Magnetic Reconnection:

Basic Concepts I
Gunnar Hornig
Isaac Newton Institute, August 2004
1. Introduction
1.1. Aspects of Magnetic Reconnection
a) Energetics (acceleration of particles, heating, radiation, ..)
b) Dynamics (instabilities, time scales, eciency, anomalous resistivity, ..)
c) Structure of the magnetic eld (change of connectivity, ux conservation, helicity conservation,
..)
Many aspects are fairly well understood for 2D-reconnection.
Much less is known for the 3D case. In particular we have to answer:
Where does reconnection occur?
What types of reconnection exist in 3D?
How does reconnection change the topology of the magnetic eld?
1.2. Reconnection
Magnetohydrodynamics: Reconnection of magnetic ux
e.g. [Biskamp, D., Magnetic Reconnection in Plasmas, CUP 2000, Priest and Forbes, Magnetic
Reconnection, CUP 2000 ]
Hydrodynamics: Reconnection of vorticity
e.g. [Kida, S., and M. Takaoka, Vortex Reconnection, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 26, 169 (1994)]
Superuids: Reconnection of quantized vortex elements
e.g. [Koplik, J. and Levine, H., Vortex reconnection in superuid helium, Phys. Rev. Letters 71,
1375, (1993)]
Cosmic Strings: Reconnection of topological defects
e.g. [Shellard, E.P.S., Cosmic String interactions, Nucl. Phys. B 282, 624, (1987)]
Liquid Crystals: Reconnection of topological defects
e.g. [Chuang, I., Durrer, R., Turok, N., and Yurke, B., Cosmology in the laboratory: Defect
Dynamics in Liquid Crystals, Science 251, 1336, (1991)]
Knot-theory surgery of framed knots
e.g. [Kauman, L.H. (1991)Knots and Physics, World Scientic, London]
Enzymology Reconnection on strands of the DNA
e.g. [Sumners D.(1990) Untangling DNA Math. Intell. 12 7180]
2. Topological Conservation Laws
2.1. Flux conservation

t
B(v B) = 0

_
C
2
(t)
B da = const. for a comoving surface C
2
,
Conservation of ux
Conservation of eld lines
Conservation of null points
Conservation of knots and linkages of eld lines
2.2. Integral conservation laws
A uid in a domain D IR
3
with
a velocity eld v(x, t) satisfying v
n|
V
= 0. The ow F(x, t) of v is
dened by
F(x, t)
t
= v(F(x, t), t)
The advection of elds (
k
) by the ow F(x, t) of v implies the conservation of an integral over a
k-dimensional comoving volume C
k
.

k
+ L
v

k
= 0

_
F(C
k
)

k
= const.
2.2.1. Scalar in IR
3

+ L
v

= 0
t
+v = 0
(F(x, t), t) = const.
2.2.2. Vector (1-form) in IR
3

1
A
+ L
v

1
A
= 0
t
A+(vA) v A = 0

_
C
1
(t)
Adl = const.
Transport of a vector eld represented locally as
A(x) = (x)(x) (=
3

i=1

i
(x)
i
(x))
(1-form
1
A
= d) by transporting (x) and (x).
Example: A =
2.2.3. Vector (2-form) in IR
3

2
B
+ L
v

2
B
= 0
t
B+vBBv +B v = 0

t
Bv B = 0 for B = 0

_
C
2
(t)
B da = const. ,
Transport of a vector eld represented locally as
B(x) = (x) (x)
_
=
3

i=1

i
(x)
i
(x)
_

2
B
= d d
by transporting (x) and (x)
Examples: B frozen-in vorticity (Kelvins Theorem) or frozen-in magnetic eld (Alfvens Theorem).
2.2.4. Scalar (3-form) in IR
3

+ L
v

3

= 0
t
+ (v ) = 0

_
C
3
(t)
d
3
x = const.
Transport of a density represented locally as
(x) = ((x) (x)) (x)
(
3

= d d d)
by transporting (x), (x) and (x).
Example: mass-density in hydrodynamics
2.2.5. Field lines in IR
3
Transport of the eld lines of a vector eld
B(F
B
(x, s), s) :=
F
B
(x, s)
s
by transporting the ow F
B
(x, s):
F
B
(F(x, t), t, s

) = F(F
B
(x, t, s), t)

t
B+v(x)B(x) B(x)v(x) = B

t
B+ L
v
B = B
Conservation of magnetic eld lines
Conservation of ux Conservation of magnetic eld lines

t
B+v(x)B(x) B(x)v(x) +B v = 0

t
B+v(x)B(x) B(x)v(x) = B for = v
2.3. Conservation laws in space-time
L
V

0

= 0 V
t

t
+V = 0

_
C
0

= = const.
L
V

1
A
= 0
_

t
(V
t
A
t
) +VA
t
A
t
V = 0
V
t

t
A+(VA) VAA
t
V
t
= 0

_
C
1

1
A
=
_
C
1
A
t
dt
_
C
1
Adl = const.
L
V

2
AB
= 0
_

t
(V
t
A) +(VA) VA
t
VB = 0
V
t

t
B(VB) +V B+V
t
A = 0

_
C
2

2
AB
=
_
C
2
Bda
_
C
2
Adl dt = const.
L
V

3
A
= 0
_
V
t

t
A
t
+(VA
t
) AV
t
= 0

t
(V
t
A) (VA) +V AA
t

t
V = 0

_
C
3

3
A
=
_
C
3
A
t
dV
_
C
3
Ada dt = const.
L
V

4

= 0
t
(V
t
) +(V) = 0

_
C
4

=
_
C
4
dV
(4)
= const.
2.4. Conservation in IR
n

+ L
V

0

= 0

s
+V = 0

_
C
0

= = const.
.
.
.
.
.
.

+ L
V

n

= 0

s
+(V) = 0

_
C
n

=
_
C
n
dV
(n)
= const.
Example: V Hamilton ow on IR
(2m)
,
(2k)
= dq
1
dp
1
... dq
k
dp
k
yields Poincare integral
invariants.
2.5. Relations (Examples)
A frozen-in as 1-form B = A is frozen-in as a 2-form

t
A+(vA) v A = 0
t
Bv B = 0
B frozen-in as 2-form ( B = 0) vector potential A frozen-in as a 1-form

t
Bv B = 0
t
Av A =
Use gauge A

A = A+
with
d
dt
= v(A+)

t

A+(v

A) v

A = 0 .
A frozen-in as 1-form h = A B is frozen-in as a 3-form

t
A+(vA) v A = 0
t
h + (v h) = 0
Remark: There are more relations of this type which can be derived applying the Lie-derivative to
exterior products and derivatives of dierential forms.
3. Example for reconnection: Detachment of a drop

t
P(x, t) +v P(x, t) = 0
X-type structure of the ow near the point of detachment:
smooth ow:
v (x, y, 0)
No detachment in a nite time for a smooth v(x, t)!
Time necessary to reach the X-point:
_
0
x
t
dt =
_
0
x
t
1/v
x
dx =
singular ow
w
_

x
x
2
+y
2
,
y
x
2
+y
2
, 0
_
non-dierentiable ow
w (

x,

y, 0)
Detachment is a non-ideal evolution:

t
P(x, t) +v P(x, t) = r(x, t)
Non-idealness r(x, t)
- is an eect of molecular forces
- can be neglected everywhere except for the detachment
- can not be represented in macroscopic uid variables
- has macroscopic eects
The detachment is essentially independent of the prole and value of r(x, t)
Non-ideal evolution

t
P +v P = r

Quasi-ideal evolution (w singular)

t
P +w P = 0
4. Conditions for magnetic reconnection to occur
E+v B = 0

t
Bv B = 0
Conservation of magnetic ux and eld line topology: No reconnection.
Reconnection can only occur if the plasma is non-ideal.
E+v B = N with N = Non-ideal term. (e.g.N = j)
But....
E+v B = N with N = +u B (1)
E+ (v u) B = (2)

t
BwB = 0 for w = v u (3)
Conservation of magnetic ux and eld line topology w.r.t w: No reconnection.
u : is a slippage velocity of plasma with respect to the eld lines.
Eq. (1) is the most general form which leads to a ux conserving evolution.
Example of slippage
Example where the transport velocity of the magnetic ux w diers from the plasma velocity v in a
non-ideal region (gray) while outside the non-ideal region the plasma is ideal (v = w). The blue and
red cross sections are moving with the plasma velocity. The blue cross section always remains in the
ideal domain while the red cross section crosses the non-ideal region.
Examples which satisfy
t
B(wB) = 0:
Ideal plasma dynamics:
E+v B = 0
E+v B =
1
e n
P
e
(n) w = v
Hall MHD:
E+v B =
1
e n
j B w = v
e
= v
1
e n
j
many other cases under constraints: e.g. 2D dynamics with B = 0:
E+v B = .... +
m
e
n e
2
_
j
t
+ (vj +jv)
_
+ ...
N allows for reconnection if
N = +u B
E B = N B = 0 and N B = B
or E B = 0 and N = 0 at B = 0 and N = 0
Remark: Note that these are condition on the evolution of the electromagnetic eld - they are not
restricted to MHD.
5. Classication of three-dimensional reconnection
5.1. E B = 0-Reconnection
E+v B = N
E B = 0 N B = 0
w := v v = v
BN
B
2
.
E+wB = 0
A ux conserving ow w exists and it is smooth with exception of points where B = 0 but N = 0.
At a null point of B with N = 0 the elds B and w are locally tangential to a plane perpendicular to
E.
5.2. Non-Ideal Evolution at an O-point
At the O-point w has the local structure:
a) b)
Manifestation of loss (a) or creation (b) of ux at an O-point
Since for a generic null B is linear in x, w is of the type x/x
2
. It has a 1/x singularity at the origin.
Thus a cross-section is transported in a nite time onto the null-line.
T =
_
T
0
dt =
_
0
x
0
dt/dx dx =
_
0
x
0
1/w
x
dx x
2
0
/2
Rate of ux annihilation:
d
rec
dt
=
d
dt
_
Bnda =
_
E
z
dz (=
_
w
r
B
phi
dz)
Movie
5.3. Non-Ideal Evolution at an X-point
Structure of w at an X-point:
Reconnection
Again the transporting ow has a 1/x singularity The ux (a cross section) is transported in a
nite time onto the null-line. But this time the singularity is of X-type. Simultaneously the null line
is the source of ux leaving the axis along the other direction. No loss of ux but a re-connection.
Rate of reconnected ux:
d
rec
dt
=
d
dt
_
Bnda =
_
E
z
dz (=
_
w
x
B
y
dz)
Movie
Properties of E B = 0-Reconnection:
There exists a ux transporting velocity w which is singular at the X-point
The process can be localised at an X-point of B
No dissipation (loss) of magnetic ux
The rate of ux reconnection is given by
_
E dl along the X-line
There is no production of magnetic helicity
1-1 correspondence of reconnecting eld lines

Simple reconnection process

Movie
5.4. E B = 0-Reconnection
Reconnection at magnetic null points
Reconnection at B = 0
Simple 3D reconnection process
Movie
5.5. Total Helicity
The (total) magnetic helicity is dened as
H(B) :=
_
V
A B
. .
hel. density
d
3
x for B n|
V
= 0 ,
where A is the vector potential for the magnetic eld B, which is tangent to the boundary V .
Warning: The total helicity requires additional assumptions for multiple connected domains, e.g. a
torus or a box with periodic boundary conditions.
In terms of the magnetic eld only:
H(B) =
1
4
_ _
B(x

)
x x

|x x

|
3
B(x) d
3
x

d
3
x
which shows that the helicity is of 2nd order in the magnetic eld.
5.6. Relative Helicity
For cases where the boundary is not
a magnetic surface, i.e where mag-
netic ux crosses the boundary, the
total magnetic helicity is not well
dened. In this case we can dene
a relative helicity between elds B
a
and B
b
satisfying the same bound-
ary conditions.
a) b)
Supplement the eld using e.g. a
vacuum eld B
c
to a closed con-
guration so that we can calculate
the total magnetic helicities for the
supplemented elds B
a+c
and B
b+c
.
Then
H
rel
:= H(B
a+c
) H(B
b+c
)
is well dened and does not depend
on the extension B
c
.
c)
5.7. Interpretation
For systems of (untwisted) ux tubes the to-
tal magnetic helicity can be expressed as a
sum over the mutual linking of ux tubes
[Moatt 1969]:
H(B) = 2

i<j
lk(T
i
, T
j
)
i

j
,
where lk(T
i
, T
j
) is the linking number of the
tube T
i
and T
j
with magnetic uxes
i
and

j
.
c)
This interpretation was generalized by [Arnold 1986] for the generic case where eld lines are not closed
using asymptotic linking numbers.
Note: Twist is a linkage of sub-ux tubes:
5.8. Evolution of helicity
The homogeneous Maxwells equation yield a balance equation for the helicity density:

t
A B
. .
hel. density
+ (B+EA
. .
hel. current
) = 2 E B
. .
hel. source
Remarks:
There is no freedom to add certain terms either to the current or to the source since the covariant
formulation uniquely determines the helicity current.
The helicity density and the helicity current are not gauge invariant, but the source term is gauge
invariant.
Integrating over are volume yields an expression for the total helicity
d
dt
_
V
A B d
3
x = 2
_
V
E B d
3
x ,
if the helicity current across the boundary vanishes, this is the case ...
If the boundary is a magnetic surface B n|
D
= 0 and En|
D
= 0 or ...
If E+v B = 0 and the boundary is a comoving magnetic surface or...
If An|
D
= 0, a gauge which is always possible for simply connected domains (Proof)
For an ideal evolution (E+v B = 0) the balance equation reads

t
h + (v h + ( v A) B) = 0 h = A B
Using a certain gauge the (v A) B term in the helicity current can be made to vanish. This leads
to

t
h + (vh) = 0
especially in this case the total helicity is conserved for arbitrary comoving volumes:
d
dt
_
V
A B d
3
x = 0
5.9. Helicity conservation
5.10. General considerations
For a non-ideal evolution E+vB = N the change of the total helicity in a magnetically closed volume
is given by
d
dt
_
V
A B d
3
x = 2
_
V
N B d
3
x,
if N vanishes on the boundary The total helicity is strictly conserved for ideal MHD or more general
for N B = 0 e.g. in case of 2-d reconnection.
The total helicity is approximately conserved on the time scale of energy dissipation for a resistive
plasma [Berger 1984].

H
H

_
t

d
with
d
= L
2
/ and L =

A
B

A B
B
2

If t
d
then H/H 1.
5.11. Production of helicity in reconnection
Astrophysical plasmas dier from many technical plasmas in the size of the reconnection region V
rec
,
where the dissipation dominates the evolution, compared to the volume V of magnetic ux connected
to V
rec
.
Especially d L for astrophysical plasnas, where d is the diameter of V
rec
and L of V .

hel
=

_
V
A B d
3
x
_
V
E Bd
3
x

B V L
E V
rec
with L =

A
B

diss
=

_
V
B
2
/(8)d
3
x
_
V
E Jd
3
x

B V d
E V
rec
with d =

B
J

V
rec

hel

diss

L
d
1
5.12. Numerical verication of helicity conservation in 3-d reconnection
Numerical experiment of a 3-d reconnection process.
Production of helicity normalized to the total reconnected ux for dierent values of the inverse width
= 1/d, which characterizes the thickness of the reconnection region compared to the length scale of
the magnetic ux L = 1 [Hornig & Rastatter, 1997].
In plasma of high magnetic Reynolds numbers the helicity production in a single reconnection event is
small compared to the potential helicity of the eld(e.g. a corresponding constant- force-free eld).
How is the helicity created which we observe on the solar surface ?
A principal method:

An initially untwisted ux tube with vanishing total helicity is twisted and ...

...reconnected into two ux tubes with negative and positive total helicity.
Reconnection does not produce much helicity but can separate helicity!
6. Appendix
6.1. 3-D Reconnection
See the movie: Movie
An evolution of eld lines integrated from two cross-sections (black) comoving with the uid is shown.
The cross-section are located outside the non-ideal region (N = 0 only in a neighborhood of the z-axis)
and initially belong to the same magnetic ux tube.
Flux tubes do not join after reconnection!
References
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327
[Berger 1996] Berger, M.A.,1996 Inverse cascades in a periodic domain , Astrophysical Letters & Com-
munications, 34, 225 (1996).
[Berger 1984] Berger, M.A., 1984, Rigorous new limits on magnetic helicity dissipation in the solar
corona, Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dynamics, 30, 79
[Berger 2000] Berger, M.A., Ruzmaikin, A.,Rate of helicity production by solar rotation, J. Geophysical
Research 105, 10481-10490 (2000)
[Hornig & Rastatter, 1997] Hornig, G., and L. Rastatter, The role of Helicity in the Reconnection Pro-
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[Hornig 2000] Hornig, G., The Geometry of Reconnection, in An Introduction to the Geometry and
Topology of Fluid Flows, Kluwer 2001
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[Moatt 1969] Moatt H K 1969,Journal of Fluid Mechanics 35 117