TRNG I HC LT KHOA MI TRNG

BI TIU LUN K THUT X L NC THI

TI:

B SINH BN HOT TNH HIU KH AEROTANK

Thc hin LP MSSV

: TH H : MTK32 : 0810626

Lt, thng 11 nm 2011

MC LC

DANH MC CC T VIT TT Aerotank BOD COD F/M MLSS MLTSS MLVSS B bn hot tnh hiu kh Biochemical Oxygen Demand Nhu cu oxy sinh ha Biochemical Oxygen Demand Nhu cu oxy ha hc Food/ Microorganism T l thc n/ vi sinh vt Mixed Liquor Recycled Cn l lng ca hn hp bn Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids Tng cn l lng ca hn hp bn Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids Cc cht rn l lng d bay hi ca hn hp bn

ii

DANH MC HNH
Hinh 1.1 th v s tng trng ca vi khun trong b x l Hnh 1.2 : th v s tng trng tng i ca cc vi sinh vt trong b x l nc thi Hnh 1. 3: Qu trnh kh nito Hnh 1.4 : Qu trnh kh phospho Hnh 2.1: B Aerotank ti trong thp ( b Aerotank truyn thng) Hnh 2.2 B aerotank ti trng cao mt bc Hnh 2.3 B aerotank ti trng cao nhiu bc ngang Hnh 2.4 B aerotank ti trng cao nhiu bc dc Hnh 2.5 B Aerotank ti trng cao xen k b lng bn Hnh 2.6 B Aerotank thng kh ko di Hnh 2.7 B aerotank thng kh cao c khuy o hon chnh.
Ngun: [3]http://www.fineprint.com : Th.S Lm Vnh Sn, Bi ging k thut x l nc thi

DANH MC BNG Bng 1: Gi tr in hnh ca cc thng s thit k b Aerotank Bng 2: H s sinh bn tnh theo COD Bng 3: Cc thng s thit k cho b lng 2 chn theo bng:

iii

iv

CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUNG V PHNG PHP X L SINH HC HIU KH

I. Nguyn tc Nguyn tc ca cng ngh ny l s dng cc vi sinh vt hiu kh phn hy cc cht hu trong nc thi c y oxy ha tan nhit , pH thch hp. Qu trnh phn hy cht hu c ca vi sinh vt hiu kh c th m t bng s : (CHO)nNS + O2 CO2 + H2O + NH4 + H2S + T bo vi sinh vt + aH Trong iu kin hiu kh NH4+ v H2S b phn hy nh qu trnh nitrat ha, sunfat ha bi vi sinh vt t dng: NH4+ + 2O2 NO3- + 2H+ H2O + aH; H2S + 2O2 SO4+ + 2H+ + aH Hot ng ca vi sinh vt hiu kh bao gm qu trnh dinh dng: vi sinh vt s dng cc cht hu c, cc cht dinh dng v nguyn t vi lng kim lai xy dng t bo mi tng sinh khi v sinh sn. Qu trnh phn hy: vi sinh vt oxy ha cc cht hu c ha tan hoc dng cc ht keo phn tn nh thnh nc v CO2 hoc to ra cc cht kh khc. II. u v nhc im ca cng ngh x l nc thi sinh hc hiu kh: u im: So vi cng ngh k kh th cng ngh hiu kh c cc u im l hiu bit v qu trnh x l y hn, hiu qu x l cao hn v trit hn. Cng ngh hiu kh khng gy nhim th cp nh phng php ha hc, ha l. Nhc im: Nhng cng ngh hiu kh cng c nhc im l th tch cng trnh ln v chim nhiu mt bng hn. Chi ph xy dng cng trnh v u t thit b ln hn. Chi ph vn hnh, c bit chi ph cho nng lng sc kh tng i cao. Khng c kh nng thu hi nng lng. Khng chu c nhng thay i t ngt v ti trng hu c. Sau khi x l sinh ra mt lng bn d v lng bn ny km n nh, do i hi v chi ph u t x l bn. X l nc thi c ti trng khng cao nh phng php k kh. III. M t qu trnh sinh hc hiu kh: Qu trnh phn hy cht bn hu c bng cng ngh sinh hc hiu kh l qu trnh ln men bng vi sinh vt trong iu kin c oxy cho sn phm l CO2, H2O, NO3- v 1

SO42-. Trong qu trnh x l hiu kh cc cht bn phc tp nh protein, tinh bt, cht bo s b phn hy bi cc men ngoi bo cho cc cht n gin l cc axit amin, cc axit bo, cc axit hu c, cc ng n Cc cht n gin ny s thm qua mng t bo v b phn hy tip tc hoc chuyn ha thnh cc vt liu xy dng t bo mi bi qu trnh h hp ni bo cho sn phm cui cng l CO2 v H2O. C ch qu trnh hiu kh gm 3 giai on : 1.Giai on 1: Oxy ha ton b cht hu c c trong nc thi p ng nhu cu nng lng ca t bo: CxHyOzN + (x+ y/4 + z/3 + ) O2 men ---- > xCO2 + [ (y-3)/2] H2O + NH3 Trong cc b x l sinh hc cc xi khun ng vai tr quan trng hng u v n chu trch nhim phn hy cc thnh phn hu c trong nc thi. Trong cc b bn hot tnh mt phn cht hu c s c cc vi khun hiu kh v hiu kh khng bt buc s dng ly nng lng tng hp cc cht hu c cn li thnh t bo vi khun mi. Vi khun trong b bn hot tnh thuc cc ging Pseudomonas, Zoogloea, Achromobacter, Flavobacterium, Nocardia, Bdellovibrio, Mycobacterium v hai loi vi khun nitrat ha l Nitrosomonas v Nitrobacter. Ngoi ra cn cc loi hnh si nh Sphaerotilus, Beggiatoa, Thiothirix, Lecicothrix v Geotrichum. Ngoi cc vi khun cc vi sinh khc cng ng vai tr quan trng trong cc b bn hot tnh. V d nh cc nguyn sinh ng vt v Rotifer n cc vi khun lm cho nc thi u ra sch hn v mt vi sinh. Khi cc b x l c xy dng xong v a vo vn hnh th cc vi khun c sn trong nc thi bt u pht trin theo chu k pht trin ca cc vi khun trong mt m cy vi sinh. Trong thi gian u, sm a h thng x l vo hot ng gn cho thm vo b mi nh mt hnh thc cy thm vi khun cho b x l. Chu k pht trin cu cc vi khun trong b x l bao gm 4 giai on: Giai on chm (lag-phase): xy ra khi b bt u a vo hot ng v bn ca cc b khc c cy thm vo b. y l giai on cc vi khun thich nghi vi mi trng mi v bt u qu trnh phn bo. Giai on tng trng (log-growth phase): giai on ny cc t bo vi khun tin hnh phn bo v tng nhanh v s lng. Tc phn bo ph thuc vo thi gian cn thit cho cc ln phn bo v lng thc n trong mi trng. 2

Giai on cn bng (stationary phase): lc ny mt vi khun c gi mt s lng n nh. Nguyn nhn ca giai on ny l cc cht dinh dng cn thit

cho qu trnh tng trng ca vi sinh vt b s dng ht, s lng vi khun sinh ra bng vi s lng vi khun cht . Giai on cht (log-death phase): trong giai on ny s lng vi khun cht i nhiu hn vi khun c sinh ra, do mt vi khun trong b gim nhanh. Giai on ny c th do cc loi c kch thc thng kh kin hoc l do c im ca mi trng.

Hinh 1.1 th v s tng trng ca vi khun trong b x l th trn m t s tng trng ca mt qun th vi khun n c. Thc t trong x l c nhiu qun th khc nhau v c th tng truongr ging nhau v dng nhng khc nhau v thi gian tng trng cng nh nh ca th. Trong mt giai on bt k no s c mt s lng ch o do thi im cc iu kin nh pH, oxy, dinh dng, nhit ph hp cho loi . S bin ng v cc vi sinh vt ch trong b x l c biu din theo hnh 1.1. Khi thit k v vn hnh h thng x l chng ta phi ti c h vi sinh vt ny, khng nn ngh rng y l mt hp en vi nhng vi sinh vt b mt.

Hnh 1.2 th v s tng trng tng i ca cc vi sinh vt trong b x l nc thi

Trong cc b x l nc thi vi khun ng mt vai tr quan trng hng u. Do trong cc b ny chng ta phi duy . Tr mt mt vi khun cao tng thch vi lng cc cht nhim a vo b. iu ny c th thc hin thng qua qu trnh thit k v vn hnh.Trong qu trnh thit k chng ta phi tnh ton chnh xc thi gian lu tn lu ca vi khun trong b x l v thi gian ny phi ln cc vi khun c th sinh sn c. Trong qu trnh vn hnh, cc iu kin cn thit cho qu trnh tng trng ca vi khun (pH, cht dinh dng, nhit , khuy trn) phi c iu chnh mc thun li nht cho vi khun. 2. Giai on 2: qu trnh chuyn ha c cht: + Oxy ha v tng hp t bo (qu trnh ng ha): CxHyOzN + NH3+ O2 men --- > xCO2 + C5H7NO2 + Qu trnh h hp ni bo (Qu trnh d ha): C5H7NO2 + 5O2 men --- > xCO2+H2O NH3+ O2 men --- > O2+ HNO2 men --- > HNO3 Khi khng c cht, qu trnh chuyn ha cc cht ca t bo bt u xy ra bng s t oxy ha cht liu t bo.

3.Giai on 3: Qu trnh kh nito v phospho:

Hnh 1. 3: Qu trnh kh nito

Hnh 1.4 : Qu trnh kh phospho

IV. Cc yu t nh hng n cc cng trnh x l nc thi sinh hc hiu kh: - Qu trnh x l hiu kh chu nh hng nng bn hot tnh, tc ph thuc vo ch s b. Ch s bn cng nh th nng bn cho vo cng trnh x l cng ln hoc ngc li. - Nng oxy cng nh hng mnh m n qu trnh ny. Khi tin hnh qu trnh phi cung cp y lng oxy vo lin tc sao cho lng oxy ha tan trong nc ra khi b lng t II >= 2 (mg/l). - Khc vi qu trnh k kh, ti trng hu c trong x l hiu kh thng thp hn nn nng cc cht bn hu c nc thi qua Aerotank c BOD ton phn phi =< 1000 (mg/l), cn trong b lc sinh hc th BOD ton phn ca nc thi =<500 (mg/l). - Ngoi ra trong nc thi cng cn c cc nguyn t vi lng nh K, Na, Mg, Fe, Ca, Mo, Ni, Co, Zn, Cu, S, Cl thng c tong nc thi. Ty theo hm lng c cht trong nc thi m c yu cu v nng cc nguyn t dinh dng cn thit khc nhau. Thng thung cn duy tr cc ngun t dinh dng theo mt t l thch hp: BODton phn : N: P = 100: 5: 1 - Bn hot tnh c kh nng hp th mui cc kim loi nng. Khi hot tnh sinh hc ca bn gim, bn s b trng phng kh lng do s pht trin mnh lit ca vi khun dng si. V vy nng cc cht c v kim loi nng trong nc thi phi nm trong gii hn cho php. Yu t mi trng: - pH : l mt yu t chnh trong s pht trin ca nhng vi sinh vt. Phn ln vi sinh vt khng th chu c pH > 9 v lc ny s ph hy cn bng nguyn sinh cht t bo lm cho vi sinh vt cht v pH < 4 s thc y nm pht trin. Thng thng pH ti u cho vi sinh vt pht trin tt nht trong khong 6,5 7,5. - Nhit : cng l yu t quan trng i vi s pht trin ca vi sinh vt. Nc thi c nhit thch nghi vi a s vi sinh vt ti u t 25 oC 37oC hoc t 20 - 80
o

C hoc t 20 40oC ( ti u 25oC 37oC). - Ngoi ra qu trnh x l hiu kh cn ph thuc vo nng mui v c, lng

cht l lng chy vo b x l cng nh cc loi vi sinh vt v cu trc cc cht bn hu c. 6

CHNG 2: B BN HOT TNH HIU KH AEROTANK

I. Khi nim: B Aerotank l cng trnh nhn to dng x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc hiu kh, trong ngi ta cung cp oxy v khuy trn nc thi vi bn hot tnh. B Aerotank cn c gi l b bn hot tnh hiu kh. Quy trnh x l nc thi bng bn hot tnh c thc hin nc Anh t nm 1914, c duy tr v pht trin n nay, vi phm vi ng dng rng ri x l nc thait sinh hot v nc thi cng nghip. II. Qu trnh bn hot tnh v phn loi b bn hot tnh hiu kh Aerotank: 1. Qu trnh bn hot tnh: Bn hot tnh bao gm nhng sinh vt sng kt li thnh dng ht hoc dng bng vi trung tm l cc cht nn rn l lng (40%). Cht nn trong bn hot tnh c th n 90% l cht rn ca ru, to v cc phn st rn khc nhau. Bn hiu kh dng bng bn vng nu, d lng l h keo v nh hnh cn bn k kh e dng bng hoc dng ht mu en. Nhng sinh vt sng trong bn l vi khun n bo hoc a bo, nm men, nm mc, x khun, cc ng vt nguyn sinh v ng vt h ng, di, giun, i khi l u trng su b. Vai tr c bn trong qu trnh lm sch nc thi ca bn hot tnh l vi khun, c th chia ra lm 8 nhm: 1. Alkaligenes- Achromobacter 2. Pseudomonas 3. Enterobacteriaceae 4. Athrobacter baccillus 5. Cytophaga- Flavobacteriaum 6. Pseudomonas- Vibrio aeromonas 7. Achrobacter 8. Hn hp cc vi khun khc; Ecoli, Micococus Trong nc thi c cc t bo ca Zooglea c kh nng sinh ra bo nhy xung quanh t bo c tc dng gn kt cc vi khun cc ht l lng kh lng cc cht mu cht gy mi v pht trin thnh cc bng cn. Cc bng cn ny khi c khuy o v thi kh s dn dn ln ln do hp ph nhiu ht rn l lng nh, t bo vi sinh 7

vt, nguyn sinh ng vt v cc cht c. Nhng ht bng ny khi ngng thi kh hoc khi cc c cht cn kit, chng s lng xung to ra bn hot tnh. Trong bn hot tnh lun c mt ng vt nguyn sinh m i din l Sarcodina, Mastigophara, Ciliata, Suctoria v vi loi sinh vt phc tp khc. Quan h gia ng vt nguyn sinh v vi khun l quan h mi th thuc cn bng ng cht hu c- vi khun- ng vt nguyn sinh. Khi bn lng xung l bn gi hot tnh bn b gim. Hot tnh ca bn c th c hot ha tr li bng cch cung cp y dinh dng v c cht hu c. Phn ln cc vi sinh vt u c kh nng xm chim, bm dnh trn b mt vt rn khi c c cht, mui khong v oxi to nn mng sinh hc dng nhy c mu thay i theo thnh phn nc thi t vng xm n nu ti. Trn mng lc sinh hc c cha hng triu n hng t t bo vi khun, nm men, nm mc v mt s ng vt nguyn sinh khc. Tuy nhin khc vi h qun th sinh vt trong bn hot tnh thnh phn loi v s lng cc loi trong mng lc sinh hc tng i ng nht. Cng thc bn hot tnh thng dng trong tnh ton l C5H7O2N. 2. Phn loi b Aerotank theo s vn hnh 1. B Aerotank ti trng thp ( b Aerotank truyn thng)

Hnh 2.1: B Aerotank ti trong thp ( b Aerotank truyn thng) Nc thi sau b lng t 1 c khuy trn u vi bn hot tnh tun hon ngay u b Aerotank. i vi nc thi sinh hot c mc nhim bn trung bnh, lu lng tun hon thng t 20% - 30% lu lng nc thi i vo. Dung tch b c thit k vi thi gian lu nc lm thong trong b t 6 n 8 gi khi dng h thng sc gi v t 9 n 12 gi khi dng thit b khuy c kh lm thong b mt.

Lng gi cp vo t 55 m3/ kg BOD5 n 65 m3/l kg BOD5 cn kh. Ch s th tch bn SVI thng dao ng t 50 150 ml/g, tui bn thng t 3 n 15 ngy. Nng BOD u vo thng < 400 mg/l, hiu qu x l ca b ph thuc vo s dao ng lu lng v nng cc cht c ( kim loi nng) do nc thi cng nghip cha x l x vo, thng t hiu qu x l 80 95%. 2. B Aerotank ti trng cao mt bc:

Hnh 2.2 B aerotank ti trng cao mt bc 3. B Aerotank ti trng cao nhiu bc:

Hnh 2.3 B Aerotank ti trng cao nhiu bc ngang BOD > 500 mg/l Cht rn l lng pH= 6,5 9 t0= 6- 320C

Hnh 2.4 B aerotank ti trng cao nhiu bc dc Nc t b lng t 1 di vo b Aerotank mt s im dc theo 50 65% chiu di tnh t u b cn bn tun hon th i vo u b. Np theo bc c tc dng lm cn bng ti trng BOD theo th tch b v gim thiu ht oxy u b v lng oxy cn thit c tri u theo dc b lm cho hiu sut s dng oxy tng ln, hiu qu x l t cao hn. 4. B Aerotank ti trng cao xen k b lng bn:

Hnh 2.5 B Aerotank ti trng cao xen k b lng bn Ti trng BOD > 1,3 kg BOD tnh trn 1 kg cht hu c trong ngy. Hiu xut x l BOD 70 75%

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5. B Aerotank thng kh ko di:

Hnh 2.6 B Aerotank thng kh ko di B Aerotank thng kh ko di c thit k vi trng ti thp, t s F/M thp, thi gian lm thong ln t 20 30 gi h vi sinh trong b lm vic giai on h hp ni bo. B ch p dng cho cc nh my x l nc thi c cng sut nh hn 3500 m3/ngy. 7. B aerotank thng kh cao c khuy o hon chnh.

Hnh 2.7 B aerotank thng kh cao c khuy o hon chnh. Trong b Aerotank c khuy trn hon chnh, nc thi, bn hot tnh, oxy ha tan c khuy trn u tc thi sao cho nng cc cht c phn b u mi phn t trong b. u im ca s lm vic theo nguyn tc khuy trn hon chnh l: pha long ngay tc khc nng ca cc cht c hi ( kim loi nng) trong ton th tch b, khng xy ra hin tng qu ti cc b bt c phn no ca b, p dng thch hp cho loi nc thi c ch s th tch bn cao, cn kh lng. 11

Chng 3: QUY TRNH TNH TON THIT K B AEROTANK

I.Cng thc tnh ton v cc ch tiu thit k: 1. Khuy trn bn hot tnh tun hon vi nc thi cn x l: Bc th nht ca qu trnh x l nc thi bng bn hot tnh l cho cc cht hu c c trong nc thi tip xc vi vi sinh c trong bn hot tnh bng cch khuy trn nhanh bn hot tnh tun hon li vi nc thi ngay ca vo b Aerotank to thnh hn hp bn hot tnh. 2. Tip tc khuy trn bn hot tnh v nc thi bng khng kh hoc my khuy trn lm thong b mt. Bc th 2 thc hin 3 chc nng c bn sau: a. Khuy trn u bn hot tnh vi nc thi trong ton b th tch V ca b. b. Gi cho bn hot tnh lun trong trng thi l lng. c. Cp lng oxy cn thit cho cc phn ng sinh ha din ra trong b p ng mc x l yu cu. Tnh ton xc nh dung tch b theo mt trong cc cng thc sau: 1. Xc nh dung tch b theo t s khi lng cht nn v khi lng bn hot tnh F/M
V = QS 0 (m 3 ) XFM

2. Xc nh dung tch b theo tc s dng cht nn ca 1 gam bn hot tnh trong mt n v thi gian ( o bng ngy hoc gi):
V = Q(S 0 S ) (m 3 ) (a Z )

3. Xc nh dung tch b theo tui ca cn (Thi gian lu gi bn hot tnh c trong b):
V =

c Q( S 0 S ) 3 (m ) X (1 + K d c )

4. Xc nh dung tch b theo ti trng cht nn trn mt n v th tch ca b(BOD5/m3):

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V =

QS 0 La

Trong cc cng thc trn: Q : Lu lng nc cn x l (m3/ ngy). S0: Hm lng BOD5 trong nc thi (mg/l). X : Nng bn hot tnh ( cn hu c bay hi) (mg/l) F/M: T l BOD5 c trong nc thi n bn hot tnh (mg BOD5/ mg bn). : Tc s dng cht nn ca 1 gram bn hot tnh trong 1 ngy (g BOB 5 / 1g bn ngy). =
E=

( FM ) E 100

S0 S x100 S0

a: nng d bn thc trong b Aerotank (mg/l) Z: tro ca cn, thng l 0,3 mg/mg
: Tui ca bn (ngy) c

Kd: H s phn hy ni bo (ngy-1). Y: H s sinh trng cc i (mg bn hot tnh / mg BOD5 tiu th). La= Ti trng cc cht hu c s c lm sch trn mt n v th tch ca b x l (Kg BOD5/ 1 m3 ngy. Bng 1: Gi tr in hnh ca cc thng s thit k b Aerotank
Ti trng Loi v chc nng b Aerotank BOD5 trn Nng bn hot trong b X (mg/l) 1000- 3000 4- 8 0,25- 0,75
=
V Q

QT Q

c
ngy

F/M (gBOD5 bn hot tnh)

mt n v th tnh l lng tch (La kg BOD5/ m3/ ngy) 0,32- 0,64

(gi)

(t l tun hon)

B c dng chy u( Plug Aerotank) Trn hon chnh Np nc thi vo b theo cp

3 15

0,2 0,6

0,75- 15 3-15

0,2 1,0 0,2 0,5

0.80- 1,90 0,64 0,96

800- 4000 1500- 3500

3-5 3-5

0,25-1,0 0,25-0,75

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Kh BOD kt hp Nitrat ha Nitrat ha bng b ring bit Cho nc thi tip xc vi bn hot tnh c lm thong n nh Lm thong ko di Mng oxy ha X l theo m k tip nhau Lm thong ko di theo m k tip nhau

8- 20

0,1 0,2 (0,02 0,08 0,32 -0,15)

1500- 3000

6-15

0,50- 1,50

15 100

0,05 0,2 (0,04 0,15)

0,48 0,140

1500- 3000

3-6

0,50-2,0

5 -15

0,2 0,6 Lm n nh thong

0,95 1,20

1000-3000 4000-9000

0,5-1 3-6

0,5-1,5

20 - 40

0.04 0,1

0,08 -0,24

2000-4000

18-36

0,5-1,5

15 30 10 30

0.04 0,1 0.04 0,1

0,08 -0,24 0,08 -0,24

2000-4000 2000-5000

8-36 12-50

0,5-1,5

12 - 25

0.04 0,8

0,08 -0,24

2000-5000

20-40

Ngun : [2] TS. Trnh Xun Lai, Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi, 2009, Nh xut bn Xy dng. 5. Lm nc trong v tch bn hot tnh ra khi b lng t 2 Chc nng ca b lng t 2 l tch bn hot tnh cht hu c, cht rn l lng ra khi hn hp lm cho nc trong x ra ngun tip nhn, ng thi c c bn y b n nng mong mun tun hon mt phn li b Aerotank. Bn d hng ngy c x ra ngoi theo ng trch ra t dong tun hon. y l bc rt quan trng trong dy chuyn x l.
6. Tun hon li bn hot tnh:

Mc ch ca vic tun hon li bn l duy tr nng bn hot tnh l lng trong b Aerotank p ng yu cu x l t ra.

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My bm bn hot tnh thng thit k vi khong dao ng lu lng ln t 30% n 100% lu lng nc x l khc phc cc trng hp khi b lng lm vic khng tt nng b y b thp hn tnh ton khi lu lng nc i vo x l dao ng cao hn bnh thng. Xc nh lng tun hon theo phng trnh cn bng khi lng bn hot tnh vo v ra khi b:
Qv X 0 + Qt X t = (Qv + Qt ) X

Trong thc t nng bn hot tnh trong nc thi i vo b X0 khng ng k, ta c:

=
Qt X (mg / l ) = Qv X t mg / l Xmg / l

Trong :

: t l tun hon
Qv: lu lng nc thi i vo cng trnh x l (m3/h). Qt: lu lng hn hp bn tun hon li (m3/h). X: Nng bn hot tnh mun duy tr trong b Aerotank (mg/l). Xt: nng bn hot tnh trong hn hp tun hon hay nng bn hot tnh sau khi lng y b lng t 2 (mg/l) S bm tun hon cn b tr c th vn hnh vi lu lng tun hon t 0,07t n 0,07t n 2,00t. 7. X bn d hng ngy vo cc cng trnh x l bn: Lng bn d phi x lin tc duy tr nng bn hot tnh X trong b Aerotank theo tnh ton. Lng bn d c th x trc tip t b Aerotank hoc t ng dn hon li vo thit b c c bn. Lu lng bn x vo cc coogn trnh x l bn c th rt ra t phng trnh cn bng khi lng bn m bo thi gian lu bn trong h ( tui ca bn): c
c =
V .X Q xa X t + Qra X ra

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Rt ra:
Q xa = VX Qra X ra c X tc

Trong : Qx: Dung dch bn x ra (m3/ ngy) V: Th tch Aerotank (m3) Xt: Nng bn hot tnh trong dung dch tun hon (cng l nng bn hot tnh trong dung dch bn x ra ngoi) (mg/l) X: Nng bn hot tnh trong b Aerotank (mg/l). Xra : Nng bn hot tnh trong nc ra khi b lng (mg/l). Qra: Lu lng nc x l i ra khi b lng (m3/ngy)
: Thi gian lu bn trong cng trnh (ngy). c

8. Lng bn to ra hng ngy: Khi thit k v trong qu trnh x l phi xc nh lng bn sn ra hng ngy tnh ton v vn hnh cc cng trnh x l bn. Lng bn sn ra ph thuc vo c tnh nc thi, vo tui ca bn v vo h s phn hy ni bo Kd. c H s tnh lng bn sn ra t vic kh BOD:
yb = Y 1 + K d c

Bng 2: H s sinh bn tnh theo COD (Graw(1992), Artan (1994) v Burton(1991)) Quy trnh x l Thi gian lu H s K qua b lng Khng c b lng bn t 1 t 1 ngy c 0,7 2 0,5 0,8 0,6 0,9 3- 8 0,4 0,6 0,5 0,8

B Aerotank ti trng cao B Aerotank bnh thng

B aerotank ti trng thp > 15 0,3 0,5 0,5 0,7 Ngun : [2] TS. Trnh Xun Lai, Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi, 2009, Nh xut bn Xy dng. Theo tiu chun ca Nga v tiu chun ngnh Vit Nam, tng lng bn sn sinh tnh theo cng thc: Gbn= 0,8(SS)+ 0,3 (BOD5) Khi lm thong ko di Gbn= 0,7(SS)+ 0,3 (BOD5) 16

Trong : SS:Hm lng cn l lng c trong nc thi ( Kg/ngy) BOD5: Hm lng BOD5 tnh theo (Kg/ngy) Tng ng vi to Z = 0,3 9. Tnh b lng 2: Bng 3: Cc thng s thit k cho b lng 2 chn theo bng: Loi x l Ti trng b mt Ti trng bn kg/m2.h m3/m2.ngy Trung Ln Trung bnh Ln nht Chiu tng m su cng

bnh nht Bn hot tnh 16- 32 40- 48 3,9 5,8 9,7 3,7 6,0 Sinh hc tng cng 8-16 24- 32 0,98 4,9 6,8 3,7 6,0 Ngun : [4] Th.S L Quang Huy, Gio trnh x l nc thi, Khoa mi trngi hc Lt II. V d tnh ton cng ngh h thng x l: Lu lng nc thi: 1500m3/ngy m. Lu lng BOD5 u vo (sau x l keo t ) (gim 60%):
763 x 40 = 305 ,2( mg / l ) 100

T l BOD5/COD = 305,2/460 = 0,66 Nhit nc thi t = 30oC Nc x l xong t tiu chun BOD 50mg/l (30mg/l) Nc x l xong t tiu chun COD 100 mg/l (70mg/l) Hm lng cn l lng 50 mg/l gm 65% l cn hu c. Lng bn hot tnh trong nc thi u vo b Xo = 0. Thng s vn hnh nh sau :
1. Nng bn hot tnh trong b : X = 3000 mg/l (cn bay hi).

2. tro ca cn Z= 0,3- nng cn lng y b lng t 2 v cng l nng cn tun hon 10.000 mg/l.
3. Thi gian lu ca bn hot tnh (tui ca cn) trong cng trnh c = 10 ngy

4. Ch xo trn hon ton. 5. Gi tr ca thng s ng hc : Y = 0,46 6. tro ca cn hu c l lng ra khi b lng l : 0,3 )(70% lng cn bay hi) 17

7. Nc thi iu chnh sao cho : BOD5: N : P = 100 : 5 : 1 a. Xc nh hiu qu x l :

Lng cn hu c trong nc thi ra khi b lng ( phn cn sinh hc d b phn hy l) : 65% x 50 = 32,5 mg/l Lng cn hu c tnh theo COD : 1,42 x 32,5 x 0,7 = 32,305 (mg/l) Lng BOD5 trong cn khi b lng: 0,66 x 32,305 = 21.3213 (mg/l) Lng BOD5 ha tan ra khi b lng bng tng BOD5 cho php u ra tr lng BOD5 c trong cn l lng : 30 21,3213 = 8.6787 (mg/l) Hiu qu x l COD :
E= 460 (70 32,305 ) = 91,8% 460

Hiu qu x l tnh theo BOD5 ha tan :

E= 305 ,2 8,6787 x100 = 97 ,15 % 305 ,2

Hiu qu x l BOD ton b :

E= 305 ,2 30 x100 = 90 ,2% 305 ,2

b. Th tch b Aerotank tnh theo cng thc ta c :

V = QxYx c ( S 0 S ) 1.500 x 0,46 x (305 ,2 8,6787 ) 2045996 ,97 = = = 426 ,25 (m 3 ) X (1 + K d xc ) 3000 (1 + 0,06 x10 ) 4800

Thi gian nc lu li trong b:

=
V 426 ,25 = x 24 = 6,82 (h) = 0,248 ( ngy ) Q 1500

c. Lng bn hu c l lng sinh ra khi kh BOD5 n 97,15%:

Tc tng trng ca bn tnh theo cng thc :

Yb = Y 0,46 = = 0,2875 1 + c xk d 1 +10 x 0,46

Lng bn hot tnh sinh ra trong mt ngy:

Px = Yb xQ ( S o S ) = 0,2875 x1500 x (305 ,2 8,6787 ) =127874 ,8106 g =127 ,875 ( kg / ngy ).

Tng cn l lng sinh ra theo tro ca cn z = 0,3

Px1 = Px 127 ,875 = = 182 ,68 ( kg / ngy ). 1Z 0,7

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Lng cn d hng ngy phi x i:

Pxa = Px1 Qx 50 x10 3 = 182 ,68 1500 x50 x10 3 = 107 ,68 (kg / ngy )

Tnh lu lng x bn Qx theo cng thc:

xa =
VxY Q xa xX T + Qr xX r

(Gio trnh tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi Trnh Xun Lai). Suy ra:
Q xa = VxX Qr xX xa xa 426 ,25 x3000 1500 x 22 ,75 x10 = = 13,393 = 13,4( m 3 / ngy ) X T xc 7000 xc

Trong : V= Th tch 426,25(m3) QR= QV = 1500(m3/ngy) X = 3000 (mg/l)

c = 10 ngy

Xt = 0,7x10.000 = 7000 (mg/l) Xr = 32,5xo,7 = 22075 (0,7 l t l lng cn bay hi trong tng s cn hu c, cn khng tro).
d. Thi gian tch ly cn ( Tun hon ton b) khng x cn ban u:
T = VxX 426 ,25 x10000 = = 33,33 ngy Px 127874 ,8106

Thc t s di hn 3-4 ln v khi nng bn cha trong hiu qu x l thi gian u s thp v bn sinh ra t hn Px. e. Sau h thng hot ng n nh th lng bn hu c x ra hng ngy:
B = Q xa x10 .000 g / m 3 = 13,4 x10 .000 = 134000 g / ngy = 134 kg / ngy

Trong cn bay hi:

B ' = 0,7 x134 = 93 ,8kg

Cn bay hi trong nc x l i ra khi b QR xX R

B '' =1500 x 22 ,75 x10 3 = 34 ,125 ( kg / ngy )

Tng cn hu c sinh ra:

B ' + B '' = 93,8 + 34 ,125 = 127 ,925 kg = 128 kg = Px

f. Xc nh lu lng tun hon: QT: nng bn trong b lun gi gi tr : X=3000 mg/l,Ta c: 19

QT X 3000 = = = 0,75 QV X T X 7000 3000

QT = 0,75 x1500 = 1125 ( m 3 / ngy )

g. T s F/M:
S mgBOD 5 F 305 ,3mgBOD / l = 0 = = 0,358 M xX 0,284 x3000 ( mg / l ) mgbun .ngay

h.Tnh lung kh cn thit: Tnh lng oxy cn thit theo cng thc:
OC 0 = Q( S 0 S ) 4,57 ( N 0 N ) 1,42 Px + ( kg / ngy ) 1000 f 1000

Trong : Q = 1500 m3/ngy S0 = 305,2 mg/l S = 8,6787 mg/l N0= Tng hm lng N u vo : 15,26 (mg/l) (sau khi b sung dinh dng) N = Tng hm lng u ra: 5 (mg/l) ( tiu chun l 6 mg/l) Px = 127,875 (mg/l) f = BOD/COD = 0,66 Vy:
OC 0 = 1500 (305 ,2 8,6787 ) 4,75 (15 ,26 5) 1,42 x127 ,875 + = 492 ,4(kg / ngy ) 1000 x0,66 1000

Lng oxy thc t cn theo cng thc:

OC t = OC 0 x Cs 1 1 x x ( kg / ngy ) (T 20 ) C s C 1,024

Trong : Cs: Lng oxy bo ho trong mc 9,08 mg/l. C: Lng oxy cn duy tr trong b 2 mg/l

: h s t 0,6 0,94. Chn 0,7

Vy:
OC t = 492 ,4 x 9,08 1 1 x x = 713 ,4( kg / ngy ) ( 30 20 ) 9,08 2 1,024 0,7

OCtrung bnh = 29,7 (kg O2/h). OCmax = 29,7x1,5 = 44,55 (kg O2/h). 20

OCmin = 29,7xo,8 = 23,97 (kg O2/h). i. Tnh lng khng kh cn thit: Chn h thng phn phi bt kh nh, tra bng 7.1 (Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi Trnh Xun Lai). Ta c Ou = 7 gO 2 / m 3 .m . B su h1 = 3,5 m: ngp nc h = 3m Cng sut ho tan thit b:
OU = Ou xh = 7 x3 = 21gO 2 / m 3 .

Lng khng kh cn thit:

Ok = OC t 713,4 xf = x1,5 = 50957(m 3 / ngy ) = 0,59(m 3 / s ) . OU 21x10 3

Trong : OCt: Lng oxy thc t cn. OU: Cng sut ho tan thit b. f: H s an ton. Chn 1,5. Qktb= 2123,2 m=3/h Qkmax= 1,5x3184,8 m3/h. Qkmin= 0,8x 1698,56 m3/h. Lng khng kh cn thi chon my nn kh : 2 x0,59 =1,18 (m 3 / s ) . k. Ap lc kh my nn : Vn tc kh thot ra khi khe h : 5- 10 m/s. p lc cn thit cho h thng kh nn xc nh theo cng thc :
H d = hd + hc + h f + H

Trong : hd : Tn tht p lc do ma st theo chiu di trn ng ng dn (m). hc : Tn tht qua thit b phn phi (m). hf : Tn tht qua thit b phn phi (m). Gi tr ny khng vt qu 0,5m. Tng tn tht hd v hc khng vt qu 0,4 m. Vy p lc cn thit l : Hd = 0,4 +0,5+ 3 = 3,9 m. p lc khng kh :
P= (10 ,33 + H d ) = 1,38 atm . 10 ,33

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Cng sut my nn :
N = 34400 x ( P 0, 29 1) xq 34400 x (1,38 0, 29 1) x1,18 = = 41,27 ( KW ) 102 xn 102 x 0,8

S ng phn phi D100 di 1m tnh theo cng cng cho php q ca mi ng :

N q max = Qmax 3184 ,8 x10 3 = = 147 ,4(ong ) . Qmin 6 x3600

N q min =

Qmin 1698 ,56 x10 3 = = 157 (ong ) . Qmax 3 x3600

Chn kch thc b v ng phn phi kh : ng phn phi kh b tr dc thnh b. Chiu rn mt hnh lang : B = h = 3m. Chiu di hnh lang
L= F V 426 ,25 = = = 31,6( m) b h1 xb 3 x 4,5

Trong b tr 3 hnh lang. Do kch thc b l : DxR = 16 x9 .

Dng chy trong b l dng chy u, chiu da gin ng xng c:

L = 2 x(16 3) = 26 m

Khong cch gia cc ng trong h phn phi :

l= L 26 = = 0,165 (m) N q min 157

Cng thi gi:

q= 50957 = 119 ,55 ( m 3 / ngy ) . 426 ,25

Ch tiu gi : 22

a=

Ok 50957 = = 114 ,56 (m 3 khi / 1kgBOD 5 ) . 3 3 qx ( S 0 S ) x10 1500 x(305,2 8,6787 ) x10

CHNG 4: THNG S VN HNH B AEROTANK

I. Vn hnh h thng bn hot tnh Aerotank: Chun b lng bn hot tnh cn thit v cho khi ng cc cng trnh sinh hc( Aerotank, mng oxy ha) theo trnh t nh sau:
- Trc tin mt phn nc thi vi nng BODtp khong 200 250 mg/l chy

qua cng trnh. Nu nc thi cng ngip c nng cao th pha long bng nc sn xut hoc nc sng. Bn lng ti b lng 2 c tun hon lin tc v Aerotank.

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- Bn hot tnh s gia tng theo thi gian. Theo s gia tng ca bn c s xut hin ca nitrat v nitrit, tng dn lng nc cn x l hoc gim pha long. C th s dng bn c sn t b Aerotank bt k hoc bn hot tnh phi 60oC, hoc mng sinh hc tri ra t b lc sinh hc hoc bn ao h. Bn hot tnh c th thu t bn sng hoc ao h khng nhim bn m hay du khong. Trc khi cho vo b Aerotank, bn sng hoc ao h phi c loi s b cc tp khong nng (si, ct). Vi mc ch ny, bn c trn vi nc, ri sau thi gian lng ngn ( 3 6 pht) c vo b Aerotank. Ti bn c thi kh, khng cn nc thi. Sau khi chun b bn xong, cho nc thi vo b Aerotank ban u vi lng nh, sau theo mc tch ly bn, tng dn cho n khi t lu lng thit k. Trong bn hot tnh hot ng tt, ngoi cc bng tp trung cc ng vt vi sinh cn gp mt lng khng ln tho trng (trng lng), trn xon, giun. Khi iu kin lm vic n nh b ph v, trong bn pht trin cc vi khun dng ch (sphacrotilus, cladothrix) thc vt nhnh (zoogle ramigeras, cc nm nc). Cc dng thc vt ny lm cho bn ni, bn ny kh lng trong b lng t 2 v b cun tri theo nc ra vi lng ng k. Nguyn nhn ca s ni bn l b Aerotank qu ti, c lng ln cacbon trong nc thi, khng cp oxy, pH nc trong Aerotank thp. khng ch s ni bn cn phi gim tii trng b Aerotank. Thm ch tm ngng khng cho nc thi vo, hoc tng lng oxy ha tan trong b Aerotank, nng pH dng vo n 8,5 9,5 trong khong thi gian no . Nu nc thi nng cao thi ra tng t bt thng th phi yu cu lnh o nh my chnh n nguyn tc cng ngh hay thay i ch nc thi bng cch np t b iu chnh hoc b cha d tr Nu trong trm x l c vi b lng t 2 v khng c dng c o bn tun hon tch ra t mi phu th trn mi b cn c dng c kim tra su ca bn, cc dng c ny c th l: - Thit b bm dng( ng thng nhau) c t cc mc tng ng kim sot mc bn coa nht v thp nht trong b. - T bo quang. Nu khng c dng c o th mc bn xc nh bng cch ly mu cc su khc nhau. 24

II. Cc thng s vn hnh h thng: 1. Thng s vn hnh: vn hnh h thng bn hot tnh, cn ch cc yu t sau:
+ kim: kim sot kim trong b hiu kh l cn thit kim sot ton b

qu trnh. kim khng s lm gim hot tnh ca vi sinh vt v cng c th nh hng n pH. + DO: Hot ng ca b bn hot tnh l mt qu trnh hiu kh nn n i hi lng DO phi hin din mi thi im. Lng DO ny ph thuc vo BOD dng vo, tnh cht ca bn hot tnh v yu cu x l. + pH: pH trong h thng hiu kh nm trong khong 6,5 9. + MLSS, MLVSS v MLTSS + Nng v tc tun hon bn hot tnh: Ngi vn hnh phi duy tr s tun hon bn hot tnh tip din trong h thng. Nu tc ny qu thp, b hiu kh c th b qu ti thy lc, lm gim thi gain thng kh. Nng tun hon cng rt quan trng bi v n c th dng xc nh tc tun hon cn thit gi MLSS cn thit. + Tc dng chy bn hot tnh thi: Bi v bn hot tnh c cha cc vi sinh vt sng tng trng , nn lng bn hot tnh c th tip tc gia tng. Nu bn hot tnh duy tr trong h thng qu lu, hiu qu ca qu trnh s gim xung. Nu c qu nhiu bn hot tnh b loi khi h thng, cc cht rn s khng lng ng nhanh c loi b thit b lng th cp. + su lp bn: Nu cc cht rn khng b loi b ra khi h thng t thit b lc vi cng tc chng c a vo, lp ph s gia tng su. su lp ph bn c th chu nh hng ca nhiu iu kin: nhit , tnh c trong nc thi, 2. Kim sot vn hnh h thng: + Tc tun hon:
- Tc tun hon qu cao, kt qu l: s thng kh v lng ng cc b b qu

ti thy lc; thi gian thng kh v lng ng gim, - Tc tun hon qu thp, kt qu l: s tun hon thi, cc cht rn b gi li trong cc b lng, gim MLSS trong b hiu kh, + Tc nc thi:

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- Tc nc thi qu cao, kt qu: gim MLSS, gim mt bn, gia tng SVI, gim MCRT, tng t l F/M. - Tc nc thi qu thp, kt qu l: tng MLSS, tng mt bn, gim SVI, tng t l F/M. + Tc thng kh: - Tc thng kh qu cao, kt qu l: nng lng b lng ph, tng chi ph vn hnh, cc cht rn ni ln, ph v bn hot tnh. - Tc thng kh qu thp, kt qu l: b hiu kh thi, hiu qu km, mt s nitrat ha. 3.Cc vn xy ra khi vn hnh v cch khc phc: + Triu chng 1: Lp bn ph b chy ra ngoi theo dng thi, khng cn bn lng. - Do cht hu c qu ti. Khc phc : gim ti lng hu c. - Do pH thp. Khc phc: thm kim. - Do s tng trng ca vi nm si (filamentous). Khc phc: thm dinh dng, thm clo hay peroxyde tun hon. - Do thiu ht dinh dng . Khc phc: thm dinh dng. - Do c tnh. Khc phc: xc nh ngun, b sung tin x l. - Do thng kh qu nhiu. Khc phc: Gim thng kh trong khong thi gian lu lng thp. + Triu chng 2: Mt lng ln cc ht rn nh ri khi b lng. - Nguyn nhn: bn c. Khc phc: gim tui bn, gia tng tc dng thi. - Nguyn nhn: s hn lon qu mc. Khc phc: gim s hn lon (kim sot thi kh lu lng thp). + Triu chng 3: Mt lng ln cc phn t trong m, nh ri khi b lng. - Do tc tng trng ca bn. Khc phc: tng tui bn. - Do bn hot tnh mi, yu. Khc phc: gim nc thi. + Triu chng 4: Bn lng tt nhng li ni ln b mt trong thi gian ngn. - Do s kh nitrat ha. Khc phc: tng tc tun hon, iu chnh tui bn hn ch s nitrat. - Do thng kh qu mc. Khc phc: gim s thng kh. + Triu chng 5: Cc vi sinh vt trong bn hot tnh cht trong thi gian ngn. 26

Do dng vo cha cc cht c tnh. Khc phc: tch bn hot tnh( nu c th). Tun hon tt c cc cht rn ang hin din. Ngng cung cp nc thi. Tng tc tun hon. B sung cc chng trnh tin x l. + Triu chng 6: B mt ca b hiu kh b bao ph bi lp bt nhn, dy. - Do bn qu gi. Khc phc: gim tui bn. Tng lng nc thi, s dng cc cht bm kim sot bn. - Do qu nhiu du v cht bo trong h thng. Khc phc: tng cng loi ha cht bo. S dng cc cht bm kim sot bot. B sung cc chng trnh tin x l. - Do cc vi khun vng bm to bt. Khc phc: loi b cc vi khun ny. + Triu chng 7: xut hin nhng m bt ln trn b mt b hiu kh. - Do bn hot tnh tr, lng bn t. Khc phc: tng tui bn, gim cung cp nc thi, s dng cc cht bm kim sot bt. - Do cc cht ty ra. Khc phc: hn ch cc cht hot ng b mt, s dng cc cht bm kim sot.

TI LIU THAM KHO [1] PGS.TS Nguyn Vn Phc, Gio trnh x l nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip bng phng php sinh hc, 2007, Nh xut bn Xy dng. [2] TS. Trnh Xun Lai, Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi, 2009, Nh xut bn Xy dng. [3] http://www.fineprint.com : Th.S Lm Vnh Sn, Bi ging k thut x l nc thi [4] Th.S L Quang Huy, Gio trnh x l nc thi, Khoa mi trng- i hc Lt.

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