INTRODUCTION

Public health engineering has nowadays emerged and has been realized as a profound discipline under Civil Engineering as it directly deals with the overall health and consequently the well being of the society itself. In spite of the fundamental civil engineering skills, it urges for an equal stuff of knowledge of chemistry, biochemistry and biology as well. On the other hand, water supply engineering, which is a part of public health engineering, deals on the optimization of some very basic parameters like quantity, quality, stability, cost and reliability out of which quality is perhaps the only parameter that could be widely maneuvered at the desire of the engineer. And so straightforward is the fact that the engineering is always concerned in providing the water of quality at its best. For this a sound assessment of water quality is the prerequisite which could be enhanced through the determination of physical, chemical and biological properties of water, obviously through experimentation. Hence the laboratory experiments do posses a very significant role in water quality analysis. Having realized this, the augmented practical experiments have been incorporated in the curriculum of BE Civil, 3rd year , 1st part of IOE. Scheduled relevant experiments had been conducted in the laboratory Whose report is presented as that follows.

Experiment no: 1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER OBJECT: TO DETERMINE THE TEMPERATURE ,COLOUR ,Ph AND TURBIDITY OF WATER SAMPLE. SCOPE: Physical properties like temperature and Ph may not be directly as offensive as colour and turbidity for a layman consumer but they indicate the prevalence of ongoing biological , chemical and bio-chemical changes in water and govern the treatment method to be developed. Turbidity and colour are not appealing to the consumer as well as indicate the quality of water etc. Temperature ,colour ,pH and turbidity are the properties(physical) of water ,which are examined for, in beforehand deciding for any further examination, treatment or else. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. Beaker 2. Thermometers 3. Griffin digital pH meter 4. Reference electrode buffer solution pH=4 5. Platinum-cobalt standard(or Hazen)colorimeter 6. HACH turbidity meter THEORY: Temperature:

Temperature is the measure of degrer of hotness or coldness. Temperature in water may affect chemical ,biological and bio-chemical reactions in treatment, and an appreciably high temperature indicates the prevalence of biological activities, provided water is not from juvenile aquifers. The consumption of food stuff, growth, reproduction and other metabolism could be check by lowering the temperature. Temperature also affect the reaction rates and solubility of chemicals. The solubility of gases also decreases at elevated temperature. Temperature also affects the physical properties like viscosity and density(hence the rate of sedimentation), surface tension etc of water. The desirable temperature of water is 100C to 150C. While water at a temperature above 250C is considered to be objectionable, that exceeding 350C is declared unfit for civic supply. Measurement of temperature is done with the help of thermometer. Colour: colour is caused by organic material in solution or a colloidal state and should be desinguished from turbidity, which may cause an apparent colour. True colour in water supply is generally cauded by dyes derived from decomposing vegetation. Waters from swamps or weedy lakes and therefore most likely to be troublesome on this respect. Coloured water is not only undesirable because of consumers objections to its appearance, but may discolor clothing land adversely affects industrial processes. The desirable unit is 5 to 25 Hazen units. Colour is expressed in colour units and is measured by comparison to a platinum-cobalt standard: if 1.245 gm of platinum and 1gm of cobalt

are dissolved in distilled water and diluted to 1 liters, it has a colour of 500 Hazen units. pH value: The presence of acidity alkalinity of water is quantified in terms of pH. The pH value indicates hydrogenIons concentration in water. The water found in nature may acidic or alkaline depending upon the nature of dissolved minerals and sometimes salt . When acids or alkalis are dissolved in water, they dissociate into electrically charged ions of hydrogen (+ve) and hydroxyl(-ve). pH of a solution is the negative of common lagarithm of hydrogen concentration. For neutral water, [H+] = 10-7 pH = log10[ 10-7] = 7
pH scale explains variation of types of acidity and alkalinity on pH scale. pH values of 6 to 8.5 should be kept for public water supply. Lower value of pH may cause corrosion etc and higher value may produce encrustation, sediment deposits, and difficulty in chlorinating etc. pH measured by Griffin pH meter against standard buffer of known pH. Classification of water according to pH pH 1-3 : acidic 4-6 : weak acidic 7 : neutral

8-10 : weak basic

11-14 : basic Turbidity: The turbidity of water is caused due to the presence of suspended and colloidal matter in water. Turbidity is a measure of the extent to which light is either absorbed

or scattered by suspended material in water. Turbidity in water results from materials such as clay, silt, rockfragments, metal oxides from soils, vegetable fibres. Microorganism etc and hence indicate the same. It is expressed in parts per million (PPM). The turbidity produced by one milligrams of silicon dioxide(SiO2) in one liter of water is the practical unit of turbid. If 1 mg of SiO2 is dissolved in a liter of distilled water, the obstruction o flight thus produced is referred to as one Jackson turbidity unit or Nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). OBSEVATIONS: The physical properties of different samples of water are as below: a Turbidity : raw water =20NTU boring water=5.2NTU distilled water=4.5 NTU who standard=5NTU Nepal standard=5-10 b pH: sample water=7.7 Nepal standard=6.5-8.5 c temperature=140c d colour= 500hazen CONCLUSION: Having analysed the given sample water (of unknown source), the parameters of temperature ,colour, pH and turbidity had been measured. A brief outlook on the data obtained suggests further analysis for chemical and biological parameters followed by suitable treatment, if the water to be distributed for civic

supply. Hence the experiment was successfully completed.

Experiment: 2 THE JAR TEST OBJECT:

TO DETERMINE BT THE EXPERIMENT THE OPTIMUM DOSE OF GIVEN COAGULANT [ Al2(SO4)3 18H20,alum] BY JAR TEST SCOPE : Sedimentation by coagulation is a subtle method of removing dispersed colloidal impurities, however the dose of coagulant heavily depends on water quantities parameters like pH ,temperature ,quantity (type) and quantities of colloidal themselves and so on and so forth thereby rendering difficulty to calculate exact dose by analytical means. Therefore , the jar test is widely used to determine ,by experiment ,the optimum dose of coagulant. APPARATUS REQUIRED 1. Given water sample -500 ml
2.

1% [ Al2(SO4)3 18H20,alum] solution

3. Floc tester 4. Dash mixer 5. Magnetic stirrer 6. 500 ml jar 7. 1ml &2ml pipettes

Theory:
Settling velocities of colloidal and very fine particles are so small that removing them in settling tanks is almost impossible under ordinary conditions , yet this could be greatly expedited by the addition of certain chemicals called coagulants which when thoroughly mixed from insoluble gelatinous masses of flocculate precipitates which enmesh the colloidal and fine suspended particles which become heavier and settle down. This process of reaction is called coagulation. The most common coagulant in use is alum . it requires the presence of alkalinity in water to fem the floc . When dissolved in water , aluminum sulphate tends to hydrolyze, in alkaline media into Aluminum hydroxides as is evident from the following reactions Al2(so4)3 .18H20 +3Ca(HCO3) 2Al (OH)3 + 3Caso4+18H20 +6C02 0r, 0r, Al2(so4)3 .18H20 +3Ca(0H)2) 2Al (OH)3 + 3Caso4+18H20 Al2(so4)3 .18H20 +3NaC03 2Al (OH)3+3Na2SO4+18H20

+6C02 Aluminum hydroxide is insoluble precipitate. Alum is found to be most effective between pH of 6.5 to 8.5.Its dose depends upon various other factors like turbidity ,color , pH temperatures etc . The common test, which is performed to determine the optimum quantity of coagulant ,is known as the jar test.

OBSERVATIONS: Physical properties of water before jar test: Temperature =140c Color pH Turbidity =500H =7.7 =20 NTU

The observation and derivations are tabulated below: Jar Dose in the 1 0.5 2 1.0 20 7.1 7 3 1.5 30 7 5 4 2.0 40 6.9 7 5 2.5 50 6.8 6 6 3.0 60 6.7 10

dash mixer(ml) Concentration 10 of alum(mg/l) pH Turbidity 7.3 9

After the completion of test: Best floc formation and consequent settlement in the jar no 4 whereby dose mixer=1.5 ml of 1% alum=30 mg/l is the optimum dose of the coagulant.

CONCLUSION : It is noteworthy that the dose exceeding the optimum dose hence obtained had not been successful floc formation because there is abundance of negative charge due to overdose and thus the floc ,that had already formed too, disintegrates . Thus by finding out the optimum dose of the coagulant as 30mg/lit of alum the jar test was successfully

completed . The water after jar test obtained was within the limits of WHO standard for drinking purpose.

Experiment no: 3
DISSOLVED OXYGEN OBJECT: TO DETERMINE THE DISOLVED OXYGEN (DO) IN WATER SAMPLE BY WRINKLER METHOD. SCOPE: A certain amount of dissolved oxygen is essential for aerobic decomposition of wastes to avoid nuisance conditions in rivers and to maintaining the growth of fish and other aquatic animals. Dissolved oxygen determination is also required as a part of BOD test and estimation of corrosion . Oxygen enters

natural waters by gas-exchange phenomena through air water interfaces. The amount that can be dissolved depends on turbulence ,temperature and partial pressure of the gases in contact with water. The modified Wilnklers procedure used to estimate the dissolved oxygen. APPARATUS USED: 1.Titrating apparatus 2. Dissolved oxygen sample bottle 3. Conical flask 4. Reagents used: i. Sodium iodide ii. Concentrated Sulphuric Acid iii. N/80 sodium thiosulphate(f=.000) iv. Starch indicator

THEORY The basic theory of Wlinklers method is outline as follows in conjuction with the sequential procedure. After taking 300ml-sample water bottle,2ml of Manganese Sulphate followed by 2ml of Alkali- iodide Azide are to check whether there is any dissolved oxygen or not. If there is any DO present, violet color is imparted due to the formation of Manganese hydroxide. The azide helps remove Fe,Ni etc which otherwise interfere to hinder oxygen release. The chemical reactions are: 2MnSO4 2NaI + 2NaN 2Mn + 2SO4 4Na + 2I +2N 4Na + 4OH 2Mn(OH)(violet)

4Na + 2H2O + 2O 2Mn + 4OH

4Na + 2SO4

2NaSO4

2Mn(SO)4 +2(NaI +NaN) +2H2O + O 2NaSO4 + 2Mn(OH)2 + 2I + 2N As evident hereby from the chemical reaction ; iodide is released for the dissolved oxygen (one part iodide for one part of oxygen ). After allowing the precipitates to settle , sulphuric acid is added to furnish positive hydrogen ions so that iodide ion is liberated as free iodine as apparent from the following chemical reactions;

2H2SO4

4H + 2SO4 2Mn + 2I +4H2O

2Mn(OH)2 + 4I +4H 2Mn + 2SO4

2MnSO4

2Mn (OH)2 + 4I m +2H2SO4

2MnSO4 + 2I +4H2O

Out of the sample that has undergone through above procedure , 100ml is titrated with (N/80; f=00) Sodium thiosulphate till pale straw colour . Then starch is added and titrated slowly for the removal of blue colour. I + Na2S2O3 Na2S4O6 + 2NaI

Since one volume of iodine (hence one volume of oxygen) consumes two volume of sodium thiosulphate and if V be the volume of thiosulphate consumed ; D.O. concentration =(V/2*f)mg/liters Where C.F. is the correction factor with regards to the inexact normality of thiosulphate solution. OBSERVATION : Concentration of hypo solution =N/80(f=.881) No of observation Initial Burette reading Final Burette reading Amount of thiosulphate

ml (A) 1. 2. 3. 0.0 2.4 4.8 2.4 4.8 7.2

ml(B)

ml (C),f=.881 2.4 2.4 2.4

D.O. concentration =(B-A) * f mg/liters = ( 2.4 )* .881 mg/liters = 2.1144mg/liters

CONCLUSION: Thus by determining the DO concentration as 2.1144 mg/litres , the experiment has been succefully completed . According to WHO standard the DO in water for drinking purpose should be in range of 6- 14 ppm and if less than 4 ppm it is rejected and left for more aeration.

Experiment no : 4 SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND TOTAL SOLIDS OBJECT:

TO DETERMINE THE AMOUNT OF SUSPENDED AND TOTAL SOLIDS IN THE GIVEN SAMPLE OF WATER. SCOPE: Suspended solids in water chiefly constitute of the organic and inorganic materials ,which imparts turbidity and contribute to deteriorate the water quality by providing absorbing media for chemical and biological agents. Hence determination of the suspended solids helps to decide the needs of further analysis or the mode of treatment scheme.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. Funnel 2. Beaker 3. Membrane ( glass microfiber) filter 4. Oven 5. Desiccators 6. Sensitive balance (0.001 gm sensitive) 7. Porcelain basin

THEORY: Suspended solids in water may consists of inorganic and other solid constituents as well as plant fiber ,biological germs etc. Suspended solids are measured in mg/ltr or PPM of the water sample. The suspended solids parameter is used to measure the quality of water to monitor the treatment process etc. Suspended solids are aesthetically displeasing and provide the good absorption media for chemical and biological agents. Suspended organic solids may be degraded biologically resulting in objectionable byproducts. Biologically active suspended germs may include disease producing organism etc. Surface water contains more suspended matters than

ground water. Total solids include the solids in suspension ,colloidal and dissolved form . The quantity of dissolved and colloidal solids in a water sample is determined by evaporating the filtered water obtained from the suspended solid test and weighing the residue . The basic causes and effects of the suspended solids is tabulated as follows; No 1. 2. 3. Causes Silt , clay ,mineral , organic , matter Protozoan ,algae ,fungi Pathogenic bacteria Effects Turbidity ,color, odor, taste aesthetically offensive Color, odor ,turbidity , disease Related disease ,often epidemics

OBSERVATION: Amount of suspended solids : Weight of the dry filter paper = 0.6036 gm

Weight of dry filter paper with suspended solid =0.7038 gm (100 ml water) Weight of suspended solid, A = 0.1002 gm Volume of the sample water ,V = 100 ml Suspended solid content in the sample (mg/Lt) = 0.1002/100 *1000*1000

= 1002mg/ltr Amount of total solids: Weight of empty porcelain basin = 49.5003 gm Weight of porcelain basin with total solid = 51.8434 gm(50 ml of water) Amount of total solids = 2.3431 gm

Total solids content in the sample (mg/lt) = 46862.0 mg/lt Now, Dissolved solid = total solid suspended solid =46862.0 1002 =45860.0mg /lt = 45.86 gm /l CONCLUSION: The amount of suspended solids was found to be 1002 mg /lt , the amount of dissolved solids was found to be 45860 mg /l and the amount of total solid was found to be 46862.0 mg /l. The amount of solids found are very high this may be due to taking highly turbid water sample.