

page sheet

i ii iii v viii

Approval

Acknowledgement Dedication Abstract Table List List of of of contents tables figures

x xii xiii

Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction Theoretical Conceptual Statement Importance Scope and Framework Paradigm of of the the Problem Study 1 26 46 47 47 49 50 and Studies 60

Delimitation of Terms Literature

Definition Review of

Related

Chapter 2 METHOD OF THE STUDY Instrument Critical Criteria and Techniques and Employed 69 70 72

Approaches of the

Selection of the

Literary works

Chapter 3 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND

75

INTERPRETATION OF DATA Chapter 4 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES A. B. C. Request Letters Sample Questionnaire and Unstructured Interview Film Summary 123 116

ROUTING SLIP CURRICULUM VITAE Joanne A. Francisco Rachel M. Gega Arwil Angelin E. Guleng

LIST OF TABLES

Table
1.

Page Rituals and Practices of Witchcraft in Selected

76 Foreign Witchcraft Films

2.

Binary Opposition of the characters in the

90 Selected Foreign Witchcraft Films.

3.

Motifs and Archetypes in the Selected

99 Witchcraft Films. 4. 106 Psychonalysis. Characters Individuation using Freudian

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Conceptual Paradigm Page 45

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Witchcraft, witchcraft

according

philosophers,

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and

famous literary is treated as

men

in

book lane

of of

ancient history,

medieval is a

curious

by

superstition upon one

since dead day,

having it is

no a

existence field of

bearing were

present may most gather part in of

folklore weeds chapter

strange of

flower and and from

noxious terrible biased forth and

for of

the

eternal and is

history

humanity view that were

although divergent with virulence

points

which

blazed peace

and

ferocity there

threatened gross fraud to

salvation deceptions, credulous

in mankind, legerdemain, which

superstitions, perhaps trifle by

phantasy,

is impossible hysteria in or face

explain

away

hallucination, infallible any the appeal

autosuggestion of is of reason and

accepting truth and

authority to is the

authority waste

useless for for

examining

evidences idle and

just

time

all allegation

seems

ridiculous. surficially middle of ages believed of that witchcraft century a period up of

Often was to a product

been of

thirteen was Europe of

the beginning diabolic terrific from

eighteen spread

century out in

which in

cults

and

flaunted cases with

proportions, the

number

typical in France

comparing

fifth teen

century

the

seventeen century the enduring minds, noblest

in

England cannot

be

undoubtedly ages were

denied most

reality keenest name in

throughout the

brilliant and

intelligences, most had heard during were book Rome had theory,

learned

scholars and

who

the evidence the reign of and in

firmly

believed

witchcraft, and charmers popular in

Triumvirate all sorcerers Greek burned, absolutely gremoires

astrologers were

vanished of but issued spells

punished

and Latin even

were

discovered

publicly edicts

all pagan forbidding

emperors gothic

confiscating

and

visiting

necromancers has been

with death. always must facts expected in

Studying analyzing students depend genres

Literature and in

comprehension discovering of their

follow must

through, always is

desire

on the to.

capacity

thinking

which

according

CHED Memorandum order No.59 and the series of 1996 grounded the study of Literary Tertiary Institutions and focusing on new General Education of Curriculum. In accordance with the pertinent provisions of Republic Act 772, otherwise known as the HIGHER EDUCATION CURRICULLUM To make same responsive to the demand of the next millennium, a new GEC is hereby adopted and promulgated by the commission to be required and implemented as part of BACCALAUREATE DEGREE Programs in all Higher Education Institutions in the Philippines.

Thus, only to

the

researchers academic readers to

opted

to

this but

study also

not to

fulfill

requirements enhance

encourage students

their

interest ,

discovering literary In

new learnings

by it help

reading is

different or

types

of

pieces whether it among and of may all

fiction to their

non-fiction, progress serve of as

addition

understanding the highest that words

things which

Literature our own

deepest our

expression of

reality

language which medium

established. The are for Five related further to

researchers the topic, towards are

used literary film is use and by

genre a

guide

comparison selected film

observation. relevant observing

witchcraft study prevalent

movies

its in

to

the

thus;

foreign and

is used

the

rituals

practice

of Witchcraft. it in would the be important to began know that the the

However, Film industry initiative making film

Philippines Entrepreneurs; Swiss

through

of Foreign

Filipinos

started

movies shows in with

in 1999. Two Manila

Entrepreneurs as 1897 with

introduced regaling events but

as early

audiences and the

documentary in

films showing Europe, films by

recent

natural arrival

calamities of movie clips the market were

not only

that

silent

along with America the year but 1903. But failed their

colonialism these to film

created still

novelties

they of

hold

the

audiences

attention

because

novelty two Jose

and the

fact

that

they made a

were film it

foreigners, in clear 1912 that

when about the

American Entrepreneurs Rizals execution, need

they

made to

Filipinos This film, film the the goes

for material the of

close

their

hearts. Filipino make a

heralded credit to of and

making being

of the

first

first whom

Filipino to historians by to the stray

Jose Nepumuceno, Philippine producers on

dub as few the

Father

Movies dared social

1930s from issue.

film artist guidelines

and commented

political

Thus, Foreign Plays and dances had elements common to filmsscripts, sets, lighting, costumes, production,

direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, and scores. They preceded film by thousands of years. Much terminology later used in film theory and criticism applied, such as mise en scne. Moving visual images and sounds were not recorded for replaying as in film. According when camera camera Book the people tend to Wikipedia to have history used an of film starts of The his near is

early

type

obscura obscura of Optics 1600

(which meanes was

darken by

chamber). Alhazen in

further described and

(1021), by

was later

perfected Light

year

Giambattista

Della Porta.

inverted and

through

small a

hole

or or

lens screen,

from outside, creating from but it a a is

projected

onto

surface

projected

moving

image, film

indistinguishable to an audience,

projected high not

quality a and

preserved in In 1739

recording. 1748, and David An for Hume published concerning and Treatise Human causes

of Human

Nature

Enquiry the in

Understanding, arguing of ideas with

associations some sense

visual images, of drums invention in in

forerunners produced with

to the on

language

film. Moving and disks by Austria, Belgium

images in the Simon

were

revolving

1830s von

independent (Stroboscope)

Stampfer Plateau Horner

Joseph and William

(Phenakistoscope) (zoetrope) in

Britain. 1877, under Muybridge the sponsorship of Leland a a

In

Stanford, Eadweard horse series place with

successfully in fast The farm

photographed motion using

named "Sallie Gardner" of on the 24 stereoscopic June 11 press whether off at the present. a the

cameras. Palo The Alto

experiment in was had

took

California meant all to four were

exercise horse ever

determine legs

running ground

lifted

at

once.

The cameras

arranged each

along

track was by

parallel

to

the by a

horse's, and trip They by of wire were the a

camera

shutter

controlled horse's the 20 at

which was 21

triggered to

the

hooves. feet

inches apart

cover

taken

horse second.

stride, taking

pictures

one

thousandth

Roundhay celluloid film Roundhay October England motion

Garden

Scene The filmed

1888, second by

the

first

known film, on

recorded.

experimental Le West

Garden Scene, 14, and 1888 UK is

Louis

Prince

in Roundhay, now known as

Leeds, the

Yorkshire, surviving

earliest

picture. June 21,1889, for William his Friese-Greene was issued camera. to ten film.

patent It

no. 10131

'chrono of

photographic' taking up

was apparently per on

capable using was

photographs A report

second

perforated published

celluloid in On the

the camera News sent

British

Photographic Friese-Greene Edison, picture was whose

on February 28, 1890. a clipping of had the the

18 March, to a Thomas motion report

story

laboratory known in gave a as

been developing

system

Kinetoscope. The American on in

reprinted

Scientific public

April 19. 1890 but

Friese-Greene

demonstration

the

low

frame

rate

combined to work

with an

the

device's

apparent unreliability As a result

failed of the

make of

impression. Marey late known to

Etienne-Jules in the are

and Eadweard 19th today design Dickson, Edison.

Muybridge,

many that

researchers films as

century realized were a a

they but the was of

practical

possibility,

first

fully successful working His was under fully

apparatus

W. K. L. Alva the

the direction developed in on 1891

Thomas called took

camera, and

Kinetograph, of

patented

a series Kodak

instantaneous

photographs coated wide. public

standard on to a

Eastman

photographic

emulsion 35mm

transparent this the work

celluloid strip were first

The in

results 1893,

of

shown in also

using and a

viewing the box, one

apparatus

designed by was the looking machine success Charles

Dickson,

called large by

Kinetoscope. and only at

This

contained within images into by in to it

permitted a time the

be viewed through a

person after was the

a peephole, coin. and and It left his

starting not way a

inserting this

commercial free for

form, Jenkins first The

Francis with the 1894.

projector, the Phantoscope, before an audience

showing and

in June

Louis

Auguste apparatus gave

Lumire that

perfected printed, of

the and

Cinmatographe, projected film. pictures this form Some to

an They an

took,

their in

first Paris

show in

projected

audience the

December 1895 After developed other widths 35-mm its

date, of of

Edison as

company did

own

projector, these used a

various film the

inventors. and wide

different few

projection speeds, Edison speed The film of and the other

but after the

years per

16-frames

second

projection

Lumire

Cinmatographe

became was used

standard. the a

important and by

American competitor Company, which he

American new camera

Mutoscope designed

Biograph Dickson

after At the

left the Chicago gave a

Edison 1893 series in

Company. World's of Columbian on the

Exposition, Muybridge Science Hall, of Animal

lectures

Locomotion for the his Hall that

the

Zoopraxographical in He to the "Midway his paying film

built specially arm to of show the

purpose

Plaisance" zoopraxiscope public, theater.

exposition.

used a

moving pictures the

making

first commercial

William with the Edison

Kennedy

Laurie

Dickson, is

chief

engineer with the

Laboratories,

credited

invention containing method of

of a

a practicable sequence of

form

of

a the

celluloid basis moving

strip of a

images,

photographing blocks were

and projecting

images. with coated

Celluloid heated with a

thinly After

sliced, then this, emulsion. World's two the

removed

pressure

plates.

they were

photosensitive In 1893 at

gelatin the to

Chicago the

Fair,

Thomas

Edison

introduced based on

public

pioneering Kinetograph and the which a

inventions the first

this

innovation; picture a

practical The of

moving was

camera in

Kinetoscope. continuous

latter

cabinet

loop

Dickson's was a

celluloid by

film an

(powered by incandescent

an electric motor) lamp and seen the

backlitght magnifying through

through image

lens. an

The eye

spectator piece. film "Black These as as

viewed

Kinetoscopeparlours snippets Maria" sequences Fred Ott's acrobats,

were by

supplied with Dickson, like

fifty-foot

photographed studio

in Edison's "ma-RYE-ah"). incidents, acts, and soon never

(pronounced both and hall

recorded Sneeze, music

mundane

such such

entertainment performers parlors however,

boxing spread attempted

demonstrations. successfully to

Kinetoscope Europe. Edison,

to

patent

these since and the

instruments on they relied

the

other

side on

of

the

Atlantic, experiments This the

so greatly from of

previous Europe. such as and his

innovations development by maker

Britain and imitations,

enabled camera

devised

British Robert

electrician W. Paul and

scientific instrument partner Birt Acres.

Charles moving pictures the first

Francis to large film

Jenkins, groups

wanting of

to

display invented his to in the and via or

people, In the same

patented called motion

projector. was the

1894, first time,

invention, project Lyon, a

the Phantoscope, picture. and At about

France,

Auguste a films

Louis Lumire camera, time were

invented printer,

cinematograph, projector. The

portable of the

seen

mostly

temporary storefront as a acts minute

spaces

and t raveling A film

exhibitors could be a a

in vaudeville long and

programs. would

under single public camera the enough

usually of

present life,

scene, event,

authentic a

or staged, event or

everyday

sporting and of

slapstick.

There

was But was

movement, novelty

flat,

stagey compositions. moving photographs

realistically

for end

a of

motion the

picture in

industry

to mushroom around the notable in late to

before world.

the

century,

countries were a

Illustrated this trend that

songs in as

exception

to

began late

1894 the

vaudeville 1930s the were music paired

houses in film video, with

and persisted as theaters. live In this

early precursor or

performance

sound recordings slides devices. through

hand-colored stereopticons narrative whose was

glass and similar

projected In a

through song

this way, series the

illustrated were main

of slides narrative songs was

changes The

simultaneous purpose of

with

development. to encourage

illustrated and they

sheet

music

sales,

were

highly for a

successful with single song.

sales Later,

reaching with were during from

into the

the

millions of

birth filler

film, material

illustrated preceding

songs and

used reel 1895

as

films

changes. to show 1906. the The first moving

Film eleven years from a

history of motion to

pictures an

cinema

novelty

established films represent

large-scale a movement made by

entertainment from one films person

industry. The consisting with a of

one shot,

completely

few

assistants, towards

films

several were

minutes made by

long

consisting

of

several shots, in something

which like

large

companies

industrial

conditions. business film took in 1906. The place on first April 14, built. intended not "The commercial 1894 at it a

Film exhibition of

the first Kinetoscope was sound clear film that Edison

parlor

ever

However, to create

originally would

system, which until it the

gain Jazz

worldwide Singer" was in to a in

recognition 1927. be In made

release of clear motion audience peep-show most

1896 by to a

became

that more picture than

money

showing large

films with them

projector Edison's

exhibiting

Kinetoscope However, the

machines. motion the picture largest Mutoscope peepDickson

successful States, with

company production company. show after

in

the until

United 1900,

was

the up made

American to by

This

was

initially set designs Edison wide

exploit W.K.L. in each for

type he

films left used

using the 70 mm.

company and sheets the

1895. His frame was

equipment printed into image

film,

separately

onto

paper

insertion The a

their viewing sheets

machine,

called the

Mutoscope. of

stood out

from

periphery

rotating Besides called positive

drum, the the

and

flipped they

into view also

in

succession. a projector a continuous

Mutoscope, Biograph, print were States,

made

which made

could the

project same smaller them

film

from

negatives. producers established in a

There the United long-term Vitagraph, in From United

numerous and in these

other of new

some the minor

presence one of and there over made

century. built

American studios 1905. the basic

producers,

Brooklyn, 1896

expanded

its

operations litigation

in in the

was continuous the motion

States that 1898

patents covering pictures possible. was the

mechanisms By of fiction onwards trick markets. which (while long),

Georges in was

Mlis France, almost were

largest from

producer point

films

and

this

his output

entirely very of

films

featuring in all films, onwards a minute

effects, which The

successful his from longer 1899

special popularity several other other

were most led

minutes long films makers were to Path brand, the

still only start began with By

producing longer film production Zecca was

film. From under the hired to

1900

Charles

Path-Frres actually make

Ferdinand 1905,

films.

Path

the

largest

film

company War

in I.

the Lon shown

world,

position began

it

retained Initially venues, became

until World films but either were

Gaumont as a

film.

mostly

novelty special quickly of tent

the as

main an or

methods item by

of on

exhibition the

programmes in in

variety theatres, theatres, towns. companies at so

traveling around the

showman fairs the the of a

which they It to much prices became sell per

took

country producing

the practice prints foot,

for

out right to regardless were 15

exhibitors, the subject. foot in in the Britain. of 3 the times such which solely

Typical United

initially and one which

cents a being cost few

States,

shilling were

foot

Hand-coloured most popular as as did with much the not per

films, subjects foot.

produced 2 to

before There

1900, a

were and but

producers, Company, them

American Mutoscope sell own theatre which there available an their films,

Biograph

exploited The

their

exhibition units. showing was were to

first films

successful was The

permanent

nothing but opened

Nickelodeon, By this date long

in Pittsburgh enough films

in 1905. several for

finally fill a

minutes at

programme running in a the

least

half

hour, Other suit,

exhibitors and within

United of

States

quickly followed

couple

years

there

were thousands The

of

these

nickelodeons to of a

in

operation. boom 1906 in

American situation led production and exhibition painting a

worldwide films in from his

the

onward

Georges

Mlis

backdrop

studio. The to only in the head the first of film their kind cameras tripod of were or fastened directly with

other

support,

crudest

levelling

devices heads

provided, of the

the

manner The during were

of the

still-camera cameras and

tripod were

period. fixed

earliest film the the The shot, result first

thus

effectively camera on a a

hence

the a

first camera was

movements moving shot a by

of mounting known from

vehicle. a

of these the

film of

Lumire

cameraman in

back platform by

train a

leaving number listed

Jerusalem of films under sales

1896,

and

1898 there trains. of those of to a as

were

shot the

from general of in

moving

Although

heading time,

"panoramas " in the films railway "phantom shot engine rides".

catalogues from

the

straight forward were

front referred

usually specifically

The standard pattern for early film studios was provided by the studio which Georges Mlis had built in

1897. This had a glass roof and three glass walls constructed after the model of large studios for still photography, and it was fitted with thin cotton cloths that could be stretched below the roof to diffuse the direct ray of the sun on sunny days. Unique long films parts Filmic by acts effects the of among all the one minute recorded their those

made

Edison variety

company,

which

of the

performers film was

for among

Kinetoscope exported in 1895, on at from to

viewing machines. This Europe and was with the seen in

first

Kinetoscope Mlis,

machines who was in

by Georges his Theatre making and

putting Paris films

magic the

shows

Robert-Houdin of he

time.

After Lumire, chez a stop

imitations Robert Paul, (The made

other made

Edison, dun film

Escamotage Lady). This by using

dame

Robert-Houdin woman being

Vanishing to as vanish the made next

shows

the same film.

motion

technique Georges

earlier many

Edison

After this, using other

Mlis the

single of

shot

films

this trick basic set double first

over of

couple for the Smith

years. The

techniques of G.A. was

trick cinematography film in in the camera, July 1898

involves which was

exposure done by

in the

UK.

The

ghost

effect

simply the the

done

by

draping had the at

the been

set in shot,

black and then

velvet

after

main

action with

re-exposing going

negative the

actor the

playing

the ghost

through the or in

actions which

appropriate within a

point. Likewise, circular vignette

vision, matte, the

appeared

was

similarly to with the the

superimposed scene, in which a

over

black area over a

backdrop the set

rather it, so

than that quite

part of

detail image,

nothing solid. Santa

appeared through Smith Claus. Georges dark background Demons) then made a used

seemed year

this technique

again

later

in

Mlis in la

first

used

superimposition (The Cave in

on of

a the and

Cavernemaudite of months further one He shot then

couple it the

later

1898,

elaborated in

with in lHomme did

multiple de ttes further other was

superimpositions (The Troublesome in

Heads). numerous technique and this the by it of

it with films. The

variations special reverse images. time, then

subsequent that G.A.

effect motion He did while

Smith initiated of the

quality repeating

self-motivating action a second camera, to and that

filming the

with the

an

inverted

joining

tail

second

negative

of

the

first.

The

first Turvy

films and

made

using

this Sign

device Painter. painter of the the

were Tipsy, The

Topsy, Sign

The

Awkward a

Awkward a

Painter in the

showed reverse

sign printing

lettering same

sign, and appended the

footage on

to the vanished

standard

print,

painting brush.

sign

under the

painter's

Cecil printing frame by original built through camera image. a a the

Hepworth negative so

took of

this the

technique

further,

by

forwards a print

motion in To do

backwards which this the he

frame,

producing exactly

action was special

reversed. which the into

printer in

negative the a be an gate

running of a

projector a

was projected special

through This

lens giving came to

same-size called a

arrangement and

projection printer.

printer,

eventually

optical

Narrative shot The it was first was led of

film

are of

made the in

up life

of of

more

than

one

by films these in

Jesus in

Christ. and the of

was made the

France by the a

1897, of town

followed play This

same year in

film

passion Horitz.

staged was

yearly by

Czech

filmed

Americans

for exhibition

outside special

the

German-speaking not as a

world

and

was

presented in but with a

venues,

continuous with

film, lantern to 90

the separate lecture, and running time Real moving be in from to

scenes lives of the film one

interspersed choral

slides,

numbers, to which

increase minutes.

the

spectacle

about means

continuity, shot into

showing to

action it, can made old

another Come of

joined Along,

dated 1898.

Robert

W. Paul's shot

Do!, an

In the an the

first

this follows

film, other

couple outside inside they through do

art exhibition door.

people what action In

The second

shot

showed of in

inside. The in

further films year, The

development continued George Kiss in

continuity the latter in

multi-shot of that

1899.

part

Albert the

Smith, Tunnel. at and

working This the

Brighton, with which the a

made shot

started point at with of a a

from

a phantom into set

ride

the

train on

goes a

a tunnel,

continued interior kiss

action

representing the a man back out steals to of a

railway woman, when

carriage, and the then

where cuts

from

the the

phantom tunnel.

ride shot

train

comes

Theoretical Framework

Examining

the

detail case such

of as mind

bloody

history

of

witchcraft, elucidating cataleptic, epileptic exactly diagnosed,

hysterical disorder private

subject, that not

and

obscure

denounced victims of

malice

of

enemies, and craze really by

political grounds, malignity, cranks, been the present

idlest

superstitions and half had

silly bodies,

eccentrics

underlying provocative in the a reality huge of

phenomena of

number witchcraft self

cases and

acknowledging contracts, hypnotism, portentous furnishes psychical normal are to

diabolic and

imposture a morbid growth as are

trickery, imagination, of spiritism

deception

accomplishing within

wishes,

generation and and

extraordinary

phenomena by of

physical any the natural

simply inexplicable declare by that some

views be One

manifestation

ascribed of the

satanic intervention. concerns to art a in the philosophy single a

central trying of

of art property sculpture such of

involves all

establish share. by

what

works

What

unites

by Rodin they can

and both

painting be

Jackson in the

Pollock category from a the new

that

included more

artworks? of

This question the twentieth

became century

taxing

beginning

onwards

when

and

bewildering range of styles, media and artistic aims never before. to mean Prior to this

pushed back boundaries as time art was

generally taken

representational and new as music. art well The forms as arts

painting, new such

sculpture, theatre, saw both the and

literature of

century as

development photography, within the and

cinema

revolutionary such as

developments art this

traditional

conceptual prior when of aim works of to

atonal music.

Theories run into

developed difficulty features express sought

period understandably to were into But pick out the

trying which

essential with the which

often designed question the

calling them.

theory has

to

define by

this challenge to have pick

provoked those to be of

responses properties art, and

those any

determined work must

out

which one

in order

contemporary

response

has

been that

Formalism. One who of the greatest opponents is Sharon Crowley

claims

that James

current-traditionalism says that in on the

dominates current-

composition. traditional narration, categories

Williams

classroom, and like is

focus

remains exposition and thought

description, divided into

exposition, definition not often

compare/contrast . to fit in with

Critical thinking

current-traditionalism, composition assignments book report. Patricia emphasizes grammar, of

as will

many ask a

current-traditionalist student to write a

Bizzels states that current-traditionalism writing and prescriptivism is the in

expository

usage, to

andstyle . What ones

follows

practice and

applying

composition writing is the

rhetorical in a very

modes

outlines, setting.

situating

ones

formulaic to stifle

Current-traditionalism of them students into in

thought composition

the creativity by confining argumentation, traditionalism, define writing

classroom

genres narration that a try

such and is

as

description, currentto too

and claiming using students

oppose

it narrow to

impossible It is

such to

scope. mold

difficult for into since

their

writing pattern, a task . often order

the typical writing is

prewrite, not so

write,

revise or and rigid

mechanical Knoblauch

Instructors, adhere to to The in to a to that

according to

Brannon, that from in

production recipe, write, students

claiming start

learn end:

but

beginning

is, find a topic state a thesis etc. . claim is that a current-traditional as employing approach process their

authors the

classroom when

often billed are

theory,

really instructors

simply

having

students analytical creativity. By was coming offered

write

composition without

from

mechanistic, any room for

standpoint

allowing

the into

early its

1960 own

Structuralism and some to

as

movement that life it that

believed human of

a single

unified

approach A

would embraced heavily that system parole, reveal regard deep rooted to and of

all discipline. by cultural

method

inquiry, especially kinship than these

influenced Claude

anthropology, studied in Language

Levi-Strauss who interested

myth,

and in the

rituals,

rather

particular structures and

phenomena rules as of

primarily as the

general system, but even the as

signifying rules that

systems govern

cultural as

variable universal mind. It unit with in a

these of

in changing the their how the

structures smallest modes

human

attempts a view work to than

identify study

meaningful

of combination is

understanding interpreting

meaning actual are what

created conveyed

rather by

meaning not

particular consumption actually relation. culture in is

text ,structuralist of read It made is literature about about a up the

concerned when in

with

happens literature

people social human

role of

methodological of systems

principle in which

that a

change

element

produces change structural actions possible meaning, permanent are and in and it

in

others, search

the for

use

of

language functions meaning of

as or is

model. The texts, the has

universal of how

the explanation post structural to our be.

denial

objective there who view are we of of can

lead in can

the belief minds In the on

that

structure what we is to only be

that determine sense the these this

structuralism structuralist be applied system seen. can

simply human to

based mind,

application principle

ether science human

texts, to

,research mind remain

method, to be

expanded

Structuralism claims of objectivity in and

to

preserve that

certain into who

level postwere Postthe to

its analysis many of

turn

structuralism previously

the thinkers are

considered

structuralist sought

now labeled to De apply Saussure

structuralist. structural anthropology. considered as the

Levi-Strauss

linguistics of At the time

Ferdinand the family object

anthropologically but seen of

fundamental as and and a

to analysis,

primarily wife uncles

self-contained their children. all

unit consisting

husband, aunts,

Nephews, cousins, treated as a

grandparents

were

secondary . Levi-Strauss Saussure linguistic identities Levi-Strauss anthropology, and insisting of

argued

that

however, acquire with

related

to

value,

families relations the

determinate another. of first

only through inverted putting on the the

one

classical

views

secondary family members the relations

analyzing units it is a

between units and the

instead literary field all of

themselves. In apply nascent they

humanistic in

studies,

most effectively discipline that use language

narratology

studies

narratives, novels and

whether and new

myths and relief

legends, cultures analyze

accounts,

histories,

psychological features values

studies, and deep in part

narratologists of the over of

the systematic

functions

narratives. Structuralism surface Marx phenomena; Freud

structures the views

it parallels

and

both concerned with and from and modern largely

underlying

causes, forces, and

unconscious shifting choice, furthers portraying consequence control existence,

motivations away

transpersonal

attention like the a of

human consciousness Freudianism, diminishment as a

Marxism ongoing self

Structuralism of individual

construct

and nether social as a

impersonal and life or

system,

individual of their

the codes mental

conventions linguistic

experience

result

of

demotions is in widely literary text genre

of

the as

person

or

subject

structuralism Thus, relates maybe

regarded theory, to a a

Anti Humanistic. criticism which

structuralist larger

literary

structure, of

particular a

range

intellectual structure or

connections, a system of

model of

universal or

narrative motifs. in

recurrent patterns there why must it be

Structuralism every text, to

argues which

that

structure

explains a

easier

for experienced is

readers

interpret than

text. Today such There has for

structuralism as are

less

popular and this.

approaches

post-structuralism many reasons for

deconstructions. Structuralism historical forces of over and the

often

been

criticized deterministic to act. seen the By

for being structural the end

favoring of

ability

people

the

century school rather

structuralism of than thought,

was but

historically that

important spawned, attention.

movements

structuralism

itself,

commanded

Structuralism anthropology, fields. Its 1913),

began

in

linguistics

and

spread and

to

philosophy, founder was

literary Ferdinand who wanted

criticism De to

other (1851the

Saussure move

a Swiss linguist

beyond

historical

interest that

dominated work

his he

field published

in

the

twentieth century. his left scene lifetime behind for was

Although the entirely between

during he the of

in historical 1906 and 1911

tradition, the set

lectures a new

synchronic, rejected and

structural analysis the concept on

language. freedom that

Structuralism the choice is

of human the way

and

focused

instead various this

human

behavior important

determined by work on

structures. score was of their both

The most

initial the

Levi-Strauss 1949 volume kinship. time in Levi-Strauss had New York

Elementary Jacobson

Structures during by

known

WWII and was as well

influenced as the

Jacobsons

structuralism tradition. to

American

anthropological According is principle its place

Ferdinand meaning total

De of

Saussure, each of word

Structuralism depends on

that in

the

the

system

language,

though

limited

to literate. Roland Barthers (1963) in terms of Expand its it by characterizing activity, or as

structuralism the goal poetic to of is to

reconstructive whether in

structuralist reconstruct rule

activity an of object

reflexive a the way

such of

manifest thereby

functioning

object.

The structure object but the it

is therefore is

actually

simulacrum

of

the since which in

a directed objects make or if

interested

simulacrum, appear

initiated

something

remained the

invisible object.

one prefers

unintelligible

natural

Jean structural, a and model; if if

Marie and only it

Benoist. if it a

In display formal

an the set

analysis content of

is as

can isolate of which

elements to argue given of a and make of

relation

interms

it

is

possible of

without content, text or

entering it any the is

upon not of

the significance concerned system with the rather the

the

content

kind

it analyzes system which principle

explores the its

structure possible, defines

underlying one the of the

content the

leading with

form

content

the underlying

structure. Claude psychology and the and well human which as Levi-Strauss biology as said as that other in that Anthropology, disciplines, certain content we view ways as are that and

well to

mind structured determine its the the

operate of

nature of that are

regardless culture we

discipline a

working, theres

living in,

in

mans

innate,

genetically transmitted

determined one

mechanism that premises among

act though

as

structuring force view is

is

underlying

this

far from

reaching

consensus C.S

structuralist

thinker. Saussures labeled structural semiology that ,

Peirce sketched

(American as

Philosopher). science

contemporary Semiotics anthropology semiotics sign folk of and came in

similar

1961 within to from to and At

Levi-Strauss the domain a

situated or

designate jargon those

field study

analyze of

system, narrative

to fashion, phonological to the

from the

roles

system, from convention when

codes of myth

architecture literature. was

medicine the

moment to

structuralist discipline of in

methodology

expanding reaction century

the

semiotics critical France. In theories myth 19th as myth century, a as failed a 19th

occurred the

particularly first half

theory, the 19nth

scholarly of the myth

appeared in general

during these

second century often modern the

framed

or obsolete

thought, of

interpreting science. 19th 20th

primitive counterpart of of

century theories myth as

theory

myth rejected myth

century to see to

opposition almost

and science an outdated are

tended

anything but modern

counterpart to

science

consequently,

not obliged

abandon

myth

for

science. One accounts to upon this

theory

claims

that events

myth

is

distorted according elaborated in those

of real

historical

EUHEMERUS, repeatedly figures some for myth

theory, story

tellers

historical gained myth

accounts until the status as

this

accounts propose phenomena, from the

of gods, allegories that

theories natural resulted

that some

began

thinkers

believed of

personification to this

inanimate objects that as gods, not as this ancient air

and forces, worshipped

according natural to

thinker such them as as

phenomena described things

fire,

gradually coming thought object personal tended to thus, gods,

mythopoeia as act mere of

view

persons, events myths. ritual rituals that first

they described thus giving to is the tied

natural rise to

According existence extreme explain biblical Battle Mircae of may of of myth form this

myth to claims

theory, in its arose by of

the most to the the

theory

myth

rituals, scholar,

this the

claims was

forward

manuscript illustration from the one of epic the and

kurukshetra argued to

Hindu Mahabharata foremost function that or the myth

Eliade is

that

Myth also

established behavior a religious by

provide

telling

reenacting

myths

member

of

traditional and

societies to the

detach the

themselves age are

from the thereby

present

return to

mythical

bringing themselves between In

divine. There

difference criticism. to famous

mythological

criticism and it

archetypal

mythological

criticism, in in

has references of literature, of getting is similar concerned lastly, and

mythological are

stories included from all

works the

these a to

references

hopes it

universal

reactions

readers, it human hopes, is

psychological things

approach that of

because

also

with the myth

underlie peoples

behavior fears, the

are symbolic

values

other philosophical criticism, first motifs normally example colors tree, mate, Aside and of

ideas. all,

Then we archetypes in

have are

archetypal ideas, myths, last sun,

similar

images found as

many

different and as the water,

defined of and

universal symbols are images the such

archetypes numbers, the

circles, hero, the

serpent, mother,

the garden, the soul

desert, the from

earth or

trickster, the here

motifs of

pattern

and

degree.

difference now is

mythological the most

and archetypal and form author

criticism, archetypal of criticism and the

using the the

mythological traditional of and the

criticism. that

Unlike on

focuses itself,

history

piece

mythological

archetypal

focuses other

on

the history

of

the on

gods, the

goddesses that

and in only of

allusions The was the

mentions reason proper the for

piece

mythology. recently criticism psychology skeptical towards also in

this to

approach is use of one this type

means

through

studies Next it

anthropology, is many to there the are lean are

and cultural to

history. since

this approach occult. The last over and

appears is that of

the

reason

much

confusion myths

the definitions the fact that

objects more

the

actual in

people

are

interested

concrete

ideas. identified language to tales Myths be how be that so as a type

Similarly, of speech This

Levi-Strauss which a

through

could

discovered. seemingly similar not were to the of a of He the

theory

attempted and arbitrary

explain could

fantastical across one all apply mythene. myth a down

culture.

Levi-Strauss of the

believed

theres they sought

authentic

version of

a myth,

rather

that he

manifestations the

same language, units each a of of

fundamental

myth, namely the versions

Levi-Strauss into a

broke of a

series

sentences, and he a

consisting subject, examined

relationship he

between had

function

believed that

discovered

when

relations nothing

between mythenes but

was

that

myth

consist by minds and

of

binary oppositions. believed in in that these the these that the

Influenced human oppositions

Hegel, think their and

Levi-Strauss fundamentally unification triad, and

binary

thesis, antithesis, synthesis are what make sees

meaning possible. basic paradox stories myth in are seems of

Furthermore, the study of myth.

Levi-Strauss On one

hand; The

mythical of

fantastic and

unpredictable. On the

content

completely arbitrary. different that cultures are laws

other hand, similar. mythical

the myths He

surprisingly must govern

proposed and in he of

universal this

thought myths but

resolved different propose universal try to

seeming each is just

paradox, producing myth one may

cultures, that law reduced and to it of

seem unique

particular In

instance

human

thought. kind a of

studying to which the

myth he kind of of

arbitrary attain apparent,

data at

some kind

of order

level underlying

necessity becomes liberty. According always toward progresses

illusions

to from

Levi-Strauss the In

mythical of

thought

awareness other words,

oppositions consist

their resolution.

myths

of and

element other

that opposed elements Euhemerus

or

contradict or

each

other

hand those

that mediate was he one of

resolve most as over

oppositions.

the

important account many is

pre-modern mythologist, of actual historical this by view

interpreted

myth

events, of myths in the

distorted and their (229d)

retellings criticized Socrates who is

origin in of

Plato that

Phaedrus is the and

which one not

say

this

approach curious

province

Vehemently happy. E.B Taylor

laborious ,and

entirely

Interpreted for natural

myth

as

an

attempt unable tried souls

at to to to

literal explanation conceive explain inanimate ideas, scholars not

phenomena; early man

of impersonal natural object all

natural by

laws,

phenomena

attributing to all

gradually progressing scholars not view. myth as a even

scientific 19th century

agreed Max

with

this Called

Muller

disease due in to

of

a the

language, he lack of language: such

speculated

that and

myth neuter of

arose gender speech, to

abstract nouns

ancient in that also

Anthropomorphic figure taken

necessary the idea He

language

literally leading

natural

phenomena

were

conscious being,

gods.

support

allegorical of

theory

of

myth

began as

allegorical

description James magical

nature. saw myths were law, as a misinterpretation based with on of the

Erazer

rituals of

which natural

themselves mans begin when

mistaken idea belief these

unfounded that of to

of impersonal laws dont

magical work

laws,

he in

realize favor rise

and

transfer thus man

impersonal religious formerly

controlling nature myths, magical theses meanwhile ritual as his

giving

continuos force of

practicing of habit

through

reinterpreting now makes he

reenactment true

mythical through

events, science, to

discovers

nature

myth obsolete Jung

from

magic

through that

religion human

science.Carl certain he

(1873-1961)

asserted

share which the

innate

unconscious archetypes,

psychological Jung believed from

forces, that

called

similarities between the reveal the existence

myths

different

cultures

of these

universal that there

archetypes. there are in to were myths the do two that Human with

Joseph different orders are Metaphorical being and that specific

Campbell of of there

believed that

mythology Spiritual are He

potentiality that myth have

myths

societies

defines

with four

different

functions and

such as

mystical,

cosmological,

sociological

pedagogical. Claude Levi-Strauss the mind and believed that myths those reflect patterns pairs of or

patterns more

in

interpreted

as fixed

mental

structures than as

specifically unconscious

opposite (good / evil) urges. William performing to a a myth, Robertson for

feelings

Smith some

thought reason the for

that is

People not

begin related for

rituals after

that

they try to

forgotten account the

original ritual

reason by

ritual ,they myth

inventing the

and claiming described

that

rituals

commemorates

events

in that

myth. movement over its and various has one expanded hundred practices school of

However, and diversified

The Psychoanalytic in many direction

year in examine thoughts the

history ,contemporary the contribution made

theory by the and

explain

the similarities theory object Lacanian of

differences as

between Freudian

contemporary

Freud relations, analysis, that over

independent,

kleinian, and

interpersonal, Freud was because the

self psychological fount clarity of of the

psychoanalysis and

flawed style,

of the into

his thought

going

back

the

remains in the

of

psychoanalytical early in a years way a

imperative master

and text

its was

because still

single

possible as

that

become movement been of

increasingly has both by

problematic, expanded and

the psychoanalytic but also each

diversified and

challenged the not

controversy psychoanalytic theoretical affiliation that the

schism,

differing just a

approaches orientation

represent but common a

tradition, and the

style,

and

set

of

values in

assumptions course of

analysis is

acquired

training.

PROCESS Gathering Content Focus Group Data

Analysis Interview

Informal

Observation

THEORIES AND APPROACHES Structuralism Mythological Psychoanalysis

INPUT Macbeth, The Craft, Sleepy hollow, Sorcerers Apprentice and Season of The Witch

OUTPUT Binary Opposition Motifs and Archetypes Id, ego, superego

PROCESS Gathering Content Focus Group Data

Analysis Interview

Informal

Observation

Figure

1.

Rituals

and Practices Movies

of

Witchcraft 1971-2010

in

Selected

Foreign

From

The Conceptual Paradigm The that the conduct serve and as Conceptual researchers a study a guide of Paradigm will be the illustrates able to do the in process order to

regarding

selected

topic.

It will Rituals Foreign

in conducting Witchcraft From in

a research of the . Input Foreign which Selected

Practices

Witchcraft

Movies

1971-2010 contains of

Conceptual as a which literary are

Paradigm genre

film

used Film

consist Craft, and that

Witchcraft

The

Sleepy Season

Hollow, of

Sorcerers The Witch. order to

Apprentice, Researchers trace and the

Macbeth choose different facts for will

following films and

in

rituals the be

practices

to justify

gather

case able on a

study. to gather data, group order justify analyze and the

Researchers the content, conduct gathered an will

focus

interview to support

Informal

Interview further

in

data and to

the

scenarios

regarding the

the

topic,

this and

serve

as

the

process of

of

research. Theories

approaches in

consist

Levi-

Strauss Binary Motifs and

Opposition

Structuralism, Mythological

Archetypes

and Freudian Psychoanalysis.

Statement of the Problem This rituals lane of study aims of to identify which the is prevalent curious by

and practices

witchcraft

history, Formalism, Structuralism and Mythological

approach. Specifically questions: 1. What are the rituals in the and practices films? how do the of witchcraft it sought to answer the following

that were portrayed 2. Using

selected in of

Levis-Straus in terms the

Structuralism Binary

Characters 3. revealed 4.

differ are the

Opposition? and archetypes

What in

different films?

motifs

selected

How are the characters individuated using Freuds id,

ego and superego? Importance of the Study

In

order

to

clearly and human and

understand heart seek

and

fully

realize sort

the shuddering of

horror

dismay evil

any

commerce between are the the corn whole

beings kernel of

and

spirits, exiled why by of and and the in

which

witchcraft, to

throughout tomorrow the

of Christendom, was written of judges, and

appreciate the subject holiest

after

tomorrow

upon

most

learned and

pens

Europe, why grave

pontiffs discreet earnest

wisest king

philosopher novel in and

scholars, divine, of

peasant, were in of

careless one

all

alike Why

mind Spain

persecution

sorcery. in

Catholic and at

Puritan Scotland, unhesitatingly and the the plague cautery In should with of

cold

Geneva man

Genial to all

Rome, out

perseveringly the most

sought of

stamp

terrible

penalties,

fire. that by and lawyers misreading foolishly were of think history monk we and mad been whole

order

not superficially layman for and as and

magistry, fanatics presented impertinent doctrine of often

mere too, not

tigers, often be

such traduced, to of

have they, it will

briefly the powers

recapitulate darkness, but facts which

the

orthodox too

nowadays to

forgotten or

ignored,

the acute

medieval Yet

mind

were fearfully that

and

prominently and candid this

in

view. we

supposing

with clear to

minds

proceed evidence, number century England. of

carefully to inquire

investigate into to the the compare trials

accumulated of of a 15th in

circumstances the of trials 17th

typical France

cases with

in

century

Shall of fantastic stratum be in to be

we and

not

find

that

amid

obvious certain whole,

accretions very solid cannot to

superfluous detail throughout The sceptic the

traced

this

reason denied,

notoriously critical will

refuses

believed of vast upon be more the

in witchcraft, evidence of at the

but

sanely trial

examination that a

witch

show is and some

amount a

vulgar modern misconception to review that

incredulity of the facts,

founded it of may the

complete

worthwhile common

quite

and correct

objections their many fatuous the

are

loosely and which are and yet of

repeatedly urged as

maintained proving

points

the

absurdity system, capable

demonstrable there is not and

impossibility of one phenomena simple.

whole is not

which

satisfactory

often

Scope and Delimitation

This selected

study

is

limited movie: Macbeth perform

only

to

the

analysis

of the

Witchcraft Hollow, will

Sorcerers and Season

Apprentice, of the

Craft, Sleepy

Witch. of the and

The researchers movie and will to

critical conduct and

analysis

gather acquired study

data, reliable will be

interview

observation in addition

accurate only and In a

findings, in the

this

limited

identifying psychoanalysis witchcraft

motifs, in

binary and

oppositions super ego.

Freudian selected

id, ego

movie. Definition of were terms defined based on their

use

The following in the study.

terms

Anarchists. A person who rebels against any authority, established order, or ruling power. Archetypes. dispositions basic that Are form or innate the universal from of psychic which the

substrate

symbols emerge.

representations According Mother, to Jung

unconscious are four and to

experience universal Trickster form such

there

archetypes: (or Devil).

Rebirth, is a

Spirit, tendency

"The archetype of a

representations

motif -

representations

that their

can

vary

great

deal

in detail

without an of a

losing

basic Thus

pattern. They for example

are indeed "the Archetype to provide

instinctive initiation meaningful stage of

trend". is

strongly with the

activated a next rite of

transition life to

passage stages

from one may

such

include being and preparation

parented, initiation, for death. Binary Opposition. and thought, defined and two set off two

courtship,

marriage

the

system

by

which, in are It

language strictly is such the as

theoretical against mutually down,

opposites one

another.

contrast between on and off, up

exclusive left concept as and of

terms, right.

and

Binary

opposition which sees

is an

important

structuralism, to a of all

such distinctions and is thought. In seen as

fundamental

language opposition philosophy,

structuralism, organizer

binary human of

a fundamental

culture, and language. In the and a

community

Philosophers put it,

scholars, most believe that, as Derrida distinction can be made rigorous and

"unless

precise it isn't really a distinction." Content Analysis. A methodology in studying the content of social science for

communication. Earl

Babbies

defines

it

as

"the

study

of

recorded and

human

communications, such as books, analysis messages is that a summarizing,

paintings

law.Content analysis of

quantitative

relies on the scientific objectivity, inter

method (including a priority ability, is may not be are

attention to design,

subjectivity, generalis testing variables which the and

reliability, and the

validity, hypothesis types of in

replicability, limited as measured created to or the

that

context

messages

or presented. A druid was a member and the of the priestly other

Druids. class In Great parts of Celts

Britain,

Ireland, during

possibly iron age.

Western Europe,

Ego. The ego comprises of the organized part of the personality structure that includes defensive, perceptual, intellectual-cognitive, awareness resides in and the executive ego, functions. not Conscious of the

although

all

operations of the ego are conscious. Originally, Freud used the word ego to mean a sense of self, but later revised it to mean a set of psychic functions such as judgment, tolerance, reality testing, control, planning, defence, synthesis of information, intellectual functioning, and memory.

Exorcism. is

the

religious

practice

of

evicting demons or other spiritual entities from a person or place which they are believed to have possessed. Depending on the spiritual beliefs of the exorcist, this may be done by causing the entity to swear an oath, performing an

elaborate ritual, or simply by commanding it to depart in the name of a higher power. The practice is ancient and part of the belief system of many cultures and religions. Films. Films specific culture, are which them. form, a Cultural reflect Film is of artifacts those created by and, an

cultures, to be

in turn, affect important and a art

considered popular or

source for

entertainment propaganda give Some by

powerful method The visual a universal

documentary of

citizens. pictures have dubbing the

elements power of

cinema

motion films using into

communication. attractions the

become popular or subtitles the

worldwide that viewer.

translate

dialogue

language of

Id. The id is a part of the unconscious structure of personality, which attempts to reduce tension and gain

pleasure. It is composed of two different, competing groups of instincts--the desire for life and sex (controlled by the libido) and the desire for death and aggression. These

competing instincts build up in the id, causing tension. The tension can only be relieved by reflex actions, physical symptoms, or mental images. Initiation. is a rite of passage ceremony marking

entrance or acceptance into a group or society. It could also be a formal admission to adulthood in a community or one of its formal components. In an extended sense it can also signify a transformation in which the initiate is 'reborn' into a new role. Examples of initiation ceremonies might include Jewish bar Hindu diksha, or bat Christian baptism or confirmation, acceptance into a fraternal order,

mitzvah,

organization, secret

society or religious

or graduation from school or recruit training. Invocation.As a supplication or prayer it implies to call upon God, a god or goddess, a person, etc. When a person calls upon God, a (protection, a god, or goddess to ask for something his/her spiritual presence in a

favour,

ceremony, etc.) or simply for worship, this can be done in a pre-established actions. An form or of with a the invoker's own text words for or an

example

pre-established

invocation is the Lord's Prayer. Mythological. of myths. For the study of myths, or to a is body the

example, comparative

mythology

study

of

connections whereas

between

myths is the of how present

from body

different of a myths myth and

cultures, from is a

Greek Mythology In the

ancient sacred

Greece.

study

folklore, the

narrative to be

explaining in their are usually

world

humankind characters gods

came in

form.

The main heroes, often to

myths As

supernaturals myths are

and humans. by or

sacred stories, and

endorsed religion

rulers

priests and closely linked

spirituality. A usually the recurring especially salient a thematic idea

Motifs. element or

( as in

arts )

dominant

central theme. Omen. An omen (also called portent or presage) is

a phenomenon that is believed to foretell the future, often signifying the advent of change.[1] Though the word "omen" is usually devoid of reference to the change's nature, hence being possibly either "good" or "bad", the term is more often used in a foreboding sense, as with the word "ominous". Prophecy. is a process in which one or

more messages that have been communicated to a prophet are then communicated to others. Such messages typically

involve divine inspiration, interpretation, or revelation of conditioned events to come (cf. divine knowledge) as well as

testimonies divine. The

or

repeated of

revelations prophecy

that

the

world

is

process

especially

involves

reciprocal communication of the prophet with the (divine) source of the messages. Potion. (from Latin potio "drink", from Greek poton "that which one in turn derived is a

drinks")

consumable medicine or poison. In mythology and literature, a potion is usually made by a magician, sorcerer, might

dragon, fairy or witch and

has magical properties. It

be used to heal, bewitch or poison people. For example, love potions make a person fall in love (or become deeply

infatuated) with another (the love potion figures tragically into most versions of the tale of Tristan and Iseult, Isolde);

including Richard

Wagner's

opera Tristan

und

sleeping potions cause a person to fall asleep (in folklore, this can range from normal sleep to a deathlike trance); and elixirs heal/cure any wound/malady (as in C.S. Lewis' The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe). Goscinny and Uderzo's character Asterix the Gaul gained superhuman strength from a magic potion brewed by the druid Getafix. Creation of potions of different kinds was a common practice of alchemy, and was commonly associated with witchcraft, as in The Tragedy of Macbeth byWilliam Shakespeare.

Qualitative Research. in many different

method

of

inquiry

employed

academic

disciplines, research to

traditionally and further an in-

in the social sciences

but also in

contexts. Qualitative researchers depth understanding that govern such why where, of human

aim

gather and the

behavior The of

reason method not but

behavior. and how when.

qualitative decision Hence, needed of be a

investigates the just focused what,

making, smaller

statistics

are more is

often a It set may of

than

large. performed by a

Rituals. A mainly religion for or

ritual

actions,

their by

value.

prescribed community. The

the

tradition

term

usually excludes actions performers. Sorcery. assistance divining. evil The use

which are arbitrarily chosen by the

of of Evil

power

gained

to

the for

or control

spirits

especially obtained

Use of magical powers that are

trough

spirits. Spellcasting. is the act of casting spells and is most

often found in a variety of communities. Within the Dungeons & Dragons and other fantasy roleplaying gaming communities, spellcasting and wizards. is a skilloften Spellcasting used is by druids, clerics, also associated

with occult communities, such as those practicing witchcraft. In addition, there is a long history of alleged spellcasting activities in most human societies, such as forms dances,

of curses, blessings, rain or trinkets for protection. Spiritism. having of the a in common spirit and A the loose corpus of religion in the sense, the Union, others. soon country is into

faiths survival it is

general In a

belief

death.

stricter of

religion, beliefs to works in

and

practices

people based Formed to it

affiliated on the

the International of the Allan 19th

Spiritist and it

Kardeks century, the of

in France other has a

spread where

countries,

but today number

only

significant

adherents or rebirth

Brazil. human

Spiritism life after

teaches reincarnation death. This basically

distinguishes Spiritist and

Spiritism doctrine,

from Spiritualism. According to reincarnation differences man's his moral explains among the

the moral

intellectual the path to for

men. It

also

provides by

and intellectual and increasing this reason animals as this

perfection his

amending in

mistakes For in

knowledge does

successive accept

lives. rebirth

Spiritism would be

not

retrogressive.

Structuralism. structural linguistic subsequent schools linguistics likes in the of was

Structuralism of Ferdinand linguistics. serious and thus

originated

in and

the the

De Sausurre Just as

of

structural from the

facing

challenges fading in in

Noam Chomsky

importance in to

linguistics, structuralism second one half of the of the

appeared century

academia and in grew

20th

become fields

most popular with the

approaches of

academic and been

concerned The in a and

analysis mode of of

culture has

society . applied

structuralist diverse

reasoning fields,

range

including and of the is

physiology

psychology Structuralism

literary rejected focused thus,

criticism the concept instead on behavior,

structuralism . human way freedom that

and

choice experience

and

human by

and

determined

various The

structures. aims for perfection. It

Superego.

super-ego

comprises that organised part of the personality structure, mainly but not entirely unconscious, that includes the

individual's ego ideals, spiritual goals, and the psychic agency (commonly called "conscience") that criticises and prohibits his or her drives, fantasies, feelings, and

actions. "The Super-ego can be thought of as a type of

conscience that punishes misbehavior with feelings of guilt. For example, for having extra-marital affairs." Witch. witchcraft. early league people From Old English it Europe and used is was a practitioner believed were to of in in harm

Historically,

widely

modern Christian with the devil

that their

witches powers

and property.

Witchcraft. Witchcraft, in historical, anthropological, Religious, and mythological contexts, is of powers. Review of Related Literature and Studies Local stories our there Studies. witches According many false in Filipinos or aswang to the of are it fond is of reading part of the alleged use

about

already

culture. are

Filipino

Heritage the the

book, self oldest

kinds beasts,

aswang like Initao of mother is

segmenters, municipality it is the

hexers. part the Naawan, the

the

Western or

Misamis Oriental, town and of the

municipal in

municipalities Initao Misamis was

Libertad, tagged many as

Manticao of the

Lugait. in

the

land were

witches of

Oriental,

people

feared

going

into Initao, the

this

was

the in of

start Initao

in

the

1950s

when

news about The

witches

spread. was the In same the to who that the Initao had with

municipality places a of

Initao

most

of the

Misamis

Oriental.

ancient the old

times, people the like

Initao was who lived to

forest

land since

according birth,

in Initao the local

conveyed the war first like fallen was

information natives of

historians, were

known Initao. in

as Bukidnons In the

inhabitants the under the thus her other the

the 6th century, Mindanao areas

places Muslim

rulers,

piracy of the A

during most

those Muslim

times

prevalent Initao thread

activity not

ruler, and lengthen on

was like

exempted. to

segmenter a the victim roof,

can

tongue she

reach in of

sleeping her

the floor dish womb spit

while

crouches organs which most

favorite in the

is the and out, is

internal the phlegm but her the

human,

fetuses and trait

tubercular striking

asthmatics of this members and on a from roof the

creature from the and the knees

ability down, self

to discard from

his

lower down

shoulders down. The her one

the hips

segmenters through bodily

alights

insinuates enters

tongue of the

the shingles, openings

tongue

of the

sleeping genitals.

victim

eyes,

nostrils,

cars,

mouth,

anus

or

Foreign Literature. witchcraft protohistoric the middle was times

According

to over

Harry

E.

Wedeck, since during medium a part Latin seek

widespread but ages

Europe the climax

reached was for

ages

when medium

Latin names

common

literary have

hence, from

various

witches

vernacular

and

local among

triminology, men

designation magic arts or

especially not from are from as for

demographers, but for

themselves

earthly arts

happiness and and

overpowering those the borders that

curiosity, are

magical

operation separated such

concealed of forest, men

removed most and face

habitations of lake,

appropriate obscure of and with human holy

dark the

deserted

houses. and

( Father Thurston )In the teaching of the of

scriptures, the and can

fathers a pact in

theologians the devil

abstract of the hardly

possibility diabolical be

interference

affairs self

denied a morbid this

imposture, imagination

trickery, played

deception, part in

hypnotism legend of

important

kind. of witches art of

According to Prof. A.J Clarck the had a very creditable knowledge

society of

the

poisoning aconite, the a

and

they

are

known and

to

have

freely so far

used from and most and the of

deadly of

nightshade witches are to

hemlock,

confession

being mere even the

hysteria upon the hideous had sown kind

hallucination material horrible seeds sorcery

they

proved be in evil

interpretation

main

fact.( Eusebius ) The men magic and among had

angels

among and

introduced

every

them. is so

According to Thomas Acquinas Witchcraft enduring, it admits no remedy by is any the human force an

operation. of power or

( Giovanni Alberghini ) Witchcraft of harming pact of others with in a accordance

with

expressed

tacit part all

demon. ( Albertus Magnus )A or phisythions and have believed came to good and to evil

great that from light. evil it the means

philosopher of when

marvelousness thing

experience they be

marvels

natural

brought is or not

( Aristotle ) The as is the that science the of maybe

operation is changed of

sometimes unto magic good is

evil, by

science it, evil

knowledge thereof,

maybe

schewed

and

good

followed. George are Godelmann, those Frank by Furt evil

According to . John Sorcerers of different

sexes

who

spells, potion concoct and

dire prepared many of

curses by

and

sending for to and

foul

spirits are wont the in

by to

spirits, relate man

witches magic to use by

things langed

from them

flesh mask faith spell or name Hover the airly of

bones

sorcery. ( St. Augustine )Miracles and pious by devotion, the evil name not by

occur

simple and

incantations that is called

composed by more

occult

magic

destable

goetia

most the has

dishonorable idea and

theugria.( Shakespeare ) Elaborated through English realms the fog and filthy but and the to poetry whole when a air

itself from hard

upon the

imagination of painting throughout few that

descend to of a the

ground

actuality are very

the

records

there

instances he had upon a

witness

definitely through any kind

asserted the and air on

seen

witch or is

carried of and

mounted every to

broom there

stick patent

occasion secure an

obvious

exaggeration

effect. portentous passed

According to Sir William Crookies the growth beyond movement expert of spiritism, limits which of a the the within a

generation and

the and

popular serious whole

mountebank and and

challenged of

attention scientific

inquiry

philosophical many

world,

furnishes phenomena, inspite are of

us

with

examples physical

of and

extraordinary and these

both the simply such in as The

psychical and any been

most

meticulous by had of

accurate natural

investigation and normal in

inexplicable phenomena Phenomena of person, such into agency or

means

classified

Researchers include with the

Spiritualism, bodies without of

they

movement human

heavy the as a to

contact, human

any

levitation flowers,

beings of

apports stone any

objct

coins, closed

piece room

conveyed visible more

hermitically carry distinct them,

without

luminous faces of and have the gain

appearances, and forms. and

less

phantom In

spite

continual most

most

deliberate and are whose

trickery, this vouched authority proceed

repeated and upon be

humiliating phenomena of such

exposure, which names

occur for

always

evidence said. of Do the

cannot from

manifestations or from

the

spirits

departed

intelligences.

Chapter 2 METHODS OF THE STUDY This and the study content chapter introduces used the for method, the in instrument, of this with binary

techniques, literary

criteria and

selection

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Craft, Sleepy Hollow, Season of the Witch and The Sorcerers

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Craft, Sleepy Hollow, Season of the Witch and The Sorcerers Apprentice.

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flexible,

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for

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mental

disturbances. The predominant Psychoanalysis theory can be grouped into several theoretical schools although this

theoretical schools differ, most of them continue to stress the strong influence of unconscious elements affecting

peoples lives. Criteria for the Selection of the Foreign Films We of stories, all know and that literature that have or is a collection around to a do the

poems

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Strauss

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Witch and The Sorcerers researchers rituals considered choose these

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Chapter 3 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA This content chapter presents and the critical of and qualitative Foreign

analysis

interpretation

Selected

Witchcraft Movies. The researchers have chosen these movies to study and further analyze the Rituals and Practices, Levi-Strauss

Binary Opposition, the Motifs and Archetypes revealed and characters individuation in the Selected Foreign Witchcraft Movies. The discussion in this particular study has been divided into four. The first subdivision identifies the Rituals and

Practices of witchcraft. This was followed by the characters Binary Opposition or choices made by the character in the film. And finally, the last subdivision discussed the motifs and archetypes found in the foreign witchcraft films. To validate and strengthen the findings of the study interview and Informal observations were also part of the study to strengthen its claims.

Table 1 Rituals and Practices of Witchcraft in the selected Films.

MOVIES

Rituals and Practices

Macbeth

Concocting a Potion by blending body parts of animals within the pot while casting a spell.

The Craft

Initiation of friendship and entering the circle, invoking the elements of earth, fire, air and water. Invocation of the guardians, Casting spell.

Sleepy Hollow

Exorcism and Spiritism Casting a spell

Season of the Witch

Exorcism and Spiritism

The Sorcerers Apprentice

Casting Spell, and Initiation, entering the Merlin Circle.

Table 1 Presents the Rituals and Practices of Witchcraft in the selected foreign movies. Rituals and Practices of witchcraft A. Macbeth Settings: Inside the cave of the witches Macbeth decided to enter into the witch cave to ask about something that falls on his mind.

Witch1:

By the flicking of my thumbs, something wicky this way comes. (chuckled)

Macbeth: Come now you secret black in midnight hags.. What is to do? Witch1: A deed without your name

Witch2: (Begging ritual) turtle of the cold stone, days

nights have dirty one(dropping frog on the pot Witch3: Sweatend venom, sleeping goat boild out bursted in charmed pot. (dropping something in the pot) Witch4: I have a toe of frog, whole bat and tongue of dog. Witch5: Blind worms sting, lizards l;eg and owls wings. Witch6: Nose of serpent, turtles lips sabath in the moon eclipse. Witch7: Snake in the colden boil and baked. Witch8: Liver of breast feming hue, gall of dog traslips of you. Macbeth:I count to you, by that you professed, how are you come to know it, answer me to what I ask you!! Witch1: Speak.. demand.. will answer. Witch1:( pouring a glass cooked chemical from pot) cooled the baboons blood, then the charmed is formed and good.

CD2 0:17:52 to 0:18:35

After the ritual was done, witches gave Macbeth a drink bound with spell and Macbeth has look upon the pot then ask for something might happen about his throne. Theories diffusionist, of more general and applicability sociological include theories the of

psychological,

various anthropologists and historians. Diffusionist theories are concerned with accounting for the distribution, either at

present or in historical times, of beliefs and practices relating to witchcraft; e.g., viewing Pueblo witch beliefs as an amalgam of Spanish and Indian influences. Psychological theories stem of ultimately affect from Freud's emotions doctrine repressed of in the one

displacement

(that

situation find an outlet in another), as exemplified in the theory of Malinowski, who regarded magic (including sorcery) as institutionalized "substitute activity" resorted to when urges for survival of or for revenge or are blocked by the K.M.

inadequacies

technology

(following

Clyde

Kluckhohn's development of the theory) are limited by the closeness of social relationships that can be ended only with great difficulty. Sociological theories of witchcraft stem from Evans-Pritchard's work among the Azande and illuminate two fields, the sociology of knowledge (the social conditions of knowledge and explanation) and the study of the micro political processes, already noted above. Although EvansPritchard's book was a study in the sociology of knowledge in a particular society, it contained several acute insights into the links between social structure and belief that led other investigators to consider applying them in their

studies of other societies. As a result there has emerged a body of theory that takes the relative frequency of

accusations or supposed instances of witchcraft or sorcery to

be

social

strain

gauges

that

reveal

which

roles

and

relationships in a social system are especially subject to tensions--tensions for which articulation and periodic

discharge must be provided if the structure is to survive.

B. The Craft Nancy Bonnie Sarah Rochelle Setting: forest = uttering Earth, air, fire and water six times

Rochelle: It is better that you should rush upon this place and enter the circle with fear in your heart.. How do you enter? Bonnie: With perfect love and perfect trust. It is better that you should rush upon this place and enter the circle with fear in your heart.. How do you enter? Nancy: With perfect love and perfect trust. It is better that you should rush upon this place and enter the circle with fear in your heart.. How do you enter? Sarah: Nancy: With perfect love and perfect trust. Thats a girl.. as above and so below

Rochelle: I drink of my sisters and I ask for the

ability to not hear those who hit me especially Chris Hucker.. I know its pathetic definitely pathetic. Bonnie: I drink of my sisters and I take in to myself the power to be beautiful outside as well as Nancy: Sarah: Nancy: I drink of my sisters and I take in to myself Thats all? Blessed be.. DVD 0:31:57 to 0:34:51

Nancy, Sarah, Bonnie and Rochelle travel and have some ritual inside the forest were they invoke the four elements of nature and have some initiation which is the union of their blood and utter their wishes for themselves. Invocation of the Spirit Nancy Bonnie Sarah Rochelle Setting: Seashore

Nancy:

Hail to the Guardians of the watchtowers of the East. Powers of air and invention, hear me! hear us! Hail to the guardians of the watchtowers of the South. Powers of fire and feeling, hear us!

Bonnie:

Rochelle: Hail to the Guardians of the watchtowers of the West. Powers of water and intuition, hear us!

Sarah:

Hail to the Guardians of the watchtowers of the North by the powers of Mother and Earth, hear us! Aid us in our magical working on this maybe.. Savage of old, ruler of deep, guardian of the bitter sea, show us your power with prey of thee. We invoke thee, steels our words, send us your powers show us your courage, we invoke thee, we invoke thee. We invoke the power and spirit!!!

Nancy:

DVD 0:58:00 to 1:01:00

Nancy found the book while they are inside the witchcraft store entitled The Invocation of the spirits, the owner of the store which is also a witch ask her why she wants to invoke the spirits and warn her that it is too dangerous but nancy didnt care about it but instead pay the book in double prize. They start the ritual near seashore. Possessive invocation may be attempted singly or, as is often the case in Wicca, in pairs - with one person doing the invocation (reciting the liturgy or prayers and acting as anchor), and the other person being invoked (allowing

themselves to become a vessel for the spirit or deity). The person successfully invoked may be moved to speak or act in non-characteristic ways, acting as the deity or spirit; and they may lose all or some self-awareness while doing so. A communication might also be given via imagery (a religious

vision). They may also be led to recite a text in the manner of that deity, in which case the invocation is more akin to ritual drama. The Wiccan Charge of the Goddess is an example of such a pre-established recitation. See also the ritual of Drawing Down the Moon. Some have performed invocation for the purpose spirits of or controlling or deities. These extracting favors from certain invocations usually involve a

commandment or threat against the entity invoked. Invocation can refer to taking on the qualities of the being invoked, such as the allure of Aphrodite or the ferocity of Kali. In this instance the being is literally called up from within oneself (as an archetype) or into oneself (as an external force), depending on the personal belief system of the

invoker. The main difference between this type of invocation and the possessive category described above is that the

former may appear more controlled, with self-identification and deity-identification mixed together. In practice,

invocations may blend many or all of these categories. See for example this Hymn to Astarte from the Songs of Bilitis, first attributed to a contemporary of Sappho (but actually written by Pierre Louys in the 1890s): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invocation C. Sleepy Hollow

Setting: Cave in the forest of Sleepy Hallow Ichabod Craine witness the ritual of the sorcerer by

entering into a cave with his boy servant exorcism takes place.
Ichabod: pardon for my Intrusion!!.. perhaps you could help us. Witch: Your from the hollow?

Ichabod: Yes.. in a way.. i would glad to say that I make assumption about your occupation..! your witch.. nothing to me of what have you are.. Witch: You!! Come with me, go out child whatever you hear keep away.

Ichabod: What? what may i hear that he must keep away from? Witch: Here I told him back.. i hear him, i sell the blood on him.

Ichabod: who? you? Well im here to fight him and make him stop. Witch: I can show you.

Ichabod: What your doing? Witch: Silence.. he comes now.. CD2 0:44:12 to 0:46:04

Sister of Katerinas stepmother was a exorcist and also a witch when Ichabod discover her in the cave she showed the itual done by putting first the chain in her both wrist after hat she start the ritual, she sprinkle something in fired coal that makes it smoky then she chopped the head of a bat

and pour its blood on the coal while calling the spirit.

Exorcism (from

Late

Latin exorcismus,

from

Greek

, exorkismos - binding by oath) is the religious practice of evicting demons or other spiritual entities from a person or place which on they the are believed beliefs to of

have possessed. Depending

spiritual

the exorcist, this may be done by causing the entity to swear an oath, performing an elaborate ritual, or simply by

commanding it to depart in the name of a higher power. The practice is ancient and part of the belief system of many cultures and religions. Requested and performed exorcisms occurred rarely until the 1900s where the public saw a sharp rise due to the media attention exorcisms were getting. There was a 750% increase in the number of exorcisms performed between the early 1960s and the mid-1970s. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exorcism Setting: Cave of Sleepy Hallow

Stepmother: Rise up once more..!! my dark avenger.. one more night!! Rise up with your sword..!! head for head!! Rise up my only horseman!!.. come now for Katrina.

CD2 0:31:23 to 0:31:28

Katerina was Kidnapped by her stepmother which is also a sorcerer and bring her into cave, while Katerina fall sleep her stepmother performs the ritual by cutting Katerinas hair and burned it in fire while uttering words. The fundamental principles of Spiritism, enunciated

by Allan Kardec in his seminal work The Spirits Book, are: (i) A belief in the existence of spirits - non-physical beings that live in the invisible or spirit world - and (ii) the possibility of communication between these spirits and living people through mediumship. There is a clear difference between the terms "Spiritism" and "Spiritualism":Although

there are many similarities between the two, they differ in some fundamental aspects, particularly regarding man's quest toward spiritual perfection and the manner by which the

followers of each practice their beliefs.Spiritism teaches reincarnation or rebirth into human life after death. This basically distinguishes Spiritism from Spiritualism.

According to the Spiritist doctrine, reincarnation explains the moral and intellectual differences among men. It also provides the path to man's moral and intellectual perfection by amending for his mistakes and increasing his knowledge in successive lives. For this reason Spiritism does not accept rebirth in animals as this would be retrogressive. Finally,

unlike Spiritualism, Spiritism is not a religious sect but a philosophy or a way of life by which its followers live by. Its followers have no priests or ministers and do not follow any religious rituals in their meetings. They also do not call their places of meetings as churches, and instead call them by various names such as centers, society or

association. Their activities consist mainly of studying the Spiritist doctrine, applying spiritual healing to the sick and organizing charitable missions. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritism D. Season of Witch Settings: City of Villach Bridge

Priest:

You all been found guilty of witchcraft and consulting with the devil, if you would save your souls from perditions repent now and confess your sins.

Accused 1: I confess!! I confess!! Priest: Go on child!! did you sign a pack with Luciper?

Accused 1: Yes!.. i signed a pack, I confess!! Please!! I beg you have mercy. (crying) Accused 2: I made ointments for couple but its not witchcraft I swear.. (crying) Accused 3: Priest..! you gonna burn in hell. CD 0:01:32 to 0:02:00

3 women accused of practicing witchcraft, by that time those antichrist people or kingdom were punished. The three of them were killed in the bridge.

Settings: In the forest

Servant: Delsaq: How could you come upon this girl? She found just outside of my dorm, wondering, muttering strange words that no one could understand.

Servant: thats make her a witch? Delsaq: No!!.. its a sign, within the fourth night of her arrival the place get swept over.. and that was same for every time she passed. CD1 0:28:59 to 0:29:19

While travelling, the male servant asks a priest about the accused girl in a cage. Priest were explaining upon the arrival of the accused young lady which is anna. Setting: Monks printing place (Abbey)

Anna: Behman: Delsaq:

Have we here?.. This is the fair trial you promissed behman. Do you see??.. hold your own faith. (performing ritual) Let it be known to all here present and before god himself.. that this women stand accused of witchcraft.. that she is admitted to going up of played against mankind. But I must confessed, I have deceived you.. (insulting) Think you can save yourself by recanting that your wrong, speak the truth before god.

Anna: Delsaq:

Anna:

The truth, do not beat me of the truth,,!! You!! Hipocrate!!! The century you and your elch have been burnrd, hanged, crucify anyone who stood in your way!! Delsaq the ritual. And you behman!! All you need was a child to save, someone to ease your pitfull guilt.. did you truly think that saving one ragged way for change anything?,, how many innocent who fall on beneath that blade.. (immitating) They are godless people, infidel they have sin against his only son jesus!!.. they must be punished!!! This is no witch.. (turning page in the book) Do not utter those words!! (while hysterically turning around into the cage) CD2 0:14:47 to 0:17:02

Behman: Anna:

Delsaq: Anna:

Anna who is accused of practicing witchcraft brought into monks place to give fair trial. She looks innocent so behman didnt judge her immediately the fact that she is possessed by the demon. Exorcism (from Late Latin exorcismus, from Greek

, exorkismos - binding by oath) is the religious practice of evicting demons or other spiritual entities from a person or place which on they the are believed beliefs to of

have possessed. Depending

spiritual

the exorcist, this may be done by causing the entity to swear an oath, performing an elaborate ritual, or simply by

commanding it to depart in the name of a higher power. The

practice is ancient and part of the belief system of many cultures and religions. Requested and performed exorcisms occurred rarely until the 1900s where the public saw a sharp rise due to the media attention exorcisms were getting. There was a 750% increase in the number of exorcisms performed between the early 1960s and the mid-1970s. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exorcism E. Sorcerers Apprentice Settings: Daves Underground Laboratory

Dave: Well ahm I thought I had to use this while holding the book)

Dave prepared for the arrival of Becky so he did use the incantus book that Balthazar gave him in order to us he looked for some spell in the book to command all the cleaning household. Then after that he take a bath. But then suddenly he cant control all the spell that he used so everything get messed up.

Theories of more general applicability include the infusionist, psychological, and sociological theories of

various anthropologists and historians. Diffusionist theories

are concerned with accounting for the distribution, either at present or in historical times, of beliefs and practices relating to witchcraft; e.g., viewing Pueblo witch beliefs as an amalgam of Spanish and Indian influences. Psychological theories stem of ultimately affect from Freud's emotions doctrine repressed of in the one

displacement

(that

situation find an outlet in another), as exemplified in the theory of Malinowski, who regarded magic (including sorcery) as institutionalized "substitute activity" resorted to when urges for survival of or for revenge or are blocked by the K.M.

inadequacies

technology

(following

Clyde

Kluckhohn's development of the theory) are limited by the closeness of social relationships that can be ended only with great difficulty. Sociological theories of witchcraft stem from Evans-Pritchard's work among the Azande and illuminate two fields, the sociology of knowledge (the social conditions of knowledge and explanation) and the study of the micro political processes, already noted above. Although EvansPritchard's book was a study in the sociology of knowledge in a particular society, it contained several acute insights into the links between social structure and belief that led other investigators to consider applying them in their

studies of other societies. As a result there has emerged a body of theory that takes the relative frequency of

accusations or supposed instances of witchcraft or sorcery to be social strain gauges that reveal which roles and

relationships in a social system are especially subject to tensions--tensions for which articulation and periodic

discharge must be provided if the structure is to survive.

What the character do A.MACBETH Macbeth Macbeth planned the assassination in order for him to take place as a king.
Macbeth: And to it done.. when his done quickly assassination could trembled the consequence and catch with his success, but this blow might be end all here.. but here upon this play can showed of time we jump the life to come.

CD1 0:27:30 to 0:27:41

Macbeth ambition is to be a king even though he doesnt have as chance because it doesnt run in his blood he is just a general however he planned the assassination against the king.

What the character did not do

Macbeth didnt analyze well the last prophecy of the witches so he became paranoid so he decided to murder Macduffs family.

Macbeth: The castle of Macduff, I will surprise sees upon fight give the edge of the sword his wife, his babes and all unfortunate souls that trace him in his line, no boasting like a fool.. This deed how does before the purpose cool

CD2 0:26:13 to 0:26:03

Macbeth tyranny in the family of Mcduff rise war against his throne that lead to his tragic death. What Character Do B. THE CRAFT Sarah Bailey Setting: Car Sarah use her power with her peer but they are in balance so she try to explain about it and warn them.

Sarah: Listen, all im saying is i think its enough already. I dont know whats going on with this but Im completely humiliating Chris when all I want is for the life me. Bonnie, whats going on with you? You used to be nice. Bonie: Excuse me, but I spent a big chunk of my life being a monster and now that Im not having a good time, im sorry that bothers you. Sarah: It was like clearly I was talking about we do things out of balance? I now you guys think

were getting what we want now but its gonna come back to us three times.

DVD 1:02:07 to 1:02:57

Sarah explained to her peer group bonnie, Rochelle and Nancy about what will going to happen if they continue to abuse their powers but then they dont listen to sarah.

What the Character did not do Setting: Sarahs house Sarah leave the group and she didnt kill Nancy but instead give her a second chance to live.

Nancy: Sarah: Nancy:

Your going to kill yourself tonight my dear. No. im not. You killed Chris, and you killed your Mom, you killed your Mom when youre coming out of her and that was really special..! Bravo!! Stop it Please!

Sarah:

Rochelle: Why isnt she using magic on us? Nancy: Because shes weak! weak! weak! Weak

DVD 1:26:11 to 1:26:30

Nancy attempt to kill Sarah but then she did not succeed it, she decide to leave the group and live in peace.

What the characters do C. Sleepy Hallow Ichabod Crane Setting: Court Ichabod decided to investigate and take the challenge about the mystery of headless horseman in Sleepy Hollow.

Ichabod: The millenium is almost upon us, few months we will be living in the 19th century yet our court continue to relie on mid devil devices of torture.. Judge: Stand out!!

Ichabod: I stand up for sins and justice!! our jails had over flow with men and women convicted. Judge: Ichabod Craine this is a song that we heard from you now on a two courses open, me first let you cool your ear, in the souls until you learn to respect to the dignity of my office.

Ichabod: I beg pardon, but why iam the only one sees that the soft crime to detect the guilty we must use our brain as vital clues using up to date scientific techniques. Judge: Which brain is made made to the second course?.. Theres a town upstate, two days journey to the norse in the Huston island, it is a place called sleepy hollow.. have you heard it

Ichabod: I have not.. Judge: An isolated farming community.. three persons have been murdered, each one found that the head is cut off.. clean as dandelions head.. you will take of these experimentations of yours to sleepy hollow, today you will detect

the murderer bring him here to face our good justice will you do these? Ichabod: I shall Judge: Remember it is you ichabod craine who is now braught to the test

CD 0:05:08 to 0:07:02

The court send him to sleepy hollow town. Ichabod investigate the case even he take a lot of time to know the reason behind it still he faced different problems in every body of dead person, at the end of the story they solve the case.

What the Character did not do Settings: Katrinas house

Katrina: Take this, it is my gift for you (giving a book to Ichabod) Ichabod: No.. I have no use for it (returning the book) It was your mothers(turning first page of the book) Katrina: Keep it close to your heart, this will show protection against harm Ichabod: Are you so setting in everything?? (Smiling)

CD1 0:34:36 to 0:35:06

He didnt stop thinking on how to make an alternative way in order to solve the missing piece of the story and succeed it. He didnt take at first the book which Katrina gave him.

What the Characters do D. Season of the witch Behman Setting: Desert

War Leader: Thousand lost souls were acquires of hell are glorious day for the church!!. Behman: War Leader: Behman: War Leader: Behman: War Leader: You call this glorious? Murdering women and children (insulting) Know tour place tonight, you pledge your life for that course.. for god.. not for the church Iam the herald of god in this world, his voice ring every in my ears Perhaps its not his voice you hear How there you?? iam the voice of the church bade in truth in flame and light of my lord!! You are no more than blood in his hands.. who controls your insulent tongue behman? Lets get hell out of here.. You cannot leave!! Whose going to stop u!! (Turning back)

Behman: War Leader: Behman:

CD1 0:23:54 to 0:24:10

Behman choose to give a fair trial to Anna. At first, he choose to stop serving the church because of infinite battles were thousands of people died

What the characters did not do Settings: Forest

Delsaq: Behman!! What you are doing (trying to suppress behman) Anna: His feeling what comes naturally killing me innocence

Delsaq: You cannot do these!!.. Behman: Step aside!! Two lives have already been lost Delsaq: No one crease for that more than I Behman: Step aside!! This arrow would be yours.. Delsaq: Free fall turned out those would have been lost in bane Behman: But will not be lost.. four lives will be spare Delsaq: More than four lives compared with the thousand more than what will lost if this play is not ended.. I know there may be no room in your heart for good Behman!! But in my heart, I know you would not be abandoned using gods name.. Behman: No man has took more blood in gods name than I Delsaq: If you killed her!! you will not have god to blame only yourself!!

CD2 0:08:32 to 0:09:20

Behman didnt immediately notice that Anna is possessed by the demon and he didnt kill Anna but instead keep his patient until they reach the place of Monks

Printings house. What Characters Do E.The Sorcerers Apprentice Balthazar Blake Setting: Boutique (Arcana Cabana)
Balthazar: Magically, here you are. That ring on your finger means something Dave. It means, youre going to be a very important sorcerer one day. And your first lesson begins right now with your very own Encantus. Do not move, do not touch anything.

DVD 0:09:50 to 0:10:11

Balthazar choose to live and find Dave as Merlins successor. It takes him years ago to find dave but then he spend his time to find merlin successor who will defeat morgana. Dave Setting: Chinatown Dave choose to be a sorcerers apprentice.

Balthazar: You may now return the ring to me. Im a man of my word. You helped me, were done. Dave: Right. Right. Id like to learn some more. Balthazar: Well need a place to work. Somewhere under Horvaths radar. Dave: I think I can help with that.

DVD 0:37:12 to 0:37:40

Dave is a little bit doubt in accepting Balthazars offer, but when he see that his presence is needed he choose to be an apprentice to save becky and defeat morgana.

What the Character did not Do Balthazar Settings: Daves Laboratory He didnt tell at first that Dave was the Prime Merlinean.

Dave: Horvath was trying to kill me! Yeah, well, what about yours? You havent been completely truthful with me. That guy called me the Prime Merlinean. Balthazar, what is that? Now, Im not doing anything else until you start being truthful with me about whats going on. Who is in that Grim hold?

Balthazar: Morgana. DVD 0:57:08 to 0:57:35

Balthazsar did not iimidiately explain to dave that dave is the chosen one to take the responsibility of

Merlin,Dave sees that Balthazar is eager to make him convince so dave accept the offer even if hes a little bit nervous about it.

Dave Setting: Subway

Dave:

You just give me that bracelet back, please.

Snatcher: You better run back to your girlfriend. Becky: Dave: Are you Okay? Yeah. Here you go. Your Grandmothers bracelet.

Becky: How did you do that? Dave: That guy was huge. Ive been doing a lot of cardio boxing lately. Let me introduce Thunder, Lightning.

Becky: Something about you seems different. Dave: Im wearing new shoes

Becky: Nice. Dave: Thank you. This your train?

Becky: Yes. Thank you.

DVD 0:46:33 to 0:47:43

Dave and Becky were on the subway when suddenly a snatcher came and took away Beckys bracelet and Dave run after the snatcher. Dave didnt immediately accept to become apprentice and he did not tell at first to Becky that he was a sorcerer. In critical theory, a binary opposition (also binary system) is a pair of related terms or concepts that are opposite in meaning. Binary opposition is the system by

which, in language and thought, two theoretical opposites are strictly defined and set off against one another.[1] It is the contrast between two mutually exclusive terms, such as on and off, up and down, left and right.[2] Binary opposition is an important concept as of structuralism, to which all sees such and

distinctions thought
[3]

fundamental

language

In structuralism, a binary opposition is seen as a organizer of human philosophy, culture, and

fundamental

language. In the community of philosophers and scholars, most believe that, as Derrida put it, "unless a distinction can be made rigorous and precise it isn't really a distinction." Binary opposition originated to Ferdinand in de Saussurean Saussure, structuralist the binary

theory. According

opposition is the means by which the units of language have

value or meaning; each unit is defined against what it is not.[6] Saussure demonstrated that a sign's meaning is derived from its context (syntagmatic dimension) and the group

(paradigm) to which it belongs. An example of this is that one cannot conceive of 'good' if we do not understand

'evil'. In post-structuralism, it is seen as one of several influential characteristics or tendencies of Western and

Western-derived thought, and that typically, one of the two opposites assumes a role of dominance over the other. The categorization of binary oppositions is "often value-laden and ethnocentric", with an illusory order and superficial

Table 3 Motifs and Archetypes in selected Foreign Witchcraft Films

Movies

Motifs and Archetypes

Red(Blood) Macbeth Oval(Mirror) Dessert Terrible mother (witches) Red(Blood and fire) The Craft Black Forest Water(sea) Serpent(snake) Forest, Black, Red(Blood) Sleepy Hollow Terrible mother (step mother of Katrina) Dessert Season of the Witch Forest Black Red(Blood and fire) Circle(Ring)Black The Sorcerers Apprentice Wise Old Man (Balthazar) Terrible Mother (Morgana)

Table 3 presents the Motifs and Archetypes in the selected Foreign Witchcraft Movie. Motifs and Archetypes A. Macbeth

Red(Blood) In mythological motifs and archetypes, it symbolizes desire when Macbeth murdered the King for him to take the throne.
Macbeth: The how but but prince of Combolland!!.. that is a step much I must fall down or else all leave.. in my way it lies, stars hide your fires, not light sees my black and deep desires..

CD1 0:21:13 to 0:21:34

Oval (Mirror) It symbolizes mystery of life or forces of generation. Macbeth try to know the meaning that bothers his mind so he decided to go where witches resides inside the cave.
Macbeth: I count to you, by that you professed, how are you come to know it, answer me to what I ask you!! Witch1: Witch1: Speak.. demand.. will answer. (pouring a glass cooked chemical from pot) cooled with the baboons blood, then the charmed is formed and good.

CD2 0:17:52 to 0:18:35

Desert It symbolizes Spiritual Aridity. From the start in the story, the witches buried a hand with a knife in the desert and cast some spell.
Macbeth: I count to you, by that you professed, how are you come to know it, answer me to what I ask you!!

Witch1: Witch1:

Speak.. Demand.. Will answer. (pouring a glass cooked chemical from pot) cooled with the baboons blood, then the charmed is formed and good.

CD2 0:17:52 to 0:18:35

B. The Craft Red (Blood and fire) In mythological motifs and

archetypes, it symbolizes desire, passion and sacrifice. At first in the story Sarah drank her own blood.
Sarah: Nancy: With perfect love and perfect trust. Thats a girl.. as above and so below

Rochelle: I drink of my sisters and I ask for the ability to not hear those who hit me especially Chris Hucker.. I know its pathetic definitely pathetic. Bonnie: I drink of my sisters and I take in to myself the power to be beautiful outside as well as in. I drink of my sisters and I take in to myself all the power of man. Thats all? Blessed be.. DVD 0:31:57 to 0:34:51

Nancy: Sarah: Nancy:

Black It

symbolizes mystery and death. Because they

always wear black.

Forest They decided to travel and go to the forest to have their Initiation. Water (sea) Symbolizing spiritual mystery. They go near the sea to invoke the spirits.
Sarah: Hail to the Guardians god the watchtowers of the North by the powers of Mother and Earth, hear us! Nancy: Aid us in our magical working on this maybe.. Savage of old, ruler of deep, guardian of the bitter sea, show us your power with prey of thee. We invoke thee, steels our words, send us your powers show us your courage, we invoke thee, we invoke thee. We invoke the power and spirit!!!

DVD 0:58:00 to 1:01:0

Serpent (snake) Symbolizes evil. When Sarah and her friends are in the road a man holding snake try to say something to sarah but she run quickly.

C. Sleepy Hollow Forest Ichabod found out the cave in the forest where he witnesses the ritual of the witch.
Ichabod: What? what may I hear that he must keep away from? Witch: Here I told him back.. i hear him, i sell the blood on him.

Ichabod: who? you? Well im here to fight him and make him stop.

Witch:

I can show you.

Ichabod: what youre doing? Witch: Silence.. he comes now.. CD2 0:44:12 to 0:46:04

Black It

symbolizes mystery and death. The headless

horseman always wear black cape. Red(Blood) In mythological motifs and archetypes, it symbolizes desire, passion and sacrifice. As observer, victim. D. Season of the Witch Desert symbolizes Spiritual Aridity. Behman is a Ichabod dissect the body of the a keen murdered

Christian Warrior who serves the church and defeat the Godless and Infidel people and kingdoms in every battle.
Behman: Perhaps its not his voice you hear the voice of the in flame and light of more than blood in his your insulent tongue

War Leader: How there you?? iam church bade in truth my lord!! You are no hands.. who controls behman? Behman:

Lets get hell out of here...

War Leader: You cannot leave!! Behman: Whos going to stop u!! (Turning back)

CD1 0:23:54 to 0:24:10

Forest Behman try to kill Anna but then Delsaq try to stop him.
Behman: But will not be lost... Four lives will be spare Delsaq: More than four lives compared with the thousand more than what will lost if this play is not ended.. I know there may be no room in your heart for good Behman!! But in my heart, I know you would not be abandoned using gods name.. Behman: No man has took more blood in gods name than I Delsaq: If you killed her!! you will not have god to blame only yourself!!

CD2 0:08:32 to 0:09:20

Black It symbolizes mystery and death. All of the Priest and Monks died due to the curse of the witch. Red(Blood and fire) In mythological motifs and

archetypes, it symbolizes desire, passion and sacrifice. E. The Sorcerers Apprentice Circle(Ring) Symbolizes wholeness and Unity. Before

Merlin died, he gave the ring to Balthazar and told him to find his successor who will defeat Morgana.
Balthazar: You may now return the ring to me. Im a man of my word. You helped me, were done.

Dave:

Right. Right. Id like to learn some more.

Balthazar: Well need a place to work. Somewhere under Horvaths radar. Dave: I think I can help with that.

DVD 0:37:12 to 0:37:40

Black It symbolizes mystery and death. Morgana traitor Merlin to take all his power and kingdom. Wise Old Man (Balthazar) The savior, redeemer and guru. Balthazar serve as guide to Dave in order to discover his innate power. Terrible Mother (Morgana) The evil or the Witch. Morgana is the villain character in the story where she had to defeat by Dave. Far from being primitive fictions about the natural world, some supposed ancestor, or tribal

practice myths are reflections of a profound reality. They dramatically represent our instinctive

understandings. Moreover, unlike Freud's concepts, myths are collective and communal, and so bring a sense of wholeness and togetherness to social life. Native

peoples, and indeed whole civilizations, have their own mythologies, but there appear to be common images,

themes and motives which Jung called "archetypes". But

important matters lie behind symbolism. Literature employs words, and the reality behind words has been the central preoccupation of twentieth century

philosophy. Linguistic philosophy attempted to explain away the great philosophical dilemmas of existence as the

improper use of words. Structuralism described literature as the surface expression of deep anthropological (and

often) binary codes. Post structuralism denied that words could be anything but part of an endless web of yet more words, without final referent or meaning. Postmodernism

uses words as flat, media images, without deeper reference.

But

mythic

criticism

can

show

the

writer

where

his

imagery is coming from, and suggest reasons for its power. Subsequent work deep thought, reading and

endless toying with possibilities may then turn up further material. Whether that material is useful can only be found by testing it in the poem, a trial and error process of continual adaptation and refinement that may eventually of achieve truth: the strengths of

the coherence theory internal fertility.

transforming elegance

power, and

consistency,

simplicity,

Table 4 Characters Individuation using Freudian Psychoanalysis Characters Individuation Films Macbeth The Craft Id Witches Power Ego Macbeth Sarah Bailey Superego Lady Macbeth The Store owner

Sleepy Hollow

Lady Van Tassel

Ichabod Craine

Katerina Van Tassel

Season of the Witch The Sorcerers Apprentice

Anna

Behman Von Bleibruck

Delsaq (Priest)

Morgana Le Fay

Dave

Balthazar Blake

Table 4 Presents the characters individuation using Freudian Psychoanalysis

4. Characters Individuation A. Macbeth The Witches was the id as they prophesized mcbeth for the next king and thane of the cawdor.

Witch1:

By the flicking of my thumbs, something wicky this way comes. (chuckled)

Macbeth: Come now you secret black in midnight hags.. What is to do? Witch1: A deed without your name

Witch2: (Begging ritual) turtle of the cold stone, days nights have dirty one(dropping frog on the pot Witch3: Sweatend venom, sleeping goat boild out bursted in charmed pot. (dropping something in the pot) Witch4: I have a toe of frog, whole bat and tongue of dog. Witch5: Blind worms sting, lizards l;eg and owls wings. Witch6: Nose of serpent, turtles lips sabath in the moon eclipse. Witch7: Snake in the colden boil and baked. Witch8: Liver of breast feming hue, gall of dog traslips of you. Macbeth: I count to you, by that you professed, how are you come to know it, answer me to what I ask you!! Witch1: Speak.. demand.. will answer. Witch1 :( pouring a glass cooked chemical from pot) cooled The baboons blood, then the charmed is formed and

Good.

CD2 0:17:52 to 0:18:35

The Witches is the id were in the cave was the starting point in the story when Macbeth and Bancuo was

Prophesized by the witches that time Macbeth turn prophecy into perspective.

Macbeth is the ego as ambitious and murderer for wanting to be a king so he planned the assassination.
Macbeth: The how but but prince of Combolland!!.. that is a step much I must fall down or else all leave.. in my way it lies, stars hide your fires, not light sees my black and deep desires..

CD1 0:21:13 to 0:21:34

Lady Macbeth is the superego for helping and persuading Macbeth about the assassination. LADY MACBETH

Lady Macbeth: And shall be what the promised yet I do feel by nature it is too full of milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way, that would be great not but without ambition, but without the illness should attended.

CD1 0:18:46 to 0:19:16

Lady Macbeth immediately sees the future of his husband after giving her news about the prophecy of the witches so she persuade his husband to plan the assassination immediately. B. The Craft (Witch) Sarah Setting: Biology class Sarah is the ego for having the innate power to do something unusual and seeing things possible in her natural psychical mind.

Bonnie: Nancy: Bonnie: Nancy: Bonnie:

Shes here Shes who Someone who will be the fourth one Are you feeling okay? (looking at sarah) thats her

DVD 0:11:46 to 0:12:01

Sarah is a young lady who has the ability to turn things in control the fact that she have an innate power. She
is also have a good heart for explaining her peer to stop using their powers for unreasonable and evil pupose.

Store Owner Settings: Store Store Owner is the superego because by the time that Sarah, Nancy, Bonnie and Rochelle go to store Nancy found a book that contains spell and ritual about invocation of the spirit. So Nancy wants to buy it and pay the book double by its price but then she try to suppress and warned Nancy about it.

Nancy:

I wanna pay for this book. How much?

Store Owner: Are you sure you want to buy this book? Why you want to invoke the spirits? That was too dangerous. I warn you. Nancy: I dont care. I wanna try it. How much?

Store Owner:25 dollars. Nancy: Heres 50 dollars DVD 0:26:00 to 0:27:19

Nancy want to possessed great power for his unreasonable and evil desires. To attain that entire power so she invoked all the guardians but then she was too greed and

she try to kill sarah, in the end she become insane. C. Sleepy Hollow Settings: Court Ichabod Craine as the main protagonist of the story is the ego as intelligent and keen observer for investigating the mystery behind the headless horseman. He use some vital clues in order to discover the story behind the murder.

Ichabod: Just for a moment.. maybe we did not yet know the cause of death. Chief: When you find the men on river the cause of death is drowning.

Ichabod: Posibly sir.. theres water but my pathology will might be determine whether hes dead or not before he go onto the river I will need to examine the body. Chief: Cut him off!! Away (mandating)

CD1 0:04:36 to 0:04:52

Ichabnod sent to sleepy hollow in order to solve the case of murdered in the small town, later on he discover the reason about the mystery behind it and make the town peaceful. Katerina Van Tassel Settings: Van Tassels house Katerina is the superego and she is also intelligent for

protecting Ichabod by means of giving a pocket book to Ichabod in order to protect Ichabod from any harm.

Ichabod: Oh! Pardon me for my intrusion Katerina: Theres no intrusion, I come here to read when im awake. Ichabod: To read books which you must hide? Katerina: They were my mother books, my father believes to has romance causes the brain fever that killed my mother..

She died two years ago. Ichabod: There was something else too.. why did no one think to mention that the Vangarettes are keen than Vantassel. Katerina: Why? Because they are hardly household in sleepy hallow that is not connected to everybody by blood or marriage. Ichabod: I see

CD2 0:33:16 to 0:35:06

Katerina is a beautiful lady who has the ability to protect ichabod in any harm by giving Ichabod a pocket book containing spell. Her step mother revenges her but then she was saved by Ichabod and brought her in New York. D. Season of the Witch Behman Belbruck Settings: Forest Behman is the ego a Christian warrior and kind for serving the church and fighting in every battle to defeat the godless kingdoms and also kind for giving a fair trial to anna which is accused possessing witchcraft.
Behman: I brought you some food and water.. Anna: Your not like the other others.. your unlike him!!

Behman: Was it Delsaq have hurt you? Anna: This place you taking me, what will happen to me there??

Behman: Your innocence and guilt maybe decided. Anna: There is a girl in my village who is of being a witch, they put stones in pockets and cast her into lake.. she they would have known she was human, didnshe lived, they called it proof convert to a stake. suspected her drawned but she of magic

Behman:

Nothing of kind will happen to you, you will be given a fair trial, you have my word on that.

CD2 0:01:32 to 0:02:03

Delsaq (Priest) serve as the superego for giving guidance to Behman on how they will be able to kill the Demon inside Anna.
Delsaq: She says anything? Behman: why do you ask? Delsaq: The witch is a deceiver, shell turn one man against another, whos to guard the wagon? Behman: Perhaps someone should take the first watch

CD2 0:36:33 to 0:37:04

Behman serve the church and invade in every kingdom in order to punished the godless and infidel people. He promised anna that he will give her a fair trial but then in the end he died and anna was saved and lived.

E. The Sorcerers Apprentice Balthazar Blake Setting: Boutique (Arcana Cabana) Balthazar is the superego as responsible sorcerers for finding a prime merlinean for about long years ago.

Baltazar: The second emperor of the Han dynasty locked his least-favorite wife in this room for 10yeays to the day. They say you open it up, the same thing will happen to you. Dave: Im sorry, im looking for this note. Have you seen it? Its kind of just blown into your store.

Baltazar: A note? It was just a coincidence. Dave: Yeah. It was just a coincidence.

Baltazar: I have something Id like to show you, Dave. Dave: Howd you know my name was Dave?

Baltazar: Cause I can read minds! Its on your backpack.

DVD 0:07:49 to 0:08:32

Balthazar is one of Merlins students, when Merlin died he commanded Balthazar to look and find for his prime successor in order to defeat morgana and make the world lived in peace so he spend decades in order to look for the owner of the ring which is dave. Dave

Settings: School Dave is the ego as intelligent the way he make things great in terms of science , he has a special skills in physics.

Becky: Im having a part time here station.

in this radio

Dave:

Oh really! I cant believe it !

Becky: Yeah, my time slot is 8 till midnight. I hope your listening. Oooppss! Theres a problem in our connection. Dave: Ok. Ill try to fix that. Its my specialization.

DVD 0:14:18 to 0:14:34

Dave is a college student boy who have a great intelligence in physics, at first he didnt know that he will be a sorcerer but then when he meet Balthazar he grabbed the responsibility and use it with his field of specification in order to save Balthazar and becky against morgana.

According to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality, personality is composed of three elements. These three elements of personality--known as the id, the ego and the superego--work together to create complex human

behaviors. The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which

strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs. If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state anxiety or tension. For example, an

increase in hunger or thirst should produce an immediate attempt to eat or drink. The id is very important early in life, because it ensures that an infant's needs are met. If the infant is hungry or uncomfortable, he or she will cry until the demands of the id are met. However, immediately satisfying possible. these If we needs were is not always entirely realistic by the or even

ruled

pleasure

principle, we might find ourselves grabbing things we want out of other people's hands to satisfy our own cravings. This sort of behavior would be both disruptive and socially

unacceptable. According to Freud, the id tries to resolve the tension created by the pleasure principle. The ego operates based on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy the id's desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways. The reality principle weighs the costs and benefits of an action before deciding to act upon or abandon impulses. In many cases, the id's impulses can be satisfied through a process of delayed gratification--the ego will eventually allow the behavior, but only in the appropriate time and place. The ego also discharges tension created by unmet impulses through the secondary process, in which the ego tries to find an

object

in

the

real

world

that

matches

the

mental

image

created by the id's primary process. The last component of personality to develop is the superego. The superego is the aspect of personality that holds all of our internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from both parents and society--our sense of right and wrong. The superego

provides guidelines for making judgments.

Chapter 4 Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendation

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusion and recommendation based on the result of the study. This study did a Formalism, Structuralism and

Mythological motifs and archetypes of the selected Foreign

Witchcraft Movies which sought to reveal the rituals and practices of witchcraft, the choices made by the character in Binary opposition of Structuralism, the Mythological motifs and archetypes found in the movies and the characters

individuation. The researchers were able to identify the rituals and practices of witchcraft ,pointed out the description of the protagonist, the Binary opposition present as well as

identifying the motifs and archetypes revealed in the movie using Qualitative Research through a content analysis

applying Levis Strauss Binary opposition in Structuralism Mythological approach. motifs and and archetypes observation and were Psychoanalytic also done to

Interviews

justify and strengthen the claims and findings of this study.

Summary of Findings Based on the data presented in the previous chapter, the researchers found out the Rituals and Practices based

from the characters in the movie. It was clearly shown in the movie Macbeth, the rituals and practices of witchcraft being performed in the dessert and cave that involves potion

concocting and casting spell. The Crafts leading character Sarah Bailey also showed doing rituals and practices with her peer Bonnie, Rochelle and Nancy which are invoking friendship the by

guardians, entering Craine

casting

spell and

initiation of

the

elements of the

nature. Sleepy Hollows Ichabod of witchcraft that led to

witnessed

rituals

exorcism and spiritism Katrina Van Garette also practiced witchcraft by casting spell below the bed of Ichabod. Behman who is a protagonist in Season of the Witch also witnessed the demonic tragedy of his adventure where he entered into many battles as warrior to punished godless and infidel

kingdom who practices sorcery and lastly Balthazar and Dave in Sorcerers Apprentice also performed rituals and practices by entering the merlins circle and initiation which is use in their adventure. Using Levis Strauss Binary opposition of the character in the movie Macbeth, Macbeth chose to assassinate the king and did not believed by the curse of the witch. In the movie The Craft Sarah, chose to use her power and try to explain to her three friends that they have to balance it, she didnt kill Nancy but then she decided to leave the group, in the movie Sleepy Hollow Ichabod chose to investigate and solve the mystery in the Sleepy Hollow, In the movie Season of the

Witch Behman chose to give fair trial to Anna so he didnt kill it but he did not immediately notice that Anna is possessed Apprentice Merlinean by the demon , In to the remain Dave movie and The find Sorcerers the prime the

Balthazar who is

chose at

Dave,

first

didnt

accept

responsibility as an apprentice but later on he chose to be Merlins successor and didnt tell Becky at first that he is a sorcerer. In Mythological motifs and archetypes, the motifs and archetypes found in the movie Macbeth are dessert and

red(blood).The serpent(snake),

Craft and

contains forest,

black, Hollow

red(blood), contains

Sleepy

red(blood), black, forest, tree and Archetypal mother (witch) Season of the Witch contains contains dessert and

red(blood),Sorcerers

Apprentice

circle(ring)

,red(fire) and Wise old man(Balthazar. In the characters individuation in the

selected Foreign witchcraft movie Withes are the id, Macbeth is the ego and Lady Macbeth is the superego. The Craft

protagonist Sarah is the ego the power itself is the id and the store owner is the super ego. Sleepy Hollows Ichabod is the ego, Lady Van tassel is the id and Katerina Van Tassel is the superego. Season of the Witch protagonist Behman is the

ego, Anna is the id and Delsaq the priest is the superego. The Sorcerers Apprentice leading characters Balthazar is the superego, Dave id the ego and Morgana Le Faye is the id. Conclusion Based from the findings the researchers concluded that there are similarities in terms of performed rituals and practices of Witchcraft which are casting spell, exorcism and spiritism. Every movie has its own way on how to perform the rituals and practices in accordance with purpose and desires. The structures of the films using the Levi-Strauss binary opposition. Understanding certain words depends not so much in any meaning they themselves directly contain but much more by understand of the difference between the words and the actions. We found out that the structure of binary opposition is suitable in this kind of genre, there were certain actions that happened in reality. We also found that this kind of approach has something to do with the relationship between opposing ideas. The researchers also noticed that there are similarities of motifs and archetypes in the selected foreign witchcraft movies which are red (blood), black, dessert,

forest, wise old man and a terrible mother which proved that it has significant meaning in the selected foreign witchcraft movies. In characters individuation we found out that The id

is

driven

by

the pleasure

principle,

which

strives

for

immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs. If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state anxiety or tension. The ego operates satisfy based on

the reality desires in

principle, realistic

which strives to and socially

the id's ways. The

appropriate

reality principle weighs the costs and benefits of an action before deciding to act upon or abandon impulses. In many cases, the id's impulses can be satisfied through a process of delayed gratification--the ego will eventually allow the behavior, but only in the appropriate time and place. The last component of personality to develop is the superego. The superego is the aspect of personality that holds all of our internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from both parents and society--our sense of right and wrong. The superego provides guidelines for making judgments.

Recommendations Based from the study and findings the researchers recommend that in the for the producers and filmmakers we recommend and suggest that they must clearly state the

rituals and practices, avoid making senseless figures that are not related to the subject of sorcery and also validate their story in the sense that theres no exaggeration and it is near to reality. Based from the findings, the researchers recommend to the filmmakers to construct and to develop the film structure to be more realistic and not just full of effects that makes the film unrealistic and out of the world. Therefore the researchers suggest that the filmmakers and producers must continue to improve and to produce some witchcraft movies that is more likely in the real life situations, more

realistic and significant specially in characters choices. Based from the findings, the researchers recommend to the teachers specially those who teach literary criticism that they must teach the specific and significant symbols of motifs and archetypes in mythology. Future researchers and students must browse and watch some films and books that are containing the theme of witchcraft. The researchers recommend to the filmmakers that if they would put some motifs and archetypes. It must be significant or connected in the theme of film. Therefore, the researchers suggest that all motifs and archetypes must have meaning and not just be seen without any connection in the film or story and lastly the

researchers recommend to all producers and film makers that in producing some characters that they should not have such unbelievable powers and characteristics that make it so hard to believe. Therefore the make researchers the suggest that they

should

appropriately

characters

individuation

according to their role that appears and exist in real life.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY A.Books Amina, Nid: Witchcraft Filipino Style NLP-General Book

Daiches, David: A Critical History of English Literature 1960 Secker & Warburg London p. 23 Garcia, Molina: Address on the Spirit of Modern Literature Legous, Emily Hyacinth: A Short History of English Literature 1965- Clarendon Press Oxford Romero, Perlita P.: An Approach to Literature: Modern Genres from America, Britain & Philippines 1997 Katha Pub Q.C P.157 Summers, Montague: The History of Witchcraft(1965 Routledge London P.24 B.Thesis Junio, Celyn O.: Initao: A Glimpse of the Historical Development of Mythical land of Witches 2006 Dalao Rocel Jean S, Villano Jr.Juan B, Villeza Gino B.: A Psychoanalytic Feminist and Structural Analysis of Selected Fairy Tale inspired Movies. Aquino Iris C, Fernandez Charity Champen S.: A Formalist, Psychoanalytic and Structural Analysis of Selected Fairy tales written by Grimm Brothers Buyco Laurene O,Montemar Rodezza M,Perida Darah Kareen C. A Psycho Analytic, Structural and Mythological Archetypal Analysis on the Selected Futuristic Foreign Films Lagarde Monica A, Milante Gio Marrie S.: a Formalist, Mythological, Psycho Analysis in the Selected Super hero Films Salazar Maila B, San Jose Jome Chris F, Tejada Evonie R.: Formalist, Psycho Analysis and Mythological Analysis in Selected Epic Films. C.Websites anthropology.ua.edu/cultures/cultures.php? culture=Structuralism en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formalism en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formalism_(literature) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft

http://www.shmoop.com/macbeth/summary.html http://www.starpulse.com/Movies/Craft,_The/Summary/ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0162661/plotsummary http://www.fandango.com/seasonofthewitch_v470628/plotsumma ry http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0963966/plotsummary http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omen http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophecy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exorcism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorcery http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potion http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invocation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spellcasting http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druid http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual http://www.rituals.com/nl-en/ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ritual http://library.thinkquest.org/27661/docs/rituals.htm http://www.witchcraft.com.au/ http://witchcrafthome.com/

APPENDICES

APPENDIX

A
Request Letters

November 20011 Don Jose Ynares National Memorial High school Binangonan, Rizal

Mrs. Jannette Ojascastro Good day! The Undersigned researchers from BSE-English students, asking permission to conduct their research regarding Rituals and Practices of Witchcraft in Selected Foreign Movies for further acquiring sufficient knowledge that will help to the analysis of their chosen study. They will be able to conduct an interview to gather insights, opinions, and personal experiences that will sufficiently support the claims and strengthen the statement as evidence in the study. We believe that your knowledge in the subject will greatly benefit our study. Should you approve of this request, we would set a schedule for the interview depending on your most convenient time. Were hoping for your wholeheartedly Response and cooperation Respectfully: Francisco, Joanne A. Gega, Rachel M. Guleng, Arwil Angelin E.

Noted by:

Mrs. Norma Achie Elvina Adviser Ms. Wahinee Cruzada UTW Instructor Dr. Isabelita S. Bacud Dean, CAL

November 20011 Don Jose Ynares National Memorial High school Binangonan, Rizal

ATTENTION: Mrs. Maria A. Barameda Good day! The Undersigned researchers from BSE-English students, asking permission to conduct their research regarding Rituals and Practices of Witchcraft in Selected Foreign Movies for further acquiring sufficient knowledge that will help to the analysis of their chosen study. They will be able to conduct an interview to gather insights, opinions, and personal experiences that will sufficiently support the claims and strengthen the statement as evidence in the study. We believe that your knowledge in the subject will greatly benefit our study. Should you approve of this request, we would set a schedule for the interview depending on your most convenient time. Were hoping for youre wholeheartedly Response and cooperation Respectfully: Francisco, Joanne A. Gega, Rachel M. Guleng, Arwil Angelin E.

Noted by:

Mrs. Norma Achie Elvina Adviser Ms. Wahinee Cruzada UTW Instructor Dr. Isabelita S. Bacud Dean, CAL

November 2011 Don Jose Ynares National Memorial High school Binangonan, Rizal Mrs. Rhoda Seo

Good day! The Undersigned researchers from BSE-English students, asking permission to conduct their research regarding Rituals and Practices of Witchcraft in Selected Foreign Movies for further acquiring sufficient knowledge that will help to the analysis of their chosen study. They will be able to conduct an interview to gather insights, opinions, and personal experiences that will sufficiently support the claims and strengthen the statement as evidence in the study. We believe that your knowledge in the subject will greatly benefit our study. Should you approve of this request, we would set a schedule for the interview depending on your most convenient time. Were hoping for youre wholeheartedly Response and cooperation Respectfully: Francisco, Joanne A. Gega, Rachel M. Guleng, Arwil Angelin E.

Mrs. Norma Achie Elvina Adviser Ms. Wahinee Cruzada UTW Instructor Dr. Isabelita S. Bacud Dean, CAL

APPENDIX B
Sample Questionnaire
Name of Respondents: Profession: School:

1. The following characters are in five selected witchcraft movie. Put check in a box if the characters performs rituals and practices of witchcraft, cross out if not. MACBETH L Lady Macbeth M Macbeth THE CRAFT N Nancy Downs S Sarah Bailey B Bonnie R Rochelle SEASON OF WITCH A Anna Behman Von Bleibruck N Nelson D Delsaq SORCERERS APPRENTICE M Morgana D Dave B Balthazar Blake SLEEPY HOLLOW L Lady Craine L Lord Craine I Ichabod Craine

2. The following are the description of the characters. Put check in the box that best describe the character. SORCERERS Morgana Dave Rochelle Sarah Bailey Bonnie 2. The following statements are choices made by the character in the movie. Choose one that satisfy you. CHARACTERS Sarah Bailey (The Craft) WHAT THE CHARACTERS DO Due to the difficulty in possessing power she attempts suicide. Dave (Sorcerers Apprentice) He chooses to be an apprentice of Balthazar Blake. He didnt tell the truth about his self that he is a sorcerer to his love interest. Macbeth (Macbeth) He believed to the omen of the witches that he will be the one who will won the crown and reign in a kingdom. He murdered the king so he will be the one to take place in a throne. His wife Lady Macbeth became totally insane because he did not believe to the curse of the witch. DID NOT DO Accept and use her power. GOOD EVIL

Ichabod Craine (Sleepy Hollow)

He investigates the mystery behind the shuddering horror in the town about a man without a head riding in a horse.

He didnt stop thinking on how to make an alternative way in order to solve the missing piece of the story and succeed it. Even the journey was so difficult and terrifying, he choose to be brave. He did not stop for he has courage to fight the enemies.

Behman Von Bleibruck (Season of the Witch)

Hes the one who killed the witch that transform into terrifying monster.

Character chose:_________________________________ Comments:_______________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ___. 3.The following motifs and archetypes are found in the five selected movies. Do you agree? Ring Black Tree _____________ _____________ _____________

The Archetypal Mother _____________ Mirror_____________ Water Red Sword Serpent _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________

 Desert

_____________

APPENDIX C
Summary of Films

THE CRAFT

Sarah Bailey (Robin Tunney), a troubled teenage girl who has previously attempted suicide, has just move from San Francisco to Los Angeles with her father (Cliff De Young) and stepmother. She enrolls in a local Catholic high school, but has trouble fitting in. During French class, her classmate Bonnie causing (Neve a Campbell) pencil to witnesses rotate Sarah while telekinetically standing

During lunch, Sarah is hit on by Chris (Skeet Ulrich), the school's football star. She asks about Bonnie and her two friends Nancy (Fairuza Balk) and Rochelle (Rachel True).

Chris

tells

Sarah

to

stay

away

from

the

trio,

because

"they're witches". Bonnie tells Nancy and Rochelle that Sarah is the "fourth" who will complete their circle and make a full coven. The three girls each have issues: Nancy lives in a trailer with her mom, Grace Downs (Helen Shaver) and

abusive stepfather Ray (John Kapelos) , Bonnie has massive burn scars all over her back, and the painful treatment recommended by the surgeon (Brenda Strong) is likely to fail. Insecure African American athlete Rochelle is subjected to racist taunts by the most popular girl in school, blonde Laura Lizzie (Christine Taylor).

After school, the three girls befriend Sarah and take her to an occult shop. The owner, Lirio (Assumpta Serna), comments that Sarah is not like the other girls and says to her: "Maybe you are a natural witch; your power comes from

within." While leaving the shop, Sarah is harassed by a vagrant (Arthur Senzy), and all four girls simultaneously will for something to happen; the vagrant is then hit by a car. The girls escape, and Nancy is thrilled at their

"connection". Nancy tells Sarah about "invoking the Spirit" Manon, which is their ultimate goal as a coven.

Sarah leaves the girls to meet Chris, but refuses to have sex with him. However, at school the next day, Sarah discovers that Chris boasted to the whole school that they slept

together, and that she was the worst he's ever had. Nancy, Bonnie and Rochelle comfort Sarah, and invite her on a field trip. They take the bus out to the country. The bust drivers tells them to be careful about wicked boys, but they say that they four are the dangerous ones. While on the countryside, they call the corners and cast some spells: Rochelle asks for the strength not to hate those who hate her, Sarah performs a love spell on Chris, Bonnie asks for beauty inside and out, and Shortly Nancy after the asks spells for are cast, "all they show the signs of

working: Chris becomes infatuated with Sarah and goes after her constantly in spite of his friends Mitt (Breckin Meyer) and Trey (Nathaniel Marston) taunting him about it, Bonnie's scars miraculously heal, and the next time Laura bullies Rochelle, Laura's hair begins falling out. At home, Nancy causes the microwave and all lightbulbs to explode, and Ray suffers a massive heart attack and dies. Then Nancy and her mother are told by the insurance man (Brogan Roche) that they have inherited $175,000 from an insurance policy, and they feel overjoyed about it. Nancy and her mother move into a posh high-rise where the girls meet one night and learn disguise-changing magic. Nancy's mother looks confused and dazzled. She has bought a weird-coloured sofa and a jukebox with only songs by Connie Francis. The four friends lock

themselves in Nancy's room ignoring Nancy's mother, who is left empty and ignored, just as she felt before cashing in on the insurance money.

The girls go to Lirio's shop again, where Nancy finds a book about "Invoking the Spirit". Later that night, the girls go to the beach and form a circle, calling on Manon. At the culmination of the spell Nancy is struck by lightning. The next day the rest of the girls witness Nancy walking on the water, and from this point on, Nancy's

Later on, Rochelle sees a balding Laura in the locker room, hysterically sobbing after swim practice. Laura's two closest friends (Elizabeth Guber and Jennifer Greenhut) try to offer some consolation, to no avail. Rochelle feels remorse for the spell she has cast and when she looks in the mirror at herself, her reflection looks away.

Sarah's love spell also backfires on her. She finally accepts to have a dinner date with Chris, but he takes her to the top of a hill and attempts to rape her. Sarah runs away and knowns on Nancy's door. Nancy leaves her home for a party Chris is attending in order to punish him. However, when she arrives to the party, she tries to seduce Chris by disguising herself as Sarah, but when the real Sarah arrives as they engage in foreplay, Nancy causes Chris to fall out a thirdstory window, killing him.

On

consequence

of

this,

Sarah

starts

having

nightmares

concerning her old friends, and feels like they're following her everywhere to torment her. She tries to stop Nancy - who has become the leader of the three remaining coven witches by binding her powers so that she won't be able to hurt other or herself, but this does not work and the three other coven girls now hate Sarah. Needing help, Sarah goes to Lirio, who tells her to invoke the spirit herself. Lirio also reveals that Sarah's mother was a powerful witch, and that her talent has passed on to Sarah. Sarah starts to invoke Manon, but she has a vision of fire and the shop exploding, so she leaves the shop absolutely terrified..Sarah returns home, where she is tormented by Nancy, Bonnie and Rochelle, who taunt her using magic and intimidate her with threats on her life. Sarah arrives home and nobody is there. She is instructed to turn on the TV set and listens that her family went back to San Francisco thinking that she had run away there, and that their plane had had an accident without any survivors.

Without a second of rest, all kinds of snakes and worm appear everywhere. Nancy appears and tells Sarah that in the old days, if a witch betrayed her coven, they would kill her. After a few seconds of intimidation Nancy says that Sarah will commit suicide.

Nancy later slashes Sarah's wrists and a letter on Sarah's

handwriting

stating

the

reasons of

her

suicide magically

appear - blaming herself for Chris' death. Sarah runs to her room, while Nancy, Bonnie and Rochelle wait for her to die. Rochelle then tells Nancy that this has gone out of hand. Nancy tells her to go upstairs to check on Sarah and

threatens to slit her throat if she doesn't. Bonnie pulls up Rochelle to Sarah's room. Sarah is almost too weak to invoke Manon, but then she hears her mother (Janet Eilber) moving in an old photograph and her sweet voice whispering, "Don't be afraid. Reach inside yourself". Sarah successfully invokes Manon and is able to cast spells to fight back, as well as heal the injuries to her wrists. Forced by a counter spell of Sarah's to see themselves and what they've become by catching their reflections in a mirror, Bonnie's face horribly scarred and Rochelle's hair falling out, Bonnie and Rochelle flee, leaving only Nancy

Nancy and Sarah have a showdown, in which Nancy is ultimately defeated by Sarah, who binds Nancy's power to prevent her from doing any more harm.

In the end, Nancy has been sent to a psychiatric hospital, and Bonnie and Rochelle lose any powers they had. They go to see Sarah and half-mockingly tell her not to be angry with them because when Sarah was made to believe that her

family had died it was just an illusion. Sarah's father is packing everything in his car to move out of LA. The two girls ask Sarah if she still has any powers, and when she shows no interest in continuing a friendship with the two girls who tried to kill her, they make fun of her as they leave, saying, "She probably doesn't have powers, anyway". On hearing this Sarah makes a bolt of lightning strike causing a tree branch to fall, nearly crushing the two girls, revealing that she still has powers. As they stare back at her in shock, Sarah warns them, "Be careful. You don't wanna end up like Nancy", and smiles.

The scene cuts to a bird's eye view of Nancy's room in the psychiatric hospital. She is screaming like a maniac, telling the nurse (Esther Scott), "He gave me powers! I can fly, I'm flying, I'm flying, I'm flying!"

SORCERERS APPRENTICE The movie starts at 700 AD, with (Ian McShane) [uncredited] narrating to the viewers the past of Balthazar Blake (Nicolas Cage). Balthazar, Maxim Horvath (Alfred Molina), and Veronica (Monica Bellucci) are Merlin's (James A. Stephens), the

greatest sorcerer ever, trusted apprentices. He taught them everything he knew and the three were sworn to protect the secrets of sorcerers. But Horvath betrays them to Morgana (Alice Krige), Merlin's greatest enemy. Morgana has been

trying to learn the spell (from the great book) to awaken the dead and control them. By the time Balthazar and Veronica reach Merlin, everyone is slain and

before Balthazar could help, Morgana overpowers Merlin with Horvath's help and stabs him. Horvath escapes after stealing the spell from the book. Both Balthazar and Veronica start fighting with Morgana. Veronica absorbs Morgana's soul into herself, to destroy her. But when Morgana starts to possess Veronica and kill her from inside, Balthazar imprisons both in a Grimhold, a nesting doll. We can see pictures of both Veronica and Morgana appearing on the surface of the doll. Before dying, Merlin gives Balthazar a metal dragon telling him that it would find the Prime Merlinian, the Merlin's successor, and only he could finish Morgana completely.

Balthazar searches for that kid for centuries in vain, and during this time captures Abigail Williams (Nicole Ehinger) a young witch (second layer of the nesting doll), Sun Lok (Gregory Woo) a powerful Chinese sorcerer (third layer) and then finally Horvath (Fourth and outermost doll layer).

Cut to the year 2000, we see a kid waking up and getting ready to go to school. He is Dave Stutler (Jake Cherry), who is revealed to have a huge crush on on of his classmates, a girl named Becky. While the kids are out on school field trip, sitting at some place, Dave passes a slip of paper to Becky on which he writes a question asking Becky if she would like to be his friend or girlfriend. Becky writes her answer on the same note and leaves it where she is sitting. When

Dave tries to take the note, it flies away with the wind. Dave, chasing the piece of paper, ends up in an antique store and meets Balthazar, who has not aged even a bit. Balthazar then asks Dave to take the metal dragon in his hand. As soon as he does, the dragon comes to life, wraps around his

forefinger, and folds its wings, becoming a ring. Balthazar then tells him that he is a sorcerer and that he has been waiting for him for centuries. He tells Dave not to move or touch anything and goes down to basement to get the book of spells. When Dave starts moving his hand the Grimhold breaks out of a wall and falls on the floor in front of him (the Grimhold moves with the ring when engaged). Dave picks it up but drops it when he sees an opening appearing in the middle. The outer layers of the nesting doll opens and in a very 'The Mummy' like manner lots and lots of bugs start coming out of it and start to take human form, and finally becomes Horvath. He tries to kill Dave, but just then Balthazar comes up and engages him in a fight. After a while Balthazar pins Horvath down and tells Dave to take the Grimhold and run. Dave escapes out and Balthazar takes Horvath into an urn to be imprisoned for 10 years. The teacher, along with everyone else, finally finds Dave outside the store. No one believes his story and Dave

Year 2010: 10 years later, Dave is now 20, a Physics genius, and a student at NYU. He still keeps the ring in his

cupboard, but seems to have forgotten everything. He meets Becky again in his class and learns that she does a daily show at a local radio station. We learn that he has a lab and that he does pretty amazing experiments with

electromagnetism.Meanwhile, both Balthazar and Horvath escape from the urn. Horvath goes to Dave and asks him for the Grimhold, when Dave tells him that he has thrown it away, Horvath sends wolves after him to kill him. Balthazar

literally swoops in on a steel eagle and rescues him and tells him that he should start learning sorcery properly. Dave refuses, saying that he just wants a normal life. But Balthazar convinces him to at least try and help him to retrieve the Grimhold, and then he can decide if he wants Both Balthazar and Horvath reach the place where the Grimhold is currently held, Chinatown, picked up 10 years ago by a Chinese shopkeeper. On the way Balthazar teaches the basic trick of magic to Dave. After a long fight Balthazar defeats both Horvath and Sun-Lok, whom Horvath had just released from the Grimhold. With the a little help from Dave, has Balthazar done

recaptures

Grimhold.

Dave

Dave then agrees to continue his study and Balthazar accepts him as his apprentice. They start practicing in Dave's lab.

During the fight at China Town, Horvath realizes that Dave is the Prime Merlinian (when he notices the ring) and sets out to find an accomplice for himself. He meets the illusionist Drake Stone (Toby Kebbell), who agrees to help him get the Grimhold back.

Dave keeps trying to learn sorcery, but his progress is slow and disheartening. He is also trying to win Becky's affection and offers to teach her Physics. Becky also starts to like him. Balthazar tries to persuade him not to fall into the relationship trap saying love is a distraction. But Dave says he had been waiting for Becky

Horvath and Drake try to ambush Dave when he is dropping Becky off at her Yoga class, but Balthazar arrives in time to save the day again. Horvath mocks Dave saying he doesn't know what exactly is in the Grimhold and that Balthazar hasn't told him everything. Later Dave confronts Balthazar, and he tells Dave the whole story. When Veronica, Horvath and

Balthazar were apprentices, both Balthazar and Horvath fell in love with Veronica but she chose Balthazar. With a broken heart, Horvath turned to Morgana for revenge and betrayed his friends. Balthazar tells Dave that Veronica is trapped inside the Grimhold and that he has been waiting 1000 years to free her. Merlin had cast a spell to keep the three of them young so they could live to find Prime Merlinian, which Balthazar

has

now

done

(Dave).

And

that

Dave panics and says that he is just a normal guy who just wants a normal life. Balthazar tells him that he doesn't have a choice and that he is the Prime Merlinian. He says when Dave is ready he wouldn't even need the ring to do magic. Dave is very skeptical about being that skillful as he is failing to do magic successfully even with the help

One day when Dave fails miserably in one his attempts, he storms off saying he doesn't want to learn anymore. He meets Becky and reminisce over their childhood. Becky boosts his confidence telling him that she always thought him to be 'cool' and different from others. At that time Horvath and Drake attack the Lab and steal the Grimhold. Dave arrives just in time to save Balthazar, but the

Balthazar and Dave set out to get the Grimhold back. They chase each other on the streets, and Horvath finally crushes Balthazar and Dave's car. When Balthazar tries to follow him, Horvath morphs one of the women on the street to look like Veronica, distracting Balthazar, and escapes.

Horvath is planning to bring Morgana out of the Grimhold and decides on Battery Park as the venue for the 'Rising', the process of bringing the dead back. He kills Drake and steals his energy and releases Abigail (from the second layer) and makes her kidnap Becky. He then kills Abigail and steals her

energy

also

to

use

it

in

releasing

Morgana.

Meanwhile Balthazar and Dave are getting ready to steal the Grimhold back. Balthazar makes Dave promise that he will do everything he can to destroy Morgana, and Dave does. They reach Drake's house and start searching. Balthazar gets stuck in a sinking carpet while Horvath corners Dave in the hall. He threatens to kill Becky and forces Dave to give up his ring. He then takes the Grimhold and leaves for the park.When Balthazar comes back, Dave tells him everything and

apologizes. Balthazar consoles him saying he would have done the same and leaves to stop Horvath. He tells Dave not to come as without his ring it might be dangerous and flies off on the steel eagle. Dave decides to help Balthazar and

devices a plan and drives to the park while trying to explain everything to Becky on the way.

Horvath releases Morgana from Grimhold and she comes out in the form of Veronica. She then starts to complete Merlin's circle. She uses the satellite dishes to contact each other and amplify the electromagnetic signals. Balthazar tries to stop her, but gets interrupted by the bronze bull, come to Dave sees the electromagnetic radiation and understands

Morgana's plot. He drops Becky off at a TV tower telling her she should go up the tower and change the dish's angle to disrupt the communication. Becky, though scared of heights,

agrees to it. He then asks her about what she wrote on the note 10 years ago. He says he might not come back so he would like to know. Becky tells him to stay alive and that she will tell him after that.

He drives up to the park just in time to save Balthazar and kill Horvath (He electrocutes him with the equipment he is carrying). The metal eagle carries away the bronze bull. Just then Becky manages to rotate the dish and the circle

breaks.Balthazar absorbs Morgana's soul to save Veronica, but Morgana come out in the form of spirit. Dave starts fighting with her using magic without his ring, proving that he is Prime Merlinian and kills her. He then brings Balthazar back to life by jump-starting his heart using his power.Becky just then comes to the park and tells him that she wrote on the note 'girlfriend'. The metal eagle lands next to them. Dave asks Becky how she would like to fly to Paris.The movie ends with the scene of both of them flying on the back of the metal eagle with Dave saying "I don't exactly know how to land this!"

SLEEPY HOLLOW In 1799, New York City police constable Ichabod Crane is dispatched by his superiors to the Hudson Highlands hamlet of Sleepy Hollow, to investigate a series of brutal slayings in which the victims have been found beheaded. A frequent user of new, though so far unproven investigative techniques such as finger-printing and autopsies, Crane arrives in Sleepy Hollow armed with his bag of scientific tools only to be informed by the town's elders that the murderer is not of flesh and blood, rather a headless supernatural warrior from beyond the grave who rides at

Crane does not believe them and begins his own investigation, until he comes face to "face" with the Headless Horseman. Boarding a room at the home of the town's richest family, the Van Tassels, Crane develops an attraction to their daughter, the mysterious Katrina, even as he is plagued by nightmares

of his mother's horrific torture under his zealous preacher father when he was a child.Delving further into the mystery with the aid of the orphaned Young Masbeth, whose father was a victim of the Horseman, Crane discovers within the Western Woods both the Horseman's entry point between this world and the beyond, the gnarled Tree of the Dead with the heads of his victims within, and his grave. Ichabod discovers the horsemans skull is missing. The horsemen comes out of the tree and rides into town, taking two more victims. As the horseman leaves the house, It passes ichabod without killing him. Brom arrives and shoots at him; still the horseman doesnt try to kill him or brom. Brom finnaly pulls out a sword and duels with him, and the horseman finnaly kills brom. This prompts Crane to realise that someone must be using the skull to control the Horseman rather than the Horseman committing these murders of his own accord.

Although evidence is briefly revealed suggesting that Katrina is the villain, Crane uncovers a murky plot revolving around revenge and land rights with the Horseman controlled by

Katrina's stepmother, Lady Van Tassel, who sends the killer after her; her stepmother's family lost their land when her father died and it was given to Katrina's father, the young girl witnessing the Horseman's death and promising her soul to Satan if he would allow her to control the Horseman to

avenge her family. Following a fight in the local windmill and a stagecoach chase through the woods, Crane eventually thwarts Lady Van Tassel by returning the skull to the

Horseman, who regains his head and goes back to Hell along with Lady Van Tassel. With His job in Sleepy Hollow

completed, Crane returns to New York with Katrina and Young Masbeth, just in time for the new century

Season of the Witch A 14th century Crusader returns to a homeland devastated by the Black Plague. A beleaguered church, deeming sorcery the culprit of the plague, commands the two knights to transport an accused witch to a remote abbey, where monks will perform a ritual in hopes of ending the pestilence. A priest, a grieving knight, a disgraced itinerant and a headstrong youth who can only dream of becoming a knight join a mission troubled by mythically hostile wilderness and fierce

contention over the fate of the girl. When the embattled party arrives at the abbey, a horrific discovery jeopardises the knight's pledge to ensure the girl fair treatment, and pits them against an inexplicably powerful and destructive force. Season of the Witch opens to show an ancient tome being carefully hand-copied in an unknown location.

In the Austrian town of Villach, in 1235 AD, at a bridge over the river, a priest is presiding over the execution of three

women accused of witchcraft-- a young woman, a middle-aged midwife, and an older spinster. All three are shackled at the wrists and feet with heavy iron manacles. As the terrified young woman begs and pleads for mercy, a noose is tightened around her neck and the priest tells all three women that they still have time to confess their sins, and their souls

will be saved. In desperation, the young woman confesses to everything the priest demands. The midwife pleads that she only used pig's fat to make an ointment. The spinster,

however, lifts her head slowly and tells the father that he will burn in hell. The outraged priest signals to the church soldiers, who grab the spinster and shove her over the

bridge, followed by the midwife. The young woman then finds out that the priest promised her SOUL would be saved, but her body must be consigned to God. Her terrified pleas fall on deaf ears as she is pushed over the edge of the bridge and the noose

The soldiers then take the ropes and lower all three bodies down into the river. The priest protests that he must read passages from the Book of Solomon so the bodies do not rise again, but the soldier commander says that the three women are both hanged and drowned, and that's dead enough for him. But of all the people to come to try and stop him, Debelzaq pleads with Behmen to stay his hand. Behind Debelzaq, the Girl smiles with seeming delight as she listens to Behmen rage at Debelzaq about how much more blood he's spilled in God's name, than he now believes God would ask him to do. Behman shoves Debelzaq aside, but now it is Felson standing before the cage. Felson gestures to one side, showing Behmen that they are at the edge of Wormwood Forest, and just before

them is the mountain pass... and their destination, the Abbey of Severac, is in sight.Riding up to the abbey, Behmen knocks on the door for the outer gate. When nobody answers, Kay finally climbs through a window to open it from the inside. They ride through the outer cloister and Debelzaq says that judging by the time of day, they should find the monks in the chapel; they would be in vespers now.

But on arrival, Debelzaq, Behmen, Felson and Kay find only death. The monks there are all dead from the plague. Debelzaq is distraught, as there is nowhere else to go. He drops to his knees and fervently begins to recite the Lord's prayer, when suddenly they hear a strained voice softly speak the last sentence. They find one monk on the floor, barely

clinging to life. Debelzaq starts to give the dying monk last rites, when the monk shakily points to where Behmen sees the Book of Solomon resting on an altar. Debelzaq feels new home as he skims through the pages.

The party returns to the wagon, which they have left just outside the chapel gates; Debelzaq holding the Book of

Solomon. At this point, all traces of timidity are gone from the Girl's voice and face, and she faces them with increasing boldness as she asks if this is the fair trial she was promised. Debelzaq sprinkles holy water at her, which makes her recoil, and begins the ritual. Smiling as she says she's

deceived Debelzaq, the Girl then lashes out hatefully and begins to castigate the whole party on the Church's own sins and all the people it has hanged, burned

The Girl pauses to shoot a glance over her shoulder at the wagon's horses, who immediately respond with great agitation. She resumes her vitriol before Behmen tells Debelzaq to

continue the ritual. As he begins reading, the girl briefly closes her eyes and mouths words. Debelzaq's injured hands begin to bleed and throb with pain. Behmen draws his sword and starts to advance on the Girl, who lashes out at his trying to help her only as a means of easing his own guilt. Behmen stops short on seeing she knew about his slaying the peasant Turk woman. The Girl's smile turns completely savage as she declares Behmen's own sins to be Legion in number; the countless souls that fell

Suddenly the Girl stands as erect as the cage will permit her and begins to bark the words of the Crusader Grandmaster during the battle of Smyrna-- her voice now mimicking that of the Grandmaster perfectly. Behmen and Felson stare in

astonishment. Even without her voice having perfectly copied that of the Crusader Grandmaster, how she was able to know the exact words of his monologue should be impossible.

Debelzaq's face turns in horror and he softly says that the Girl is in fact, no witch... he knows that she is something

far more terrible. He hurriedly turns the pages of the Book of Solomon to one with a demonic image and the Latin word for exorcisms. As Debelzaq reads, the Girl turns, shrieking at him not to speak the words. Debelzaq starts to read the ritual more loudly, more strongly, and the Girl starts to scream and scramble about her cage. Winds begin to pick up; dark clouds blot out the sun. Slowly the Girl's face and body begin to change; revealing the demon that has possesed her. The demon grips the bars of the cage and they begin to melt, along with the roof and floor of the cage. Now free, the demon makes a beeline for Debelzaq; striking both Behmen and Felson aside like swatting at bugs. In desperation, Debelzaq grabs the goblet of holy water and hurls it at the demon, and it emits a horrible scream of agony. Kay rushes forward, sword at the ready, but the demon takes to the air and flees into the monastery. The party holes up in the abbey and gathers more holy water. Behmen tells Kay that his journey is ending here; the battle that must be undertaken now is beyond him. But Kay insists that his honor cannot be upheld unless he completes his vow to them, even if they try to release him from it... and even if it means his own death. Moved by Kay's valor and sense of duty, Behmen draws his sword, asks Kay to kneel and speak the

vows of knighthood after him; upon which Behmen gives the accolade, knighthood using his authority on as a knight to bestow Kay.

As the party goes through the abbey to confront the demon, they all reflect and think about their journey. The demon could have escaped at any time, but didn't. Kay realizes that escape was never the demon's plan. The party remembers that Eckhart died only after he began to express severe doubt over the Girl's guilt as a witch, and whether they truly needed to bring her to the abbey. Hagamar was killed by the wolves only after he wanted to kill the Girl immediately at the camp site in Wormwood. And reflecting further, they remember that when she struggled with them in her cell before the start of the journey, she suddenly stopped fighting, allowing them to

render her unconscious when Debelzaq shouted that the sooner they got her to Severac, the better. Throughout the journey, she actually helped them-- even going so far as saving Kay's life. Putting these details together, the party realizes that the demon WANTED the party to deliver it to the abbey, even aiding them in reaching the destination safely.

Making their way to the library, the party finds more bodies of monks that have succumbed to the plague. Behmen is puzzled to find that one monk, before dying, bound himself to the chair his corpse still sits in. More dead monks are found,

similarly bound to their chairs in front of their desks. On the desks themselves are from the Book sheets of of Solomon. parchments containing Behmen and Debelzaq

passages

realize that the monks were making copies of the book, to arm the rest of Europe against evil, heresy and witchcraft. This gives them the answer as to why the demon wanted to come here to the abbey: it knew that a suspected witch would be brought here, where the last copy of the Book of Solomon was kept. The demon's goal, all along, has been to destroy the last copy of the book before more copies were finished. It would have free, unopposed reign over all of Europe, and usher in an age of darkness.

The demon is halted in its tracks; the holy power invoked wracking the demon with great pain, finally destroying it; the horrific unholy creature's body becoming a ball of energy that dissipates through the domed ceiling.

The battle won, Kay slumps in a daze against a wall while the Girl lays naked and barely conscious nearby. Kay crosses to Behmen. With his dying breath, Behmen asks Kay to watch over and protect the Girl.

Kay provides proper Church burial for his fallen compatriots, building stone barrows into which are set Felson and Behmen's swords and a wooden cross as grave markers. The Girl stands beside him, musing how she owes so much to those that she

never truly knew, and she doesn't know what to say. Kay suggests she say what is in her heart. The Girl tells the slain knights that her name is Anna, and she will never forget everything they did for her; how they gave their lives on her behalf. She asks Kay to tell her everything he knows about Behmen, Felson and Debelzaq, as she and Kay mount horses for the journey home. We see the Book of Solomon in Kay's saddle bag; he is now the keeper of the words of Solomon. The camera begins to pan out as Kay and Anna ride back to civilization.

Anna closes the movie with a voiceover in which she recounts that the plague lifted from the land like the passing of a fever, and she promises to devote her life to telling her story, that the horrors faced and the lives lost will always be remembered and that people will be reminded that they, and the darkness that almost was, were all very real.

MACBETH The play opens with Macbeth and Banquo, two of the Scottish King Duncans three generals witches returning in the from woods. battle The when they tell

encounter

witches

Macbeth of how he will become the Thane of Cawdor and then the King of Scotland. For Banquo, they prophesize that he will beget the line of Scottish Kings, though he will never become king himself. The two are sufficiently skeptical and

continue

their

journey

home.

However,

when

the

two

come

closer to the encampment, they are presented with a messenger from King Duncan who announces that Macbeth has been made the Thane of Cawdor, immediately putting the prophecy into

perspective, making Macbeth wonder how he might become king. He invites Duncan to dine at his castle that evening and goes ahead to tell his wife of the days events. Unlike Macbeth, Lady Macbeth is very sure of her husbands future, desiring the throne and telling him that they must murder Duncan to ensure his ascension. Immediately upon returning to his

castle, Lady Macbeth is able to convince her husband to take initiative and murder Duncan that very night. The two plan to get Duncans chamberlains drunk enough that they will not remember the evening and blame them for the murder. When the body of Duncan is discovered in the morning, Macbeth quickly kills the culprits and assumes the kingship. All the while, Duncans sons flee the country, afraid for their own lives. Immediately, Macbeths misgivings and trust in the prophecies force his hand in the murder of Banquo and his son Fleance as well, afraid that killing his heirs the will seize the fail throne. to kill

Successfully

Banquo,

murderers

Fleance. The night of his murder, Banquos ghost appears to Macbeth and sends him into hysteria, scaring his guests and angering his wife. His very presence as the king of Scotland

has angered the other nobles and further incites Macbeths misgivings and paranoia. To ease his fears, he visits the witches again and they offer to him more prophecies. He must beware of Macduff, a chief opponent to Macbeth taking the throne. He cannot be harmed by any man born of woman and he is safe until Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane Castle. He returns home and finds that Macduff has fled to England to join Malcom. In fear, Macbeth seizes Macduffs castle and orders the murder of his wife and

children, inciting Macduff to further rage. With Malcom, the two raise an army and ride to Scotland to take on Macbeth with the support of the Scottish nobles who fear Macbeths tyranny and murderous ways. While Macbeth awaits his

opponents, Lady Macbeth is in the process of going mad, unable to wash the blood from her hands. The news of her suicide reaches Macbeth directly before the arrival of the English forces and sends him into an even deeper despair. He awaits confidently as the prophecy foretold his

invulnerability. However, Macduffs forces arrive under the cover of boughs cut from Birnam wood. When Macbeth is finally confronted by Macduff after his forces have been overwhelmed, Macduff announces that he was ripped from his mothers womb not born and ultimately defeats and beheads Macbeth, handing the crown back to Malcolm, the rightful heir.

Routing Slip This manuscript entitled: RITUALS AND PRACTICES OF WITCHCRAFT IN SELECTED FOREIGN MOVIES which had been prepared and successfully defended by Joanne A. Francisco, Rachel M. Gega and Arwil Angelin E. Guleng had been reviewed and scrutinized and is now recommended for finalizing and bookbinding.

Mrs. Norma F. Elvia Adviser ________________ Date -----------------------------------------------------------

__________________ Critic

__________________ Critic

_______________________ Chairman/UTW Instrutor _________________ Date ________________________ Coordinator, College of Education _______________ Date

APPENDIX D

Curriculum Vitae

Curriculum Vitae
JOANNE A. FRANCISCO Purok 7.Brgy Sta.Ana Taytay,Rizal Joannefrancisco37@yahoo.com 09466180971

Personal Data_____________________________________________ Age: 20 Birthplace: San Jacinto Masbate Birthday: June 02,1991 Nationality: Filipino Status: Single Religion: Catholic Educational Background_____________________________________

Elementary Calipat-an Elementary School Pasig Central Elementary School Secondary Liceo de San jacinto High School Masbate Rizal High School ( Caniogan Marikina ) Taytay National High School Tertiary Asian Institute of Computer Studies University of Rizal System Angono Affiliations_______________________________________________ 1st year ROTC officer Angono Campus Seminar Attended___________________________________________ Board Walk (Nov. 2010)

Curriculum Vitae
RACHEL M. GEGA 434 San Valentin St. Pantok Binangonan, Rizal like_facebooking@yahoo.com 09169252744

Personal Data______________________________________________ Age: 18 Birthday: February 8, 1993 Birthplace: Rosario, Pasig

Nationality: Filipino Status: Single Religion: Catholic

Educational Background_____________________________________

Elementary Doa Susana Madrigal Memorial School

Secondary Vicente Madrigal National High School

Tertiary University of Rizal System Angono

Seminar Attended___________________________________________

K12 and Understanding By Design Seminar (Jan. 2012)

Curriculum Vitae
ARWIL ANGELIN E GULENG 18 B. Gloria St. Barangay San Carlos, Binangonan Rizal
arwilguleng@yahoo.com

09067055847

Personal Data______________________________________________

Age: 19 Birthday: September 28, 1992 Birthplace: Suyo Dingras, Ilocos Norte Nationality: Filipino Status: Single Religion: Catholic

Educational Background_____________________________________

Elementary

Don Jose Ynares Sr. Memorial Elementary School

Secondary Mherrynoll Montessori School

Tertiary University of Rizal System Angono

Seminar Attended___________________________________________

K12 and Understanding By Design Seminar (Jan. 2012)