FC63 BD 01

Chapter 20
ADC, DAC AND ANALOGDIGITAL MIX INTERFACES
Lesson 1
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC or A/D)
Ch20L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
Outline
ADC ADC Circuits ADC Characteristics
n-bit ADC
Transducer
b0 b1 bn2 bn1
ADC Signal Physical conditioner Parameter Digital bits Analog read at sensor as output Voltage for logic input circuits
Ch20L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006 4
ADC as Doctors Thermometer

Case A Analog input to ADC = 94 mV for 94oF and = 108mV for 108oF 94oF 94d 0101 1110b 110 o F 110d 0110 1110b Resolution of ADC = 1 mV/bit = 1oF/bit

Case B Analog input to ADC = 188 mV for 94oF and = 216 mV for 108oF 94oF 94d 101 11100b 110 o F 110d 110 11100b Resolution of ADC = 2 mV/bit = 0.5oF/bit

Case C:Offset Voltage of 94 mV Analog input to ADC = (94 mV - 94 mV) = 0 mV for 94oF and (108 mV - 94 mV) = 14 mV for 108oF 94oF 94d 0000b 109 o F 109d 1111b Resolution of ADC = 1 mV/bit = 1oF/bit
ADC Output
Case A Case B Case C 0.0o F 00000000 00000000 0.5o F 00000000 00000001 94o F 01011110 10111100 0000 109o F 01101101 11011010 1111
ADC Output
Digital Output
1111 1110 Vref = Analog Input when output = 0000 V+ref = Analog Input when output = 1111 Analog Input V+ref
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0000 Vref
Outline
10
Five types of ADC circuits

Successive approximation, Dual slope, Tracking, Flash and two stages flash Parallel ADC, respectively
Principle of working Successive approximation ADC

Analog input compared with the DAC output to start with. Let it be 0. Digital inputs to it is from the counter = 0000 at b0 to bn1 pins at the beginning. Since analog input is more than 0V, the comparator keeps up on driving the counter.
Principle of working Successive approximation ADC

Counter successively increments till the analog input = DAC output. The DAC input at that instant is the ADC output also
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Switch Vref Vin R
Dual slope ADC employing an integrator circuit

ADC output
... n-bit Counter
To Switch T Q
Integrator Clock Pulses Comparator

Principle of dual slope ADC

Slope = (Vin/RC) t
t
Slope = +(Vin/RC) T' (Vref/RC) (t T')
Time T' = 2n times clock period T
Integrator Output
Principle of working dual slope ADC

n is the number of ADC bits, same that of a counter. Analog input integrated with an integrator from a time when an analog switch closes at time t = 0. A comparator receives the output of the integrator as the input. It give output = 1 to an AND gate input. AND gate other inputs is to the clock pulses of a frequency.

Counter counts from 0 to 2n-1 counts of the pulses, when there is n bit counter. Counter last bit is given to a T-FF. On counter n-th bit becoming equal to 1, the T-FF toggles.

If clock pulse period is T, then the counter lets this T-FF toggle. On toggling now the switch is cutoff from the integrator and a integrator is given the opposite polarity voltage through another switch, which now closes.

The integrator circuit discharges, till the counter again reaches the output to re-toggle the T-FF. Integrator discharges till the integrator output equals the voltage reference input to ADC.

The counting will stop at that point when comparator output = 0 to stop the counter. . The output bits of the counter represent the converted ADC output bits. The integrator has a dual slope output.
Outline
21
ADC Characteristics
The ADC analog input resolution R = (V+ref Vref)/ (2n 1) Range of input signal measurable digitally = V+ref and V ref. A suitable amplifier at the input an interface circuit, has a suitable filter, has a scaling factor and offset. Provides the minimum input = V ref. Provides the maximum input = V+ref for a given analog signal.
ADC Characteristics
Digital output of an n bit ADC is decimal m, the input is m times the ADC resolution, when lowest limit is 0.00V. Digital binary output = decimal m = Binary value of the closet decimal integer for Vin R = Vin/ (V+ref and V ref).
ADC Characteristics
Output bits bn 1, bn 2, . , b1 and b0 are given by the equation: bn 1 w0n 1 + bn 2 w0 n 2 + bn 3 w0 n 3 +. + b2 w02 + b1 w01 + b0 w00 = m = (Vin. R,) integer part, where w0 =2 and bn 1, bn 2, . , b1 and b0 are the output bits from the ADC when the input analog input = Vin
ADC Characteristics
ADC conversion time a time in which the expected digital output results. ADC glitch defined as when a high speed ADC fail to give an output correctly within its conversion time and gives the missing 1s in between. [Appearance of false output bit is called glitch.]
ADC Characteristics
Relationship between the ADC output in decimal vs. the input voltage in Volt Linearity of ADC defined as the maximum deviation from a straightline relationship.
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ADC Characteristics
Accuracy of ADC output is defined by the ADC quantization error. Quantized level means a discrete level. 10-bit ADC, peak Voltage = 2.0V. Resolution is then equal to division of 2.0 V by 210 = 1.95 mV/bit. 210 = 1024 quantized levels
ADC Characteristics
An analog signal multiplexer can receive the analog inputs from the various channels and can give the one input at a time to the ADC
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Summary
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ADC converts analog signal into n-bit digital output between 0000... to 1111... Analog input signal between V+ref
and Vref
Number of bits, V+ref , Vref Resolution, glitch and quantization error characteristics Five type of ADC circuits
End of Lesson 1 on
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC or A/D)
31
THANK YOU
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Chapter 20

ADC, DAC AND ANALOGDIGITAL MIX INTERFACES

ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC or A/D)

Ch20L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

ADC ADC Circuits ADC Characteristics

Ch20L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

ADC as Doctors Thermometer

ADC as Doctors Thermometer

ADC as Doctors Thermometer

Ch20L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

ADC ADC Circuits ADC Characteristics

Ch20L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Five types of ADC circuits

Principle of working Successive approximation ADC

Principle of working Successive approximation ADC

Ch20L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Switch Vref Vin R

Dual slope ADC employing an integrator circuit

Integrator Clock Pulses Comparator

Principle of dual slope ADC

Time T' = 2n times clock period T

Principle of working dual slope ADC

Principle of working dual slope ADC

Principle of working dual slope ADC

Principle of working dual slope ADC

Principle of working dual slope ADC

ADC ADC Circuits ADC Characteristics

Ch20L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Ch20L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Ch20L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Ch20L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC or A/D)

Ch20L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Ch20L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

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