L Thuyt n Hi

1



M U

Ti liu c bin son nhm mc ch cung cp cho hc vin nhng khi nim c s ca l
thuyt phn tch cc kt cu cng trnh ni chung v kt cu tu thy ni ring. Trong ti liu, cc nguyn
tc c bn sau y c gng th hin: Nguyn tc u tin l bo m tnh nht qun, tnh logic trong ton
b ti liu c trnh by, trnh dng bt c mt gi nh m h no lm c s cho mt phng php
tnh no . Mi gi thit c tnh gn ng lun c i km bi nhng li gii thch v tnh ph hp ca
chng. Nguyn tc th hai l chp nhn vic gii thch thm khi cn thit. Nguyn tc ny xut pht t c
im ca qu trnh nhn tcn c s lp li. Tnh cht lp li l mt trong cc cng c quan trng ca qu
trnh nhn thc. Vic gii thch thm c mc ch trnh hiu vn mt cch sai lch, trnh ng nhn.
Nguyn tc th 3 l cc ch chnh ca cc ni dung c trnh by lun c tm lc, nh ngi
c c c nhn thc tng th vi y nhng ni dung chnh yu v nhng vn c qua.
L Thuyt n Hi gii cc bi ton lin quan n vic xc nh ng sut v bin dng, xut hin
trong vt th n hi, di tc dng ca lc ngoi. y cng chnh l vn gii quyt trong mn hc
sc bn vt liu. Tuy nhin, trong gio trnh sc bn vt liu, nhiu gi thit tnh ton c th khc nhau
c s dng, nhm thu c nhng li gii gn ng cho cc bi ton ring bit v do , ch p dng
c cho chnh cc bi ton ny thi. L Thuyt n Hi t ra mc tiu l tm nhng li gii chnh xc,
da trn cc gi thit chung v tnh cht ca vt th kho st m khng ph thuc g vo hnh dng vt th
cng nh tnh ring bit ca ti trng tc dng ln vt th. . .
Vt th kho st trong L Thuyt n Hi c gi thit l c tnh lin tc, tc, vt th kho st
lun in y khng gian m n chim ch, trc cng nh sau khi b bin dng. Ta coi l trong mi th
tch bt k, d nh n u, cng cha v s cc phn t v tc dng ca phn vt th b ct b ln phn
kho st c th nh gi bng tr s trung bnh ca s thay i lc tng tc gia cc phn vt th nm v
hai pha ca mt ct. Cc chuyn v l nhng hm lin tc ca to cc im. Tnh cht lin tc cho
php ng dng gii tch cc i lng v cng b vo vic nghin cu bin dng ca vt th n hi. Sai
s lin quan n vic s dng tnh cht ni trn l c th b qua trong cc bi ton thc t, v n ch ng
k khi xc nh ng sut trn cc din tch vi kch thc c ca khong cch phn t v khi xc nh cc
chuyn v ca cc im m khong cch gia chng cng vo c khong cch gia cc phn t.
Ngoi ra, cng cn phi gi thit rng, c th p dng cc nh lut ca ca tnh hc v ng lc
hc cho cc phn t nh tu , t vt th kho st.
Cc vt th n hi, l i tng nghin cu ca mn hc, cn c nhiu tnh cht khc m ta s
cp n sau ny khi thit lp cc phng trnh c bn ca L thuyt n hi.

L Thuyt n Hi
2

Chng I
TON HC C S
Cc ng dng ca L Thuyt n Hi i hi s hiu bit v nhiu lnh vc ton hc khc nhau.
Bn thn L Thuyt n Hi c xy dng trn c s ng dng nhiu i lng bin i (cc bin) khc
nhau, trong c cc bin v hng, cc vector, cc trng tensor v phi s dng nhiu n cc php
tnh tensor. Vn dng cc nguyn l ca C Hc Cc Mi Trng Lin Tc, L Thuyt n Hi c xy
dng di dng mt tp hp cc phng trnh o hm ring m li gii ca chng c tm trong cc
min trng vi khng gian m vt th kho st chim ch. gii cc phng trnh ny, trong nhiu k
thut khc nhau, thng phi dng n phng php Fourier, cc k thut bin phn, cc php bin i
tch phn, cc bin s phc, l thuyt th nng, phng php sai phn hu hn, phng php phn t hu
hn, phn t bin,... V th cho nn, nm c cc c s ca L Thuyt n Hi, cn c mt cn bn
ton hc tng xng. Mc ch ca chng ny l cung cp cho ngi c mt s chuyn ton hc
thit yu, phc v cho vic lnh hi cc c s ca L Thuyt n Hi. Cc chuyn ton hc khc s
c trnh by tm lc cc chng, ni m chng c s dng.

1.1 Cc nh ngha v v hng, vector, ma trn v tensor.
Trong L Thuyt n Hi thng s dng nhiu loi bin khc nhau, trong c cc loi bin c
cc bin v hng. Cc bin v hng ch biu th v ln (ca mt i tng no ) ti mi mt im
ring bit trong khng gian (m vt th kho st chim ch). Cc v hng thng gp l: t trng vt liu
, module n hi E, h s Poisson , module trt G. Mt loi bin khc cng c s dng nhiu,
l cc i lng vector. Cc bin vector c th biu din c theo cc thnh phn ca n trong cc h ta
2 hoc 3 chiu. V d v cc bin vector l: Chuyn v ca mt im vt cht trong vt th n hi, gc
xoay ca mt vt th Cc cng thc ca L thuyt n Hi cn c din t vi vic s dng cc bin
ma trn. Cc bin ma trn thng c dng khi cn biu th mt i lng vi nhiu hn 3 thnh phn.
Ma trn ng sut v ma trn bin dng l nhng v d v bin ma trn. Nh s thy trong cc chng di
y, biu th ng sut hoc bin dng ti mt im thuc khng gian 3 chiu, i hi ng thi 9 thnh
phn (trong c 6 thnh phn c lp nhau). Trong trng hp ny, ch cn s dng mt bin di dng
ma trn vi 3 hng v 3 ct l .
Tm li, trong h ta Cc 3 chiu, cc bin v hng, bin vector, bin ma trn c th c
biu din (v d) nh sau:
T trng (v hng) = ;
Vector chuyn v =
3 2 1
e e e u + + = v ;
Ma trn ng sut = [ ]
(
(
(

= =
z zy zx
yz y yx
xz xy x



;
trong ,
3 2 1
, , e e e l 3 vector n v c s trn 3 trc ta .
Trong vic biu t cc vn ca L Thuyt n Hi, vi mt bin nhiu khi cn i hi s
thnh phn nhiu hn th na. Khi phi vn dung n cc php tnh tensor vi vic s dng cc cc k
hiu ch s (Index Notation). iu ny cho php biu th tt c cc bin v cc phng trnh dn
1
theo
mt s tiu chuNn ha duy nht. C th ni mt cch n gin rng: cc bin v hng, bin vector,
bin ma trn v cc bin khc cp cao hn u c th biu din bi cc tensor vi cc cp khc nhau.

1.2 K hiu ch s (Tensor) v cc php tnh
K hiu ch s l s gn nht m nh mt tp hp cc s (l cc phn t hay cc thnh phn)
c th c biu din bi ch mt k hiu c km cc ch s. V d nh c 3 s a
1
, a
2
, a
3
c th biu din
bi mt k hiu ch s (tensor) a
i
trong , ch s i bin i (chy) trong phm vi 1, 2, 3. Cng tng t,

1
L cc phng trnh ch o m vic gii chng cho php tm c li gii ca mt vn (mt bi ton) no .
L Thuyt n Hi
3

k hiu a
ij
biu th cho c tp hp 9 s: a
11
, a
12
, a
13
, a
21
, a
22
, a
23
, a
31
, a
32
, a
33
. Phm vi ca cc ch s i
v j u l 1, 2, 3.
C nhiu cch biu din khc nhau i vi tp hp cc s ni trn, tuy nhin, cch thng dng nht
l s dng s c lin h n cc dng thc vector v dng thc ma trn nh sau:
(
(
(

=
3
2
1
a
a
a
i
a ;
(
(
(

=
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
a a a
a a a
a a a
ij
a (1.1)
Trong dng thc ma trn, a
1i
biu din hng u tin, a
i1
biu din ct u tin. Vi cc hng v
ct khc cng c th biu din theo cch tng t, tc ch s u tin th hin s th t hng, ch s th 2-
s th t ct.
Mt cch tng qut, a
ij...k
vi N ch s phn bit biu th c n 3
N
s phn bit. Cn thy r rng
a
i
v a
j
cng biu th 3 s nh nhau, cng nh a
ij
v a
kl
cng biu th mt ma trn.
Cc php tnh cng, tr, nhn (tch) hay bng nhau ca hai k hiu ch s cng c nh ngha
theo cch thng thng. Chng hn nh, php cng v php tr c nh ngha bi:
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (








= == =
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (








= == =
33 33 32 32 31 31
23 23 22 22 21 21
13 13 12 12 11 11
3 3
2 2
1 1
;
b a b a b a
b a b a b a
b a b a b a
b a
b a
b a
kl ij i i
a a b a . (1.2)
Nhn vi mt v hng c xc nh nh sau:
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
3
2
1
;
a a a
a a a
a a a
a
a
a
ij i

a a (1.3)
Ngoi tch gia hai k hiu vi cc ch s phn bit trong trng hp n gin c xc nh theo
khun mu sau:
(
(
(

=
3 3 3 3 1 3
3 3 2 3 1 2
3 1 2 1 1 1
b a b a b a
b a b a b a
b a b a b a
j i
b a (1.4)
Cc ton t trn y tun th lut kt hp, lut giao hon v lut phn phi. Cc nh lut ny c
minh ha qua cc v d sau:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) .
;
;
;
;
k ij k ij k k ij
l jk i l jk i
i i i i i i
ij k
c a b a c b a
c b a c b a
c b a c b a
a b b a
a b b a
+ = +
=
+ + = + +
=
+ = +
k ij
i i i i
(1.5)

Ton t bng (biu th bi du "=") ch c th t gia hai k hiu c cc ch s phn bit
ph hp (dng nht) vi nhau v biu th quan h bng nhau ca cc thnh phn tng ng ca hai
k hiu.
Chng hn:
a
i
= b
i
c ngha l: a
1
= b
1
; a
2
= b
2
; a
3
= b
3 ;
cn quan h
a
ij
= b
ij
c ngha tng t, l: a
11
= b
11
; a
12
= b
12
; a
13
= b
13
....; a
33
= b
33
.
iu ng ch y l bo m s ging nhau gia cc ch s tng ng v hai pha ca du
"=". Chnh v th, cc quan h c dng nh: a
i
= b
j
hay a
ij
= b
kl
c ngha m h (khng r rng)
v cc ch s tng ng khng ging nhau. Tm li l cc ch s phn bit tng ng hai v
trong quan h "bng" phi ng nht.
L Thuyt n Hi
4


Qui c ch s cm:
cho tin li trong cch din t, ta qui c rng: nu nh mt ch s di no xut hin hai
ln trong mt s hng th n c ngha l tng ly theo ch s ny khi n chy t 1 n 3, v d:
+ + =
+ + = =
=
=
3
1
3 3 2 2 1 1
3
1
33 22 11
j
i i i
i
ii ii
b a b a b a
a a a a
j ij
b a
a
(1.6)
Cn nhc li rng, theo qui c trn, .. = = =
mm jj ii
a a a . nn cc ch s lp (tc xut hin hai ln)
c tn l ch s cm. Cc ch s khng c n nh (tc khng phi l mt con s c th) v khng lp li
c gi l ch s t do hoc ch s phn bit. Qui c trn y c gi l qui c ch s cm hoc qui
c tng. Qui c tng s khng p dng nu nh xut hin du gch di mt trong hai ch s lp
hoc, n gin hn, nu c ch thch "khng tng" bn cnh. Vic mt ch s xut hin qu 2 ln trong
cng mt s hng (chng hn: a
iii ,
a
ijkl
b
kml
c
lkj
) s c ngha m h v cn trnh s dng. Trong mt k
hiu, tc ng ca qui c ch s cm i vi hai ch s ging nhau gi l php co. Chng hn nh: a
ii

chnh l kt qu ca a
ij
khi co hai ch s i v j . Php co c s dng khi thc hin ngoi tch gia hai k
hiu ch s m mt ch s trong mi k hiu (tensor) trng vi ch s ca k hiu kia, lm ny sinh ton t
ni tch; chng hn, a
ij
b
jk
l ni tch thu c t ngoi tch a
ij
b
mk
nh php co thc hin i vi hai ch
s j v m.
Mt tensor a
ij...nm...kl
c gi l i xng i vi n v m nu nh tha mn
a
ij...m..n..kl
= a
ij..n..m..kl
(1.7)
cn nu nh tha mn
a
ij...m..n..kl
= -a
ij..n..m..kl
(1.8)
th c gi l i xng lch hoc phn xng. C th thy rng, vi hai tensor m mt trong hai l i
xng i vi hai ch s no cn tensor kia li l phn xng cng i vi hai ch s ny ngoi tch ca
hai tensor ny bng 0. Tc: nu a
ij..m..n..k
l i xng i vi

m v n cn b
pq...m..n..l
l phn xng i vi m
v n th
a
ij..m..n..k
b
pq..m..n..l
=

0. (1.9)
Ta c th vit ng nht thc thng dng sau
( ) ( )
( ) [ ] ij
a a a a a a a
ij ji ij ji ij ij
+ = + + =
2
1
2
1
, (1.10)
trong , s hng th nht
( )
( )
ji ij ij
a a a + =
2
1
l phn i xng cn s hng th hai
[ ]
( )
ji ij ij
a a a =
2
1
l
phn phn xng. Vy l: mt tensor a
ij
bt k c th biu din bng tng ca phn i xng v phn phn
xng. Mt tensor i xng
ij
a ch c 6 thnh phn c lp nhau cn nu
ij
a l phn xng, cc thnh phn
trn ng cho a
ii
(khng tng) ca n bng 0 v nh vy, ch c 3 thnh phn c lp. V rng
[ ] ij
a ch
c 3 thnh phn c lp nn c th biu th n nh k hiu vi ch s n, a
i
, chng hn.



1.3 Delta Kronecker
ij
v K hiu hon v
ijk

Trong l thuyt tensor, c mt k hiu ch s c bit thng dng, l Delta Kronecker, c
nh ngha bi
(
(
(

=
=
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
khi 0
1
j i
j i khi
ij


(1.11)
L Thuyt n Hi
5

Trong l thuyt ma trn, k hiu trn y chnh l ma trn n v. Delta Kronecker l mt tensor
i xng. Cc tnh cht lm cho Delta Kronecker c ng dng rng ri bao gm:
3
;
;
; 1 3
;
= == = = == =
= == = = == =
= == = = == =
= == = = == =
= == =
ij ij ii ij ij
ij ik jk ik jk ij
i ij i j ij
i i ii
ji ij
; a a
a a ; a a
a a ; a a
;

j
(1.12)
Bn cnh Delta Kronecker (cn gi l k hiu Kronecker), c mt k hiu khc, c gi l K
Hiu Hon V (
ijk
), cng c s dng rt rng ri. K hiu hon v c nh ngha nh sau:

0
3 2 1 , , 1
3 2 1 , , 1

=
lai con hop truong
cua nghich vi hoan la khi -
cua thuan vi hoan la khi
, , k j i
, , k j i
ijk
(1.13)
v th cho nn, 0 ; 1 ; 1
322 221 132 312 321 312 231 123
= = = = = = = = .
Nhn xt:
Trong tng s 27 k hiu hon v khc nhau c 3 k hiu nhn gi tr 1, ba k hiu nhn gi
tr -1, cn li l 0;
K hiu hon v l phn xng i vi mt cp 2 ch s bt k ca n.
K hiu c bit ny rt tin li trong vic nh lng cc nh thc v cc tch vector. nh thc
ca mng a
ij
c th c vit di hai dng tng ng:
[ ]
3
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
det
k ij ij
a a a
a a a
a a a
a a a a a a a a
j2 i1 ijk 3k 2j 1i ijk
= = = = (1.14)
trong , biu thc u tin theo k hiu ch s ca (1.14) th hin khai trin theo hng trong khi biu thc
th hai l khai trin theo ct.
Vn dng tnh cht
kr kq kp
jr jq jp
ir iq ip
pqr ijk



= (1.15),
c th biu din nh thc di dng khc
[ ]
kr jq ip pqr ijk ij
a a a a
6
1
det = (1.14)

1.4 Php bin i ta

Trong thc t, thun tin li cho cc ng dng khc nhau, ngi ta thng biu th cc bin n
hi, nh chuyn v, ng sut, bin dng, cng nh phi vit cc phng trnh theo nhiu h ta khc
nhau. iu ny i hi phi c cc qui tc bin i c bit i vi cc bin v hng, vector, ma trn,
cng cc bin cp cao hn khc, tng ng vi vic chuyn i h ta ni trn. tng ny gn lin
vi nh ngha c s ca bin tensor v qui lut bin i cc ta c lin quan i vi cc tensor. Ta hn
ch ch tho lun v php chuyn h gia cc h ta -Cc (De Cartre) .
Hy kho st hai h ta -Cc, nh biu din trn hnh H1.1:
L Thuyt n Hi
6

H 1 (ngun): (x
1,
x
2,
x
3
) v h 2 (ch): (x'
1,
x'
2
, x'
3
), ch khc nhau v hng ca cc trc ta . Cc
vector n v c s ca h ta ngun l { } { }
3 2 1
, , e e e e =
i
v ca h ta ch: { } { }
,
3
,
2
,
1
,
, , e e e e =
i
.


a vo k hiu
( )
j i
x x , ' cos =
ij
Q . (1.16)
S dng k hiu ny, c th biu din cc vector c s trong h ta c du phNy (ch) theo cc
vector c s trong h khng c du phNy (ngun):
3 2
,
3
3 2
,
2
3 2
,
1
e e e e
e e e e
e e e e
33 32 1 31
23 22 1 21
13 12 1 11
Q Q Q
Q Q Q
Q Q Q
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
(1.17)
Hay, nu nh dng k hiu ch s, c th vit li (1.17) di dng:
j
e Q e
ij
,
i
= (1.18)
Ma trn [ ]
ij
Q gi l ma trn bin i ta , hay gn hn, l ma trn xoay (h ta ).
Tng t, vic chuyn h ta ngc li cng c th vit theo cng mt kiu nh trn:
j ji i
e' Q e = (1.19).
By gi, vi mt vector v bt k, c th biu din trong c hai h ta nh sau:
j
v v v
v v v
e' v' e' e' e'
e v e e e v
j 3 3 2 2 1 1
i i 3 3 2 2 1 1
= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
' ' '
(1.20)
Thay (1.19) vo phng trnh u ca (1.20) ta c
j
v v e' Q
ji i
= == = ,
nhng t phng trnh th 2 ca (1.20),
j
v' e' v
j
= == = nn ta li c
j
v v
ij i
Q ' = == = (1.21)
Tng t, thay (1.18) vo phng trnh th hai ca (1.20) ta c
j
v' v
ji i
Q = == = (1.22)
Lu rng trong php bin i trn, bn thn vector l khng i (tc gi nguyn di v
hng).
Cc quan h (1.21) v (1.22) to nn qui tc bin i cc thnh phn -Cc ca mt vetor khi h
ta -Cc vung gc thay i hng. V th cho nn, khi bit cc thnh phn ca mt vector trong
L Thuyt n Hi
7

mt h ta , nh dng quan h (1.21) hoc (1.22), ta c th tnh c cc thnh phn ca vector ny
trong h ta th 2, c hng xc nh so vi h ta th nht. V php bin i ni trn ch thc hin
i vi cc h ta vung gc nhau nn n phi chu mt s rng buc nht nh, l nhng rng buc
i vi ma trn cosine ch phng Q
ij
. Ta hy xc lp cc rng buc ny.
Trn c s ca cc quan h (1.21) v (1.22), c th vit
k
v v v
jk ji j ji i
Q Q ' Q = == = = == = (1.23).
T tnh cht (1.12) ca Delta Kronecker biu thc trn c th c vit nh sau:
( (( ( ) )) ) . 0 = == = = == =
k ik jk ji k jk ji k ik
Q Q Q Q v hay v v
V phng trnh trn ng vi mi
k
v nn biu thc trong du ngoc trn trong v bn tri phi bng 0,
tc
.
ik
Q Q
jk ji
= (1.24)
Mt cch tng t, dng (1.21) v (1.22) loi tr
i
v (ch khng phi
i
v' ), ta c
.
ik
Q Q
kj ij
= (1.25)
Cc quan h (1.24) v (1.25) chnh l cc iu kin trc giao m cc cosine ch phng (1.16) phi tha
mn v cng l cc rng buc cn tm. Xc nh nh thc ca mt trong hai ma trn trn, ta c
[ ] . 1 det =
ij
Q
Cc ma trn tha mn quan h trn y c gi l ma trn trc giao, cn cc php bin i (1.21)
v (1.22) thuc v cc php bin i trc giao.

1.5 Tensor -Cc

Cc v hng, vector, ma trn cng nh cc bin cp cao hn khc u c th c biu din theo
mt phng thc tng qut, l theo cc k hiu ch s. Theo quan nim ny, cc bin, theo mi kiu,
u c coi nh cc tensor vi cp khc nhau. Cc tnh cht ca php bin i trnh by trn y cho
vector cng chnh l tnh cht ca php chuyn i tng qut i vi cc tensor ny. Ta ch hn ch trong
cc php chuyn i gia cc h ta -cc. Khi , cc quan h ca php bin i i vi tensor cc
cp khc nhau (gia hai h ta -Cc) c th c vit nh sau:
quat. tong cap
:
4; cap
; 3 cap
tran); (ma hai cap
(vector); mot cap
huong); (vo
= == =
= == =
= == =
= == =
= == =
= == =
pqr..s ms kr jq ip ijk...m
ls kr jq ip ijkl
kr jq ip ijk
jq ip ij
p ip i
a ...Q Q Q Q a'
a Q Q Q Q a'
a Q Q Q a'
a Q Q a'
a Q a'
pqrs
pqr
pq
zero cap a a'
(1.26)

Theo cc nh ngha trn, v hng l tensor cp zero, vector l tensor cp 1, ma trn l tensor cp
2.. . Nh vy l quan h (1.26) xc lp qui tc bin i i vi cc thnh phn ca tensor -Cc cp bt
k di tc ng ca php xoay Q
ij
. L thuyt chuyn i trn y t ra rt hu ch trong vic xc nh
cc ng sut, bin dng v chuyn v theo cc h ta khc hng nhau.
Mt s tensor c c im l cc thnh phn ca n lun khng i di tc ng ca bt k php
chuyn (xoay) ta no. Cc tensor ny c ghp chung vo mt loi, gi l tensor ng hng. D
thy rng, Delta Cronecker
ij
c tnh cht ni trn v v vy, n l tensor ng hng cp 2. K hiu hon
v
ijk
cng l tensor ng hng, cp 3.
L Thuyt n Hi
8

Cn phn bit r gia cc thnh phn ca mt tensor vi bn thn cc tensor ny. Tr li vi cng
thc biu din vector v (tensor cp 1):
3 1
e' e' e'
e e e v
3 2 2 1
3 3 2 2 1 1
v v v
v v v
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
(1.27)
Cng tng t nh trn, tensor cp 2 - A c th biu din bi
'
j
'
i
'
ij j i ij
3 1 33 2 1 32 1 1 31
3 1 23 2 1 22 1 1 21
3 1 13 2 1 12 1 1 11
e e A e e
e e e e e e
e e e e e e
e e e e e e A
= == = = == =
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
A
r r r r r r
r r r r r r
r r r r r r
A A A
A A A
A A A
(1.28)
Dng tng t cng c th dng biu din tensor cp cao hn. Dng biu din (1.28) ca tensor
c tn l dng dyadic (dyadic notation). Nhiu khi dng dyadic cn c biu din thng qua tch tensor:
j
e e
i
.
Cc quan h (1.27) v (1.28) cho thy, mt tensor bt k c th biu din theo cc thnh phn ca
n trong mt h ta bt k. Cc thnh phn ca tensor thay i theo tng h ta (cn bn thn tensor
th khng i). C th chn tensor ng sut, m chng tip theo ta s nghin cu chi tit, lm v d. Cc
thnh phn ng sut l cc thnh phn ca mt tensor cp 2, biu th trng thi ng sut ti mt im. Cc
thnh phn ny thay i theo (nh hng ca) h ta c chn th hin trng thi ng sut cn
chnh bn thn tensor ng sut th khng i (vn l tensor c trng cho trng thi ng sut kho st).
V d 1.1:
Cho bit cc thnh phn ca cc tensor cp mt v cp hai nh sau:
(
(
(

=
(
(

=
4 2 3
3 2 0
3 0 1
;
2
4
1
ij i
a a



Hy xc nh cc thnh phn ca cc tensor ny i vi h ta ch, xc nh bng cch xoay
h ta ngun mt gc 60
0
quanh trc x
3
theo hng ngc chiu quay ca kim ng h khi nhn ngc
vi trc x
3
(tc khi nhn t trn xung).
Hnh v H1.2 biu th h ta ngun v h ch cng vi gc gia cc trc ca hai h ta ny.
Ma trn xoay trong trng hp ang xt s l
L Thuyt n Hi
9

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
1 0 0
0 2 / 1 2 3
0 2 3 2 / 1
0 cos 90 cos 90 cos
90 cos 60 cos 150 cos
90 cos 30 cos 60 cos
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
ij
Q

Tc ng ca php bin i h i vi vector xc nh nh phng trnh th 2 ca (1.26)
(
(
(

+
=
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
2
2 3 2
3 2 2 / 1
2
4
1
.
1 0 0
0 2 / 1 2 3
0 2 3 2 / 1
'
i
a
i vi tensor cp 2, cn dng phng trnh th 3 ca (1.26) v thu c kt qu:
,
4 2 / 3 3 1 3 2 / 3
2 / 3 3 1 4 / 5 4 / 3
3 2 / 3 4 / 3 4 / 7

1 0 0
0 2 / 1 2 3
0 2 3 2 / 1
4 2 3
3 2 0
3 0 1
1 0 0
0 2 / 1 2 3
0 2 3 2 / 1
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (





+ ++ +

+ ++ +
= == =
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (






( (( (
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (





( (( (
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (





= == = = == =
T
pq jq ip
'
ij
a Q Q a

trong , ch s trn "
T
" ch php chuyn v i vi cc thnh phn ca ma trn.

1.6 Tr chnh v hng chnh ca tensor i xng cp 2
Khi xoay h ta (-Cc), cc thnh phn ca tensor thay i theo v tn ti mt h ta xc
nh no m, vi n, cc thnh phn ca tensor c gi tr cc tr (cc tiu hoc cc i). iu ny c
th nhn thy bng trc gic khi kho st s thay i gi tr cc thnh phn ca mt vector khi xoay h
ta . Nu chn h ta ch sao cho trc
3
' x trng vi vector v th, khi , vector ny s c cc thnh
phn trong h ta ch l: { } v v 0 0 = . Trong trng hp ny, 2 trong 3 thnh phn c gi tr bng 0
trong khi thnh phn cn li c gi tr ln nht, bng di ca vector. Thuc tnh nu ra trn y t ra
c bit hu dng i vi tensor i xng cp 2, l loi tensor c s dng biu din ng sut/bin
dng ti mt im trong vt th n hi.
Nu tn ti s v vector n v ) , , (
3 2 1
n n n n sao cho
i
n a
j ij
= (1.29),
th hng ca vector ) , , (
3 2 1
n n n n c gi l hng chnh hay vector ring
ij
a cn s c gi l tr
chnh hay tr ring ca ca tensor i xng, cp 2,
ij
a .
Quan h (1.29) c th vit di dng
( ) 0 =
j
n a
ij ij

Quan h trn y chnh l mt h gm 3 phng trnh i s tuyn tnh thun nht vi 3 Nn s
3 2 1
, , n n n . H phng trnh ny s c cc nghim khng tm thng (khng ng thi bng 0) nu nh
tha mn:
[ ] 0
3 2
2
1
3
= + + =
a a a
ij
I I I det a
ij
(1.30)
Trong ,
L Thuyt n Hi
10

( (( ( ) )) )
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
ij
a
a
ii
a
I
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
I
a a a I
a
a a a a
a
ij ij jj ii
det
2
1
3
33 31
13 11
33 32
23 22
22 21
12 11
2
33 22 11 1
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ + = == = = == =
+ ++ + + ++ + = == = = == =
(1.31)
Cc v hng
a a a
I , I , I
3 2 1
c gi, tng ng, l cc bt bin c bn th nht, th hai v th 3 ca
tensor
ij
a , cn quan h (1.30) c gi l phng trnh c trng. ng nh tn gi ca chng, cc bt
bin trn y khng thay i gi tr theo php bin i h ta . Cc nghim ca phng trnh c trng
(1.30) chnh l cc tr ring v vi vic thay ngc mi mt trong cc nghim ny vo phng trnh
(1.29), ta tm c hng chnh ) n , n , n (
3 2 1
n . Nu cc phn t ca
ij
a l thc th c th chng t rng cc
nghim
3 2 1
, , cng l thc. Ngoi ra, nu nh cc nghim l phn bit nhau th cc hng tng ng
vi cc tr ring s vung gc nhau. Nh vy, c th kt lun rng, mi mt tensor i xng cp 2 c t
nht 3 hng chnh vung gc nhau v c nhiu nht 3 tr chnh l nghim ca phng trnh c trng.
Vi k hiu cc hng chnh l
( ) ( ) ( ) 3 2 1
n n n , , tng ng vi cc tr ring
3 2 1
, , , c th xy ra cc kh
nng sau y:
1. C 3 tr chnh phn bit nhau: khi , ba hng chnh tng ng l duy nht;
2. C 2 tr chnh bng nhau ( )
3 2 1
= : hng chnh
( ) 1
n l duy nht; mi hng vung gc vi
( ) 1
n u c th coi l hng chnh tng ng vi
3 2
, ;
3. C ba tr chnh bng nhau: mi hng khi u l hng chnh. Tensor l ng hng, nh
cp trn y.
Nh vy l vi mt tensor i xng cp 2 bt k, bao gi cng c th c c mt h ta
-Cc thun sao cho cc hng chnh ca tensor nm dc theo trc ca n. H trc nh trn gi l h
trc chnh ca tensor. Trong trng hp ny, cc vector n v c s chnh l cc hng chnh n v
( ) ( ) ( ) 3 2 1
n n n , , , v nh vy, trong h ta chnh, tensor ni trn thu gn v dng ng cho
(
(
(

=
3
2
1
0 0
0 0
0 0

ij
a (1.32)
C th thy rng cc bt bin c s nh ngha bi (1.31) c th c biu din theo cc tr chnh
nh sau
. I
; I
; I
a
a
a
3 2 1 3
1 3 3 2 2 1 2
2 2 1 1



=
+ + =
+ + =
(1.33)
Cc tr ring c tnh cht cc tr. Nu ta sp xp cc tr ring theo trt t
3 2 1
> > , th
1
s l
gi tr ln nht trong cc phn t trn ng cho trong khi
3
l gi tr nh nht trong s cc phn t trn
ng cho (trong mi h ta ). Tnh cht ny c vn dng trong L Thuyt n Hi khi cn tm gi
tr ln nht trong cc thnh phn ng sut/bin dng ti cc im trong vt th n hi.

V d 1.2:
Hy xc nh cc bt bin, cc tr chnh v cc hng chnh ca tensor i xng cp 2 sau y:
(
(
(

=
3 4 0
4 3 0
0 0 2
ij
a
L Thuyt n Hi
11

Cc bt bin xc nh theo cng thc (1.31):
( ) . I
; I
; a I
a
a
ii
a
50 16 9 2
3 4 0
4 3 0
0 0 2
25 6 25 6
3 0
0 2
3 4
4 3
3 0
0 2
2 3 3 2
3
2
1
= =

=
= =

+
(

+ =
= + = =

Phng trnh c trng:
[ ]
( )( )
, 5 ; 2 ; 5
; 0 25 2
; 0 50 25 2 det
3 2 1
2
2 3
= = =
=
= + + =



ij
a
ij

trong trng hp kho st, c 3 tr ring l phn bit nhau.
Vi nghim 5
1
= , phng trnh (1.29) tr thnh h phng trnh:
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

=
= +
=
0 8 4
; 0 4 2
; 0 3
1
3
1
2
1
3
1
2
1
1
n n
n n
n

H ny cho nghim chuNn ha sau:
( )
( ) . 5 / 2
3 2
1
e e n + =
Mt cch tng t cho hai hng chnh cn li:
( ) ( )
( ) 5 2 /
3 2
3
1
2
e e n ; e n = =
D dng chng t c rng, cc hng ny vung gc nhau. Trn hnh H1.3 biu din cc hng chnh
trong h ta cho ban u cng vi h ta thun mi (
'
3
'
2
'
1
, , x x x ). Vi h ta mi ny, ma trn
chuyn h, nh ngha bi (1.16), s l


(
(
(

=
5 2 5 1 0
0 0 1
5 1 5 2 0
/ /
/ /
Q
ij

L Thuyt n Hi
12

im cn ch y l cc hng ca ma trn
ij
Q cng chnh l cc vector ring ca tensor
ij
a .
S dng ma trn bin i ta ny, ta tnh c cc thnh phn ca tensor cho trong h ta
mi:
(
(
(

=
5 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 5
ij
' a
Kt qu ny ph hp vi l thuyt biu th bi quan h (1.32) ra trn y rng, tensor ni
trn trong h ta chnh phi c dng ng cho, vi 3 thnh phn trn ng cho chnh l cc tr
ring.

1.7 Cc php tnh i vi vector v ma trn

Trong L Thuyt n Hi s dng rng ri cc php tnh i vi cc vector, ma trn v tensor.
Cc php tnh ny bao gm: Ni tch (dot product) v ngoi tch (cross product) gia cc vector cng
nhiu tch ma trn, tensor khc. Tt c cc ton t trn u c th din t mt cch hiu qu nh s dng
k hiu ch s tensor hon chnh.
1. Trc tin ta hy xt cc tch thc hin i vi cc vector. Cho cc vector a v b , vi cc
thnh phn -cc l
i i
b a , .
Tch v hng (scalar product) hay cn gi l ni tch, c nh ngha bi
i
b a b a b a b a
i
a.b = + + =
3 3 2 2 1 1
(1.33)
V trong biu thc trn, cc ch s lp li nn kt qa phi l mt v hng, hay l mt tensor cp 0. Khi
, di ca vector c th c biu din bi
( ) ( )2
1
2
1
i i
a.a a a a = = (1.34)
Tch vector, hay cn gi l tch cho (cross product) c vit di dng
i
b a
b b b
a a a X e
e e e
b a
k j ijk
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
= == = = == = (1.35)
trong ,
i
e l cc vector n v ca h ta . D nhn thy rng, kt qu ca tch vector l mt vector
vi cc thnh phn l
k
b a
j ijk
(vi i=1, 2, 3).
Mt loi tch thng dng khc l tch tam bi v hng (scalar triple product) c nh ngha bi
k
c b a
c c c
b b b
a a a
X
j i ijk
c ab = == = = == =
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
(1.36)

2. Tip n l cc tch ma trn thng dng. Vi cch vit thng thng ca ma trn v vector, cc
tch gia ma trn [ ] A A = v vector a c vit nh sau
[ ]{ }
{ } [ ]
i
a A A a
A a a A
ij ij i
T T
ij j j ij
A a A a
a A Aa
= = =
= = =
(1.37)
trong ch s trn "
T
" mt vector biu th php chuyn v i vi vector ny. Php chuyn v ny ch n
gin bin vector ct (3x1) thnh vector hng (1x3) v ngc li. Ch rng cc tch, xc nh theo (1.37)
trn y, u cho kt qu l mt vector. Cc biu thc dng ny cha ng nhiu ni tch trong cc s
k hiu ch s. Lu rng, trnh t c xut hin cc thnh phn ca tch khng lm thay i kt qu
cui cng.
L Thuyt n Hi
13

Gia hai ma trn A v B tn ti cc tch sau y:
[ ][ ]
( )
, B A Tr Tr
B A Tr
B A
B A
B A
ij ij
T T
ji ij
jk ji
T
kj ij
T
jk ij
) (AB ) (AB
; AB
; B A
; AB
; B A AB
= =
=
=
=
= =
(1.38)
trong ,
T
A l chuyn v cn Tr(A) l vt ca A, c nh ngha bi
. A A A Tr
33 22 11
+ + = =
=
ii
ji
T
ij
A (A)
; A A
(1.39)
Cng nh trng hp tch vevtor, i vi tch ma trn, khi qui tc tng theo ch s cm c hiu
lc, kt qu s khng ph thuc vo th t lit k ca cc s hng. iu ny khng th c hiu l
BA AB = . Ta bit biu thc ny ni chung l khng ng.

1.8 Cc php tnh i vi tensor -cc

a s cc bin dng trong L Thuyt n Hi c xc nh trong khng gian ca vt th kho
st. Cc bin ny l hm ca ta cc im thuc khng gian ni trn. Trong cc bi ton c s ph
thuc vo thi gian, cc bin ny cn c th bin i theo thi gian. V th cho nn, cc v hng, ma trn
v bin tensor tng qut m ta nghin cu cng l cc hm ca cc bin khng gian (
3 2 1
, , x x x ). V cc
phng trnh ca L Thuyt n Hi cha ng c cc ton t vi phn v tch phn nn ngi c cn c
nhng hiu bit nht nh v cc php tnh lin quan i vi trng tensor -cc.
Khi nim trng i vi cc thnh phn ca tensor c th biu th nh sau
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ).
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
x a x a a a
; x a x a a a
; x x
ij i ij ij ij
i i i i i
i
= = =
= = =
= = =
,x ,x x
,x ,x x
a a ,x ,x x a a

cho tin li trong biu din, ta a thm k hiu du phy (comma notation) dng biu th cc o
hm ring:
,...
ij
a
x
a , a
x
a a,
x
a
k
,k ij i
j
j , i
i
,i


= == =


= == =


= == =
C th thy rng, nu nh cc ch s ca o hm (ring) l phn bit th cp ca tensor (sau tc ng ca
ton t o hm ring) tng ln 1. Chng hn nh, sau tc ng ton t o hm ln vector
i
a s thu c
tensor cp 2,
j i ,
a , c dng ma trn sau:
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (



























= == =
3
3
2
3
1
3
3
2
2
2
1
2
3
1
2
1
1
1
,
x
a
x
a
x
a
x
a
x
a
x
a
x
a
x
a
x
a
a
j i

S dng cc ta -Cc ( z y x , , ), ta kho st cc o hm nh hng ca mt hm v hng f , theo
hng s:
ds
dz
z
f
ds
dy
y
f
ds
dx
x
f
ds
df

=
L Thuyt n Hi
14

Vector n v ca hng s c biu th bi:
3 2 1
e e e n
ds
dz
ds
dy
ds
dx
+ + =
V th cho nn, o hm nh hng c th biu din qua tch v hng nh sau:
f
ds
df
= == = n. (1.40)
trong , f gi l gradien ca hm v hng f , c nh ngha bi
z
f
y
f
x
f
gradf f

= =
3 2 1
e e e (1.41)
cn ton t vector c gi l ton t del.
z y x

=
3 2 1
e e e (1.42)
(nhc li:
i
e l cc vector n v ca h ta ).
Cc ton t trn y cng nhiu ton t hu dng khc s c vn dng trong trng hp i vi cc
tensor -Cc.
Cho l hm v hng cn u l vector, cc php tnh ton t vi phn quen thuc u c th vit
di dng k hiu ch s nh sau :
Gradient ca mt v hng : ;
, i i
e =
Gradient ca mt vector : ;
, j i j i
u e e u =
Laplacian ca mt v hng :
ii ,
2
. = = (1.43)
Divergence ca mt vector :
i i
u
,
. = u
Curl ca mt vector :
i j k ijk
u X e u
,
=
Laplacian ca mt vector :
i kk i
u e u
,
2
=
Nu nh v l cc trng v hng cn u v v l cc trng vector th tn ti mt lot cc ng
nht thc nh sau:
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) . . .
2
1
; .
; 0 .
; .
; 0
; . . .
;
; . . .
; . 2
;
2
2
2 2 2
u u u u u u
u u u
u
u u u u
u u u
u u u
= == =
= == =
= == =
= == =
= == =
= == =
+ ++ + = == =
+ ++ + = == =
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
+ ++ + = == =
X X
X X
X
X
X u X v X
X X X

v r
r
(1.44)
C th chng minh tnh xc thc ca cc ng nht thc trn y bng cch vn dng cc k hiu ch s
theo cc nh ngha (1.43). Phn tip theo trnh by mt s nh l c s dng trong L Thuyt n
Hi v l kt qu ca cc tnh ton tch phn i vi cc vector v tensor.

1.8.1 nh l Gauss
L Thuyt n Hi
15

Gi s S l mt b mt lin tc tng phn, bao quanh khng gian V. Nu nh u l mt trng
vector lin tc v c o hm cp 1 lin tc trong V, th
dV dS
V S

u n u . . (1.45)
trong , n l vector php tuyn ngoi trn mt S. Kt qu ny cng ng cho cc tensor cp bt k, tc:

=
S V
k k ij k
dV dS
, ...
a n a
ij...k
(1.46)
1.8.2 nh l Stocks
Gi s S l mt mt cong h (two-sided surface), c bao bi mt ng cong kn, lin tc tng
on C. Nu nh n lin tc cng vi o hm cp 1 ca n trn S th:
( (( ( ) )) ) dS X
S C
n u dr u . .

= == = (1.47)
trong tch phn ng l dng khi min S nm bn tri hng di chuyn dc theo ng cong C theo
hng ca n - vector n v php tuyn ngoi ca mt S. V mt ln na, kt qu trn cng ng cho cc
tensor cp bt k, tc

=
C S
r s k ij t k ij
dS dx n a a
rst , ... ...
(1.48)
1.8.3 nh l Green phng
p dng nh l Stockes cho min S phng vi trng vector chn
2 1
e e u g f + = , ta thu c kt
qu
( ).

+ =
|
|

\
|

S C
gdy fdx dxdy
y
f
x
g
(1.49)

Tip tc, chn mt trong hai hm f = 0 hoc g = 0 , c kt qu

=

C C
y
S
x
S
dS fn dxdy
y
f
dS gn dxdy
x
g
; (1.50)
1.8.4 nh l gi tr zero
Cho
k ij...
f l trng tensor cp bt k, vi cc thnh phn khng m, xc nh trong min V. Nu
nh tch phn ca
k ij...
f trong min V trit tiu th
k ij...
f phi trit tiu trong V, tc:

= =
V
k ij k ij
V dV 0 0
... ...
f f (1.51)

1.9 H ta cong trc giao

1.9.1 Cc cng thc tng qut trong h ta cong trc giao
t bi ton v pht trin li gii ca L thuyt n hi trong trng hp min kho st c
gii hn bi cc b mt cong, cn thit phi s dng h ta cong.
Ta xt trng hp tng qut, trong , cc ta cong ca h ta trc giao c k hiu bi
3 2
, ,
1
cn trong h ta -Cc, vn nh trc y, l
3 2 1
, , x x x .
Trn hnh H1.6 biu din cc vector n v ca h ta cong trc giao tng qut.
Ta gi thit l tn ti php bin i thun nghch
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
3 2 1 3 2 1
, , ; , ,
m m m m
x x x x x = == = = == = . (11.52)
Chiu di phn t trong khng gian c th c biu din trong h ta cong nh sau
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 3
2
2 2
2
1 1
2
d h d h d h ds + + = , (1.53)
trong ,
3 2 1
, , h h h l cc h s t l. Ni chung, h s t l l cc hm khng m ca v tr. Hy xc nh
quan h gia cc vector n v c s trong h ta -cc,
3
e , e , e
2 1
, v cc vector n v c s trong
L Thuyt n Hi
16

h ta cong,
3
e , e , e
2 1
) ) )
. S dng phng php tng t nh thc hin trong mc 1.5, kt hp vi
(1.53) ta c
;
1
;
1
;
1
3 3 3
3
2 2 2
2
1 1 1
1
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
x
h ds
dx
x
h ds
dx
x
h ds
dx
e e e
e e e
e e e

= =

= =

= =
)
)
)
(1.54)
Trn c s ca iu kin trc giao,
ij j i
e e =
) )
. , t (1.54) thu c
( )
( )
( ) .
;
;
3 3
2
3
2 2
2
2
1 1
2
1

=
k k
k k
k k
x x
h
x x
h
x x
h
(1.55)




Quan h (1.54) cho thy, i lng
r
k
r
k
r
x
h

=
1
Q (khng tng theo r). (1.56)
biu th tensor bin i, cho php xc nh vector n v c s ca h cong theo vector n v c s ca
h -Cc. i lng ny ng vai tr tng t nh tensor bin i
ij
Q xc nh bi (1.16) i vi h ta
-Cc.
Cc thnh phn t nhin ca vector hay tensor trong trng hp kho st cng n gin l cc
thnh phn trong h -Cc cc b, tip xc vi h ta cong ti tng im trong khng gian. V th
cho nn, mt tensor, a, trong h ta cong tng qut c th c biu din di dng
. ...
... ... s pq
s
k
q
j
p
i k ij
a Q Q Q a =
> <
(1.57)
L Thuyt n Hi
17

trong ,
s pq...
a l cc thnh phn trong h ta -Cc xc nh cn
> < k ij...
a l cc thnh phn trong h
ta cong. Lu : n s c mt ca du <.> ch s l dnh cho phn t trong h ta cong.
Bn thn mt tensor bt k c th biu din c trong c hai h ta :
.
... k k ij
e ... e e a ...e e e a a
j i ij...k k j i
) ) )
> <
= = (1.58)
V cc c s
k
e ca h -Cc c nh hng c nh nn . 0 = =
j k j k
x e e tnh o hm ring
ca cc c s ca h ta cong, c th s dng quan h (1.54) vi lu rng
k
e
)
l hm ca cc ta
cong
r
:
. ;
1
;
1 1
n m
h
h
r n m
h
h
h
h
m
n
m n
r
r
m
r n
m
n m



= == =








= == =


n
m
n
m
e
e
e e
e
)
)
) )
)


(1.59)
Cho vector biu din theo cc thnh phn trong h ta cong:
m
e u u
m
)
> <
= . Tnh cc o hm bc nht
ca vector u:
( (( ( ) )) )
n
m
m m
n
m
m
n n


+ ++ +


= == =


= == =


> >> > < << <
> >> > < << <
> >> > < << <
e
u e
u
e u u
m
)
) )
. (1.60)
Thay (1.59) vo s hng cui ca (1.60), ta tnh c o hm cp mt trn y.
Vi cc do hm cp cao hn cng tin hnh tnh ton theo qui trnh tng t.
Cng bng k thut trn y, xc nh c cc ton t Del cng vi cc cng thc thng dng
nh sau:
Ton t Del:

=
i
i i
i
h h h h
1 1 1 1
3 3
3
2 2
2
1 1
1
e e e e
) ) ) )
; (1.61)
Gradient ca mt v hng:

=
i
i i
i
f
h
f
h
f
h
f
h
f

1 1 1 1
3 3
3
2 2
2
1 1
1
e e e e
) ) ) )
; (1.62)
Divergence ca mt vector:
|
|

\
|

=
> <
i
i
i i
h
h h h
h h h
u u
3 2 1
3 2 1
1
.

; (1.63)
Laplacian ca mt v hng :
( )

|
|

\
|

=
i
i
i
h
h h h
h h h
2
3 2 1
3 2 1
2
1

; (1.64)
Xon (Curl) ca mt vector v hng: ( )

=
> <
i j k
i k k
j k j
ijk
h
h h
X e u

u
)

; (1.65)
Gradient ca mt vector:
|
|

\
|

=
> <
> <
i j
i
j
j j
i
j
i
i
h
e
u e
u
e
u
)
)
)
(1.66)
Laplacian ca mt vector:
|
|

\
|

(

|
|

\
|

=
> <
> <
i j
k
j
j j
k
j
k
k
i
i i
i
h h
e
u e
u
e e
u
)
)
) )
2
. (1.67)

1.9.1 H ta tr v h ta cu
H ta cong trc giao ng dng khi nghin cu p dng l thuyt n hi cho cc vt th c
mt ngoi dng hnh tr, tr trn, hnh cu .

L Thuyt n Hi
18




H ta tr (H1.5) v h ta cu (H1.6) l nhng v d v h ta cong trc giao.
Sau y, ta xt hai h ta thng gp nht ny trong cc ng dng thc t.
V tr ca cc vector n v ca cc h ta tr v h ta cu trong h ta -Cc c
hiu th trn hnh H1.5 v H1.6.
Mi quan h gia cc h ta ni trn vi h ta -Cc cho trong bng di y.
Cc ta trong h ta tr l z r , , , trong h ta cu l , , R cn trong khi cc ta
trong h -Cc l
3 2 1
, , x x x .
H ta -Cc H ta tr H ta -Cc H ta cu

3
1
2 1
2
2
2
1
3
2
1
; tan
;
;
; sin
; cos
x z
x
x
x x r
z x
r x
s r x
=
=
+ =
=
=
=

(1.68)

. tan
; cos
;
; cos
; sin sin
; sin cos
1
2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
3 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
3
2
1
x
x
x x x
x
x x x R
R x
R x
R x

=
+ +
=
+ + =
=
=
=

(1.69)

V d 1.3: Trong v d 1.3 ta cp n mt h ta cng kh thng dng, l h ta cc.
Hnh v H 1.7 biu th h ta cc trong bi ton hai chiu. Chiu di phn t xc nh theo quan
h (1.53):
( ) ( ) ( ) .
2 2 2
rd dr ds + =
T c r h h = =
2 1
, 1 .
Trn c s cng thc (1.54), c th biu din cc c s ca h ta cc theo c s h ta -Cc:
. sin
; sin cos
2 1
2 1
e e e
e e e

c
r
+ =
+ =

Cc o hm ca c s ta cc theo cc ta :
L Thuyt n Hi
19

. 0 ; ; = == =


= == =


= == =


= == =


r r
r
r
r

e e
e
e
e
e




Cc cng thc (1.61) (1.67) trong trng hp ta cc c dng:
;
1 1 1
3 3
3
2 2
2
1 1
1

= e e e e e
r h h h
r
) ) )

;
1 1 1
3 3
3
2 2
2
1 1
1

= e e e e e
r h h h
r
) ) )

( )

=
|
|

\
|

=
> <
u
u u u
r
r
r r h
h h h
h h h
r
i
i
i i
1 1 1
.
3 2 1
3 2 1
;
( )
;
1 1 1
2
2
2 2
3 2 1
3 2 1
2

+
|

\
|

=
|
|

\
|

=

r r
r
r r
h
h h h
h h h
i
i
i

( ) ( ) ;
1 1
z
r
i j k
i k k
j k j
ijk
u
r
r
r r
h
h h
X e u e u u |

\
|

=
> <

)

;
1 1

e e u e e u
u
e e
u
e e
u
u e
u
e
u |

\
|

+ |

\
|

=
|
|

\
|

=
> <
> <
r r
r
r r r
r
i j
i
j
j j
i
j
i
i
u
r r r r
e
h
)
)
)

e
u u
u e
u
u
e
u e
e e
u |

\
|

+ + |

\
|

=
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

=
> <
> <
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
r r r
u
r
u
h h
r
r
r
r
i j
k
j
j j
k
j
k
k
i
i i
i
)
)
) )

trong :

e u e u u + =
r r
,

e e e X
r z
= .
Laplacian i vi mt vector trong h ta cong trc giao khng ch tc ng ring bit ln tng
thnh phn nh trong trng hp h -Cc, m phc tp hn do xut hin thm cc thnh phn b sung
t s c mt ca cong.







L Thuyt n Hi
20


TM LC CHNG I

K hiu ch s l s gn nht m nh mt tp hp cc s (l cc phn t hay cc thnh phn)
c th c biu din bi ch mt k hiu c km cc ch s phn bit, gi l tensor.
Cc v hng, vector, ma trn cng cc bin cp cao hn khc u c th biu th theo mt
phng theo k hiu ch s (tc tensor).
Delta Kronecker
ij
v K hiu hon v
ijk
l nhng tensor c bit, thng dng.
Cc php tnh i vi tensor c nh ngha thng qua cc nh ngha bit ca cc php tnh
i s i vi cc v hng.
Cc thnh phn ca mt tensor nhn cc gi tr khc nhau trong cc h ta khc nhau.
S thay i cc thnh phn ca mt tensor khi thay i h ta c xc nh bi ma trn bin
i (ma trn xoay) h ta ,
ij
Q .
H ta -Cc m vi n cc thnh phn ca mt tensor nhn gi tr cc tr c gi l h ta
chnh. Hng ca mi mt trong cc trc ta ny gi l hng chnh.
Hng ca vector n v ) , , (
3 2 1
n n n n c gi l hng chnh cn bn thn vector ny c gi
l vector ring ca tensor
ij
a i xng, cp 2, nu tn ti s sao cho
i
n a
j ij
= , (1.29)
trong l tr chnh hay tr ring ca tensor
ij
a .
tm hng chnh v tr chnh ca mt tensor i xng cp 2, cn thit lp v gii phng trnh
c trng. 3 nghim ca phng trnh c trng ny l 3 tr chnh. Mi tr chnh cho php tm c mt
hng chnh tng ng. Ba hng chnh ca mt tensor i xng cp 2 xc nh mt h trc ta -
Cc vung gc m vi h ny, tensor ni trn thu v dng ng cho.
Ngoi h ta -Cc, cn dng cc cc h ta cong thit lp v gii cc bi ton. Hai h
ta cong thng gp hn c l h ta tr v h ya cu. H ta cc l trng hp ring ca h
ta tr.







L Thuyt n Hi
21

Chng II
L THUYT NG SUT

2.1 Phn loi cc lc

Khi cc lc t bn ngoi tc dng ln vt th th bn trong chng xut hin cc lc tng tc gia
cc phn ca vt th vi nhau. Theo quan im ca c hc cc mi trng lin tc, cc lc bn trong ny
phn b lin tc trong lng vt th.
Trong nghin cu, cho tin li, ngi ta phn cc lc ra thnh hai nhm chnh: Lc khi v
Lc mt .

2.1.1. Lc khi
Lc khi l lc tc dng ln mi th tch phn t ca vt th.

Lc khi phn t, tc dng ln th tch v cng b dV c ln t l vi th tch ny v c xc
nh bng biu thc dV F , trong F l mt vct hu hn, biu th lc khi tc dng ln mt n v th
tch, c gi l lc khi n v. Lc khi n v l hm ca to cc im.
Lc khi, tc dng ln ton vt th, c nh ngha nh l hp lc ca cc lc khi phn t ca
ton vt th v c tnh bng tch phn trn ton th tch vt th.

=
V
B
dV F F (2.1)
C s ca khi nim v lc khi a ra trn y trn s s ca gi thit v tnh lin tc ca vt th
kho st.
Lc trng trng, lc qun tnh, vv l nhng v d v cc lc khi. Hnh H2.1 biu din lc khi
l trng lng bn thn ca mt vt th.
V sau, ta k hiu hnh chiu ca vect F ln cc trc to Ox, Oy, Oz trong mt h to -
Cc (De Cartre) gn vo vt th, tng ng, l F
x
, F
y,
F
z ;
X, Y, Z hoc B
x
B
y
, B
z
.

2.1.2. Lc mt
Lc mt l lc tc dng ln b mt gii hn khng gian b chim ch bi vt th kho st v l kt
qu tng tc vt l gia vt th kho st vi vt th khc.
Hnh H2.2 biu din lc mt tc dng ln mt ct tng tng, ct dm kho st ra lm hai phn.
Lc mt phn t tc dng ln b mt v cng b dS c xc nh bng biu thc ( )dS x
n
T , trong
, ( ) x
n
T l vector hu hn v chnh l lc mt tc dng ln mt n v din tch ca phn t b mt
Vect ( ) x
n
T c gi l ng sut ton phn hay lc mt n v (trn mt c php tuyn ngoi n).
L Thuyt n Hi
22

Cng nh trc y i vi lc khi, lc mt c nh ngha nh l hp lc ca tt c cc lc
mt phn t tc dng ln b mt kho st v c tnh bng cch tch phn cc lc mt phn t trn ton
din tch tc dng:
( )

=
S
n
S
dS x T F (2.2)




Lc mt c th l ngoi lc tc dng ln b mt bao quanh vt th, cng c th l ni lc tc dng qua li
gia cc ca phn vt th khi chng b tch khi nhau bi cc mt ct no . Trong trng hp ny,
lc mt c vai tr thay cho tc dng t phn vt th b ct b ln phn vt th kho st

2.2. Vector lc mt n v v tensor ng sut

xc nh s phn b ca cc ni lc tc dng bn trong cc mi trng lin tc, hy xt mt vt
th bt k chu tc dng ca cc lc ngoi (tp trung hoc/v phn b) ty . Ta thc hin mt mt ct nh
biu th trn hnh v H2.3.


L Thuyt n Hi
23

Trn mt ct, xt mt phn t din tch v cng b A , vi php tuyn ngoi n. Hp lc cc lc
mt tc dng ln A c k hiu bi P . Trn din tch v cng b ny, khng n bt k ngu
lc no. Vector lc mt n v, hay cn gi l vector ng sut ton phn, c nh ngha bi.
( (( ( ) )) )
A
x
A

P
n T
n
0
lim ,

= == = (2.3)
K hiu x ch v tr ca phn t b mt kho st.
Lc mt n v ph thuc vo c vo v tr trong khng gian ca phn t din tch kho st ln
vector php tuyn ngoi ca phn t din tch ni trn. Nh vy l cho d kho st ngay ti mt im
nhng khi thay i phng hng mt ct i qua im ny, vector lc mt n v cng thay i (c v tr
s ln phng, chiu).
Trn c s ca nguyn l Newton v tc dng - phn tc dng, ta c
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) x x
n n
n, T n, T = == = (2.4)
By gi ta xt mt trng hp c bit khi m phn t din tch A trng vi mi mt trong 3 mt
phng ta , tc khi m vector n v php tuyn ngoi ca din tch trng vi hng dng ca trc to
tng ng.
Hnh H2.4 l minh ha cho trng hp ny, trong , phn t din tch A chnh l mt bn ca
hnh hp phn t tch ra t vt th kho st.


Khi , lc mt n v (cn gi l ng sut ton phn) trn tng mt, song song vi cc mt ta
, c xc nh theo cc cng thc sau:
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) )
3 2 1 3
3 2 1 2
3 2 1 1
e e e e n T
e e e e n T
e e e e n T
n
n
n
z zyy zx
yz y yx
xz xy x



+ ++ + + ++ + = == = = == =
+ ++ + + ++ + = == = = == =
+ ++ + + ++ + = == = = == =
(2.5)
Trong ,
3 2 1
, , e e e l cc vector n v trn cc trc ta , cn 9 i lng
{ }
zx xz zy yz yx xy x y x
, , , , , , , ,
l cc thnh phn ca lc mt n v (tc ca ng sut ton phn) trn mi mt trong 3 mt to , nh
minh ha trn hnh H2.4, c th:

xz xy x
, , l cc thnh phn ca lc mt n v trn mt ta x, ( (( ( ) )) )
1
e n T
n
= == = ;
L Thuyt n Hi
24


yz yx y
, , l cc thnh phn ca lc mt n v trn mt ta y, ( (( ( ) )) )
2
e n T
n
= == = ;

zx zy z
, , l cc thnh phn ca lc mt n v trn mt ta z, ( (( ( ) )) )
3
e n T
n
= == = ;
Cc i lng { }
zx xz zy yz yx xy x y x
, , , , , , , , ny c gi l cc thnh phn ng sut.
Khi bin i (xoay) h ta , cc thnh phn ng sut ti mt im cng thay i theo. S thay i ny
phn nh trng thi ng sut ti mt im (ch khng lm thay i trng thi ny).
Cc thnh phn ng sut,
ij
c th biu din di dng ma trn nh sau:
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (





= == = = == =
z zy zx
yz y yx
xz xy x




(2.6)
V cng c th biu din di dng mt tenso hng hai,
ij
, tun th qui lut tng qut chuyn h ta
i vi cc thnh phn ca mt tensor.
Cc thnh phn ng sut { }
z y x
, , chnh l thnh phn ca vector ng sut ton phn trn cc
php tuyn ngoi ca mt chu tc dng, v c gi l ng sut php, cn cc thnh phn ng sut cn
li, { }
zx xz zy yz yx xy
, , , , , , nm trong cc mt phng tip tuyn vi mt chu lc, c gi l cc ng
sut tip hay ng sut ct.

Qui tc xc nh du ca cc thnh phn ng sut:
Khng ph thuc g vo cc trc ta , cc ng sut php s l dng khi c tc dng ko, m khi
nn (t ngoi vo bn trong vt th) v vi chng, ch cn s dng mt ch s di biu th php tuyn
ngoi ca b mt tc dng phn bit v mi mt b mt ch c mt php tuyn ngoi. Trong khi , trn
mi b mt vung gc vi mt trc ta c hai thnh phn ng sut tip, theo phng hai trc ta
cn li. Cc ng sut ct trong trng hp ny cn n hai ch s di phn bit: ch s trc cho bit
trc ta vung gc vi b mt chu tc dng cn ch s sau biu th phng tc dng ca ng sut ny
v qui c v du ca cc ng sut ct ny nh sau: trn b mt c php tuyn ngoi trng vi hng
dng ca mt trc ta no th ng sut ct s dng nu nh n theo hng dng ca trc ta
tng ng v ngc li. Khng c qui c du cho ng sut tip ton phn (bng tng hp ca hai thnh
phn ng sut tip theo hai trc ta tng ng). Qui tc n gin trn y v du ca cc thnh phn
ng sut cn phi c nm vng.
Trn hnh v H2.4 biu din cc thnh phn ng sut c qui c l dng (trn cc mt c php
tuyn ngoi trng vi hng dng ca cc trc ta ).
Cc khi nim tensor ng sut v lc mt n v trn y c a ra da trn nguyn l bin
dng b, theo , khng n s sai khc gia cu hnh bin dng v khng bin dng ca vt th (cu
hnh khng bin dng c dng lm cu hnh qui chiu). S sai khc ni trn l nh, thng c b qua
v ch xt n khi nghin cu cc hiu ng cp cao. Tuy nhin, trong l thuyt bin dng ln, s sai khc
v kch c gia hai cu hnh bin dng v khng bin dng ny li l ch chnh, l c s ca vic vic
hnh thnh cc bi ton tng ng. Chnh vic xt n s sai khc ny lm ny sinh ra mt khi nim ng
sut b sung, gi l tensor ng sut Piola-Kirchhoff, biu th lc trn n v din tch ca cu hnh qui
chiu. Trong mt s tng qut hn, ng sut c biu din bi tensor ng sut Cauchy. Tuy nhin,
trong gio trnh ny, ta ch s dng nguyn l bin dng b v do , khng cn thit phi ni n s
khc bit gia cc khi nim ng sut ni trn.
Tip n, hy kho st cn bng ca mt t din phn t c cc cnh dx, dy, dz di tc dng ca
cc lc mt trn cc mt ta v mt xin (H2.5). Lc khi c b qua v l v cng b bc cao hn
cc lc mt. C th biu din vector n v php tuyn ngoi n ca mt xin ny theo cc vector n v
c bn ca h trc ta nh biu thc sau
3 2 1
e e e n
z y x
n n n + + = , (2.7)
L Thuyt n Hi
25

trong ,
z y x
n n n , , l cc cosine ch phng ca vector n v php tuyn ngoi n trong h ta cho
trc cn
3 2 1
, , e e e l cc vector n v trn cc trc ta ca h ny.
S dng iu kin hp lc ca tt c cc lc tc dng ln t din phn t phi trit tiu (vi lc
khi c b qua), ta thu c phng trnh:
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) 0
3 2 1
= == = = == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + e T e T e T T n n n n n n
z y x
n


T , lin h vi (2.4), c:
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 1
e T e T e T T = + = + = = n n n n n n
z y x
n
(2.8)
S dng tip quan h (2.5), thu c
( )
( )
( )
3
2
1
.
.
.
e
e
e T
x z z yz y xz
z zy y y x xy
z zx y yx x x
n
n n n
n n n
n n n



+ + +
+ + +
+ + =

. (2.9)
Hay c th vit gn theo k hiu ch s (k hiu tensor)
j ji
n
i
n T = (2.10)
Dng v hng ca phng trnh (2.9) l:
z z y yz x xz
n
z
z zy y y x xy
n
y
z zx y yx x x
n
x
n n n T
n n n T
n n n T



+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
(2.9*)
vi
n
z
n
y
n
x
T T T , , l cc thnh phn ca lc trn mt xin
n
T theo cc trc ta Ox, Oy, Oz (Trong mt s
cng thc, cc thnh phn ny c th c k hiu bi

Z Y X , , ).
Phng trnh (2.9)/(2.9*), biu th quan h gia cc ng sut ton phn trn mt xin v cc mt
ta ca t din phn t, c gi l phng trnh iu kin bin. V thc cht, phng trnh iu kin
bin ng cho c phn t trn mt bin ln phn t trong lng vt th kho st.
Cc thnh phn ca vector ng sut ton phn trn cc trc ta Ox, Oy, Oz ca b mt c php
truyn ngoi n cn c k hiu bi
n n n
Z Y X , , .
L Thuyt n Hi
26

T , c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
n n n
n
z
n
y
n
x
n
Z Y X
T T T
+ + =
+ + =

T
(2.11)
Cc biu thc (2.9) v (2.10) cho php tnh ton trc tip ng sut trn cc mt nghing bt k
theo cc ng sut trn cc mt ta . y cng chnh l nhng cng c rt hu ch cho vic p t cc
iu kin bin tng qut khi thit lp v gii cc bi ton L Thuyt n hi.

2.3 Cc phng trnh cn bng

Cc thnh phn ng sut phn b lin tc v c xc nh mt cch duy nht vo cc lc ngoi.
i tng kho st y l vt th dn hi trong trng thi cn bng di tc dng ca cc lc ngoi. V
vt th trong trng thi cn bng nn c th p dng iu kin cn bng cho ton th hoc mt phn bt k
no ca n. Ni cch khc, vector chnh v momen chnh ca lc (ngoi) tc dng ln ton th hoc
mt phn bt k ca vt th phi lun bng 0.
Xt mt min con, vi th tch V v din tch b mt S, bn trong mt vt th n hi ang trong
trng thi cn bng.


Trn c s ca iu kin cn bng v vector chnh ca cc lc tc dng, ta c
0 =

V
i
S
n
i
dV dS F T (2.12)
S dng (2.10), c th vit li (2.12) di dng

= +

V
i
S
j ji
dV dS n 0 F (2.13)
p dng inh l Gauss (1.46) chuyn tch phn trn mt S trong (2.13) v thnh tch phn trn
min V, ta c
( )

= +
V
i j ji
dV 0
,
F (2.14)
V hm di du tch phn ca (2.14) l lin tc v min V l bt k nn trn c s ca nh l gi
tr zero (1.51), ta c
( ) 0
,
= +
i j ji
F (2.15).
Quan h (2.15) tng ng vi 3 quan h v hng sau
L Thuyt n Hi
27

0
0
0
= +

= +

= +

z
z
yz
xz
y
zy y xy
x
zx
yx
x
F
z y z
F
z y x
F
z y x

(2.16)
Quan h (2.16) c gi l cc phng trnh cn bng. Cc thnh phn ng sut trong mi mi trng
n hi phi tha mn cc phng trnh cn bng (2.16) tn ti trong trng thi cn bng tnh.
iu kin cn bng v momen chnh ca cc lc tc dng trn b mt c th vit di c dng
k hiu ch s nh sau
0 =

V
k j ijk
S
n
k j ijk
dV x dS x F T . (2.17)
Biu din lc mt trong (2.17) theo (2.10), c th vit li phng trnh ny
0 =

V
k j ijk
S
l lk j ijk
dV x dS n x F .
Vi vic p dng nh l Gauss, phng trnh trn dn n
( ) [ ] 0
,
=

+ dV x x
V
k j ijk
l
lk j ijk
F
Hm di di tch phn c th khai trin ri s dng (2.15) rt gn nh sau
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
[ [[ [ ] ]] ] ( (( ( ) )) )



= == = + ++ +
= == = + ++ + + ++ +
= == = + ++ + + ++ +
V V
jk ijk k j ijk k j ijk jk ijk
V
k j ijk l lk j ijk lk jl ijk
V
k j ijk l lk j ijk lk l j ijk
dV dV F x F x
dV F x x
dV F x x x



,
, ,

T
( ) 0 =

V
jk ijk
dV
Cng nh trn y, v min V l bt k nn hm di tch phn phi trit tiu, tc 0 = == =
jk ijk
. Nhng v
bn thn k hiu hon v l phn xng theo cc ch s j v k nn
jk
, s hng cn li ca tch trn, phi
i xng, c ngha l
zy yz
zx xz
yx xy
kj jk



=
=
=
= (2.18)
Quan h (2.18) c gi l qui tc tng ng ca ng sut tip.
Kt qu trn cho thy: Tensor ng sut l i xng, v nh vy, trong bi ton 3 chiu, (3D), ch
cn li 6 thnh phn ng sut c lp nhau. Phng trnh cn bng cn c th vit di dng k hiu ch
s nh sau:
0
,
= +
i j ij
F (2.19)
Cng chng minh rng cc kt qu phng trnh cn bng (2.16) cng vi qui tc tng ng (2.18) c
th thu c bng cch p dng trc tip iu kin cn bng tnh mt cch trc (iu kin vector chnh v
momen chnh cng trit tiu) ca h lc tc dng ln hnh hp phn t, c cc cnh dx, dy, dz song song
vi cc trc ta (Xem H2.7). Trong trng hp ny, cc thnh phn ng sut trn cc mt c to x +
dx, y + dy, z + dz c xc nh gn ng theo cc gi tr trn cc mt c to x, y, z cng vi cc gia s
L Thuyt n Hi
28

thch hp, xc nh theo khai trin Taylor. Chng hn nh, nu ng sut php trn mt x l
x
th trn mt
x + dx ng sut php c gi tr l dx
x
x
x

+

,



Cc thnh phn trn cc trc ta ca lc khi n v tc dng ln hnh hp phn t l
z y x
F F F , , , t ti
trng tm hnh hp, cn cc thnh phn ng sut trn cc mt t ti trng tm ca mt. p dng iu
kin trit tiu vector chnh cc lc tc dng ln hnh hp phn t, ta thu c phng trnh cn bng
(2.16) cn iu kin trit tiu momen chnh cho kt qu l qui tc tng ng ng sut tip (2.18).

2.4 Bin i cc thnh phn ng sut

ng sut ti mt im l mt tensor (hng 2), biu din c bng mt k hiu vi hai ch s,
ij
,
do , cc thnh phn ca n cng phi tun th php bin i khi xoay h ta (xem 1.4). Theo qui
tc ny, c th biu din cc thnh phn ca ng sut trong h ta mi (h c du phNy) theo cc thnh
phn trong h ta ban u nh cng thc th 3 trong (1.26):
pq jq ip ij
Q Q = == =
'
(2.19)
trong , ma trn xoay
ij
Q trong trng hp tng qut c xc nh bi
(
(
(

= =
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
'
) , cos(
n m l
n m l
n m l
x x
j i ij
Q . (2.20)
Khi , dng v hng tng ng ca cng thc (2.19) nh sau:
L Thuyt n Hi
29


( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
; 2 2 2
;
; 2 2 2
.
;
; 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
2
3
2
3
2
3 '
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 ' '
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2 '
3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 ' '
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 ' '
1 1 1 1 1 1
2
1
2
1
2
1 '
l n n m m l n m l
l n n l m n n m l m m l n n m m l l
l n n m m l n m l
l n n l m n n m l m m l n n m m l l
l n n l m n n m l m m l n n m m l l
l n n m m l n m l
zx yz xy z y x z
zx yz xy z y x z y
zx yz xy z y x y
zx yz xy z y x x z
zx yz xy z y x y x
zx yz xy z y x x






+ + + + + =
+ + + + + + + + =
+ + + + + =
+ + + + + + + + =
+ + + + + + + + =
+ + + + + =
(2.21)
Trng hp ring, trong bi ton hai chiu (2D), khi m cc thnh phn ng sut trn mt vung
gc vi mt trc ta no , chng hn trc z, u bng 0 - ta gi l trng thi ng sut phng- php
bin i h ta ch l php xoay quanh trc ta z ca h ban u, ma trn bin i (xoay quanh trc)
c dang:
(
(
(

=
1 0 0
0 cos sin
0 sin cos


ij
Q , (2.22)
cc thnh phn ng sut trong h ta xoay c xc nh theo cng thc sau
( ). sin cos cos sin cos sin
; cos sin 2 cos sin
; cos sin 2 sin cos
2 2
' '
2 2
'
2 2
'



+ + =
+ =
+ + =
xy y x y x
y x y
xy y x x
(2.23)
C th vit li (2.23) theo cc hm lng gic ca hai ln gc xoay:
. 2 cos 2 sin
2
; 2 sin 2 cos
2 2
; 2 sin 2 cos
2 2
' '
'
'

xy
x y
y x
xy
y x y x
y
xy
y x y x
x

+
=
+

+
+
=
(2.24)

2.5 ng sut chnh v vng trn Mohr

2.5.1.ng sut chnh
Nh bit, ng sut l mt tensor i xng cp 2, do , trn c s nhng iu cp n
trong mc 1.6 v tr chnh v hng chnh, cho mt tesor ng sut bt k, ta c th xc nh c cc tr
chnh v cc hng chnh. Phng trnh c trng ca tensor ng sut s l
( ) 0 det
3 2
2
1
3
= + + =

I I I
ij ij
. (2.25)
Cc nghim ca phng trnh c trng (k hiu l
3 2 1
, , ) gi l cc ng sut chnh. Cc bt bin ca
tensor ng sut
ij

xc nh c theo cc ng sut chnh v theo cc ng sut trong h ta thng nh

cc quan h sau:
. 2
;
;
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 2 1 3
2 2 2
1 3 3 2 2 1 2
3 2 1 3
xy z zx y yz x zx yz xy z y x
zx yz xy x z z y y x
z y x
I
I
I

+ = =
+ + = + + =
+ + = + + =
(2.26)
cho gn, ch s trn ca cc bt bin ca tensor ng sut c th c b qua nhng trnh gy nhm ln
vi cc bt bin ca tensor bin dng (xem chng II).
L Thuyt n Hi
30

Trong h ta m cc trc ta song song vi cc hng chnh (gi l h ta chnh), ma trn ng
sut c dng ng cho
(
(
(

=
3
2
1
0 0
0 0
0 0

ij
, (2.27)
tc trong h ta chnh, cc thnh phn ng sut tip u trit tiu v ch cn li cc thnh phn ng
sut php.
Hnh H2.8 minh ha cc thnh phn ng sut trong h ta thng v trong h ta chnh ca
sng mt trng thi ng sut ti mt im.


2.5.2.Vng trn Mohr
By gi,hy kho st s bin i ca ng sut ton phn
n
T tc dng trn mt b mt bt k
(H2.9).
K hiu thnh phn ca ng sut ton phn
n
T trn php tuyn n, (ng sut php), bi N , cn thnh phn
trn mt tc dng, (ng sut tip ton phn), bi S. Ta c:
( ) .
; .
2
2
N S
N
n
n
=
=
T
n T
(2.28)
S dng h ta chnh v cng thc (2.10), c th vit
.
.
2
3 3
2
2 2
2
1 1
n n n
N
i j ji i
n
i
+ + =
= = =

n n n T n T
n
(2.29)
.
.
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
n n n
k ki j ji
n
i
n
i
n n
+ + =
= = = n n T T T T T
(2.30)


L Thuyt n Hi
31


Thay cc kt qu ny vo (2.28), thu c
.
;
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2 2
2
3 3
2
2 2
2
1 1
n n n N S
n n n N


+ + = +
+ + =
(2.31)
Cc quan h (2.31) kt hp vi iu kin ) , , (
3 2 1
n n n n
v
l vector n v, tc 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
= + + n n n , ta c h 3
phng trnh i s v 3 Nn s
2
3
2
2
2
1
, , n n n . Gii h phng trnh ny cho kt qu
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
.
;
;
2 3 1 3
2 1
2
2
3
1 2 3 2
1 3
2
2
2
3 1 2 1
3 2
2
2
1







+
=

+
=

+
=
N N S
n
N N S
n
N N S
n
(2.32)
Khng nh hng n tnh tng qut, ta gi thit rng
1 2 3
, t (2.32) ta c
( )( )
( )( )
( )( ) . 0
; 0
; 0
2 1
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
+
+
+



N N S
N N S
N N S
(2.33)
Trng hp gii hn, ng vi du = gia hai v, cc phng trnh (2.33) biu th ba vng trn trong h
ta N-S (H2.10). Cc vng trn ny mang tn nh bc hc Otto Mohr, ngi tm ra u tin (vo th k
19). Trn hnh (2.10), cc gi tr ca N v S tha mn cc bt ng thc (2.33) nm trong vng c gch
cho.
V d 2.1 Bin i cc thnh phn ng sut

Cho cc thnh phn ng sut trong h ta bt k
(
(
(

=
0 2 1
2 0 1
1 1 3
ij
.
.

L Thuyt n Hi
32



Hy xc nh cc ng sut chnh, hng chnh v ng sut ton phn trn mt c php tuyn ngoi
|

\
|
2
1
,
2
1
, 0 n
tm cc ng sut chnh, cn xc nh trc cc bt bin ca tensor ng sut:
8 , 6 , 3
3 2 1
= = =

I I I .
Phng trnh c trng s l
0 8 6 3
2 3
= + + .
Phng trnh ny c 3 nghim: 1 , 1 , 4
3 2 1
= = = .
Thay nghim u tin vo h (1.29), c
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
. 0 4 2
; 0 2 4
; 0
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
= +
= +
= + +
n n n
n n n
n n n

Gii h phng trnh trn, tm c hng chnh (sau chuNn ha)
( )
( ) 6 / 1 , 6 / 1 , 6 / 2
1
= n . Tng t
nh trn, tm c hai hng chnh cn li
( )
( ) 3 / 1 , 3 / 1 , 3 / 1
2
= n v
( )
( ) 2 / 1 , 2 / 1 , 2 / 0
3
- = n .
Vector ng sut ton phn trn b mt nh sn c xc nh theo cng thc (2.10)

(
(
(

=
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 1
2 1
0
0 2 1
2 0 1
1 1 3
n
i
T .

2.6 Tensor ng sut cu v tensor ng sut lch

tin li cho vic tnh ton, nghin cu, ngi ta phn tensor ng sut ra thnh hai phn, c tn l
tensor ng sut cu v tensor ng sut lch.
Tensor ng sut cu ca tensor
ij
c nh ngha bi
L Thuyt n Hi
33

ij kk ij

3
1
=
)
, (2.34)
cn tensor ng sut lch - bi

ij kk ij ij

3
1
~
= . (2.35)
D dng thy rng
ij ij ij

~
+ =
)
(2.36)
Tensor ng sut cu l ng hng v n hon ton nh nhau trong mi h ta . C th chng t rng
Tensor ng sut lch v tensor
ij
c cng cc hng chnh nh nhau.

2.7 Cc quan h trong ta tr v ta cu

Nhiu bi ton n hi cn c thit lp trong h ta tr hoc trong h ta cu. Trong mc
ny, ta xc lp cc quan h ch yu ca l thuyt ng sut trong cc h ta ny.



Vi k hiu vector/ma trn, phng trnh cn bng c th biu din di dng sau:
, 0 . = + F (2.37)
trong ,
j i ij
e e = == = - ma trn ng sut c vit di dng dyadic; e
i
vector n v c s trong h ta
cong cn F l vector lc khi.
i vi h ta tr (H2.11), ma trn ng sut c nh ngha bi
(
(
(

=
z z rz
z r
rz r r

. (2.38)
Tip n, cc ng sut c th biu din theo cc lc mt nh sau:
z z r r
T e T e T e + + =

, (2.39)
trong ,
.
;
;
z z z r rz z
z z r r
z rz r r r r
e e e T
e e e T
e e e T






+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
(2.40)
S dng cng thc o hm ta cong (1.59) v divergence ca mt vector (1.63), ta c
L Thuyt n Hi
34

( )
.
1
1
1 1
.
z
z z
r
rz
z
z
r r
r
z rz r r r z
rz r
r
r
z
r
r
z z z
r
r r r r
z r r r
e e e
e e e
e e e e e e
T T
T
T

+
|

\
|

+ +

+
+ + +

+ +

(2.41)

Thay cc kt qu trn vo ptcb (2.37) cho h ta tr, ta c c dng v hng ca phng trnh ny
nh sau
( )
. 0
1 1
; 0
2 1
; 0
1
= + +

= + +

= + +

z rz
z z rz
r
z r
r r
rz r r
F
r z r r
F
r z r r
F
z r r

(2.42)
Vi h ta cu (xem nh ngha qua H1.5, cc thnh phn ng sut biu th trn H2.12), ma
trn ng sut c cho bi
(
(
(

=






R
R
R R R
. (2.43)
Mt cch tng t nh lm trn y, ta thu c cc ptcb dng v hng trong h ta cu nh sau:
( )
( ) [ ]
( ) . 0 3 cos 2
1
sin
1 1
; 0 3 cos
1
sin
1 1
; 0 cos 2
1
sin
1 1
= + + +

= + + +

= + + +

F
R R R R
F
R R R
F
R R R R
R
R
R
R
R R R
R
R
R
(2.44)
Cc kt qu trn y c v phc tp hn nhiu so vi h ta -Cc. Tuy nghin, trong nhng iu
kin c th, chng li cho php thu c cc li gii gii tch m trong h ta -Cc khng th c
c. Ngoi ra, c th thy rng trong cc phng trnh cn bng (2.42) v (2.44) c cha cc thnh phn
b sung khng di dng o hm. Cc thnh phn b sung ny xut hin l do khng gian b un cong.
Tuy nhin, mt cch trc gic hn, c th gii thch s xut hin ny nh vic kho st cn bng ca phn
t tng ng trong tng h ta , di tc dng ca cc lc trn cc mt bn v cc lc khi.


L Thuyt n Hi
35



TM LC CHNG II
Lc tc dng ln vt th ang hi c phn thnh hai loi: lc khi v lc mt.
Lc khi tc dng ln mi th tch vt th v l kt qu tng tc vi tc nhn bn ngoi vt th.
S dng nguyn l ca c hc cc mi trng lin tc, c th nh ngha mt ca lc khi hay lc
khi n v F(x). Khi tnh lc khi phn t, lc khi n v phn b u trn th tch phn t kho st. Lc
khi tc dng ln vt th bng tch phn ca lc khi phn t trn ton b th tch vt th.
Lc mt l lc tc dng ln b mt vt th v l kt qu tng tc vt l vi vt th khc. Lc mt
tc dng ln mt din tch c xc nh bng tch phn ca hm s mt lc mt (hay lc mt n v)
trn din tch . Lc mt n v cn c tn gi thng dng hn l ng sut ton phn.
ng sut ton phn trn cc mt ta c th phn thnh 3 thnh phn: mt ng sut php tuyn
v hai ng sut tip tuyn. Nh vy, trn 3 mt ta ti mi im c 9 thnh phn ng sut. Cc thnh
phn ng sut ti mt im c th biu th di dng mt ma trn 3x3 hay di dng mt tensor cp 2 i
xng, gi l ma trn ng sut hay tensor ng sut. C th chng t rng, cc thnh phn ca ma trn ng
sut (hay tensor ng sut) tun th qui tc bin i h ta (1.26)
3
.
Mi mt trng thi ng sut tn ti mt h trc ta c gi l h ta chnh ca ng sut sao
cho trn cc mt ta ch c ng sut php. Cc thnh phn ng sut php trong h ta chnh c
gi l cc ng sut chnh. Cc ng sut chnh l cc ng sut ton phn cc tr.
Gia cc thnh phn ng sut ti mt im tn ti cc mi quan h c tn l cc iu kin bin v
cc iu kin cn bng. iu kin bin v iu kin cn bng l cc mi quan h c tm quan trng then
cht trong L thuyt n hi. iu kin cn bng cng vi iu kin bin vn cha cho vic gii quyt
bi ton ca L thuyt n hi m mc tiu l xc nh trng thi ng sut ti cc im trong vt th n
hi di tc dng ca cc lc ngoi bit. C th ni: bi ton L thuyt n hi l siu tnh.






L Thuyt n Hi
36

Chng III
L THUYT BIN DNG

Di tc dng ca cc lc ngoi, vt th n hi thay i hnh dng. S thay i hnh dng ny c
th nh lng thng qua chuyn v ca cc im vt cht ca vt th. Gi thuyt lin tc (the continuum
hypothesis) to c s cho s tn ti ca mt trng chuyn v trong vt th n hi. Mi trng chuyn v
tng ng vi mt trng bin dng xc nh. Mc ch ca chng ny l a ra cc nh ngha c bn
ca chuyn v v bin dng, xc lp cc quan h gia bin dng v chuyn v cng nh nghin cu cc
yu cu bo m tnh lin tc v duy nht ca chuyn v. Cc quan h c bn ca l thuyt n hi tuyn
tnh c xy dng trn c s ca l thuyt bin dng b.

3.1 Chuyn v v bin dng

Kho st vt th n hi di tc dng ca lc ngoi. Trc khi tc dng lc, vt th c cu hnh
xc nh. Sau khi chu lc tc dng, cu hnh vt th thay i cht t. Ly minh ha t trng hp dm
conson chu tc dng ca cc lc ngoi (H3.1 biu th): Cu hnh khng bin dng th hin li hnh
ch nht, bn tri. Tc dng ca lc ngoi lm cho cc im ca dm di chuyn, khin cho dm bin dng,
nh trn hnh v. So snh cc hnh ch nht con trong hai cu hnh cho thy cch thc m cc phn t bn
trong vt th bin dng: chng b cng v b lch dng (trt). Bin dng ca vt th n hi pht sinh l
do c chuyn v tng i gia cc im bn trong vt th. Chuyn v loi ny tng phn vi chuyn v
rn, l chuyn v bo ton khong cch gia hai im ca vt th.


nh lng bin dng, hy xt hnh H3.2. Trong cu hnh khng bin dng, ch n hai im
P
0
v P cnh nhau, xc nh vector nh v tng i r. Trong cu hnh bin dng, cc im ny chim cc
v tr
'
0
P v ' P . Trong l thuyt bin dng ln/ hu hn, s sai khc gia cu hnh khng bin dng v cu
hnh bin dng l i tng xem xt. Tuy nhin, trong phm vi ca l thuyt n hi truyn tnh, ta ch s
dng l thuyt bin dng b, nn s sai khc gia cu hnh khng bin dng v cu hnh bin dng c
b qua. S dng h ta -Cc v nh ngha vector chuyn v tng i ca cc im P
0
v P, tng
ng, bi u
0
v u.
Chuyn v ca cc im trong vt th n
hi l hm lin tc ca cc ta , do , chuyn v ) , , ( w v u r ca im P ln cn vi im P
0
c th xc
nh qua chuyn v ) , , (
0 0 0 0
w v u u ca im P
0
nh khai trin Taylor, b qua cc s hng bc cao v cc
thnh phn ca r l b:
L Thuyt n Hi
37

.
;
;
0
0
0
z y x
z y x
z y x
r
z
w
r
y
w
r
x
w
w w
r
z
v
r
y
v
r
x
v
v v
r
z
u
r
y
u
r
x
u
u u

+ =

+ =

+ =
(3.1)

S thay i ca vector v nh tng i ( (( ( ) )) )
z y x
r r r , , r do bin dng c xc nh bi
0
u u r r' r = == = = == = .
T ,
.
;
;
0
0
0
z y x z
z y x y
z y x x
r
z
w
r
y
w
r
x
w
w w r
r
z
v
r
y
v
r
x
v
v v r
r
z
u
r
y
u
r
x
u
u u r

= =

= =

= =
(3.2)
C th vit (3.2) gn hn, di dng k hiu ch s:
j j i i
r r u
,
= . (3.3)
Tensor
j i
u
,
c tn l tensor gradient chuyn v v c th c vit di dng
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
z
w
y
w
x
w
z
v
y
v
x
v
y
u
y
u
x
u
j i ,
u . (3.4)
Trn c s cc php tnh tensor, c th phn tch tensor gradient chuyn v thnh tng ca hai thnh phn
i xng v phn xng nh sau
ij ij j i
e u + =
,
, (3.5)
trong ,
L Thuyt n Hi
38

( (( ( ) )) ).
2
1
, , i j j i ij
u u e + ++ + = == = ; (3.6)
( (( ( ) )) )
i j j i ij , ,
2
1
u u = == = (3.7)
Tensor
ij
e c gi l tensor bin dng cn tensor
ij
l tensor xoay.
Nh vy l theo l thuyt bin dng b, s thay i ca vector v tr tng i gia cc im ln cn
nhau c th biu din di dng tng ca cc thnh phn bin dng v cc thnh phn xoay. Vi vic
chn chuyn v
i i
dx r , trn c s ca cc cng thc (3.3) v (3.5) c th biu din di dng tng qut
j ij j ij i i
dx dx e u u + ++ + + ++ + = == =
0
. (3.8)
Chuyn v kt qu trn bao gm c cc bin dng ln chuyn ng - vt rn. xc nh phn chuyn
ng - vt rn, hy s dng kt qu bi tp 1-13, trong , vector i ngu (dual vector)
i
ca tensor
xoay
ij
c xc nh bi
jk ijk i

2
1
= .
Nh tm c
|
|

\
|

= =
|
|

\
|

= =
|
|

\
|

= =
2
1
1
2
21 3
2
3
3
1
13 2
3
2
2
3
32 1
2
1
;
2
1
;
2
1
x
u
x
u
x
u
x
u
x
u
x
u



(3.9)
Cc thnh phn ca vertor trn biu th chuyn v xoay-vt rn ca cc phn t quanh cc trc ta .
Cc phng trnh (3.9), xc nh phn chuyn ng-vt rn, cn c th biu din c ng di dng
vector nh sau
( )( ) u X = 2 1 (3.10).
Cc kt qu thu c trn y cho thy rng bin dng ca vt th c biu th qua tensor bin dng
ij
e ,
cn tensor ny li c tnh theo gradient chuyn v. iu ny xc lp mi quan h gia cc thnh phn
ca tensor bin dng vi cc yu t hnh hc ca chuyn v ca cc im trn vt th.

3.2 L thuyt bin dng b

Cc bin n hi v cc phng trnh l nhng trng c nh ngha ti tng im trong mi
trng lin tc. Tuy nhin, vic xc lp cc phng trnh thng bt u bng vic kho st dng iu ca
mt phn t c cc cnh v cng ngn, sau , bng k thut qua gii hn, co phn t v mt im. Theo
cch ny, ta kho st bin dng ca mt phn t hnh ch nht, nh trn hnh H3.3.
Chuyn v tng hp ca phn t bao gm:
chuyn v xoay vt rn,
bin dng cng v
bin dng ct,
nh minh ha trn hnh v.
Chuyn ng vt rn khng tham gia vo trng bin dng, v do , chng khng c nh hng
n ng sut. V th, ta ch tp trung vo bin dng cng v bin dng trt.

L Thuyt n Hi
39


Hnh 3.4 minh ha tr gip cho vic nh lng cc bin dng ni trn. V tr ban u (cha bin
dng) l ABCD cn v tr sau bin dng l ABCD. Ta ca im A l (x, y). Ta ca im B l
(x, y+dy), .Cc thnh phn chuyn v ti im bt k l hm lin tc ca cc ta im ny. Chng
hn, cc thnh phn chuyn v ca im A: ( ) ( ) y x v v y x u u
A A
, ; , = = . Theo l thuyt bin dng b, cc
thnh phn chuyn v ca im B c th tnh theo dng khai trin Taylor, b qua cc s hng bc cao:
( ) ( ) dx
x
u
y x u y dx x u u
B

+ = + = , , .
Tng t nh vy cho thnh phn cn la cng nh cho cc thnh phn ca cc im cn li.



Thnh phn bin dng dng ng (hay bin dng cng, bin dng php tuyn), theo phng n,
c nh ngha l s thay i chiu di trn mt n v chiu di ca mt si vt cht theo phng n.

Bin dng php ng l dng khi chiu di ca si di ra, l m khi ngn li. Trn hnh H3.4, c
th xc nh bin dng php tuyn ti im A theo phng x nh sau
AB
AB B A
x

=
' '
.
Cng vi nhng k hiu trn hnh H3.4, tnh c
L Thuyt n Hi
40

dx
x
u
dx
x
u
x
u
dx
x
v
dx
x
u
dx B A |

\
|

+ |

\
|

+ = |

\
|

+ |

\
|

+ = 1 2 1 ' '
2 2 2

trong cc s hng bc cao c b qua, da trn l thuyt bin dng b.
Vi AB = dx, c th tnh c bin dng php tuyn theo phng x. Cng tin hnh tng t theo phng
y. Kt qu, thu c:

x
u
x


= == = (3.11)
y
v
y


= == = (3.12)
Thnh phn bin dng th hai, bin dng ct hay cn gi bin dng trt c nh ngha l s thay
i ca gc gia hai hng vn vung gc nhau trn vt th. Mt cch chnh xc, y l nh ngha bin
dng ct k thut. Trong l thuyt n hi, nhm mc ch tensor ha cch thc trnh by, bin dng ct
c nh ngha bng mt na, (1/2), s thay i gc gia hai trc vung gc nhau [xem cng thc (3.7)].
n v o bin dng ct l radian. Bin dng ct l dng khi gc gia hai hng dng ca hai trc
gim, m khi ngc li. Vy l du ca bin dng ct ph thuc vo h ta trong khi du ca bin dng
ng l c lp. Nh trn hnh H3.4, bin dng ct k thut c th xc nh bi
x
v
y
u
dy
y
v
dy
dy
y
u
dx
x
u
dx
dx
x
v
B A C
xy

+ = =

' ' '

2
(3.13)
trong qu trnh bin i s dng cc quan h gn ng trn: tan , tan v cc s hng bc
cao trong gradient cng c b qua, da trn c s gi thit bin dng b. Lu thy rng, cc o hm
ring trn y l dng khi cc cnh AB v AC xoay vo trong, nh trn H3.4. Nu nh, ch n gin, i
ch hai trc x v y cng nh u v v, bin dng ct l khng i, tc
yx xy
= . Trong trng hp 3D, cng
bng cc lp lun v tnh ton tng t nh lm trn y, ta thu c cc kt qu tng qut sau:
;
;
;
z
w
y
v
x
u
z
y
x

.
;
;
|

\
|

=
|
|

\
|

=
|
|

\
|

=
x
w
z
u
z
v
y
w
y
u
x
v
zx
yz
xy

(3.14)
S dung k hiu ch s (tensor), c th biu din cc quan h trn di dng
| || |

| || |

\ \\ \
| || |


+ ++ +


= == =
| || |
| || |

| || |


\ \\ \
| || |





= == =
| || |
| || |

| || |


\ \\ \
| || |





= == =


= == =


= == =


= == =
z
u
x
w
e
y
w
z
v
e
x
v
y
u
e
z
w
e
y
v
e
x
u
e
zx yz xy
z y x
2
1
,
2
1
,
2
1
; , ,

hay di dng tensor:
( )
i j j i ij , ,
2
1
u u e + = , (3.15)
trong khi nu s dng cch vit di dng vector/ma trn, c
( ) [ ]
T
u u e + =
2
1
. (3.16)
L Thuyt n Hi
41

trong , e l ma trn bin dng , u l ma trn gradient chuyn v cn ( )
T
u l chuyn v ca ma trn
ny. Bin dng e l tensor cp 2 i xng (
ji ij
e e = ) v thng c vit di dng ma trn
(
(
(

=
z yz zx
yz y xy
zx xy x
e e e
e e e
e e e
e (3.17)
Cn lu nhn bit s khc nhau v nh lng gia cc thnh phn bin dng k thut (3. 14) , (
zx yz xy
, , ), v cc thnh phn tng ng, (
31 23 12
, , e e e ), ca tensor bin dng (3.17).
Quay li chuyn v xoay-vt rn trong mt phng x-y (H3.5).
Gc xoay (vt rn) ca cnh tri v ca cnh y l nh nhau v
x
v
y
u

. T , thnh phn bin dng

0
2
1
2
1
=
|
|

\
|

= =
x
v
y
u
e
xy xy
.
Thnh phn xoay c th tnh theo cng thc
(

|
|

\
|

\
|

=
y
u
x
v
z
2
1
, ph hp vi cng thc th 3
ca (3.9) trn y. Cc thnh phn xoay khc cng xc nh c theo cch tng t.



Thnh phn xoay c th tnh theo cng thc
(

|
|

\
|

\
|

=
y
u
x
v
z
2
1
, ph hp vi cng thc th 3 ca
(3.10) trn y. Cc thnh phn xoay khc cng xc nh c theo cch tng t.
Vi thnh phn xoay
z
khng i (tc nh nhau ti mi im trn phn t), c th thc hin tch
phn thu c cng thc tng qut xc nh chuyn v vt rn trong min 2 chiu.
, *
; *
0
0
x v v
y u u
z
z

+ =
=
(3.18)
trong ,
0 0
, v u - cc hng s chuyn v tnh tin theo phng x v y.
Trong khng gian 3 chiu, dng chuyn ng vt rn tng qut c th biu din nh sau:
; *
; *
; *
0
0
0
y x w w
x z v v
z y u u
x zy
z x
y z



+ =
+ =
+ =
(3.19)
L Thuyt n Hi
42

Nh s thy v sau, vic ly tch phn cc quan h bin dng-chuyn v xc nh trng chuyn v dn
n s xut hin cc hng s tch phn v cc hm ty , tng ng vi cc chuyn ng vt rn xc nh
bi (3.18) v (3.19). Do , ta cn nhn bit cc s hng ny loi tr v chng khng nh hng n
trng ng sut hay bin dng.
Quan h s-bd (3.14) l mt trong cc c s rt quan trng trong vic gii cc bi ton n hi.
Tuy nhin, cn nh rng, y l kt qu ca vic s dng gi thit bin dng b, trong , cc s hng bc
2 tr ln ca cc o hm bin dng theo ta c ng lot b qua. Trong mt s trng hp, khng
th b qua bnh phng v tch cc o hm ca tt c cc thnh phn chuyn v. Nu nh, chng hn,
kch thc ca vt th theo mt phng no l b hn nhiu so vi hai phng cn li th c th l bnh
phng hoc tch cc o hm ca chuyn v theo phng ni trn s cng c (cng cp) vi bn thn
o hm bc 1 ca cc chyn v cn li.
Mt v d c th ca trng hp nu ra trn y gp phi khi nghin cu bin dng ca cc tm
mm. Nu nh truc Oz l vung gc vi mt phng tm th chuyn v theo phng ny ln vt tri so
vi chuyn v trong mt phng tm. V th cho nn cc bin dng ng theo cc hng Ox v Oz cng
nh cc bin dng gc gia cc trc ny c th xc nh theo cc cng thc
.
;
2
1
;
2
1
2
2
y
w
x
w
x
v
y
u
y
w
y
v
x
w
x
u
xy
y
x

=
|
|

\
|

=
|

\
|

(3.14*)
Ta s c dp qay li vi quan h (4.14*) trong chng VII.

3.3 Php bin i cc thnh phn bin dng

Cng ging nh ng sut, bin dng l mt tensor cp 2 (i xng). Php bin i h ta , v th,
cng p dng c cho cc thnh phn ca tensor bin dng. Tc ta c th vit:
pq jq ip ij
e Q Q e =
,
(3.20)
trong ,ma trn xoay xc nh theo cng thc quen thuc ( )
j i ij
x x , cos
,
= Q . Ma trn xoay h ta trong
trng hp tng qut, 3 chiu, c dng:
(
(
(

=
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
n m l
n m l
n m l
ij
Q . (3.21)
Php bin i (3.20) c dng khai trin :
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( );
;
;
; 2 2 2
; 2 2 2
; 2 2 2
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 ' '
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 ' '
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 ' '
3 3 3 3 3 3
2
3
2
3
2
3 '
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2 '
1 1 1 1 1 1
2
1
2
1
2
1 '
n l l n e m n n m e l m m l e n n e m m e l l e e
n l l n e m n n m e l m m l e n n e m m e l l e e
n l l n e m n n m e l m m l e n n e m m e l l e e
l n e n m e m l e n e m e l e e
l n e n m e m l e n e m e l e e
l n e n m e m l e n e m e l e e
zx yz xy z y x x z
zx yz xy z y x z y
zx yz xy z y x y x
zx yz xy z y x z
zx yz xy z y x y
zx yz xy z y x x
+ + + + + + + + =
+ + + + + + + + =
+ + + + + + + + =
+ + + + + =
+ + + + + =
+ + + + + =
(3.22)

Trong cc ti liu k thut, php bin i (3.22) thng c vit theo cc bin dng k thut, di dng
sau y:
L Thuyt n Hi
43


( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ).
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
;
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
;
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
;
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
;
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
;
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
1 3 3 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 ' '
2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 ' '
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 ' '
3 3 3 3 3 3
2
3
2
3
2
3 '
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2 '
1 1 1 1 1 1
2
1
2
1
2
1 '
l n l n n m n m m l m l n n m m l l
l n l n n m n m m l m l n n m m l l
l n l n n m n m m l m l n n m m l l
l n n m m l n m l
l n n m m l n m l
l n n m m l n m l
zx yz xy z y x x z
zx yz xy z y x z y
zx yz xy z y x y x
zx yz xy z y x z
zx yz xy z y x y
zx yz xy z y x x
+ + + + + + + + =
+ + + + + + + + =
+ + + + + + + + =
|

\
|
+
|

\
|
+
|

\
|
+ + + =
|

\
|
+ |

\
|
+ |

\
|
+ + + =
|

\
|
+ |

\
|
+ |

\
|
+ + + =






(3.23)

Trong trng hp hai chiu (2D), (H3.6), ma trn bin i (ma trn xoay) c dng
(
(
(

=
1 0 0
0 cos sin
0 sin cos


ij
Q (3.24)



Vi php xoay h ta ny, cc thnh phn (ca tensor) bin dng phng bin i theo qui lut:
( ) . sin cos cos sin cos sin
; cos sin 2 cos sin
; cos sin 2 sin cos
2 2
' '
2 2
'
2 2
'



+ + =
+ =
+ + =
xy y x y x
xy y x y
xy y x x
e e e e
e e e e
e e e e
(3.25)

T :
. 2 cos 2 sin
2
; 2 sin 2 cos
2 2
; 2 sin 2 cos
2 2
' '
'
'



xy
x y
y x
xy
y x y x
y
xy
y x y x
x
e
e e
e
e
e e e e
e
e
e e e e
e
+

+
+
=
+

+
+
=
(3.26)
L Thuyt n Hi
44


Khi vit theo cc bin dng k thut, cng thc (3.26) c dng:

( ) . 2 cos 2 sin
2
1
; 2 sin
2
1
cos sin
; 2 sin
2
1
sin cos
' '
2 2
'
2 2
'



xy x y y x
xy y x y
xy y x x
+ =
+ =
+ + =
(3.27)
T (3.26)/(3.27) thy rng, trong trng thi bin dng 2 chiu, ch cn bit c bin dng ng theo 3
phng khc nhau (trong mt phng) l c th xc nh c ton b cc thnh phn bin dng ti mt
im. y chnh l c s cho vic o bin dng phng theo s hoa th (v d cho H3.7).


3.4 Bin dng chnh

Ging nh tensor ng xut v mi tensor cp 2 i xng khc, mi tensor bin dng
ij
e xc nh
mt h trc chnh v cc tr chnh tng ng (xem 1.6 v 2.5). xc nh cc tr chnh v hng
chnh ca bin dng, cn thit lp v gii phng trnh c trng ca bin dng
[ ] 0 det
3 2
2
1
3
= + + =
e e e
ij ij
I e I e I e e e (3.28).
Ba nghim
3 2 1
, , e e e ca phng trnh trn chnh l 3 tr chnh ca tensor bin dng, c tn gi tng ng
l cc bin dng chnh. Cc i lng
e e e
I I I
3 2 1
, , l cc bt bin c bn ca tensor bin dng, c biu
din theo cc bin dng chnh v h ta thng thng (x,y,z) nh sau:
. 2 2 2 2
;
;
2 2 2
3 2 1 3
2 2 2
1 3 3 2 2 1 2
3 2 1 1
xy z zx y yz x zx yz xy z y x
e
zx yz xy x z z y y x
e
z y x
e
e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e I
e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e I
e e e e e e I
+ = =
+ + = + + =
+ + = + + =
(3.29)
Bt bin th nht
e
I
1
chnh bng co gin th tch, c k hiu thng dng l , tc =
e
I
1
.
xc inh hng chnh ca tensor bin dng
ij
e cn gii h phng trnh
i k
k
j ij
n e n e = ng vi tng
bin dng chnh
k
e ri chuNn ha, kt hp vi ng nht thc ( ) ( ) ( ) 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
= + +
k k k
n n n .
Ma trn bin dng trong h ta chnh ca bin dng c dng ng cho, vi cc bin dng chnh
nm trn ng cho chnh:
L Thuyt n Hi
45

(
(
(

=
3
2
1
0 0
0 0
0 0
e
e
e
ij
e . (3.30)
Trong h ta chnh ca bin dng, khng tn ti cc bin dng ct m ch c cc bin dng ng.
Hnh hp phn t theo nh hng ca cc trc chnh ca bin dng ch b cng ra theo cc cnh v khng
b x lch, tc vn gi nguyn dng hnh hp ch nht.

3.5 Tensor bin dng cu v tensor bin dng lch

Cng nh vi tensor ng sut, cho tin li trong ng dng, tensor bin dng thng c phn
tch thnh tng ca tensor bin dng cu v tensor bin dng lch.
Tensor bin dng cu c nh ngha bi
ij
e
ij kk ij
I e e
1
3
1
= =
)
, (3.31)
cn tensor bin dng lch c dng:
ij kk ij ij
e e e
3
1
~
= . (3.32)
V nh vy,
ij ij ij
e e e
~
+ =
)
. (3.33)
Bin dng cu c trng ch cho s co gin th tch v c tnh cht ng cp, tc khng thay i theo cc
php bin i h ta . Bin dng lch phn nh s thay i ch v hnh dng ca phn t vt cht m
khng km theo co gin th tch. C th chng t rng cc hng chnh ca tensor bin dng lch trng
vi hng chnh ca tensor bin dng.

3.6 S tng thch ca bin dng

T cc quan h bin dng-chuyn v (3.14) hay, di dng k hiu ch s (3.15), trong trng hp
tng qut, c th xc nh 6 thnh phn bin dng qua 3 thnh phn chuyn v. Theo , nu cho trc 3
hm chuyn v n tr v lin tc w v u , , th bng cc php tnh o hm (ring) tt yu thu c 6 thnh
phn bin dng. Ngc li, nu cho trc 6 thnh phn bin dng, vic tch phn cc quan h bin dng-
chuyn v (3.14) khng phi lc no cng cho php thu c cc thnh phn chuyn v lin tc v n tr.
iu ny cng d hiu v ta dng n 6 thnh phn bin dng ch tm 3 thnh chuyn v cha bit.
bo m tnh cht n tr v lin tc ca cc chuyn v cn b sung cc iu kin c tn l cc phng
trnh tng thch hay phng trnh lin tc.
Trc ht ta hy minh ha hnh hc cho quan nim trn thng qua mt h hai chiu lm v d (H
3.8). Trch tra 4 phn t t m hnh ri rc ha (a). Cu hnh khng bin dng (ca 4 phn t) th hin
trn hnh (b). Tin hnh bin dng i vi 4 phn t trn, theo hai cch. Trc ht, to bin dng cho tng
phn t mt cch cNn thn, quan tm bo m tnh tng thch gia hai phn t cnh nhau. Khi ghp cc
phn t sau bin dng theo cch trn li vi nhau, ta c cu hnh (c) vi bin cc phn t trng kht
nhau. Cch th hai, cho tng phn t bin dng mt cch ring r, khng cn quan tm n cc phn t
ln cn, ri ghp li vi nhau, c cu hnh (d). Thy ngay rng, h thu c khng th ghp kht vi
nhau m khng c cc khong trng v im gy. Trng hp ny, ta c c trng bin dng khng
lin tc. C th kt lun mt ln na rng cc thnh phn bin dng phi c quan h nht nh vi nhau th
mi bo m c tnh lin tc ca cc chuyn v.

L Thuyt n Hi
46



Vic thit lp cc quan h rng buc bin dng da trn c s loi tr cc thnh phn chuyn v ra khi
quan h bin dngchuyn v. Ta thc hin vic ny theo k hiu ch s. Trc tin, o hm hai ln quan
h (3.15) theo
k
x v
l
x :
( )
ikl j jkl i kl ij , , ,
2
1
u u e + = .
Thc hin vic hon v cc ch s, ta thu c cc quan h tng ng sau y:
( (( ( ) )) )
kij l lij k ij kl , , ,
2
1
u u e + ++ + = == = ;
( (( ( ) )) )
ik j l lik j kl jl , , ,
2
1
u u e + ++ + = == = ;
( )
ijl k kjl i jl ik , , ,
2
1
u u e + = .
Vi gi thit v tnh lin tc ca chuyn v, c th thay i th t ca cc o hm i vi chuyn v u v
nh c th loi tr chuyn v ny ra khi cc biu thc c
0
, , , ,
= == = + ++ +
ik jl jl ik ij kl kl ij
e e e e (3.34)
Quan h (3.34) c tn l cc phng trnh tng thch Saint Venant. Dng k hiu ch s trn y dn n
81 phng trnh ring bit nhng phn ln l trng lp, hoc ph thuc nhau, ch cn 6 phng trnh l c
ngha. Cho l k = , ta tm c 6 phng trnh ny di dng v hng nh sau:
; 2
; 2
; 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
x z
e
z
e
x
e
z y
e
y
e
z
e
y x
e
x
e
y
e
zx x z
yz
z
y
xy y
x

.
;
;
2
2
2
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

y
e
x
e
z
e
x y x
e
x
e
z
e
y
e
y x z
e
z
e
y
e
x
e
x z y
e
zx
yz xy
z
yz xy
zx
y
xy
zx
yz
x
(3.35)

Phng trnh tng thch Saint Venant cn c c vit theo cc k hiu bin dng k thut nh
sau:
L Thuyt n Hi
47

.
2
1
;
;
2
1
;
;
2
1
;
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

z y x z y x z y y z
y x z y z x z x x z
x y z x z y y x x y
xy
zx
yz
z
yz
z
y
zx
yz xy y
zx z x
yz
zx
xy
x
xy y
x

(3.35*)
Bng vic s dng tnh cht lin tc ca chuyn v nh trn, ta thu c iu kin tng thch
Saint Venant, (3.35), do , (3.35) mi ch c chng minh l iu kin cn ch cha phi l .
chng minh rng iu kin ny cn ng thi l , ta xt hai im P
0
v P bt k trn vt th n hi
(H3.9), vi P
0
c chn lm gc. C l ng cong bt k hon ton thuc khng gian chim ch ca vt
th.



Vi k hiu
0
i
u v
P
i
u , tng ng, l vector chuyn v ca cc im P
0
v P, c th xc nh chuyn v
ca im P

nh sau

+ = + =
C C
j
j
i
i i i
P
i
dx
x
d
u
u u u u
0 0
. (3.36)
S dng cng thc gradient chuyn v (3.5)/(3.8), c th vit li (3.36) di dng sau

( (( ( ) )) )

+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
C
j ij ij i
P
i
dx e u u
0
(3.37)
Tch phn tng phn i vi thnh phn th 2 trong (3.37) cho kt qu

=
C C
k k ij j
P
j
P
ij j ij
dx x x dx
,
, (3.38)
Trong ,
P
ij
l tensor xoay ti im P.
Tip n, s dng quan h (3.7) tnh thnh phn
k ij ,
trong (3.38):
( ) ( ) ( )
ji k ji k ik j jk i ik j jk i k ij , , , , , , ,
2
1
2
1
2
1
u u u u u u + = =
L Thuyt n Hi
48

( ) ( )
i jk j ik j k k j
i
i k k i
j
x x
, , , , , ,
2
1
2
1
e e u u u u = +

= (3.39)
Thay (3.38) v (3.39) vo (3.37) ta c

+ + =
C
k ik
P
j
P
ij i
P
i
dx x U u u
0
(3.40)
trong , ( (( ( ) )) ).
, , i jk j ik j ik ik
x e e e U = == =
D thy rng, nu nh chuyn v l hm lin tc v n tr th tch phn ng trong (3.40) phi
khng ph thuc vo ng cong C. Ni cch khc, khi , hm di du tch phn l mt vi phn ton
phn v do , gi tr ca tch phn ch ph thuc vo v tr im u v im cui. S dng nh l Stoke,
c th chng minh rng, trong min n lin [s c gii thch bn di (*)], iu kin cn v gi
tr ca tch phn ng c lp vi ng ly tch phn l
k il l ik , ,
U U = . S dng kt qu ny, ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
ik jl jk il j i jl j il ji k il il jk jl ik j i jk j ik ji l ik
x x
, , , , , , , , , ,
e e e e e e e e e e = .
Rt gn kt qu trn, c
( ) 0
, , , ,
= + =
ik jl jk il il jk jl ik j
x e e e e
V phng trnh phi nghim ng vi mi
j
x nn biu thc trong ngoc phi trit tiu, t , sau khi i
tn gi mt s ch s, ta c c kt qu ng nht vi (3.34)
0
, , , ,
= == = + ++ +
ik jl jl ik ij kl kl ij
e e e e
v y chnh l iu cn chng minh..
Nh vy, quan h (3.34) hay (3.35) l iu kin cn v cc chuyn v trong min n lin l lin tc
v n tr.
(*)By gi, quay li khi nim min n lin (simply connected region) cp trn y. Khi nim ny
lin quan n cu hnh ca vt th. Trong l thuyt n hi, s khc nhau v hnh dng kiu ny nhiu khi
dn nh hng n vic thit lp bi ton cng nh li gii cc bi ton . Mt min c gi l n lin
khi mi ng cong n gin v trong min u c th co lin tc v mt im m khng i qua mt bao
gii hn min. Min khng c c tnh cht trn gi l min a lin (multiply connected region). Trn
hnh H3.10 trnh by mt s v d v min n lin v a lin. Hnh (a) v (c) l n lin v bn trong hnh
khng c khong trng no v do mi ng cong n gin v trong n u c th co lin tc v mt
im m khng ct ng/mt bin. Hnh (d) l mt hnh tr trn, bn trong khot mt l hnh cu, cng
l n lin v mi ng cong n gin u c cch co lin tc v mt im, trnh c l hnh cu
bn trong. Hnh (e), l ng tr trn, l mt min a lin v khng c cch no thc hin php co ni trn
m trnh c mt bin trong.


L Thuyt n Hi
49

Nh chng minh, cc quan h (3.34) hay (3.35) l cc iu kin cn v cho tnh lin tc v
n tr ca chuyn v trong min n lin. i vi min a lin, iu kin ni trn l cn v cho tnh
lin tc nhng khng l cho tnh cht n tr ca chuyn v. Trong trng hp ny, th hin iu
kin n tr, cn a vo cc nht ct tng tng, bin min a lin thnh n lin ng thi vi vic
thay tc dng ca pha bn ny nht ct ln pha bn kia bng cc thnh phn lc tng tc (trc i
nhau), ri thit lp cc iu kin b sung bo m tnh duy nht ca chuyn v, vi cc lc tng tc l
cc i lng cha bit b sung.

3.7 H ta tr v h ta cu

Trong nhiu ng dng k thut cn n vic s dng cc h ta cu v h ta tr trong vic
thit lp v gii cc bi ton.
Xut pht t quan h (3.16)

( ) [ ]
T
u u e + =
2
1
(1.29)
Quan h bin dng-chuyn v trong h ta cong tm c nh biu din gradient chuyn v u di
dng thch hp.

3.7.1 H ta tr
Vi h ta trc nh ngha qua H1.4, vector chuyn v v tensor bin dng c dng sau
(
(
(

=
+ + =
z z rz
z r
rz r r
z z r r
e e e
e e e
e e e

e
e u e u e u u ;
(3.41)
S dng cc qui tc tnh (1.66) v (1.59), ta c th biu din
z z
z
z r z
r
r
r
r r
r
z r
z
r r r
r
z
u
z
u
z
u
u
r
u
u
r
u
u
r
z
u
r
u
r
u
e e e e e e
e e e e e e
e e e e e e u

+ |

\
|

+ + |

\
|

1 1 1

(3.42)
Thay kt qu trn vo quan h bin dng-chuyn v, ta c c kt qu cn tm cho h ta tr. Cc
thnh phn bin dng trong h ta tr (di dng cc v hng) c biu din theo (o hm ca) cc
thnh phn chuyn v nh sau:
.
1
2
1
;
1
2
1
;
1
2
1
; ;
1
;
|

\
|

=
|

\
|

=
|

\
|

= |

\
|

+ =

=
r
u
r z
u
e
u
r z
u
e
r
u
r
u u
r
e
z
u
e
u
u
r
e
r
u
e
z r
z
z
z
r
r
z
z r
r
r

(3.43)

3.7.2 H ta cu
L Thuyt n Hi
50

Vi h ta tr (H1.5), quan h bin dng-chuyn v v ma trn ma trn bin dng nh sau:
(
(
(

=
+ + =




e e e
e e e
e e e
u u u
R
R
R R R
R R
e
e e e u ;
(3.44).
Cng bng cc bc bin i nh tin hnh i vi h ta tr, ta c cc kt qu cho h ta cu.
Cc thnh phn bin dng trong h ta cu c th biu din theo cc thnh phn chuyn v qua bng
cc cng thc di y:
.
1
2
1
; . cos
sin
1
2
1
;
1
2
1
; . cos sin
sin
1
;
1
;
|
|

\
|

=
|
|

\
|

=
|
|

\
|

=
|

\
|
+ +

=
|
|

\
|

+ =

=
R
u
R
u u u
R
e
u
u
u
R
e
R
u
R
u
u
R
e
u u
u
R
e
u
u
R
e
R
u
e
R R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R

(3.45)
C nhn xt l vi cc h ta cong ni chung, trong quan h trn thng cha cc s hng b
sung, khng phi l o hm ca cc chuyn v. V d nh trong v phi ca cc biu thc

e v

e trong
cng thc trn u c mt thnh phn chuyn v
R
u . Chnh thnh phn cny lm pht sinh bin dng
ngang
R
u
e e
R
= =

. Cc s hng b sung ny c lin quan n cong ca cc ta khng gian m
cong ny khng c trong h ta -Cc. C th quan st thy r bin dng ni trn khi quan st s
gin ra xa nhau ca cc im trn b mt mt qu bng hnh cu c thi cng. V hnh thc, cc quan
h (3.45) v (3.43) phc tp hn cc quan h tng ng trong h ta -Cc. Tuy nhin, trong mt s
bi ton nht nh, cc quan h trn cng vi cc phng trnh tng ng cho php thu c cc li gii
gii tch m nu dng cc quan h trong h ta -Cc khng th c c.
















L Thuyt n Hi
51


TM LC CHNG III

L thuyt bin dng b thit lp mi quan h gia cc thnh phn bin dng ti cc im bn trong
vt th n hi. Ti mi im c 6 thnh phn bin dng c lp nhau c nh ngha. Cc thnh phn
bin dng ti mt im to thnh mt tensor cp 2 i xng, phn nh trng thi bin dng ti im kho
st, gi l tensor bin dng. Khi xoay h ta , cc thnh phn bin dng s thay i theo qui lut tng
qut v s thay i ca cc thnh phn ca mt tensor cp 2 i xng.
Gia cc thnh phn bin dng v cc chuyn v tn ti mt quan h xc nh, theo , cc thnh
phn bin dng c tnh theo gradient ca chuyn v.
bs m tnh lin tc ca vt th kho st, gia cc thnh phn bin dng cn tn ti mt quan
h, l quan h lin tc ca bin dng, hay quan h Saint Venant. Qua h Saint Venant l iu kin cn
vad i vi tnh cht lin tc v n tr ca vt th n lin. i vi vt th a lin, quan h ny ch l
cn v chotnh cht lin tc nhn gkhng bo m tnh n tr ca chuyn v.
Trong trng hp vt th a lin, th hin iu kin n tr ca chuyn v, cn a vo cc
nht ct tng tng, bin min a lin thnh n lin ng thi vi vic thay tc dng ca pha bn
ny nht ct ln pha bn kia bng cc thnh phn lc tng tc (trc i nhau), ri thit lp cc iu kin
b sung bo m tnh duy nht ca chuyn v, vi cc lc tng tc l cc i lng cha bit b sung.








L Thuyt n Hi
52


Chng IV
VT LIU - NNH LUT HOOKE TNG QUT - TH NNG BIN DNG

L thuyt ng sut v L thuyt bin dng cho php thu c ba h phng trnh c bn ca L
thuyt n hi, bao gm:
3 phng trnh cn bng (2.16);
3 quan h bin dng-chuyn v (3.14);
6 quan h tng thch (3.23).
y l nhng phng trnh nghim ng cho mi mi trng lin tc, khng ph thuc g vo tnh
cht c hc ca vt liu m hnh tnh ton. H 3 phng trnh u tin thc cht l cc phng trnh cn
bng v hnh chiu, cn iu kin cn bng v momen dn n cc quan h tng ng ng sut tip, m
nh s thnh phn ng sut cha, bit c lp nhau, gim t 9 xung cn 6. Trong 6 phng trnh
tng thch, thc cht, cng ch c 3 phng trnh c lp nhau. Nh vy l, trong tng s 15 phng
trnh c bn ch c 9 phng trnh l c lp nhau, v nh vy, khng cho tng s 15 Nn s (bao gm 6
tnh phn ng sut, 6 thnh phn bin dng v 3 thnh phn chuyn v) ca bi ton n hi . iu ny
cng d hiu v, cho n lc ny, ta cha h xem xt g n tnh cht c hc ca m hnh kho st, c th
l v cch thc ng x ca vt liu m hnh di tc dng ca lc ngoi. Cc phng trnh cn thiu ni
trn s c b sung nh vic kho st c tnh c hc ca vt liu m hnh.

4.1 c trng c hc ca vt liu

ng x c hc ca vt liu thng c m t bi quan h gia ng sut v bin dng. Mt cch
tng qut, ng sut l hm ca bin dng, ca t s gia cc bin dng, ca tin trnh bin dng, tc
bin dng, nhit v ca c trng vt liu. Tuy nhin, ta ch chn m hnh tng i n gin, l m
hnh vt th n hi lin tc, khng cp n cc yu t tc , ca tin trnh bin dng... C th hnh
dung m hnh ny nh mt mi trng b bin dng mt cch lin tc khi chu lc tc dng v bao gi
cng s tr v vi cu hnh ban u ca n khi cc lc tc dng b d b. V sau ta cn gi thit thm rng
quan h gia ng sut v bin dng l tuyn tnh. Tuy cc gi thit ny n gin ha ng k m hnh
nghin cu nhng chng li ph hp vi cc s liu thc nghim v l c s cho nhiu phng php ng
dng trong phn tch kt cu. Vi iu kin bin dng b, nhiu vt liu kt cu thc t nh: kim loi, cht
do, g, , btng ct thp, . lun tun th qui tc tuyn tnh trong quan h gia ng sut v bin
dng.
Nh nu trn, vic xc nh tnh cht c hc ca vt liu thc t thng c tin hnh theo con
ng thc nghim. Mt trong nhng k thut th nghim truyn thng l k thut ko n gin mu th
nghim hnh tr hoc hnh dt (H4.1), chu ti trng theo mt trc (n trc), trn cc thit b ko.
Kt qu nghin cu thc nghim i vi ba loi vt liu in hnh (thp carbon thng, nhm v
gang) c gii thiu trn H4.2. Thp v nhm c tnh do nn mu th c kh nng chu bin dng ln
cn gang th dn v do mu th b t ngay khi bin dng cn cha ln my. C th nhn xt thy,
trong giai on u, khi bin dng cn l b, ng x ca cc vt liu l tuyn tnh. Giai on tip theo c
ng x phi tuyn, thng l tng ng vi bin dng ln.

(Thiu hnh 4.1: Hai mu th ko)
L Thuyt n Hi
53



Vi vt liu do, qu trnh bin dng ( l tng ha) c th hin trn hnh H4.3.



im kt thc ca giai on tuyn tnh gi l gii hn t l. Trong giai on ng x n hi, nu b lc tc
dng ngoi, vt th tr v vi cu hnh khng bin dng ban u v khi , khng cn bin dng. im
bt u ca giai on ng x khng n hi ca vt liu gi l gii hn n hi. Vi nhiu loi vt liu,
gii hn n hi v gii hn t t l khc nhau, tuy nhin, mt cch gn ng c th coi hai gii hn ny l
nh nhau. im do l mt im khc trn ng cong quan h ng sut-bin dng, l im bt u bin
dng do ln (H4.3).


L Thuyt n Hi
54

4.2 nh lut Hooke tng qut.

T cc phn tch u chng ta thy rng, trng thi ng sut v bin dng ca vt th khng th
m t c ch nh cc phng trnh c bn, dn ra trn y. C th l, xc nh 6 thnh phn ca
tens ng sut, 6 thnh phn ca tensor bin dng v 3 thnh phn chuyn v, vi tng cng l 15 Nn, hin
ch c 9 phng trnh c lp nhau. V th cho nn, gii quyt cc bi ton L thuyt n hi, cn xc
nh thm quan h gia ng sut v bin dng ca vt liu m hnh tnh ton. Nu nh iu ny c thc
hin, c th biu din, chng hn nh, cc thnh phn ng sut trong 3 phng trnh cn bng (2.16) qua
cc thnh phn bin dng, ri dng (3.14) chuyn cc thnh phn bin dng qua 3 thnh phn chuyn v u,
v, w v bng cch ny, c th thay 3 phng trnh (2.16) bng 3 phng trnh vi phn cha 3 hm cha
bit l cc chuyn v u, v v w. Vai tr ca cc phng trnh tng thch (3.23) cng vi cc iu kin
bin s l cc iu kin m nghim ca bi ton n hi phi tha mn.
Ta s kho st vt th n hi c tnh cht c bit l cng tiu tn lm bin dng n khng ph
thuc vo cch thc thc hin cc chuyn v ca cc im t trng thi u n trng thi cui ca s
bin dng. V th cho nn, khi b i ti trng gy ra bin dng ca vt th, vt th s tr v trng thi
khng bin dng ban u v ton b cng tiu tn cho qu trnh bin dng trc s c hon tr y
. Vt th c tnh cht ni trn c gi l vt th n hi l tng. Vt th n hi m quan h gia cc
thnh phn ng sut v cc thnh phn bin dng l tuyn tnh, c gi l vt th n hi tuyn tnh.
Trn thc t tn ti nhng vt liu c tnh cht n hi l tng nhng khng phi l tuyn tnh. nh lut
xc lp quan h tuyn tnh gia cc thnh phn ng sut v cc thnh phn bin dng l tuyn tnh c tn
l nh lut Hooke. nh lut c tm quan trng ht sc to ln ny c Rober Hooke (Anh) v E.
Maroitte (Php) t nn mng u tin khi, mt cch c lp nhau, hai ng pht hin ra s ph thuc t l
thun gia cc i lng m ngy nay chng ta gi l ng sut v bin dng, vo gia th k 18 (chnh
xc hn l vo nm 1860).
Biu thc ton hc (di dng v hng) ca nh lut Hooke nu ra trn y l nh sau:
.
;
;
;
;
;
66 65 64 63 62 61
56 55 54 53 52 51
46 45 44 43 42 41
36 35 34 33 32 31
26 25 24 23 22 21
16 15 14 13 12 11
zx yz xy z y x x
zx yz xy z y x yz
zx yz xy z y x xy
zx yz xy z y x z
zx yz xy z y x y
zx yz xy z y x x
c c c c c c
c c c c c c
c c c c c c
c c c c c c
c c c c c c
c c c c c c






+ + + + + =
+ + + + + =
+ + + + + =
+ + + + + =
+ + + + + =
+ + + + + =
(4.1)
o li, c th biu din cc thnh phn bin dng theo cc thnh phn ng sut nh sau
.
;
;
;
;
;
66 65 64 63 62 61
56 55 54 53 52 51
46 45 44 43 42 41
36 35 34 33 32 31
26 25 24 23 22 21
16 15 14 13 12 11
zx yz xy z y x zx
zx yz xy z y x yz
zx yz xy z y x xy
zx yz xy z y x x
zx yz xy z y x y
zx yz xy z y x x
a a a a a a
a a a a a a
a a a a a a
a a a a a a
a a a a a a
a a a a a a






+ + + + + =
+ + + + + =
+ + + + + =
+ + + + + =
+ + + + + =
+ + + + + =
(4.2)
trong , cc h s a
ij
c th biu din qua cc h s c
ij
. Cc quan h (4.1) v (4.2) chnh l cc biu thc
ca nh lut Hooke tng qut (vit di dng v hng).
Di dng ma trn, c th bi din (4.1) v (4.2) nh sau:
{ } [ ]{ } c = (4.1
*
)
{ } [ ]{ } a = (4.2
*
)
trong ,
L Thuyt n Hi
55

{ } [ ]
T
zx yz xy z y x
= ; (4.3)
{ } [ ]
T
zx yz xy z y x
= ; (4.4)
[ ] [ ] 6 1 ; 6 1 , = = j i c c
ij
; (4.5)
[ ] [ ] 6 1 ; 6 1 , = = j i a a
ij
. (4.6)
T (4.1) v (4.2) ta c:
[ ] [ ]
1
= a c (4.7)
Cc h s a
ij
v c
ij
, trong (4.1) v (4.2), c trng cho tnh cht n hi ca vt th ti im kho
st v khng ph thuc g vo gi tr ca cc thnh phn bin dng hoc ca cc thnh phn ng sut.
Cc h s ny c gi l cc hng s (module) n hi. Nu nh cc h s a
ij
v c
ij
khng ph thuc vo
to ca im trn vt th, th vt th c gi l ng nht (hoc ng cht). V sau, ta s ch kho st
vt th ng cht.
Ma trn ng sut v ma trn bin dng ca vt th n hi tuyt tnh l i xng, tc cc h s
trong cc quan (4.1) v (4.2) phi tha mn tnh cht tng ng nh sau:
ji ij
c c = (4.8)
v
ji ij
a a = (4.9)
Bn cnh tnh ng cht, mt tnh cht c bn khc ca vt liu l tnh nh hng. Tnh nh hng
phn nh s khc nhau ca cc c trng n hi theo cc hng khc nhau (ca h ta ). Mt s vt
liu nh pha l, g, composite c cc module n hi khc nhau theo cc hng khc nhau. l nhng
vt liu d hng. Tuy nhin vi a s cc vt liu k thut nh thp, hp kim nhm v a phn cc cht
do c cu trc vi m tinh th vi nh hng phn b mt cch ngu nhin khin cho cc tnh cht n
hi v m ca chng l nh nhau theo cc hng. Cc loi vt liu ny c gi l ng hng.
Cc cng thc (4.1) cha 36 hng s n hi, tuy nhin, khng phi tt c chng l c lp nhau.
xc lp quan h gia cc hng s n hi ta hy cp n mt khi nim quan trng, l th nng
bin dng.

4.3 Th nng bin dng n hi

Di tc dng ca cc lc mt v lc khi, vt th n hi b bin dng. Trong qu trnh bin dng
ny, cc lc ni trn thc hin cng c hc. Nu qu trnh bin dng l chm, khng km theo cc hiu
ng qun tnh v khng pht nhit th, trn c s ca nguyn l bo ton nng lng, ton b cng ny
c tch ly vo vt th di dng th nng bin dng. Vi vt th n hi, khi b lc ngoi, ton b th
nng ny c hon tr trn vn. Cng v th nng l cc khi nim ht sc quan trng m nh s dng
chng mi c th c c nhng thng tin b ch cng nh cc qui tc v phng php hu hiu trong
vic gii quyt cc bi ton c hc vt th bin dng ni chung v cc bi ton n hi ni ring. C th
ni, khi nim nng lng (cng v th nng) to ra cch nhn mi, mt c s mi gii cc bi ton
n hi cng nh cho php c c nhiu li gii mi, u vit hn, cho nhiu vn c gii quyt
trc y bng cc cng c khc. Trong thi gian gn y, cc phng php da trn khi nim nng
lng (c tn chung l cc phng php nng lng) c vn dng ht sc rng ri trong vic pht
trin cc phng php phn t bin cng nh phng php phn t hu hn. Di y ta ch c th tho
lun mt cch ngn gn v ti ni trn m thi.
Xt mt phn t hnh khi ch nht, c cc cnh dx, dy, dz v cng ngn, trong vt th n hi, cn
bng di tc dng ca cc lc ngoi. Gi s trn b mt phn t ny ch tn ti thnh phn ng sut
x

phn b u, cn cc thnh phn ng sut khc u bng 0. ng thi, cng khng tn ti cc lc khi
(H4.3).
L Thuyt n Hi
56

Khi lc tc dng ln phn t
x
dydz c b sung mt lng d(
x
dydz), th cc cnh cng phng
vi trc x ca hnh khi phn t s c gin di b sung dx d dx
x
u
d
x
= == =


) ( . Cng (phn t) ca lc tc
dng
x
dydz ln hnh hp, ly chnh xc n i lng b cp 2, bng dxdydz d
x x
.
Nu gi thit rng trn mt bn ca hnh hp phn t ch tc dng ca ng sut ct
xy
(H4.4), th,
cng vi lp lun nh trn, lu l
xy
x
v
y
u
=
|
|

\
|

, c th thu c biu thc gia s cng do ng lc ct

gy ra: dxdydz d
xy xy


Khi phn t chu tc dng ca tt c cc thnh phn ng sut, gia s cng s bng tng cng do
tng ng lc thnh phn (tng ng vi cc thnh phn ng sut) to ra:
[ ] , dxdydz d d d d d d dA
zx zx yz yz xy xy z z y y x x
+ + + + + = (4.10)
v cng cho mt n v th tch s l:
.
zx zx yz yz xy xy z z y y x x
d d d d d d
dxdydz
dA
dW + + + + + = = (4.11)
Trn c s ca cng thc (4.11) c th coi cc thnh phn ng sut v cc thnh phn bin dng l cc
lc suy rng v cc chuyn v suy rng tng ng, theo nh ngha quen thuc ca khi nim ny.
Ta gi thit rng qu trnh bin dng xy ra chm v vi nhit khng i, ng thi,
ton b cng tiu tn cho s bin dng u tp trung vo vic lm tng th nng ca vt th. Khi ,
cng thc (4.11) chnh l cng thc xc nh th nng ca n v th tch vt th. Cn lu mt iu l
khi thit lp cc cng thc (4.10) v (4.11) ta khng cn vin dn n mt tnh cht vt l xc nh no
ca vt th, do , chng nghim ng cho mi vt th lin tc.
C th chng minh c rng, cng n v th tch ca cc lc ni lc khng ph thuc vo vic chn
hng ca h to , ngha l c th vit
.

' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' x z x z z y z y y x y x z z y y x x
zx zx yz yz xy xy z z y y x x
d d d d d d
d d d d d d


+ + + + + =
= + + + + +
(4.12)
trong ,
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
, , , , ,
x z z y y x z y x
v
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
, , , , ,
x z z y y x z y x
- l cc thnh phn ng sut v cc
thnh phn bin dng trong h ta (x,y, z).
L Thuyt n Hi
57

Tch phn cng thc (4.11), thu c biu thc tnh th nng bin dng trn mt n v th
tch (gi tt: th nng n v, hay, gn hn: th nng) nh sau
( )

=
=
+ + + + + =
j
i
j
i
zx zx yz yz xy xy z z y y x x
i
i
d d d d d d W

,
0
0
. (4.13)
Mt khc, i vi vt th n hi l tng, gi tr ca th nng khng ph thuc vo ng ly
tch phn, nn biu thc di du tch phn phi l mt vi phn ton phn, tc,

zx
zx
yz
yz
xy
xy
z
z
y
y
x
x
d
W
d
W
d
W
d
W
d
W
d
W
dW

= (4.14)
v trong trng hp ny, vic tnh tch phn (4.14) c th tin hnh theo cng thc sau
.
0 0 .. 0
0 ..
0
0 ..
0 0 0
0
0

=
= = =
= = = = = =
= =
=
zx
yz x
yz
xy x
xy
z x
z
y x
y
x
zx zx yz yz xy xy z z y y
x
x x
d d d d d d W

(4.15)
c cng thc (4.15) ta gi thit rng, khi gi tr ca cc bin dng bng 0, gi tr ca th nng
bin dng cng bng 0. Cng c ngha l vt th khng c ng sut ban u.
Vi vt liu n hi tuyn tnh, cng thc (4.13) cho ta kt qu:
. 2
zx zx yz yz xy xy z z y y x x
W + + + + + = (4.16).
Cc quan h (4.16) c th chng minh trc tip t nh l Lagrange. Cc quan h ny ng cho
mi mi trng lin tc ch khng ch ring cho vt th n hi m ta ang kho st.
Trn c s ca nh lut Hooke tng qut v cng thc (4.15) c th kt lun rng th nng bin
dng n hi l hm ng cp bc 2 ca cc thnh phn ng sut (v cng l hm ng cp bc 2 ca
cc thnh phn bin dng). Ngoi ra, th nng bin dng n hi cn l bt bin khi xoay h ta .
Thc hin o hm ring hai v ca (4.16) theo cc thnh phn bin dng, c kt qu sau:
. ; ;
; ; ;
zx
zx
yz
yz
xy
xy
z
z
y
y
x
x
W W W
W W W

(4.17)
Tng t, ly o hm theo cc thnh phn ng sut, c:
. ; ;
; ; ;
zx
zx
yz
yz
xy
xy
z
z
y
y
x
x
W W W
W W W

(4.18)
Th nng bin dng th tch n v c th biu th qua cc thnh phn ng sut: Thay (4.2) vo
(4.16), s dng tnh cht i xng m cc module n hi phi tha mn bo m tnh cht i xng
ca ma trn ng sut v ma trn bin dng (xem cng thc 4.8), ta c kt qu sau:
L Thuyt n Hi
58

.
2
1

2
1

2
1

2
1

2
1

2
1
2
66
56
2
55
46 45
2
44
36 35 34
2
33
26 25 24 23
2
22
16 15 14 13 12
2
11
zx
zx yz yz
zx xy yz xy xy
zx z yz z xy z z
zx y yz y xy y z y y
zx x yz x xy x z x y x x
a
a a
a a a
a a a a
a a a a a
a a a a a a W

+
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + =
(4.19)
4.3 Tnh cht ca cc module n hi. Cc hng s k thut

Nh vy, trong s 36 hng s n hi ch cn li 21 hng s l c lp nhau. Ta c th xc nh
ngha vt l ca cc hng s ny thng qua cc phn tch n gin sau y, vi lu rng gi tr ca
cc module n hi khng ph thuc g vo cc thnh phn ng sut cng nh cc thnh phn bin
dng.
Xt mt trng thi ng sut c bit, trong , ch c ng sut php theo phng trc x l tn ti, cn
cc thnh phn ng sut khc u bng 0, tc , 0 ; 0
z y
= = = = =
zx yz xy x
hay di dng
vector:
{ } [ ]
T
x
0 0 0 0 0 = ,
khi , t phng trnh (4.2) suy ra
{ }

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
0
0
0
0
0
66 65 64 63 62 61
56 55 54 53 52 51
46 45 44 43 42 41
36 35 34 33 32 31
26 25 24 23 22 21
16 15 14 13 12 11 x
zx
yz
xy
z
y
x
a a a a a a
a a a a a a
a a a a a a
a a a a a a
a a a a a a
a a a a a a

hay
. ,
, ,
, ,
61 31
51 21
41 11
x zx x z
x yz x y
x xy x x
a a
a a
a a



= =
= =
= =
(4.20)
V bin dng ng theo hng tc dng ca ng sut c c trng bi module Young, E , cn
co ngang c c trng bi h s Poisson, , nn ta c th vit
, ; ;
1
31 21 11
x
xz
x
xy
x x
x
E
a
E
a
E
a

= = = = (4.21)
trong ,
x
E l module Young theo phng x;
L Thuyt n Hi
59


xz xy
, l cc h s Poisson, c trng cho co theo cc phng, tng ng, y v z khi b ko
theo phng x.
Cc h s cn li, l t s gia cc thnh phn bin dng gc v ng sut php
x
, c tnh theo t s
gia cc bin dng gc v bin dng ng theo phng x, nh sau:
, ; ;
, , ,
x
zx
zx x
x
yz
yz x
x
xy
xy x

= = = (4.22)
v trn c s s dng quan h (4.20), c cc biu thc xc nh cc hng s n hi cn li sau y
. ; ;
,
61
,
51
,
41
x
zx x
x
yz x
x
xy x
E
a
E
a
E
a

= = = (4.23)
By gi, ch cho ng sut
y
khc 0, ta c th tm c cc kt qu sau
. ; ;
; ; ;
1
,
62
,
52
,
42
32 12 22
y
zx y
y
yz y
y
xy y
y
yz
y
yx
y
E
a
E
a
E
a
E
a
E
a
E
a


= = =
= = =
(4.24)
trong ,
y
E module n hi php tuyn (gi tt: module n h i, moduleYoung ), theo phng y;

yz yx
, cc h s Poisson, c trng cho co ngang theo cc phng, tng ng, x v z khi
chu ko-nn theo phng y;
. ; ;
, , ,
y
zx
zx y
y
yz
yz y
y
xy
xy y

= = =
Nu nh cho , 0 ; 0 = = = = =
zx yz z y x xy
ta c
, ; ;
; ; ;
1
,
64
,
54
,
43
,
24
,
14 44
xy
zx xy
xy
yz xy
xy
z xy
xy
y xy
xy
x xy
xy
G
a
G
a
G
a
G
a
G
a
G
a


= == = = == = = == =
= == = = == = = == =
(4.25)
trong , =
xy
xy
xy
G

l module trt trong mt phng x-y;

; ; ;
, , ,
xy
z
z xy
xy
y
y xy
xy
x
x xy

= = = . ;
, ,
xy
zx
zx xy
xy
yz
yz xy

= =
Bng cch tng t nh trn, c th xc nh c tt c cc cng thc biu th nghi vt l ca
cc hng s n hi a
ij
.
Cc h s
zx xy xy x xy xy x
G E
, ,
,..., ,..., ,..., ,..., c tn l cc hng s k thut.
C th vit li biu thc ca nh lut Hooke tng qut (4.2) theo cc hng s k thut di dng
ma trn:
L Thuyt n Hi
60





) )) )




` `` `












( (( (
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (























= == =




) )) )




` `` `












zx
yz
xy
z
y
x
zx zx
yz zx
zx
xy zx
zx
z zx
zx
y zx
zx
x zx
yz
zx yz
yz yz
xy yz
yz
z yz
yz
y yz
yz
x yz
xy
zx xy
xy
yz xy
xy xy
z xy
xy
y xy
xy
x xy
z
zx z
z
yz z
z
xy z
z z
zy
z
zx
y
zx y
y
yz y
y
xy y
y
yz
y y
yx
x
zx x
x
yz x
x
xy x
x
xz
x
xy
x
zx
yz
xy
z
y
x
G G G G G G
G G G G G G
G G G G G G
E E E E E E
E E E E E E
E E E E E E

1
1
1
1
1
1
, , , , ,
, , , , ,
, , , , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
(4.26)

Nh c th thy t (4.8), khng phi tt c cc hng s k thut u c lp nhau. Ni ring, gia cc
hng s Poisson v module n hi tn ti quan h sau
. ; ;
y zy z yz x zx z xz x yx y xy
E E E E E E = = = (4.27)

4.4 Tnh cht n hi i xng

Mi quan h gia ng sut v bin dng (4.1), vi 21 hng s n hi c lp nhau l cho trng
hp tng qut nht. Nu nh trong vt th tn ti cc mt phng m, theo cc hng i xng qua mt
phng ny, cc hng s n hi l nh nhau, th phng trnh biu th nh lut Hooke c n gin
ho, v mt s trong cc hng s 21 n hi ni trn bng 0, trong khi s khc c cc quan h rng
buc xc nh vi nhau. Mt phng ni trn gi l mt phng n hi i xng.
xc nh quan h gia cc hng s n hi, ta da vo mt nguyn tc bit l, gi tr ca
th nng bin dng n v th tch khng ph thuc vo vic chn hng ca h to . Cn lu rng,
khi thay i h to , gi tr cc thnh phn ng sut v cc hng s n hi ni chung thay i theo.
Cc hng s n hi theo cc hng i xng nhau l bo ton (tc khng thay i gi tr).

L Thuyt n Hi
61


Nu ta chn mt n hi phng n hi i xng lm mt phng x-y (H4.5), khi thay i hng trc z
bi trc z ngc li (hng n hi i xng), th vi h ta mi, trong s cc thnh phn ng sut,
ch c ng sut tip tuyn
zx
v
yz
thay i du. Trong trng hp ny, cc ng sut tip
zx
v
yz

lin h vi cc ng sut tip
zx
v
zy
nh cc ng thc
zx
= -
zx
; v
zy
= -
zy
. Gi tr ca cc
thnh phn ng sut cn li (trong h to mi) khng thay i. cho th nng bin dng n v th
tch khng thay i, cc h s bn cnh cc ng sut
zx
v
yz
trong cng thc (4.19) phi phi bng 0.
Nh vy, ta c
0
46 45 36 35 26 25 16 15
= = = = = = = = a a a a a a a a
v, s cc hng s n hi gim xung cn 13.
i vi vt th m ti mi im c 3 mt phng n hi i xng (H4.6) th s cc hng s n hi
gim xung cn 9. Thc vy, cho th nng bin dng n v khng thay i khi thay mt trc to
vung gc vi mt mt phng n hi i xng, cc h s bn cnh cc ng sut tip tng ng trong
biu thc tnh th nng bin dng th tch n v phi bng 0, tc ta c
. 0
56 46 45 36 35 34 26 25 24 16 15 14
= = = = = = = = = = = = a a a a a a a a a a a a (4.28)
Vt th c 3 mt phng i xng n hi vung gc nhau c tn l vt th trc hng. Trong thc
t, g v mt s loi cht do c th coi l vt th n hi trc hng.



i vi vt th n hi trc hng, nu nh cc chn mt to trng vi cc mt phng n hi
i xng (H4.6), th hm W s c xc nh nh biu thc:
,
2
1
2
1
2
1

2
1
2
1
2
1
2
66
2
55
2
44
2
33 23
2
22 13 12
2
11
zx yz xy
z z y y z x y x x
a a a
a a a a a a W


+ + +
+ + + + + =
(4.29)
cn quan h gia bin dng v ng sut s c dng ma trn:
L Thuyt n Hi
62

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

zx
z
xy
z
y
x
zx
yz
xy
z
y
x
a
a
a
a a a
a a a
a a a

66
55
44
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
(4.30)
hay, dng v hng:
. ;
; ;
; ;
66 33 32 31
55 23 22 21
44 13 12 11
zx zx z y x z
yz yz z y x y
xy xy z y x x
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a



= + + =
= + + =
= + + =
(4.30*)

Cc phng trnh (4.30) nu c biu din qua cc hng s k thut s c dng quen thuc hn:

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

zx
z
xy
z
y
x
zx
yz
xy
z y
yz
y
xz
y
zy
y y
xy
x
zx
x
yx
x
zx
yz
xy
z
y
x
G
G
G
E E E
E E E
E E E

1
0 0 0 0 0
0
1
0 0 0 0
0 0
1
0 0 0
0 0 0
1
0 0 0
1
0 0 0
1
(4.31)
hay, di dng v hng:
;
1
;
;
1
;
;
1
;
zx
zx
zx
z
z
y
y
yz
x
x
xz
z
zy
yz
yz z
z
zy
y
y
x
x
xy
y
xy
xy
xy z
z
zx
y
y
yx
x
x
x
G E E E
G E E E
G E E E

= + =
= + =
= =
(4.31*)
Ngoi ra, nh ni trn y, gia cc h s Poisson v cc module n hi php tn ti quan h
(4.27).
Ta kho st vt th n hi trc hng, m tnh cht n hi ca n l nh nhau i vi c 3 mt
phng i xng n hi. Trong trng hp ny, khi thay , v d nh, trc z bi trc x, trc x bi trc y,
cn trc y bi trc z, th th nng bin dng n v W vn phi bo ton gi tr. iu ny i hi tho
mn cc iu kin sau
L Thuyt n Hi
63

.
;
;
13 23 12
66 55 44
33 22 11
a a a
a a a
a a a
= =
= =
= =
(4.32)
Biu thc th nng n v khi c dng
( ) ( ) ( ).
2 2
1
2 2 2 44
12
2 2 2
11 zx yz xy x z z y y x z y x
a
a a W + + + + + + + + = (4.33)
T phng trnh (4.31) suy ra rng ng sut tip bng 0 khi v ch khi bin dng trt bng 0.
Nhng v cc phng trnh ny c vit (v ch ng) trong h to m cc mt phng to l cc
mt n hi i xng, nn ta c th rt ra kt lun sau y: Nu nh vt th n hi trc hng m
cc hng chnh ca ng sut song song vi giao tuyn gia cc mt phng n hi i xng th cc
hng ny cng l cc hng chnh ca bin dng.
4.5 Vt th n hi ng hng.

Vt th m mi mt phng bt k i qua im kho st u l mt phng i xng n hi, c gi l
vt th ng hng. Ta tin hnh xc nh s lng cc hng s n hi, c trng cho tnh cht ca
vt th ng hng.

4.5.1 Cc cng thc nh lut Hooke v th nng n v cho vt th n hi ng hng
Gi s, cc trc to x, y, z trng vi cc trc chnh ca ng sut (Xem 2.5). Khi , vi k hiu
cc hng s n hi l A
ij
, c biu thc th nng n v (c biu din qua cc ng sut chnh) nh
sau
.
2
1
2
1
2
1
3 1 13 3 2 23 2 1 12
2
3 33
2
2 22
2
1 11
A A A A A A W + + + + + = (4.34)
i vi vt th ng hng th biu thc trn y s phi bo ton tr s khi thay vai tr ca mt
trc ng sut chnh chnh bng mt trc ng sut chnh khc. iu ny i hi cc hng s n hi phi
tha mn:
). (
;
2
1
j i const b A
const a A
ij
i i
= =
= =

Nh vy, i vi vt th ng hng, biu thc (4.34) c dng
( ) ( ).
1 3 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
+ + + + + = b a W (4.35)
Biu thc (4.35) cn c th vit di dng tng ng sau y
( ) ( ) ,
1 3 3 2 2 1
2
3 2 1
+ + + + + = B A W (4.36)
trong , A v B l nhng hng s.
V cc biu thc trong ngoc ca (4.36) chnh l cc bt bin I
1
v I
2
ca tens ng sut, cho nn,
i vi vt th ng hng, c th vit (trong h ta thng)
( ) ( ) ,
2 2 2 2
zx yz xy x z z y y x z y x
B A W + + + + + = (4.37)
L Thuyt n Hi
64


v t , trn c s ca cng thc (4.18), suy ra
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

. 2 ; 2
; 2 ; 2
; 2 ; 2

= + + + + =
= + + + + =
= + + + + =
zx zx y x z y x z
yz yz x z z y x y
xy xy z y z y x x
B B A
B B A
B B A



(4.38)
xc nh cc hng s A v B theo cc hng s k thut, ta phn tch theo phng php s dng
bn trn, vi cc trng thi ng sut c bit. Sau khi thay 0 = =
z y
vo cng thc (4.38), ta thu
c
( )
( ) . 2 ; 2
; 2 ; 2
; 2 ; 2
zx
yz
xy
zx x z
yz x y
xy x x
B B A
B B A
B A



= + =
= + =
= =

T ,
;
G
1
2B - ;
1
2 = =
E
A
Ngoi ra cn c:
( )
E
B A

= + 2 ;
2
1 1
G E
B =
+
=

( )
E
G
+
=
1 2
.
Kt qu, i vi vt th ng hng, biu thc th nng n v th tch c dng
( ) ( )( ) [ ] ; 1 2 2
2
1
2 2 2 2 2 2
zx yz xy x z z y y x z y x
E
W + + + + + + + + + = (4.39)
cn nh lut Hooke tng qut s l:

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

zx
z
xy
z
y
x
zx
yz
xy
z
y
x
G
G
G
E E E
E E E
E E E

1
0 0 0 0 0
0
1
0 0 0 0
0 0
1
0 0 0
0 0 0
1
0 0 0
1
0 0 0
1
(4.40)
hay, di dng v hng,
L Thuyt n Hi
65

( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ] .
1
;
1
;
1
;
1
;
1
;
1
zx zx y x z z
yz yz z x y y
xy xy z y x x
G E
G E
G E



= + =
= + =
= + =
(4.40*)
Cng thc (4.40)/ (4.40*) cho php tnh cc thnh phn bin dng theo cc thnh phn ng sut.
Trong nhiu trng hp, cn n cc cng thc, m trong , cc thnh phn ng sut c biu
din qua cc thnh phn bin dng. Vi mc ch ny, o cng thc (4.40), c kt qu:
, ;
2 1
3
2
; ;
2 1
3
2
; ;
2 1
3
2
zx
yz
xy
zx z z
yz y y
xy x x
G G
G G
G G

= |

\
|

+ =
= |

\
|

+ =
=
|

\
|

+ =
(4.41)
trong , nh bit, ( )
z y x
+ + =
3
1
.
Cng thc (4.41) cho php ta vit biu thc th nng n v th tch theo cc thnh phn bin dng:
( ) .
2
1
2 1
9
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(

+ + +

+ + + =
zx yz xy z y x
G W

(4.42)
Phng trnh (4.41) cn c th vit li di dng
, 2
; 2
; 2



+ =
+ =
+ =
z z
y y
x x
G
G
G

; 2
; 2
; 2
zx zx
yz yz
xy xy
G
G
G



=
=
=
(4.43)
trong ,

2 1
2

=
G
- c tn l hng s Lame', cn
3 = - l h s gin n th tch (xem 3.4).
T cng thc (4.43), c th thu c cc quan h sau:
( )
( )
( ), 2
; 2
; 2
x z x z
z y z y
y x y x
G
G
G



=
=
=
(4.44)
v
; ;
xz z
z y
x z
z y
z y
y x
z y
y x

Trn c s ca (4.44), tng ca 3 ng sut php bng

L Thuyt n Hi
66

( ),
2 1
z y x z y x
E

+ +

= + +
hay
,
) 2 1 (

k
E
= == =

= == = (4.45)
trong ,
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) )

2 1 3
3
1

= == =
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
E
k
z y x
;
( ).
3
1
z y x
+ + =
Cng thc (4.45) cho thy rng, co gin th tch tng i t l vi ng sut trung bnh (cn gi
l ng sut thu tnh). H s t l trong cng thc (4.45), tc h s k, c gi l module n hi th
tch.
Thc nghim cho thy biu thc (4.45) nghim ng cho c khi ng sut trung bnh rt ln (v d
vi
2
/ 15000 cm kG = == = ) v v th c th ni rng, bin i v th tch lun l tuyn tnh. Lu n
(4.45), c th vit li (4.41) di dng
( )
( )
( ) .
2
1
2 ; 2
;
2
1
2 ; 2
;
2
1
2 ; 2
zx
yz
xy
|

\
|
= =
|

\
|
= =
|

\
|
= =
zx z z
yz y y
xy x x
G G
G G
G G



(4.46)
Ch thy rng, v bn tri ca (4.46) chnh l cc thnh phn ca tens ng sut lch, cn v bn
phi t l vi cc thnh phn ca tens bin dng lch, vit di dng cc bin dng k thut. V nh
vy, c th vit

~
2
~
ij ij
e G = (4.47)
tc, tens ng sut lch t l vi tensor bin dng lch (xem 2.6 v 3.5).
D nhn thy mt iu l, trong trng thi ng sut mt trc, cng thc (4.45) s bin i v dng
quan h Hooke quen thuc. Tht vy, vi trng thi ng sut ko-nn, v d nh, theo trc x, tc vi (
0 ; 0 = = = = =
zx yz xy z y x
), c:
( )
x i x i
e + = = 1
3
2
;
v biu thc (4.45) bin i thnh
.
x x
E =
Cc cng thc (4.46) cng nh (4.47) biu th qui lut ca s thay i hnh dng v nh ch ra trn
y, s bin i th tch gn lin vi ng sut trung bnh (tc vi cc thnh phn ca tens ng sut
cu).
L Thuyt n Hi
67

Cc cng thc (4.41) v (4.44) cho php ta xc lp quan h gia cng ng sut v cng
bin dng, l nhng i lng c s dng rng ri trong l thuyt do. Mun th, ch cn thay hiu
s ca cc thnh phn ng sut theo cng thc (4.44) v quan h gia cc ng sut tip vi cc bin
dng trt (4.46) vo cng thc xc nh cng ng sut,
i
:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ). 6
2
1
2 2 2 2 2 2
zx yz xy x z z y y x i
+ + + + + = (4.48),
ta thu c cng thc
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
3
1 2
2
zx yz xy x z z y y x i
E

+ + + + +
+
= . (4.49)
Cng bin dng, ,
i
e c nh ngha bi

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) .
2
3
2 3
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
zx yz xy x z z y y x i
e + + + + + = (4.50)
T , c th vit cng thc biu th mi quan h gia cng ng sut v cng bin dng:
.
1 2
3
i i
e
E

+
= (4.51)

4.5.2 Gi tr gii hn ca cc hng s k thut
Gi tr gii hn bin i ca cc hng s k thut c th c xc lp qua vic nghin cu biu
thc th nng n v trong cc trng thi bin dng c bit.
1. Trng thi ko mt trc:
Trong trng thi ny, cc thnh phn ng sut c cho bi:
(
(
(

=
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0

ij
. (4.52)
Tng ng, cng thc th nng n v ca trng thi ko mt trc s l:
E E E
W
2 2 2
1
2
2 2

=
+
= (4.53)
V W lun dng nn t (4.53) suy ra
0 > E (4.54)
2. Trng thi ct thun ty:
Trong trng thi ct phng thun ty, cc thnh phn ng sut c xc nh bi
(
(
(

=
0 0 0
0 0
0 0

ij
(4.55)
Cng thc th nng bin dng s l:
( ) ( )

+ =
+
= 1 2
2
1
2
2
E E
W . (4,56)
S dng tnh cht th nng dng v kt qu 0 > E bn trn, t (4.56) ta c
1 0 1 > > + . (4.57)

L Thuyt n Hi
68

3. Trng thi nn thy tnh:
Trong trng thi nn u theo mi phng (gi l nn thy tnh), cc thnh phn ng sut cho bi
(
(
(

=
p
p
p
ij
0 0
0 0
0 0
.
Th nng n v trong trng trhi ny c xc nh bi
( ) ( )

2 1
2
3
3
2
3
2
1
2
2 2
=
+
=
E
p
p
E
p
E
W . (4.58)
S dng mt ln na tnh cht th nng dng v 0 > E , t (4.58) c:
2
1
0 2 1 < > . (4.59)
Kt hp (4.59) vi (4.57) ta xc nh c gii hn ca h s Poisson:
2
1
1 < < . (4.60)

4.5.3 Th nng bin i th tch v Th nng bin i hnh dng.
Ta kho st th nng bin i n v th tch (gi tt: th nng th tch) ca vt th ng hng. Nh
ch ra trn y, vt th ng hng c th chu c p sut rt cao, m vn khng c bin dng d,
do , trong l thuyt do hin i, trong biu thc th nng tng qut ca vt th, ngi ta tch ring
phn th nng lin quan n s bin i hnh dng.
Vi vt th n hi l tng, c th biu th th nng di dng tng ca th nng bin i th tch
v th nng bin i hnh dng (gi tt: th nng hnh dng):
,
0 hd
W W W + = (4.61)
trong , W
0
v W
hd
, tng ng, l cng (th nng) tiu tn cho vic thay i th tch v cho thay i
hnh dng. V s bin i th tch lin quan n (hay, c quyt nh bi) ng sut trung bnh , cho nn,
khi gn 0 ; = = = = = =
zx yz xy z y x
vo cng thc (4.39), ta c
( )
.
2
2 1 3
2
0

E
W

= (4.62)
Nh cc cng thc (4.39) v (4.62) c th vit cng thc th nng hnh dng ca vt th nh sau
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] . 2
4
1
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 zx yz xy z y x hd
G
W W W + + + + + = = (4.63)
hay, khi thay ( )
x x x
+ + =
3
1
, ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] . 6
12
1
2 2 2 2 2 2
zx yz xy x z z y y x hd
G
W + + + + + = (4.64)
Nh vy, th nng n v c th vit di dng
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] . 6
6
1
6
2 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
zx yz xy x z z y y x z y x
E E
W

+ + + + +
+
+ + +

= (4.65)
Cng thc (4.65) cho php ta xc nh gii hn ca s bin i ca cc hng s n hi,m trn
y ch ra. Tht vy, bo m hm W lun dng i hi phi tho mn iu kin
. 0
1
, 0
2 1
>
+
>

E E

(4.66)
L Thuyt n Hi
69

V E > 0 , ta c : . 0 1 , 0 2 1 > + >
T suy ra, h s Poisson ch c th bin i trong gii hn
2
1
1 < < .

TM LC CHNG IV
nh lut Hooke xc nh tnh cht vt liu ca m hnh tnh ton theo , trong iu kin bin
dng b, cc thnh phn ng sut c quan h tuyn tnh vi cc thnh phn bin dng.
Tnh cht c hc ca vt th n hi tuyn tnh c xc nh bi cc hng s h ca vt liu m
hnh. Gia cc hsh c cc quan h xc nh
Cc hsh c th biu th qua cc hng s k thut. Cc hng s k thut c c qua o c thc
nghim tnh cht c hc ca vt liu. Cc hng s k thut bin i trong nhng gii hn xc nh.
Vt liu h trc hng c 3 MPH X vung gc nhau ti mi im.
Vi vt th h ng hng, bt k mt phng no i qua im kho st cng l MPHX.
Th nng bin dng h l cng cc lc ngoi tch ly trong qu trnh lm vt th h bin dng.Th
nng lun dng khi vt th c bin dng
Th nng bin dng tng cng c phn tch thnh tng ca th nng bin i hnh dang v th
nng bin i th tch





L Thuyt n Hi
70


Chng V
THIT LP BI TON L THUYT N HI

5.1 Cc phng trnh c s tng qut ca l thuyt n hi

Trng thi vt l ti im vt cht trn vt th n hi c xc nh bi cc i lng: 6 thnh phn
ng sut, 6 thnh phn bin dng v 3 thnh phn chuyn v. Cc i lng ni trn c gi l cc bin
c bn ca bi ton l thuyt n hi. Cc bin c bn ti mt im bn trong vt th phi chu s rng
buc bi cc quan h c thit lp c t cc chng II, chng III v chng IV, bao gm:
h cc phng trnh cn bng:
. 0
; 0
; 0
= +

= +

= +

z
z
yz
xz
y
zy y xy
x
zx
yx
x
F
z y z
F
z y x
F
z y x

(5.1)
cc quan h ng sut-bin dng :
;
;
;
z
w
y
v
x
u
z
y
x

.
2
1
;
2
1
;
2
1
|

\
|

=
|
|

\
|

=
|
|

\
|

=
x
w
z
u
z
v
y
w
y
u
x
v
zx
yz
xy

(5.2)
h phng trnh cc tng thch:
; 2
; 2
; 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
x z
e
z
e
x
e
z y
e
y
e
z
e
y x
e
x
e
y
e
zx x z
yz
z
y
xy y
x

.
;
;
2
2
2
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

y
e
x
e
z
e
x y x
e
x
e
z
e
y
e
y x z
e
z
e
y
e
x
e
x z y
e
zx
yz xy
z
yz xy
zx
y
xy
zx
yz
x
(5.3)
nh lut Hooke tng qut:
.
;
;
;
;
;
66 65 64 63 62 61
56 55 54 53 52 51
46 45 44 43 42 41
36 35 34 33 32 31
26 25 24 23 22 21
16 15 14 13 12 11
zx yz xy z y x x
zx yz xy z y x yz
zx yz xy z y x xy
zx yz xy z y x z
zx yz xy z y x y
zx yz xy z y x x
c c c c c c
c c c c c c
c c c c c c
c c c c c c
c c c c c c
c c c c c c






+ + + + + =
+ + + + + =
+ + + + + =
+ + + + + =
+ + + + + =
+ + + + + =
(5.4).
Trong 6 phng trnh tng thch (5.3) trn y, ch c 3 phng trnh c lp nhau v l cc iu kin
cn v cho cc thnh phn chuyn v l n tr v lin tc (cho vt th n lin), khi cc thnh phn
bin dng xc nh trc.
Cc phng trnh trn y c gi l cc phng trnh c s chung ca l thuyt n hi. V thc
cht, cc phng trnh c s chung bao gm 15 phng trnh vi phn v cc quan h i s, c lp nhau,
gia cc thnh phn ng sut, cc tp bin dng v cc tp chuyn v. hon tt vic thit lp bi ton cn
phi thit lp cc iu kin bin. Cc iu kin bin c xc nh ty theo iu kin vt l, hnh hc ti
tng im trn mt bao vt th kho st. Trong khi cc phng trnh c s l nh nhau th cc iu kin
L Thuyt n Hi
71

bin li khc nhau, ty thuc vo tng bi ton. c c li gii ca cc bi ton, cn bit cch xc
nh ng cc iu kin bin. Cc phng trnh c s kt hp vi cc iu kin bin s hnh thnh cc bi
ton gi tr bin c bn (gi tt l bi ton bin) ca l thuyt n hi. C hai hnh thc bi ton bin
thng gp, l: bi ton theo chuyn v v bi ton theo ng sut. V, ni chung, rt kh tm li gii ca
bi ton bin nn c kh nhiu cc chin thut gii quyt vn c ra phc v cho mc ch ny.
Trc khi tho lun v cc bi ton bin c bn, ta tho lun thm v cc iu kin bin v cch xc
nh ng cc iu kin bin. Phn cui chng nu ra cc chin thut thng s dng v gii thiu cc
nguyn l tng qut c ng dng rng ri khi gii quyt cc bi ton l thuyt n hi. Cc quan h
cp n trong chng ny v v sau ch yu c m t di dng v hng hoc ma trn.

5.2 iu kin bin


Nu nh cc gi tr cc bin bn trong vt th ch chu s rng buc ca cc phng trnh c s th
cc bin c bn ti cc im trn mt bin cn phi tun th thm cc cc iu kin bin. V mt vt l,
cc iu kin bin phn nh tng tc trn bin gia vt th vi mi trng cn v mt ton hc, cc iu
kin bin kt hp vi cc phng trnh cn bng to nn cc bi ton bin hon chnh. Thng thng,
iu kin bin cho bit vt th c gi cn bng trong khng gian bng cch no v chu tc dng th
no t cc i tng bn ngoi. Cc iu kin ny c xc nh, v mt ton hc, thng qua vic ch
nh (cho bit trc) cc chuyn v hoc lc mt ti cc im trn mt bao vt th. Nu k hiu b mt cho
trc chuyn v l S
u
(gi tt l mt bin chuyn v ) cn b mt cho trc lc mt, (mt bin lc), l S
T
th
b mt ton b ca vt th, S , bng tng ca mt bin chuyn v v mt bin lc: S = S
u
+ S
T
. Nu
chuyn v bit trc l bng 0, th mt bin c gi l bin c nh. Nu trn mt bin khng c lc tc
dng v chuyn v cng khng bit trc, ta c iu kin bin t do.



Ni chung, trn mi mt bin tn ti mt iu kin bin: hoc l bin lc hoc l bin chuyn v.
Tuy nhin, theo hai hng khc nhau trn cng mt mt bin c th tn ti iu kin bin chuyn v theo
hng ny v iu kin bin lc cn theo hng kia. Trong v d v tm ch nht chu ko i xng trn
hnh H5.2, hai cnh song song vi trc y l cc bin lc, cn hai cnh kia l cc bin khng chu lc, cng
vn thuc loi bin lc. Tuy nhin, nu s dng tnh cht i xng ca bi ton, ch cn kho st mt na
tm, nh trn hnh, v trc i xng tr thnh mt "bin". Cc im trn trc i xng khng c chuyn
v ng theo phng x (l iu kin bin chuyn v) v khng chu lc mt (l iu kin bin khng chu
lc) theo phng y, do , trc i xng va l bin lc va l bin chuyn v. Tt nhin cc yu t
chuyn v v lc ca loi iu kin bin ny phi tng ng vi nhau.
Thit lp cc iu kin bin l bc rt quan trng trong qu trnh lp bi ton v gii quyt bi ton
l thuyt n hi. Vic xc nh sai cc iu kin bin c th bin bi ton ny thnh bi ton khc hoc
lm cho li gii sai lch v nhiu khi l khng gii c. K nng thit lp ng cc iu kin bin cn
c rn luyn k thng qua thc hnh gii cc bi tp.
L Thuyt n Hi
72

Vic xc lp iu kin bin chuyn v c th thc hin mt cch trc tip v, ni chung, l n gin
hn so vi iu kin bin lc. Vic p t iu kin bin lc ti mt im trn bin c ngha l p t iu
kin cn bng ca t din phn t ti im ni trn (xem 2.2). Da trn kt qu thu c t chng II,
iu kin cn bng ca t din phn t c biu din (di dng v hng) bi phng trnh


:
,
;
;
z z y yz x xz
n
x
z zy y y x xy
n
y
z zx y yx x x
n
x
n n n T
n n n T
n n n T



+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
(5.5)
trong ,
z y x
n n n , , l cc cosine ch phng php tuyn ngoi ca im trn bin trong h ta kho st;

n
z
n
y
n
x
T T T , , l cc thnh phn ca vector lc mt n v ti im kho st;

zx yz xy z y x
, , , , , l cc thnh phn ng sut ti im kho st.
Cng thc (5.5) cho thy, tha mn iu kin cn bng trn bin, lc mt n v phi c quan h
xc nh vi cc thnh phn ng sut ti cc im trn bin. Vic xc lp iu kin bin lc cho mt bi
ton c th chnh l vic xc nh cc cosine ch phng
z y x
n n n , , cng vi cc thnh phn lc mt
n
z
n
y
n
x
T T T , , ti cc im trn bin t xc lp c cc quan h dng (5.5), m cc thnh phn ng
sut ti im trn bin phi tha mn.
H5.3 l cc v d n gin, c th v cc iu kin bin.

L Thuyt n Hi
73



5.3 Cc bi ton bin

Gii mt bi ton l thuyt n hi c th l vic xc nh phn b ng sut, bin dng v \ hoc
chuyn v tha mn cc phng trnh c s (5.1) cng cc iu kin bin c th ca bi ton. Nh trn y
cp n, cc phng trnh c s kt hp vi mt loi iu kin bin xc nh s hnh thnh mt bi
ton gi tr bin tng ng. Ta gi tt bi ton gi tr bin l bi ton bin. C 3 bi ton bin bin c bn,
c xc nh nh sau:
1. Bi ton bin lc: Xc nh s phn b ca cc ng sut, chuyn v v bin dng ti cc im trn
vt th n hi cn bng khi cho trc cc lc khi v s phn b ca cc lc tc dng ln b mt
c m t bi:
( ) ( )
S
i j
S
i
n
j
x f x T = (5.6)
trong ,
S
i
x biu th im trn mt bin (chu lc) cn ( )
S
i j
x f biu th gi tr ca lc mt ti im
trn bin ni trn.
2. Bi ton bin chuyn v: Xc nh s phn b ca cc ng sut, chuyn v v bin dng ti cc
im trn vt th n hi cn bng khi cho trc cc lc khi v s phn b ca chuyn v trn b
mt c m t bi:
( ) ( )
S
i j
S
i j
x g x u = (5.7)
trong ,
S
i
x biu th im trn mt bin (chu lc) cn ( )
S
i j
x g biu th gi tr ca chuyn v ti
im trn bin ni trn.
3. Bi ton bin hn hp: Xc nh s phn b ca cc ng sut, chuyn v v bin dng ti cc im
trn vt th n hi cn bng khi cho trc cc lc khi v s phn b ca cc lc tc dng ln b mt
chu lc S
T
c m t bi (5.6) v s phn b ca chuyn v trn b mt S
u
c m t bi (5.7).

5.4 Tnh duy nht nghim ca bi ton bin

Ta xt bi ton vi iu kin bin hn hp, tc tn ti ng thi c mt bin cv, S
u
ln mt bin
chu lc S
T
. Tnh cht duy nht nghim bi ton ga tr bin c chng minh bng phng php phn
chng. Gi s tn ti ng thi nghim phn bit nhau hai:
( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
1 1 1
i ij ij
u e v
( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
2 2 2
i ij ij
u e , cho
L Thuyt n Hi
74

cng mt bi ton vi lc mt, lc khi cng nh cc iu kin bin ht nh nhau. Hiu ca hai nghim
trn c biu din bi:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
.
;
'
2 1
2 1
2 1
i i i
ij ij ij
ij ij ij
u u u
e e e
=
=
=
(5.8)
V hai nghim (1) v (2) tha mn iu kin cn bng vi cng mt lc khi nh nhau nn hiu ca chng
s phi tha mn iu kin cn bng khng lc khi, tc:
0
,
=
j ij
(5.9)
Cng nh vy, hiu hai nghim s phi tha mn iu kin bin 0, tc iu kin khng c lc mt trn mt
chu lc S
T
cng nh khng c chuyn v trn mt bin cv, hay:
0 = =
j ij
n
i
n T trn S
T
(5.10)
v c iu kin khng chuyn v trn bin chuyn v S
u
: 0 =
i
u trn S
u
(5.11)
Ta c th bin i biu thc th nng vt th ng trng thi hiu ca hai nghim nh sau:
( )
( )



=
= =
= =
V
i j ij
S
i j ij
V
i j ij
V V
i ij j i ij
V
ij j i ij
V
ij ij
V
dV u dS u n
dV u dV u dV u
dV u dV e WdV
,
, ,
,
2



(5.12)
trong , ( )
i j j i ij
u u
, ,
2
1
= l tensor xoay [xem cng thc (3.8)mc 3.1]. c kt qu trn, vn
dng nh l divergent chuyn tch phn trn th tch v tch phn mt tng ng. Ngoi ra, cn nh
rng ngoi tch ca mt tensor i xng vi mt tensor phn xng lun bng 0, nn c 0 =
ij ij
. Vi lu
rng mt bin bao gm hai phn: bin chu lc v bin cv, tc
u T
S S S + = , trn c s (5.9)(5.12) ta
c
0 2 =

V
WdV . (5.13)
V th nng W l hm xc nh dng nn t (5.13) ta c 0 = W trn ton min V v t , suy ra rng
cc thnh phn ng sut v cc thnh phn bin dng u trit tiu, tc 0 = =
ij ij
e , trn ton min. V
0 =
ij
e trn ton min nn vt kho st khng b bin dng m ch c th chuyn v nh vt rn. Nhng v
trn bin chuyn v phi tha mn iu kin 0 =
i
u nn suy ra rng, chuyn v cng trit tiu, tc, 0 =
i
u
trn ton min V. Ni cch khc, hai nghim cho trc phi ng nht, hay, nghim bi ton l duy nht.
Lu rng, nu nh khng tn ti mt bin chuyn v th
( ) 1
i
u v
( ) 2
i
u sai khc nhau bi chuyn v ca vt
rn.

5.4 Dng chuyn v v dng ng sut ca cc phng trnh c s chung

Vic tm li gii bt k mt trong 3 bi ton bin trn y u ht sc phc tp. phc v cho vic
tm cc li gii ny, ta tip tc rt gn, bin i cc phng trnh c s (5.1)(5.4) v dng thch hp vi
tng bi ton bin nu trn. Cc phng trnh c s (5.1)(5.4) cha 15 Nn s c bn, bao gm cc thnh
phn ng sut, cc thnh phn bin dng v cc thnh phn chuyn v. Bng cch s dng nh lut Hooke
biu din cc thnh phn ng sut v dng quan h ng sut- bin dng loi tr cc thnh phn bin
dng, ta thu c h 3 phng trnh ch vi 3 Nn s l cc thnh phn chuyn v. l dng chuyn v
ca cc phng trnh c s. Dng chuyn v ca cc phng trnh c s chung c s dng rt rng ri
v c bit thch hp cho cc bi ton bin chuyn v, khi m cc iu kin bin ch cha chuyn v. Mt
L Thuyt n Hi
75

cch khc, cng dng cc quan h ng sut- bin dng nhng loi tr cc thnh phn chuyn v ri
dng nh lut Hooke biu din cc thnh phn bin dng theo cc thnh phn ng sut, cc phng
trnh c s s tr thnh cc phng trnh ch cha cc Nn s c bn l cc thnh phn ng sut.Ta c dng
ng sut ca cc phng trnh c s. Trong hai dng ca phng trnh c s trn y, dng ng sut t
thng dng hn v ch t ra thch hp vi bi ton bin lc, trong , cc iu kin bin ch cha cc
thnh phn ng sut. Di y ta tin hnh bin i cc ng sut tng qut v hai dng ni trn, ch hn
ch trong trng hp vt th n hi n hi ng hng.
5.4.1 Dng chuyn v ca cc phng trnh c s chung
a cc ng sut v dng chuyn v, trc tin, s dng quan h ng sut- bin dng biu
din cc thnh phn bin dng trong quan h Hooke (cho vt th n hi ng hng) di dng (4.43)

. ; ;
; 2
; 2
; 2
|

\
|

=
|
|

\
|

=
|
|

\
|

+
|
|

\
|

+
|
|

\
|

+
|
|

\
|

=
z
u
x
w
G
y
w
z
v
G
x
v
y
u
G
z
w
G
z
w
y
v
x
u
y
v
G
z
w
y
v
x
u
x
u
G
z
w
y
v
x
u
zx yz xy
z
y
x




(5.14)
Tip n, thay cc kt qu ny vo cc phng trnh cn bng (5.1), biu din tt c cc thnh phn ng
sut theo cc thnh phn chuyn v, ta thu c h 3 phng trnh cn bng vit theo cc thnh phn
chuyn v. H phng trnh kt qu c th vit gn di dng k hiu ch s nh sau:
( ) 0
, ,
= + + +
i ki k kk i
F u G Gu . (5.15)
Phng trnh (5.15) c bit n di tn gi phng trnh Lame hoc phng trnh Navier. Hay, nu
s dng ton t Del v Laplacian i vi vector, c th vit phng trnh (5.15) di dng
( ) ( ) 0 .
2
= + + + F u u G G , (5.16)
trong , ( ) w v u , , u u = v ( )
z y x
F F F , , F F = . Phng trnh (5.16) c th vit di dng v hng nh
sau:
( )
( )
( ) . 0
; 0
; 0
2
2
2
= +
|
|

\
|

+ +
= +
|
|

\
|

+ +
= +
|
|

\
|

+ +
z
y
x
F
z
w
y
v
x
u
z
G w G
F
z
w
y
v
x
u
y
G v G
F
z
w
y
v
x
u
x
G u G

(5.17)
Ton t Laplacian c xc nh bi:
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
z y x

= . (xem 1.8)
Phng trnh Navier l dng ph hp vi bi ton bin chuyn v. Thc cht, y l h 3 phng
trnh cn bng vi 3 Nn l 3 thnh phn chuyn v. Cc phng trnh c s cn li u c s dng
trong qu trnh bin i hnh thnh c kt qu trn. Tuy dng thc ca phng trnh Navier l kh
n gin nhng vic tm nghim ca bi ton bin chuyn v trn s s ca phng trnh ny vn khng
h n gin. gii bi ton loi ny, ngi ta phi pht trin thm cc k thut ton hc b sung. Mt
trong cc phng php thng dng nht l s dng hm th chuyn v.



L Thuyt n Hi
76

5.4.2 Dng ng sut ca cc phng trnh c s chung
c c cc ng sut di dng ch cha Nn l cc thnh phn ng sut, cng xut pht t quan
h Hooke cho vt th n hi ng hng thay th cc thnh phn bin dng trong phng trnh tng
thch bi cc thnh phn ng sut ri kt hp vi cc phng trnh cn bng s thu c cc phng trnh
c th vit gn theo cc k hiu ch s nh sau:
i j j i k k ij ij kk kk ij
F F F
, , , , ,
1 1
1

=
+
+

. (5.18)
Phng trnh (5.18) c tn l phng trnh tng thch Beltrami-Michell. Trong trng hp khng c lc
khi, cc quan h trn c th biu din di dng v hng sau y:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) . 0 1
; 0 1
; 0 1
; 0 1
; 0 1
; 0 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= + +

+ +
= + +

+ +
= + +

+ +
= + +

+ +
= + +

+ +
= + +

+ +
z y x zx
z y x yz
z y x xy
z y x z
z y x y
z y x x
x z
z y
y x
z
y
x






(5.19)
Lu rng, trong 6 phng trnh trn ch c 3 quan h c lp nhau (xem 2.). V th cho nn, c c
s phng trnh xc nh 6 thnh phn ng sut, cn kt hp (5.19) vi cc phng trnh 3 cn bng
(5.1). Phng trnh Beltrami-Michell, vi cc Nn s l cc thnh phn ng sut, ph hp vi bi ton bin
lc, trong cc iu kin bin cha cc thnh phn ng sut trn bin. Sau khi gii bi ton bin lc
bng phng trnh Beltami-Michell, xc nh c trc tip cc thnh phn ng sut. Vi cc thnh phn
ng sut tm c, s dng nh lut Hooke (4.40), d dng tm c cc thnh phn bin dng, trong khi
cc thnh phn chuyn v s l kt qu ca vic tch phn phng trnh (5.2).
Tuy rng phng trnh Beltrami-Michell n gin hn nhiu so vi dng ban u ca cc phng
trnh c s chung ca l thuyt n hi, nhng vic tm li gii ca bi ton bin lc vn cn ht sc kh
khn. Mt cng c ton hc b tr cho cng vic ny l hm ng sut. Khi nim ny to nn mt phng
thc biu th cc thnh phn ng sut m theo cc phng trnh cn bng t ng c tha mn.
Trong bi ton 2D, vi khi nim ny, cc thnh phn ng sut c xc nh qua duy nht mt hm s
ca hai bin khng gian v bi ton ban u dn n ch mt phng trnh o hm ring (phng trnh
iu ha kp) ca hm ng sut. Nh qu trnh n gin ha ny m ta c th gii bi ton bng cc
phng php gii tch. Vn ny s c tho lun tip sau ny khi gii quyt bi ton phng.

Vi bi ton bin lc, phng trnh dng ng sut thng c s dng v ta ni bi ton l thuyt
n hi c thit lp di dng ng sut, cn vi bi ton bin chuyn v, phng trnh dng chuyn v
thng c s dng, v khi ta ni l bi ton l thuyt n hi c thit lp theo chuyn v.


5.5 Hai nguyn l thng dng

Hai trong s cc cng c hu dng gii quyt cc bi ton n hi trong k thut l nguyn l
cng tc dng v nguyn l Saint-Venant.


L Thuyt n Hi
77

5.5.1 Nguyn l cng tc dng
Nguyn l cng tc dng l k thut kh ph bin, p dng cho cc bi ton c dn bi cc
phng trnh tuyn tnh. Vi gi thit bin dng b, cc ng sut chuyn v v ng sut ng sut u l
tuyn tnh. Hn na, cc iu kin bin (5.6) v (5.7) thng cng l tuyn tnh. V nh vy, vi tt c
cc phng trnh dn u l tuyn tnh, c th p dng nguyn l cng tc dng, c chng minh v
pht biu bi Chou PC v Pagano NJ,1967, nh sau [3]:
Nguyn l cng tc dng: Vi mt bi ton bin cho trc, nu nh trng thi
( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
1 1 1
, ,
i ij ij
u e l
li gii ca cc phng trnh n hi c s, ng vi lc khi
( ) 1
i
F v lc mt
( ) 1
i
T v trng thi
( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
2 2 2
, ,
i ij ij
u e l li gii ca cc phng trnh n hi c s, ng vi lc khi
( ) 2
i
F v lc mt
( ) 2
i
T
th trng thi
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
2 2 2 2 2 1
, ,
i i ij ij ij ij
u u e e + + + l li gii ca cc phng trnh n hi c s, ng vi
lc khi
( ) ( ) 2 1
i i
F F + v lc mt
( ) ( ) 2 1
i i
T T +
Hnh (H5.4) minh ha cho vic p dng nguyn l trn vo bi ton 2D khi khng c lc khi.



5.5.2 Nguyn l Saint-Venant
Mt nguyn l khc, c xy dng trn c s thc nghim, nhng cng hu dng v ph bin
khng km nguyn l cng tc dng l nguyn l Saint-Venant. Nguyn l c th c pht biu nh sau:
Nguyn l Saint-Venant: Hai h lc khc nhau nhng tng ng tnh hc vi nhau, gy ra cc
trng thai ng sut, bin dng v chuyn v gn ging nhau ti vng xa v tr tc dng lc.
Trong pht biu ca nguyn l Saint-Venant cha cc cm t v t mang tnh nh tnh nh: gn
ging, xa m khng cp n cc nh lng phn bit no i vi hai trng thi trn. Nghin cu
nh lng v vn ny l ti c rt nhiu nh khoa hc thc hin [4].

5.6 Phng php thun, phng php ngc v phng php na ngc

gii cc bi ton l thuyt n hi phi vn dng nhiu chin thut (phng php) khc nhau.
y ta ch nu ra 3 phng php gii tng qut l phng php thun, phng php ngc v phng
php na ngc.

5.6.1 Phng php thun
Phng php thun tm li gii bi ton l thuyt n hi thng qua tch phn trc tip h phng
trnh c s (5.1)(5.4) hoc cc dng chuyn v v dng ng sut tng ng vi h ny, vi vic tha
mn mt cch chnh xc cc iu kin bin. Phng php ny gp phi nhng kh khn ton hc
nghimtrng v chi v th ch hn ch cho cc bi ton vi cc dng hnh hc n gin.

L Thuyt n Hi
78

V d 5.1: Phng php tch phn trc tip. Ko dm lng tr di tc dng ca ti trng
bn thn
minh ha cho phng php tch phn trc tip, ta xt mt v d n gin, kho st trng hp
mt thanh lng tr b ko di tc dng ca trng lng bn thn (H5.5).



Trong trng hp kho st, lc khi l g F F F
z y x
= = = ; 0 , trong - l t trng cn g l gia tc
trng trng. Trn c c gi thit rng mi mt tit din u chu lc ca phn dm pha di, ko phn
b u, c th xc nh cc thnh phn ng sut nh sau:
( ) z
z z zx yz xy y x
= = = = = = ; 0 (5.20)
Khi , phng trnh cn bng s l
g F
z
z
z

= =

(5.21)
Vi iu kin bin khng chu lc ti tit din di cng 0 =
z
, bng vic tch phn trc tip phng
trnh trn, ta c kt qu
( ) gz z
z
= . (5.22)
xc nh cc thnh phn bin dng, cn s dng nh lut Hooke, vic ny dn n kt qu sau:
0 ; ; = = = = = =
zx yz xy y x z
e e e
E
gz
e e
E
gz
e

(5.23)
Tip n, cc thnh phn chuyn v c xc nh nh tch phn quan h chuyn v- bin dng (5.2),
ng vi iu kin bin khng chuyn v v iu kin khng xoay ti im A (x = y = 0; z = l ), c kt
qu cui cng nh sau:
( ) [ ]
2 2 2 2
2
; ; l y x v z
E
g
w
E
gyz
v
E
gxz
u + + = = =

. (5.24)

5.6.2 Phng php ngc
Theo chin thut ngc, cc thnh phn chuyn v hoc ng sut c th c chn trc. Vn d
cn li l xc nh xem cc thnh phn chuyn v hoc ng sut trn l nghim ca bi ton no. Thc
cht l tm dng hnh vt th, cc iu kin bin cng nh lc khi m cc thnh phn chuyn v hoc ng
sut trn nghim ng. V nh vy nghim ca mt bi ton c ch ra trc cn bn thn bi ton c
xc nh sau. Tr ngi chnh ca vic p dng k thut ny kh xc lp nghim ca cc bi ton c th m
thc t cng ngh t ra.

V d 5.2: Phng php ngc: Un thun ty dm
Xt trng hp ca bi ton n hi khng lc khi, vi cc thnh phn ng sut cho bi:
L Thuyt n Hi
79

0 ; = = = = = =
zx yz xy z y x
Ay , (5.25)
trong , A l hng s. Vi trng ng sut tuyn tnh nh trn, cc phng trnh tng thch v phng
trnh cn bng t tha mn v trng ng sut ny chnh l nghim ca mt bi ton n hi no . Vn
t ra l bi ton no nhn trng ng sut trn lm nghim? Cch thc chung tr li cu hi trn l
kho nghim cc dng hnh khc nhau cng cc iu kin bin thc t khc nhau, tm hiu xem trng
hp no th xut hin trng ng sut cho trc trn y. V th, ta kho st khng gian 2D dng hnh ch
nht nh trn H5.6



tha mn trng ng sut (5.25), h lc trn cc mt bin bn tri v trn mt bin bn phi cn phi
c vector chnh bng 0 v ng sut php phi bin i tuyn tnh nh trn H5.6. D thy rng cc iu
kin bin ny l iu kin ca bi ton ung thun ty dm, khi m hp lc ti hai bin u dm khng c
vector chnh m ch c hai momen chnh . y chnh l iu kin un thun ty i vi vt th dng dm
lng tr.

5.6.3 Phng php na ngc
Mt trong cc phng php, cho php thu c li gii ca bi ton L thuyt n hi trong mt s
trng hp ring, l phng php na ngc St. Venan. Ni dung ca phng php ny l: mt phn ca
nghim bi ton c gn trc, trong khi phn cn li tm c bng cch tch phn phng trnh vi
phn, l phng trnh c n gin ho nhiu nh thay vo phn nghim gn trc ni trn.
nh l v tnh duy nht nghim chnh l c s cho phng php ny. Nh p dng nguyn l Saint-
Venant, phng php na ngc c kh nng thay nhiu bi ton phc tp bng cc bi ton vi iu kin
bin n tng ng tnh hoc, gin hn.

V d 5.3: Phng php na ngc: Xon dm lng tr
Bi ton xon dm lng tr s c trnh by chi tit trong phn di y minh ha cho phng
php na ngc. Trong v d ny, ta ch trch dn cc kt qu chnh m khng i vo chi tit. Bt u vi
trng chuyn v c cho trc nh sau:
( ) y x w w xz v yz u , ; ; = = = , (5.26)
trong , l hng s. Mt phng tit din dm song song vi mt phng ta x-y cn trc z song song
vi trc dm. S dng quan h ng sut- bin dng v nh lut Hooke, c cc thnh phn ng sut tng
ng vi cc thnh phn chuyn v (5.26):
.
;
; 0
|
|

\
|

=
|

\
|

=
= = =
x
y
w
G
y
x
w
G
yz
zx
z y x



(5.27)
L Thuyt n Hi
80

Thay kt qu trn vo phng trnh cn bng, thu c phng trnh thuc dng Navier cho trng hp
kho st:
. 0
2
2
2
2
=

y
w
x
w
(5.28)
y chnh l phng trnh gip ta xc nh phn cn li ca nghim bi ton ban u. iu kin chuyn
v ti hai mt bin cng phi c xc nh thun theo qui lut (5.26). Cn nhn ra rng, iu kin bin
trn, d c b p t min cng cng khng lm sai lch kt qu i bao nhiu, c bit l nhng vng
xa hai bin, tc vng gia dm. Nh vy l, nh n nh ngay t u cc chuyn v di dng (5.26),
bi ton c n gin ha rt nhiu. Vic gii phng trnh Laplace (5.28) tha mn iu kin bin t
do mt bn ca dm l khng my kh khn.

5.7 Cc phng php gii phng trnh bi ton n hi

C rt nhiu cc phng phphng php ton hc khc nhau phc v cho vic gii cc h phng
trnh ca bi ton n hi. Mt s trong cho php thu c cc li gii chnh xc, s cn li cho cc li
gii gn ng. Nhm th 3, ngy cng pht trin mnh m, l cc phng php s. Di y l s lc
v mt s trong cc phng php ny.

5.7.1 Cc phng php gii tch
Cc phng php thuc loi gii tch bao gm:
1. Phng php chui ly tha:
Gii bi ton 2D, thng qua vic biu din hm ng sut ( ) y x, di dng chui ly tha
( )

=
n m
n m
mn
y x C y x,
Cc h s
mn
C c xc nh theo cc iu kin bin.
2. Phng php Fourier:
Nhiu bi ton n hi ln, trong , cc phng trnh dn l phng trnh o hm ring, c gii
nh k thut tch bin s, cng tc dng v chui Fourier hoc tch phn Fourier. Trong nhiu ni dung
ca ti liu ny, phng php Fourier c s dng.
3. Phng php bin i tch phn:
L cng c ton hc hu dng trong vic gii cc phng trnh o hm ring, da trn k thut
bin hnh tch phn. Nh php bin i tch phn tuyn tnh, mt s dng vi phn c n gin ha hoc
b loi tr. iu ny cho php tm c li gii n gii cho cc bin s bin i. Sau khi thc hin tip
php bin i ngc, tm c cc bin s ban u. Cc php bin i thng dng bao gm: php bin
i Laplace, Php bin i Fourier v Php bin i Hankel.
4. Phng php bin s phc:
Nhiu bi ton n hi nh bi ton phng, bi ton xon v mt s bi ton bi ton nhit n hi
c th thit lp c di dng s dng cc hm bin phc. y l mt cng c mnh v hu dng ngay
c trong nhng bi ton c coi l ht sc kh khn, nu theo cc k thut khc. Cc nh khoa hc Nga
l nhng ngi c nhiu ng gp trong lnh vc ny [5].

5.7.2 Cc phng php xp x
Nhiu phng php xp x c pht trin, phc v cho vic gii cc bi ton n hi, c l v tnh
phc tp ca vic gii cc bi ton ny khi dng cc phng php chnh xc. a s cc phng php xp
x l cc phngphp bin phn , ni ring, v phng php nng lng, ni chung. Phng php ny
hnh thnh nh vic tm ra mi lin h gia vic gii cc phng trnh dn ca bi ton n hi vi vic
cc tr ha mt mt phim hm tch phn. Mt trong nhng i din ca phng php hm xp x l
phng php Ritz. Trong phng php Ritz, mt nhm cc hm xp x c dng gii gn ng bi
ton n hi, thng qua vic tm gi tr dng ca mt tch phn nng lng c th no . Cc hm xp x
L Thuyt n Hi
81

c chn sao cho iu kin bin c tha mn cn tch phn nng lng ch t xp x cc tr. S hm
xp x chn cng nhiu, chnh xc ca li gii, ni chung, cng c ci thin. Do kh khn trong vic
chn cc hm xp x tha mn cc iu kin bin trong cc bi ton c dng hnh hc phc tp nn hin
nay, phng php bin phn hm xp x t c s dng. Tuy vy, Cc phng php bin phn ni chung
ng vai tr v cng quan trng trong vic p dng vo phng php phn t hu hn, l mt trong nhng
k thut tnh ton mnh nht hin nay, c bit l trong vic gii cc bi ton n h

5.7.3 Cc phng php s

Lch s pht trin ca phng php s khng lu i bng cc phng php khc nhng, ngc li, cng
vi s pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh thng tin, vai tr ca cc phng php ny trong thc t hin
nay khng phng php no so snh c. Cc phng php s c bit hu hiu trong cc bi ton n
hi vi dng hnh hc phc tp. Chnh cc phng php s l c s cho vic lp trnh ca cc chng
trnh tnh ton thng dng hin nay. Ta ch im qua mt cch ngn gn mt s phng php quan trng
nht hin nay.
1. Phng php sai phn hu hn (FDM):
Phng php sai phn hu hn da trn vic thay th cc o hm trong cc phng trnh dn bng cc
bc nhy tng i ca cc hm ti cc im li ri rc ha khng gian kho st. Kt qu ca vic thay
th ny dn n h phng trnh i s theo cc gi tr ti cc im li ca hm cn tm. Phng php
ny c thit lp t hn mt th k trc y. y cng l mt cng c c ng dng gii cc bi ton
n hi [6]. Phng php sai phn hu hn thng gp phi kh khn trong vic gii cc bi ton n hi
vi dng hnh hc phc tp, tuy k thut bin i h ta khc phc c mt phn kh khn ny.
2. Phng php phn t hu hn (FEM):
L mt phng php s thng dng nht hin nay, phng php phn t hu hn da trn tng
thay th khng gian kho st lin tc bng mt tp hp hu hn cc khng gian con, gi l cc phn t c
kch thc nh nhng hu hn. Gi tr cc hm cn tm ti cc im nt ca cc phn t v cc hm dng,
xc nh trong phm vi ca tng phn t, c dng thay th xp x hm cn tm. Bng k thut thay th
ny, phim hm nng lng tr thnh hm nhiu bin, l gi tr ca hm Nn ti cc im nt. p dng iu
kin cc tr ca hm nhiu bin, tng ng vi gi tr dng ca phim hm, tm c cc gi tr trn bin
ca hm Nn. Kt qu , vi bi ton n hi tuyn tnh, dn n mt h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh m
vic gii khng cn l vn ng quan tm. Bn thn cc hm Nn tm c qua qu trnh thay ngc da
vo cc gi tr ti nt ca hm Nn c c nh gii h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh v cc hm dng ni
trn.
3.Phng php phn t bin (BEM)
Phng php phn t bin da trn vic thay th cc phng trnh dn ca l thuyt n hi bng
mt phng trnh tch phn vi Nn s xc nh trn mt bin ca min kho st. Phng trnh tch phn
bin c th gii trn c s ca phng php phn t hu hn, theo , mt bin c ri rc ha ra thnh
mt tp hp cc phn t hu hn ri p dng khi nim xp x ni suy biu din cc hm cn tm. Qu
trnh thc hin li dn n mt h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh cho php gii ra cc gi tri trn bin ca
hm cm tm. Bng khi nim tch phn bin, c th gii bi ton n hi ban u vi s Nn t hn nhiu
so vi vic gii bi ton ban u theo phng php phn t hu hn. Nh trnh c vic ri rc ha bn
trong vt th, phng php phn t bin t ra c nhiu u th so vi phng php phn t hu hn trong
cc bi ton lin quan n cc khng gian ln, ti cc min v hn hoc trong cc trng hp ch cn cc
thng tin trn bin [7].


L Thuyt n Hi
82


Chng VI
BI TON PHNG

Nh c nhc n, cho ti nay vn cha tm c li gii trc tip ca bi ton n hi cho trng
hp tng qut, v th cho nn, li gii trong cc trng hp ring c mt gi tr ht sc to ln. Cc li gii
trong cc trng hp ny c c nh hn ch bt, bng mt cch no , tnh tng qut ca bi ton
c t ra. Vic bin i gn ng bi ton ba chiu (3D) v bi ton hai chiu (2D), dn n vic hnh
thnh cc bi ton phng, l mt v d. y l mt loi bi ton m li gii ca n c ng dng thc t
rng ri.

6.1 Thit lp bi ton phng

Bi ton phng ca L thuyt n hi c th phn thnh hai nhm: cc bi ton v bin dng
phng v cc bi ton v ng sut phng. Trc khi tin hnh gii bi ton, ta hy xc nh cc phng
trnh c bn cng vi cc cng thc thit yu ca hai bi ton ni trn, cho vt th trc hng.
6.1.1 Trng thi bin dng phng.
Khi nim bin dng phng dng ch mt trng thi ca vt th, m theo , mt trong cc
chuyn v bng 0 cn hai chuyn v cn li khng ph thuc vo to tng ng vi chuyn v bng 0
ni trn. Trc tng ng vi thnh phn cv bng 0, gi s, l z. Gi thit thm rng, mt phng x-y l mt
phng n hi i xng. nh ngha ca trng thi bin dng phng c th c biu din nh sau:
( ) ( ) y x v v y x u u w , ; , ; 0 = = = . (6.1)




Trn c s ca quan h bin dng - chuyn v (5.2) v nh lut Hooke tng qut (4.31), t (6.1) c th
suy ra:
( ) ( ) ( ) . 0 ; , ; , ; , = = = = = =
zx yz z xy xy y y x x
y x y x y x . (6.2)
Trng thi bin dng phng xy ra trong vt th hnh lng tr di, chu ti trng tc dng vung gc vi
trc ca lng tr v khng i dc theo trc ny (H6.1). C th nhn thy rng cc tit in ngang R ca
L Thuyt n Hi
83

hnh lng tr trn chuyn v ging ht nhau v nh vy, bi ton 3D c th a v 2D, xc lp trong min
R (mt phng x-y).
Da trn cc iu kin (6.1) v (6.2), c th thu c cc phng trnh c s v cc cng thc ch yu
ca bi ton n hi nh sau:
1. Phng trnh cn bng:
Phng trnh cn bng (5.1) trong trng hp kho st c th vit:
; 0 ; 0 =

y x y x
y xy xy
x

(6.3)
(Phng trnh th 3 dn n s ng nht 0 = 0 gia hai v; Lc khi c b qua: 0 = = =
z y x
F F F )
2. Quan h bin dng-cv (5.2) s c dng:
. 0 ;
; 0 ; ;
= =
|
|

\
|

=
=

=
zx yz xy
z y x
y
u
x
v
y
v
x
u


(6.4)
3. Phng trnh tng thch:
T (5.3) v (6.2), c:
.
2
2
2
2
2
y x x y
xy y
x

(6.5)
4. nh lut Hooke:
a. Cho vt th trc hng:
c c cng thc ca nh lut Hooke cho vt th trc hng trong trng hp kho st, c th xut
pht t cng thc (4.31), c kt qu:
( )
( )
. 0 ;
1
; 1 1
; 1 1
= = = =
|
|

\
|
=
|
|

\
|
=
zx yz z xy
xy
xy
xy
xz zy
xy
x
x
yz zy
y
y
y
yx
yZ zx
yx
y
y
xz zx
x
x
x
G
E E
E E

(6.6)
b. Cho vt th ng hng:
Trng hp vt th ng hng, cng tin hnh nh trn, nhng t cng thc (4.40):
. 0 ;
1
;
1
1
;
1
1
2
2
= = = =
|

\
|

=
|

\
|

=
zx yz z xy xy
y x x
y x x
G
E
E

(6.7)
Ngoi ra, t cng thc (4.41) ta c quan h o ca (6.7):
L Thuyt n Hi
84

( ) ( ) . 0 ;
2 1
2
; 0 ;
2 1
1
2 1
2
;
2
1
2 ;
2 1 2 1
1
2
= + = +

=
= |

\
|

=
|

\
|
= |

\
|

=
zx y x y x z
yz y x y
xy xy y x x
G
G
G G

(6.8)

5. Qui lut bin i cc thnh phn ng sut v cc thnh phn bin dng khi xoay h to :
Trn c s cc cng thc (2.21) v (3.22) (6.2) c cc cng thc bin i thnh phn ng sut v
thnh phn bin dng s nh sau (H6.2): (vi cos , sin , sin , cos
2 2 1 1
= = = = m l m l )
( ) ; 2 cos 2 sin
2
1
; 2 sin cos sin
; 2 sin sin cos
' '
2 2
'
2 2
'



xy x y y x
xy y x y
xy y x x
+ =
+ =
+ + =
(6.9)
( ) . 2 cos 2 sin
2
1
; 2 sin
2
1
cos sin
; 2 sin
2
1
sin cos
' '
2 2
'
2 2
'



xy x y y x
xy y x y
xy y x x
+ =
+ =
+ + =
(6.10)
6. Cng thc th nng n v cho vt liu ng hng:
( ) .
1
2
2
1
2 2 2
2
(

+ +

=
y x xy y x
E
W

(6.11)
7. Cc bin dng chnh :
( )

, 0
;
2
1
2
3
2 2
2 , 1

=
+
+
=

xy y x
y x
(6.12)
(trc Oz trng vi mt trong cc trc chnh ca bin dng).

6.1.2 Trng thi ng sut phng.

Trng hp th hai ca bi ton n hi c rt gn v 2D l bi ton v trng thi ng sut phng.
Trng thi ng sut c gi l phng khi ng sut tc dng trn mt, vung gc vi mt trong cc trc
to , bng 0, ng thi, cc thnh phn ng sut cn li khng ph thuc vo to ng vi trc ny.
Cng gi thit rng, mt phng x-y l mt phng n hi i xng.Trn thc t, trng thi ng sut phng
xy ra trong cc tm mng (chiu dy 2h), chu tc dng ca cc lc t vo vnh tm, theo phng song
song vi cc mt khng chu lc.
Ta chn mt phng khng chu lc (mt y) lm mt ta x-y cn trc z tt nhin l vung gc vi mt
ta ny. T nh ngha ca bi ton, ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) . 0 ; , ; , ; , = = = = = =
zx yz z xy xy y y x x
y x y x y x (6.13)
Ngoi ra cng c th kt lun rng cc thnh phn chuyn v khc 0 cng khng ph thuc vo to z.
tha mn iu kin ccthnh phn ng sut v thnh phn chuyn v khng ph thuc vo ta z cn
phi trit tiu cc thnh phn lc khi v lc mt theo phng z. Cng c th cho php cc lc mt v lc
khi ny khc 0 khi chng phn b i xng qua mt phng chia i chiu dy vt th kho st. Trng
L Thuyt n Hi
85

hp ny, vi gi thit chiu dy, 2h, b, c th s dng gi tr trung bnh (bng 0) lm c s xc nh gn
ng.

1. Phng trnh cn bng:
S dng (6.14) v tnh cht khng ph thuc ca cc thnh phn ng sut cn li vo to z, t phng
trnh cn bng (5.1) ta c kt qu:
; 0 ; 0 =

y x y x
y xy xy
x

(6.3)
y cng chnh l phng trnh cn bng (6.3) ca bi ton bin dng phng (vi X = Y = Z = 0).
2. nh lut Hooke:
a. Trn c s ca nh lut Hooke cho vt liu trc hng (4.31) v cc quan h (4.24), ta c:
( )
( )
. 0 ;
1
;
;
1
;
1
xy
= = =
|
|

\
|
+ =
=
=
zx yz xy
xy
y
y
yz
x
x
xz
z
x yx y
y
y
y xy x
x
x
G
E E
E
E

(6.14)
b. Trn c s ca nh lut Hooke cho vt liu ng hng (4.40) v cc quan h (4.27), ta c:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
. 0 ;
1
;
1
;
1
;
1
= = =
+

= + =
=
=
yz zx xy xy
y x y x z
x y y
y x x
G
E
E
E

(6.15)


3. Quan h bin dng - chuyn v :
Cng vi c s trn y, c kt qu ca quan h bin dng - chuyn v trong trng hp kho st:
. 0
2
1
; 0
2
1
;
2
1
; ; ;
= |

\
|

=
=
|
|

\
|

=
|
|

\
|

=
x
w
z
u
y
w
z
v
x
v
y
u
z
w
y
v
x
u
zx
yz
xy
z y x

(6.4)
Quan h (6.14) v (6.4) trn y khng hon ton ging vi cc phng trnh (6.6), (6.7) v (6.4) ca
trng hp trng thi bin dng phng. Khc bit l s c mt (khc 0) ca thnh phn bin dng
z

L Thuyt n Hi
86

trong bi ton trng thi ng sut phng v cho bi ton l 2D, cn phi x l gn ng nh trnh by
trong phn di y.
4. Phng trnh tng thch:
S c mt khng mong mun ca bin dng
z
trong bi ton v trng thi ng sut phng lm cho cc b
mt khng chu lc b vnh cht t. Tuy nhin, vi cc tm mmg, vnh ni trn l khng ng k v c
th b qua. V th cho nn khi ly gn ng
z
= 0, trn c s phng trnh tng thch (5.3), ta c
phng trnh tng thch trong trng thi ng sut phng trng vi kt qu nh trong trng hp trng
thi bin dng phng, l phng trnh:
.
2
2
2
2
2
y x x y
xy y
x

(6.5)
5. Qui lut bin i cc thnh phn ng sut v cc thnh phn bin dng khi xoay h to :
Da trn cc cng thc (2.21) v (3.22) ta thu c cc cng thc bin i cc thnh phn ng sut, bin
dng cho trng th ng sut phng. Cc cng thc ny cng c dng ging ht cc cng thc tng ng
sca trng hp bin dng phng.
6. Th nng bin dng n v th tch (cho vt liu ng hng):
( ) [ ]. 2 2
2
1
2 2 2 2
y x xy xy y x
E
W + + + = (6.16)
7. Cc ng sut chnh trong trng thi ng sut phng c th xc nh theo cc cng thc
( )
. 0
; 4
2
1
2
3
2 2
2 , 1
=
+
+
=

xy y x
y x
(6.17)
(trc Oz trng vi mt trong cc trc ng sut chnh)


6.1.3 Cc iu kin bin
iu kin bin ca c hai bi ton ng sut phng v bin dng phng l ging ht nhau, l iu
kin cho trc lc v/hoc chuyn v trn bin ca hnh phng (H6.2)
a. Trn phn mt bin cv, S
u:
cho trc cc cv:
( ) ( ) y x v v y x u u
b b
, ; , = = . (6.19)
b. Trn mt bin chu lc, S
T
(H6.3):
. sin cos
; sin cos


y xy y xy
b
y
xy x xy x
b
x
m l T
m l T
+ = + =
+ = + =
(6.20)




L Thuyt n Hi
87


6.1.3. Gii bi ton phng. Hm ng sut. Phng trnh iu ha kp

By gi, ta tin hnh bin i cc phng trnh c s chung ca trng thi bin dng phng v
trng thi ng sut phng, l cc phng trnh cn bng (6.3) v phng trnh tng thch (6.5) c
c mt phng trnh duy nht cho c hai trng hp. Cc phng trnh c s (6.3) v (6.5) c th bin
i v dng mt phng trnh cp 4, nu nh ta a vo mt hm mi, c tn l hm ng sut (hay hm
Airy) c nh ngha nh sau:
Ga s tn ti hm ) , ( y x ca hai bin khng gian, sao cho
y x x y
x y x

2
2
2
2
2
; ; . (6.21)
Khi , cc phng trnh cn bng (6.3) s t tho mn. S dng nh lut Hooke v sau khi thay biu
thc (6.18) vo phng trnh tng thch (6.5), ta thu c phng trnh i vi hm F(x,y)
0 2
4
4
1
2 2
4
3
4
4
2
=

y y x x

. (6.22)
Do s khc nhau ca biu thc quan h Hooke trong bi ton bin dng phng v trong bi ton trng thi
ng sut phng nn cc h s
1
,


2
v
3
trong phng trnh (6.19) nhn cc gi tr khc nhau cho hai
loi bi ton ny, nh sau :
cho trng thi bin dng phng:
|
|

\
|
+ =

=
y
yz zy
x
xy
xy y
yz zy
x
xz zx
E E G E E

2
1
;
1
;
1
3 2 1
; (6.23)
cho trng thi ng sut phng:
x
xy
xy y x
E G E E

= = =
2
1
;
1
;
1
3 2 1
. (6.24)
i vi vt th ng hng, vic xc nh hm ng sut, phng trnh tng thch cho c trng thi bin
dng phng ln trng thi ng sut phng, cng c dng iu ho kp nh sau
0 2
4
4
2 2
4
4
4
=

y y x x

(6.25)


6.1.4 Bin i cc iu kin bin
Cc iu kin bin, m hm (x,y) phi tho mn,
c th tm c nh bin i quan h (6.20) trn y.
Nu trn vnh bao (ng bao) ca tm kho st c tc
dng ca ti trng, m hnh chiu ca n ln cc trc to
l
n
x
T v
n
y
T th trn c s (6.20) v (6.21) ta thu c

. sin cos
; sin cos
2
2 2
2
2
2

x y x
T
y x
y
T
n
y
n
x

=
(6.26)
trong
( )
( ) n y
n x
, sin sin
; , cos cos
=
=

.
L Thuyt n Hi
88

Ta qui c di chuyn trn ng bao theo cch sao cho phn din tch c bao k cn lun nm v bn
tri ca hng di chuyn, nh minh ha trn hnh v (H6.4), v khi
n
y
s
x
n
x
s
y

sin
; cos
(6.27)
trong , s v n - tng ng, l cc hng tip tuyn v php tuyn ca ng bao.
S dng cng thc (6.27), c th vit li cng thc (6.26) di dng
.
;.
2
2 2
2
2
2
|

\
|

=
|
|

\
|

=
x s s
x
x s
y
y x
T
y s s
x
y x s
y
y
T
n
y
n
x


(6.28)
Chn mt im A bt k trn ng bao lm gc to , v gi s ti im ny, gi tr cc o hm v gi
tr ca chnh hm l:
A A A
y x
| ; | ; |

. (6.29)
Khi , gi tr ca cc o hm ring
y x

v ti im B no trn ng bao c th tnh c, trn
c s tch phn cng thc (6.28), nh sau


+

AB AB
n
x A
n
y A
ds T
y y
ds T
x x
| ; |

(6.30)
Cng thc (6.30) cho thy rng, gia s ca cc o hm ring
x

v
y

khi di chuyn t im A n
im B, bng hnh chiu ln cc trc y v x, tng ng, ca cng lc (lc ri) tc dng trn cung AB .
T suy ra, nu nh vect chnh ca cc lc tc dng ln ng bao bng 0, th tch phn ng trong
(6.30) khi di chuyn trn vng (kn) theo ng bao, s bng 0. Ni cch khc, trong trng hp ny,
x

v
y

l cc hm n tr trn ng bao. iu pht biu trn y lun ng cho vt th n lin.

Khi bit cc o hm ring ca hm ng sut theo cc to x v y, c th tnh cc o hm ring ca
hm ny theo tip tuyn v php tuyn ca ng bao nh cc cng thc:
n
y
y n
x
x n
s
y
y s
x
x s

;
(6.31)
T c th d dng xc nh gi tr ca bn thn hm F(x,y) trn ng bao

( ) ( )

|

\
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

+ |

\
|

+ =

|
|

\
|

+ =
yB
yA AB
n
x
xB
xA AB
n
y A B A A B A A
AB
A
dy ds T dx ds T y y
y
x x
x
ds
s
y
y s
x
x
F | | | |

(6.32),

trong : x
A ,
y
A
, x
B
, y
B
- to cc im A v B.
Lu : cc tch phn trong (6.32) chnh l momen ca cc lc tc dng ln cung AB, ly i vi im B.
Tch phn ng trong (6.32) khi di chuyn trn vng (kn) theo ng bao, s bng 0 nu nh
momen chnh cc lc tc dng trn ton ng bao bng 0. Trong trng hp ny, hm (x,y) l n tr
L Thuyt n Hi
89

trn ng bao. Cc cng thc (6.30) v (6.32) cho ta kh nng xc nh gi tr trn bin ca bn thn
hm ng sut v o hm ca n .
Cn nh rng gi tr ca cc hng s
A A A
y x
| ; | ; |

khng nh hng n trng thi ng sut trong

trng hp kho st vt th n lin, v do , c th gn cho chng gi tr bt k, bng 0 chng hn. Khi
vt th kho st l a lin, cc hng s ny khng th ly bt k trn mi ng bao: Trn mt ng bao
no c th ly bng 0 v trn cc ng bao cn li chng phi c xc nh theo iu kin n tr
ca ca hm.
T phng trnh (6.25) v cc iu kin bin (6.30), (6.32) suy ra rng, i vi vt th ng
hng, khi cho trc iu kin bin, hm ng sut khng ph thuc g vo cc hng s n hi, v nh
vy:
Nu cc vt th c cng hnh dng v chu tc dng ca ti trng ngoi nh nhau th hm ng
sut l ging ht nhau, cho d chng c lm t cc vt liu khc nhau (nh l M. Lewis)

iu pht biu trn y ch ng cho min n lin. i vi min a lin, hm ng sut ch khng
ph thuc vo cc hng s n hi khi m vect chnh v momen chnh ca cc lc tc dng trn mi
ng bao u bng 0. Cc iu kin bin (6.30) v (6.32) nu ra trn y xc nh tnh cht chung ca
hm ng sut trn bin. Chng thng c s dng gii cc bi ton trong trng hp cc ng bin
khng phi l cc on thng song song vi cc trc to .
Cc phng trnh vi phn (6.22) v (6.25) thun tin cho vic xc nh cc ng sut trn cc tm
c ng bao hnh ch nht. i vi cc tm ch nht ny, phng trnh iu kin bin (6.26) s rt n
gin.

6.2 Thit lp bi ton phng trong ta cc

H to cc c trnh by trong chng I nh l mt trng hp ring ca h ta cong
(1.9, v d 1.3) cng vi cc quan h ton t vi phn vector c bn. Gii bi ton n hi phng trong h
ta cc chnh l xc nh cc thnh phn chuyn v , ng sut, bin dng
{ }


r r r r r
e e e u u , , ; , , ; , trong min R (H6.4).
Quan h bin dng - chuyn v trong ta cc c th xc nh c trn c s pht trin cc
cng thc trong mc 3.7: b qua bin z trong cng thc (3.43), thu c kt qu:
.
1
2
1
;
1
;
|

\
|

=
|

\
|

+ =

=
r
u
r
u u
r
e
u
u
r
e
r
u
e
r
r
r
r
r

(6.33)
Kt qu trn cng c th thu c nh p dng qui lut bin i cc thnh phn bin dng khi thay i ta
. Da trn khi nim vt th n hi ng hng, c th kt lun rng, dng ca nh lut Hooke cho
vt th n hi ng hng khng thay i khi chuyn sang h ta cong trc giao bt k. Do , dng
ca nh lut Hooke trong trng hp ca bi ton ng sut phng v bin dn phng cng khng thay i
trong h ta cc m ch n gin i cc ch s x y sang r - , c th nh sau:






L Thuyt n Hi
90


Bin dng phng ng sut phng


( )
( )
( ) ( )
. 0 ; 2
;
; 2
; 2
= = =
+ = + =
+ + =
+ + =
rz z r r
r r z
r
r r r
Ge
e e
Ge e e
Ge e e

(6.34)
( )
( )
( ) ( )
. 0 ;
1
;
1
;
1
;
1
= =
+
=
+

= + =
=
=
rz z r r
r r r
r r
r r
e e
E
e
e e
E
e
E
e
E
e

(6.35)
Mt cch tng t, t (2.42) ta c th vit dng tng ng ca phng trnh cn bng
( )
. 0
2 1
; 0
1
= + +

= +

F
r r r
F
r r r
r r
r
r r r
(6.36)
Biu din quan h trn y theo cc chuyn v , ta c dng tng ng ca phng trnh Navier:
Bin dng phng
( )
( ) . 0
1 1
; 0
1
2
2
= + |

\
|

+ +

+ +
= + |

\
|

+ +

+ +

F
u
r r
u
r
u
r
G u G
F
u
r r
u
r
u
r
G u G
r r
r
r r
r
(6.37)
nsut phng
( )
( )
, 0
1 1
1 2
; 0
1
1 2
2
2
= + |

\
|

+ +

+
= + |

\
|

+ +

F
u
r r
u
r
u
r
E
u G
F
u
r r
u
r
u
r
E
u G
r r
r
r r
r
(6.38)

trong , kt qu ca v d 1.3 mc 1.9 c vn dng v Laplacian hai chiu c cho bi:
2
2
2 2
2
2
1 1

=
r r r r
(6.39).
Cng trn c s kt qu nhn c t (1.9, v d 1.3), cng vi tnh cht:

+ = +
r y x
, cc
phng trnh tng thch c th bin i v dng tng ng:
Bin dng phng ( ) ;
1
1
1
2
|

\
|

+ +

= +

F
r r
F
r
F
r r
r
(6.40)
ng sut phng ( ) ( ) |

\
|

+ +

+ = +

F
r r
F
r
F
r r
r
1
1
2
(6.41)
S dng inh ngha ca hm Airy v qui tc bin i ccthnh phn ng sut cho bi ton 2D, ta c quan
h sau gia ccthnh phn ng sut trong ta c cc v hm Airy:
L Thuyt n Hi
91

.
1
;
;
1 1
2
2
2
2
|

\
|

r r
r
r r r
r
r
(6.42)
C th thy rng vi ccthnh phn ng sut xc nh theo (6.42), cc phng trnh cn bng (6.36) tr
thnh ng nht thc vi mi hm lin tc n o hm cp 2 ca n, trong iu kin vng mt lc khi.
Khi , vi (6.42), phng trnh tng thch c th bin i v dng iu ha kp nh sau
. 0
1 1
2
2
2 2
2
4
=
|
|

\
|

r r r r
(6.43)
Nh vy, bi ton n hi 2D trong ta cc c thit lp ch vi mt phng trnh dn dng iu
ha kp, theo mt hm ng sut (r, ), ca hai bin s xc nh trong min hai chiu, R (H6.4). tm
li gii cho bi ton, cn cn c iu kin bin thch hp. Cc iu kin ny s c xc lp khi xt cc
ng dng c th.

6.2 Gii cc bi ton phng

Bi ton phng, bao gm bin dng phng v ng sut phng, c thit lp trong 6.1 v, nh
thy, vic gii cc bi ton ny s rt tin li nu ng dng hm ng sut Airy. Nh ng dng hm
Airy, h phng trnh ca bi ton n hi 2D, trong trng hp khng c lc khi, a c v mt
phng trnh iu ha kp, xc nh trong min kho st. Nh vy, bi ton n hi 2D trong iu kin
khng c lc khi dn n bi ton tm nghim ca phng trnh iu ha kp trong min kho st.
Nghim ny ng nhin l phi tha mn iu kin bin tng ng ca bi ton n hi c th cn gii
quyt. Ta hn ch trnh by cch li gii cho trng hp vt liu ng hng. C nhiu gii php c th
cho vic tm nghim ni trn. Hai trong s cc gii php ny l vic ng dng chui ly tha v chui
Fourier s c trnh by di y.

6.2.1 ng dng chui ly tha tm li gii trong to -Cc
Xt bi ton c thit lp theo ta -Cc, khi khng c lc khi, vi vt liu ng hng.
Bi ton loi ny thch hp hn c cho trng hp bin ch nht v s n gin trong vic m t v p
ng iu kin bin. gii bi ton, ta cn n nh trc, cn c trn mt lp lun no , dng nghim
ca phng trnh iu ha kp
0 2
4
4
2 2
4
4
4
=

y y x x

(6.25)
v tm xem bi ton no tha mn dng nghim tng ng vi hm ng sut trn. y l cch gii da
trn quan im v li gii ngc. Hm ng sut Airy c cho di dng chui ly tha, c Neou gii
thiu u tin, vo nm 1957,
( ) =

=

= 0 9
,
m n
n m
mn
y x A y x , (6.44)
trong , cc h s A
nm
l cc hng s cn xc nh.
Trn c s ca biu thc nh ngha hm ng sut (6.21) v cng thc (6.25) c th thy rng:
3 s hng cp thp nht ca chui trn, tha mn iu kin 1 + n m khng tham gia to nn s khc bit
v ng sut nn c b qua;
Cc s hng cp 2 to nn trng ng sut khng i;
Cc s hng cp 3 to nn trng ng sut bin i tuyt tnh v ;
L Thuyt n Hi
92

Cc s hng c ly tha 3 + n m s t ng tha mn phng trnh iu ha kp vi A
nm
bt k;
Cc s hng c ly tha 3 > + n m mun tha mn phng trnh ni trn th gia cc h s A
nm
phi
tn ti mt quan h xc nh no . V d:
4
04
2 2
22
4
40
y A y x A x A + + s ch tha mn phng trnh
iu ha kp vi iu kin 0 3 3
04 22 40
= + + A A A v khi ch cn 2 trong 3 hng s l c lp, cn
xc nh.
Xt trng hp tng qut. Sau khi thay (6.44) vo (6.25), thu c
( )( )( )
( )( ) ( )
( )( )( ) . 0 3 2 1
1 2 1 2
3 2 1
0 0
4
2 2
2 2
0 0
4
= +
+

m n
n m
mn
m n
n m
mn
m n
n m
mn
y x A n n n n
y x A n n m m m
y x A m m m m
(6.45)
t tha s chung theo ly tha ca x v y, c th vit li phng trnh trn di dng
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) [ ] = + + + + + +

=

+ +
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 , 2
0 , 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2
m n
n m
n m mn n m
y x A n n n n A n n m m A m m m m . (6.46)
V quan h trn phi tha mn vi cc gi tr ty ca x v y nn biu thc trong du ngoc vung phi
trit tiu, tc
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) . 0 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2
2 , 2 2 , 2
= + + + + + +
+ + n m nm n m
A n n n n A n n m m A m m m m (6.47)
Vi mi cp gi tr ca m v m, (6.47) chnh l quan h
tng qut phi tha mn cho a thc to thnh l
iu ha kp. y cng chnh l iu kin m ta tho
lun bn trn vi (m = 2, n = 2). C th nh xt thy
ngay rng, v phng php kho st dn n phn b
ng sut dc dng a thc nn khng th hy vng
rng iu kin bin s c tha mn iu kin bin
di dng tng qut. Tuy nhin, hn ch ny c th
vt qua c nh vic thay i iu kin bin ca bi
ton kho st trn c s ca nguyn l Saint Venant v
do , kt qu thu c ch chnh xc cho vng xa bin.
Phng php tho lun trn y thng p dng cho bi
ton coa min ch nht, nht l cc bi ton mt chiu nh trong tnh ton cc dm chng hn. Ta xt mt
v d loi ny.

V d 6.1: Dm chu lc ct ti du mt
Xt mt dm chu lc ct ngang ti du mt (mt bin) nh trn hnh H6.5, vi iu kin bin xc
nh nh sau:
Ti h y = : ; 0 = =
y xy
(6.48)
Ti 0 = x : ; 0 =
x
F dy
h
h
xy
=

(6.49)
Nhn xt trc gic:
ng sut php theo phng dc trc s l ch yu (trn mt tit din bt k);
Momen un v ng sut php theo phng dc trc s ph thuc vo bin y.
Nhn xt trc gic trn l c s cho suy lun rng ng sut php dc trc x,
x
, l hm ca hai bin x, y:
( ) y x
x x
, = . T chn dng hm ng sut th :
3
13
xy A = . (6.50)
Cc thnh phn ng sut tng ng:
L Thuyt n Hi
93

=
=
=
=
. 3
; 0
; 6
2
12
13
3
13
y A
xy A
xy A
xy
y
x

(6.51)
Vi qui lut trn, ng sut tip s l khc 0 ti cc bin h y = . Cn b sung vo hm ng sut mt s
hng trit tiu gi tr ng sut khng mong mun ny. Tin hnh chn li hm ng sut:
( )
2
13 11 11
2
13 11
3
13
3 3 , h A A A y A xy A xy A y x
xy
= = + = .
( )
2 2
13
3 y h A
xy
= .
S dng iu kin bin xc nh h s cha bit
13
A :
3
13
4h
F
A F dy
h
h
xy
= =

.
Kt qu cui cng:
Hm ng sut: ( ) ( ) y h y
h
Fxy
y x
2 3
3
3
4
, = . (6.52)
Cc thnh phn ng sut thu c:
( )
.
4
3
; 0
;
2
3
3
2 2
2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

\
|

=
=
=
h
y h F
h
Fxy
xy
y
x

(6.53)
C th nhn xt thy rng c cc kt qu trn y, khng cn s dng n gi thit tit din phng
quen thuc trong l thuyt un dm.
Trn c s cc thnh phn ng sut trn y, v nh lut Hooke, xc nh c cc bin dng tng ng:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
.
4
3
1 1
2
1
2
1
;
2
3 1
;
2
3 1
3
2 2
3
3
Eh
y h F
y
u
x
v
Eh
Fxy
E y
v
Eh
Fxy
E x
u
xy xy
x y y
y x x

+ = + =
|
|

\
|

=
= =

=
= =

=



(6.54)
Tch phn cc thnh phn bin dng cho php thu c cc thnh phn chuyn v :
( )
( )
|
|
|
|
|

\
|
+ =
+ =
.
4
3
;
4
3
3
2
3
2
x g
Eh
Fxy
v
y f
Eh
y Fx
u

(6.55)
trong , ( ) y f v ( ) x g l cc hm xc nh theo iu kin bin dng ct.
Sau khi thay cc tcv vo quan h bin dng ct cv, c
( )
( )
3
2 2
3
2
3
2
4
3
1
4
3
4
3
2
1
Eh
y h F
dx
dg
Eh
Fy
dy
df
Eh
Fx
+ =
|
|

\
|
+ +
Biu thc trn c th sp xp li nh sau

L Thuyt n Hi
94


(6.56)

T , c
(6.57)

Cc hng s A, B, C trong li gii biu th cc cv vt rn:A v B cv tnh tin vt rn , C cv xoay vt
rn. Cc hng s ny c th xc nh t cc iu kin bin ci bin theo nguyn l Saint Venant (iu kin
bin yu). Vi bi ton kho st, tn ti 3 s la chn iu kin bin sau y:

0 ) 1 = = v u ti L x = v
3
2
3
3
4
3
;
2
; 0 0
Eh
FL
C
Eh
FL
B A
y
u
= = = =

0 ) 2 = = v u ti L x = v ( ) ( )
(

+ + =
(

+ + = = =

2
2
3
2
2
2
3
3
1 2 1
4
3
; 1 3 1
2
; 0 0
L
h
Eh
FL
C
L
h
Eh
FL
B A
y
u

3) iu kin bin tt nht:
T iu kin bin th 3, c:
ti L x = 0 ; 0 ; 0 =

h
h
h
h
h
h
yudy vdx udy
( ) ( )
(

+
+ =
(

+
+ = =
2
2
3
3
2
2
3
2
5
9 8
1
4
3
;
5
11 12
1
2
; 0
h
L
Eh
FL
C
L
h
Eh
FL
B A

(6.58)

V d 6.2 Dm chu tc dng ca ti trng ngang ri u
Hnh (6.6) biu th dm chu ti trng ngang ri u dc theo mt trn ca n. Dy l bi ton phng
vi min kho st l hnh ch nht cao 2c, rng 2l. iu kin bin chnh xc c p t cho mt trn v
mt y, trong khi ti hai u mt s dng iu kin bin yu vi momen un bng 0 cn lc ct ch i
hi tha mn iu kin cn bng tnh ton dm.
iu kin bin ca bi ton c biu th bi:
L Thuyt n Hi
95


Ti mt bin trn v bin di:
( )
( )
( )

=
=
=
p c x
c x
c x
y
y
xy
,
; 0 ,
; 0 ,

(6.59)
Ti hai mt (iu kin bin yu)
( )
( )
( )

. ,
; 0 ,
; 0 ,
wl dy y l
ydy y l
dy y l
c
c
xy
c
c
x
c
c
x
m

(6.60)
Nhn xt trc gic v phn b ng sut trn cc tit din ngang dm cng tng t nh trong v d 6.1.
Hm ng sut th chn chn dng cha cc s hng cp 2 , cp 3 v cp 5:
( )
5 23 3 2
23
3
03
2
21
2
20
5
, y
A
y x A y A y x A x A y x + + + = .
(6.61)
Ch rng s hng cp 5 c chn tha mn phng
trnh iu ha kp. Hm ng sut trn tng ng vi cc
thnh phn ng sut:
. 6 2
; 2 2 2
;
3
2
6 6
2
23 21
3
23 21 20
3 2
23 03
xy A x A
y A y A A
y y x A y A
xy
y
x
=
+ + =
|

\
|
+ =

(6.62)

p dng 3 iu kin (6.59) dn n 3 phng trnh xc
nh 3 hng s
21 20
, A A v
23
A . Sau khi gii h phng trnh ny, c kt qu:
3
23 21 20
8
;
8
3
;
4 c
p
A
c
p
A
p
A = = = . (6.63)
Cc kt qu trn cn tha mn c cc iu kin th 4 v th 6. iu kin bin th 5 v momen bng 0 dn
n kt qu
|
|

\
|
=
|

\
|
=
5
2
8 5
2
2
2
2 2
23 03
c
l
c
p
c l A A . (6.64)
Vi 4 hng s ca hm Airy th c xc nh nh trn, ccthnh phn ng sut tng ng s l
.
4
3
4
3
;
4 4
3
2
;
5
2
4
3
5
2
4
3
2
3
3
3 3
3 2
3 2
2
xy
c
p
x
c
p
y
c
p
y
c
p p
y y x
c
p
y
c
l
c
p
xy
y
x
+ =
+ =
|

\
|

|
|

\
|
=

(6.65)
tin so snh kt qu thu c vi li gii trong sc bn vt liu, ta a vo k hiu momen qun tnh
tit din ngang 3 / 2
3
c I = v vit li (6.65) di dng:
L Thuyt n Hi
96

( )
( ).
2
;
3
2
3 2
;
2
2 2
3 2
3
2 2
y c x
I
p
c y c
y
I
p
y y x l
I
p
xy
y
x
=
+
|
|

\
|
=
=

(6.66)
Kt qu trong sc bn vt liu nh sau:
( )
( ),
2
; 0
;
2
2 2
2 2
y c x
I
p
It
VQ
y x l
I
p
I
My
xy
y
x
= =
=
= =

(6.67)
trong , men ( ) ; 2 /
2 2
x l M = lc ct px V = ; momen tnh din tch tit din ngang
( )
2
2 2
y c
Q

= ;
chiu dy t ly bng n v.
So snh hai kt qu thy rng:
ng sut tip ging ht nhau;
Cc ng sut php khc nhau;
L thuyt s cp (sc bn vt liu) cho kt qu ng sut
x
thay i tuyn tnh trong khi l thuyt
n hi cho thy quan h phi tuyn (theo ta y); Sai lch ln nht xut hin ti mp ngoi cng
ca tit din ngang (trn nh v di y), t tr s 5 / p , khng ph thuc vo kch thc ca
dm. Vi dm thng dng trong thc t (c chiu di ln hn nhiu so vi chiu rng, c l >> ), s
sai khc ny tr thnh nh (trong v d trn, khi 4 / = c l , sai khc ch khong 1%).
S sai khc v gi tr ng sut php
y
gia hai l thuyt l p ti mt trn ca dm v sai lch ny l
nh khi c l >> .
Cc nhn xt trn v nh tnh vn cn ng cho cc trng hp ti trng khc. C ngha l, vi dm
c chiu di ln hn chiu cao nhiu, cc kt qu t l thuyt s cp sc bn vt liu ni chung l rt gn
vi kt qu t l thuyt n hi.
Tip n, xc nh cc cv bng cch tng t nh trong v d 6.1: Trc tin, s dng nh lut
Hooke biu din v quan h bin dng - chuyn v biu din cv theo ng sut. Tip n, thay ng sut
t (6. 66) v cui cng l dng php tch phn xc nh cc cv. Qu trnh trn dn n:
( )
( ) ( ).
5 6 2 3 2 12 2
;
3
2
3 5
2
3
2
3 2
2 2 4 2
2 2
3 2 2 4
3
2
3 2 3 3
2
x g
y c y
v
y
x l v
y c y c y
EI
p
v
y f
c
y c
y
vx
y c y
x y
x
x l
EI
p
u
+
(
(

|
|

\
|
+ +
|
|

\
|
+ =
+
(
(

|
|

\
|
+ +
|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|
=
(6.68)
Trong , ( ) y f v ( ) x g l cc hm s ty ca tch phn Thay kt qu trn vo quan h bin dng ct-
cv, thu c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
3
2
2
'
2
'
5
2
2
3 2
y c
Gl
p
x g vxy
EI
p
y f c y vx
c
y x
x
x l
EI
p
= + + +
(
(

+
|
|

\
|
+ (6.69)
C th vit li phng trnh trn di dng tch bin s
L Thuyt n Hi
97

( )
( ) .
5
8
4 24
;
0 0
2 2 2 4
0 0
v x q x c v l
EI
p
x
EI
p
x g
u y q y f
+
(

\
|
+ =
+ =
(6.70)
Chn iu kin bin ( ) 0 0 , , 0 = l v y u , c th xc nh c cc hng s q
0
, u
0
v v
0
nh sau:
(

\
|
+ + = = =
2
2 4
0 0 0
2 5
4
5
12
1
24
5
; 0
l
c v
EI
pl
v q u (6.71)
Vi kt qu trn, c cng thc cui cng xc nh cv:
( )
(

\
|
+ + +
|
|

|
(

\
|
+ + +

\
|
(

+ + + =
(
(

|
|

\
|
+ +
|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|
=
2
2 4
2 2
2 4
2 2 4 2
2 2
3 2 2 4
3
2
3 2 3 3
2
2 5
4
5
12
1
24
5
2 5
4
2 12
3 6 2 3
2
2 12 2
;
3
2
3 5
2
3
2
3 2
l
c v
EI
pl
x c
v l x
y c y y
x l v
y c y c y
EI
p
v
c
y c
y
vx
y c y
x y
x
x l
EI
p
u
(6.72)
vng cc i c xc nh theo cng thc sau
( )
(

\
|
+ + = =
2
2 4
max
2 5
4
5
12
1
24
5
0 , 0
l
c v
EI
pl
v v (6.73)
Kt qu t sc bn vt liu l
EI
pl
v
24
5
4
max
= (6.74)
Sai lch gia hai l thuyt xc nh c t (6.72) v (6.73) l
2
2 4
2 5
4
24
l
c v
EI
pl
|

\
|
+ . y l thnh phn xut
hin do s c mt ca lc ct. Vi dm di : c l >> , sai lch trn l rt b. Mt ln na ta chng t
c rng, vi m di, kt qu t s bn vt liu khc trng khp vi kt qa ca l thuyt n hi.
Cng thc cv (6.72) cho php rt ra nhn xt:
Trn cc tit din (ng vi ta x khng i) chuyn v khng cn l tuyn tnh v nh vy tit
din ngang ca dm khng cn l phng;
Quan h
( )
2
2
0 ,
dx
x v d
EI M = ca l thuyt Euler-Bernoulli c s dng trong sc bn vt liu khng
khng nghim ng li gii ca bi ton n hi ang xt.

6.2.2 ng dng phng php Fourier tm li gii trong h ta -Cc
Mt s gii phng trnh iu ha kp tng qut hn c th tm c nh s dng phng php
Fourier. ng dng ca phng php ny xut hin t gia th k 20, v c m t chi tit trong cc cng
trnh ca Pickett (1944), Timoshenko v Goodier (1970) [6]. Theo ppp ny, hm ng sut ci tm di
dng tch bin kt hp vi ng dng chui Fourier hoc tch phn Fourier.
Hm Airy c tm trong ta -Cc di dng tch bin sau nh sau
( ) ( ) ( ) y Y x X y x = , . (6.75)
Trn nguyn tc, cc hm X v Y c th chn di dng bt k, tuy nhin, tin li v thng dng hn c l
dng hm s m
y x
e Y e X

= = , . Sau khi thay cc dng ny vo phng trnh iu ha kp (6.41),
thu c phng trnh
( ) 0 2
4 2 2 4
= + +
y x
e e

. (6.76)
L Thuyt n Hi
98

Buc biu thc trong ngoc bng 0 ta thu c phng trnh c trng
( ) 0
2
2 2
= + . (6.77)
Nghim ca phng trnh c trng trn c dng kp:
i = (6.78)
Nghim tng qut ca bi ton t ra c tm theo pp chng nghim, bao gm nghim zero v nghim
tng qut ca phng trnh iu ha kp. Vi nghim zero 0 = (nghim chp 4):
3
3
2
2 1 0 0
x C x C x C C + + + =
=
(6.79)
trong khi nghim zero ng vi 0 = cho nghim bi ton di dng
2
9
2
8 7
3
6
2
5 4 0
xy C y x C xy C y C y C y C + + + + + =
=
. (6.80)
D thy trn y chnh l nghim di dng a thc ca phng trnh iu ha kp.
Trong trng hp tng qut, nghim ca phng trnh ny l
[ ] [ ]
y y y y x i y y y y x i
ye D ye C e B e A e Dye Cye Be Ae e

+ + + + + = ' ' ' ' (6.81)
Cc hng s ty A, B, C, D v A, B, C, D c xc nh t cc iu kin bin ca bi ton. Nghim
kt qu ca bi ton tm c bng pp chng nghim, t cc nghim (6.79) , (6.80) v (6.81). S dng
dng lng gic v dng hyperbolic ca hm s m, c th vit dng nghim thc ca bi ton nh sau
( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) [ ]
0 0
cosh ' ' sinh ' ' sin
cosh sinh sin
cosh ' ' sinh ' ' cos
cosh sinh sin
= =
+ +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + =






x x H F x x G E y
x x H F x x G E y
y y D B y y C A x
y y D B y y C A x
(6.82)
Dng nghim trn kt hp vi chui Fourier cho php
gii nhiu bi ton vi cc ti trng bin phc tp.

V d 6.3 Tm ch nht chu ti bt k trn bin
(pp Fourier vi vic p dng chui Fourier )

Xt tm ch nht chu ti trng ngoi tc dng tc dng
ln cc bin. Tuy pp tng qut trn y cho php gii
quyt bi ton theo iu kin bin tng qut vi cc lc
tc dng ln c 4 mt bin, nhng, trong v d kt hp
p dng chui Fourier ny, ta xt trng hp ch hai bin
trn v di chu lc i xng qua trc y nh trn hnh
H6.7. Cc cnh tm l cng c (tc khng chnh lch
nhau qu nhiu). p dng iu kin bin chnh xc:
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ) 86 . 6 ( . ,
) 85 . 6 ( ; 0 ,
) 84 . 6 ( ' 0 ,
) 83 . 6 ( ; 0 ,
x p b x
b x
y a
y a
y
xy
xy
x
=
=
=
=

Trn c s gi thit ti trng i xng, ng sut cng i xng (i vi trc y), v hm Airy c th chon
di dng
( ) [ ]
[ ] . sinh cosh cos
sinh cosh cos ,
2
0
1
1
x C x x G x F y
y y C y B x y x
m
m m m m m
n
n n n n n
+ + +
+ =

=


(6.87)
L Thuyt n Hi
99

Cc ng sut c tnh t hm Airy trn y s l:
( ) [ ]
[ ]
[ ]
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ] + + +
+ + =
+ +
+ + =
+
+ + =

=
1
2
1
2
1
2
0
1
2
1
2
1
2
sinh cosh sinh sinh
sinh cosh sinh sinh
; cosh 2 sinh cosh cos
2 sinh cosh cos
; sinh cosh cos
cosh 2 cosh cos
n
m m m m m m m m
n
n n n n n n n n xy
m m m m m m m
m
m
n n n n n n
n
n x
m m m m m m
m
m
n n n n n n
n
n x
x x x C x F y
y y y C y B x
x x x G x F y
C y y C y B x
x x G x F y
y y C y B x






(6.88)
T cc iu kin bin (6.83), (6.84), (6.85) b m
m
/ = v a n
n
/ =
T iu kin bin (6.84) ( ) a a G F
m m m m
coth 1+ = , (6.89)
Cn iu kin (6.85) dn n ( ) b b C B
n n n n
coth 1+ = . (6.90)
p dng diu kin bin (6.83)
( ) [ ]
[ ] + =
+ +

=
1
2
1
2
sinh cosh cos
cosh 2 cosh cos
m
m m m m m m m
n
n n n n n n n
a a G a F y
y y C y B a


.
Kt qu ny c th vit li di dng
( ) [ ] + + =

=
+
1 1
1 2
cosh 2 sinh cosh 1 cos
m n
n n n n n n
n
n m m
y y y C y B y A (6.91)

trong
( )
m m m m
m
m
m
G a a a
a
A

cosh sinh
sinh
2
+ = . (6.92)
p dng qui tc khai trin Fourier, Thc hin tch phn 2 v ca (6.91), xc nh c cc h s A
m
theo
cng thc sau:
( ) ( ) [ ]

+ + =

=
+
1 0
.
1 2
. cos cosh 2 sinh cosh 1
2
n
b
m n n n n n n
n
n m
d C B
b
A (6.93)
Thc hin tch phn v so snh vi (6.91) cho kt qu
( )
( )
( )
.
sinh 1
cosh sinh
sinh 4
1
2 2
2

=

= n
n m
n
mn
n
n
m m m
m
m
b
C
a a a b
a
G

(6.94)
iu kin bin cui cng (6.86) cho php thu c quan h
[ ]
( ) [ ] ( ) x p x x x G x F b
C b b C b B x
m m m m m m
m
m m
n n n n n
n
n n
= + + +
+ +

=


cosh 2 sinh cosh cos
2 sinh cosh cos
1
2
0
1
2

Quan h trn c th c vit li di dng sau

( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] + + + =

=
+

= 1
1 2
0
*
cosh 2 sinh cosh 1 cos
m
m m m m m m
m
m
n
n n
x x x G x F x p x A (6.95)
L Thuyt n Hi
100


trong ,
( )
. 2
; cosh sinh
sinh
0
*
0
2
*
C A
C b b b
b
A
n n n n
n
n
n
=
+ =

(6.96)

Mt ln na, thc hin khai trin Fourier i vi v bn phi ca (6.95) v so snh h s ca cc s hng
cng c cc tha s l cc hm cosine ging nhau 2 v ca phng trnh kt qu, thu c:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) .
2
1
... , 3 , 2 , 1
cos
cosh sinh
sinh 2 sinh 1
cosh sinh
sinh 4
0
0
0
2
1
2
2 2
3

d p
a
C
n
d p
b b b a
b a
G
b b b a
b
C
a
a
n
n n n n
n
m
n m
m
n m
m
m
n n n
n
n

=
=

+

+

=

=
+
(6.97)
Cc phng trnh cng knh (6.94) v (6.97) c th vit li di dng gn gh hn:
= +
= +

=
1
1
;
; 0
m
n n mn n
m
n mn m
T G S C
C R G
(6.98)
vi
mn mn
S R , v
n
T hon ton xc nh. y l h v s cp phng trnh vi v s cp Nn s
n
C v
n
G . Trong li gii gn ng, c th ct h trn c h hu hn phng trnh vi hu hn Nn s.

























L Thuyt n Hi
101


Chng VII
XON THANH LNG TR

Mt trong nhng ng dng thc t quan trng, ca phng php na ngc Saint Venant l vic
gii bi ton thanh lng tr chu tc dng ca hai momen xon ti hai u, khi lc khi c b qua (xon
thun ty). Mt bn ca thanh hon ton t do. Vt liu thanh l ng hng. H ta Oxyz l h ta
thun, trc giao, vi cc trc Oy v Oz l tu trn tit din ngang.

7.1 Li gii tng qut theo phng php na ngc

Bi ton t ra c gii theo phng php na ngc: mt phn nghim c n nh trc (trn
mt c s no ), phn cn li c tm theo cch gii thun: thchin vic tch phn phng trnh c s
chung, c n gin ha.

7.1.1 Dng nghim ban u
Trn c s quan st cc kt qu th nghim xon thanh lng tr thng, tit din ngang bt k ta c
th n nh chuyn v ca im trn tit din ngang lm dng nghim ban u nh sau:
xy w
zx v

=
= ;
(7.1)
( ) z y u u , = (7.2)
Vi cc chuyn v xc nh theo (10.1), tit din ngang ca thanh xoay mt gc , trong khi vn
bo ton hnh dng (ca hnh chiu trn mt phng ta y-z) (H7.1)



L Thuyt n Hi
102


Trng hp thanh trn, trn c s gi thit Coulom, ta xc nh c ngay , 0 ) , ( = z y u tc khi b
xon, tit din ngang thanh trn khng b vnh. Khi thanh l lng tr, chuyn v theo phng trc Ox ca
cc im trn tit din ngang, xc nh theo cng thc (7.2), l hm ca hai ta (y,z). Nh vy, gi
thit rng, khi b xon thun tu, tit din ngang thanh lng tr khng cn phng na.

7.1.2 Hm ng sut v phng trnh c s
Xut pht t dng nghim ban u (7.1) v (7.2), ta s gii tip bi ton theo ng sut. S dng
phng trnh ca nh lut Hooke tng qut v quan h Cauchy, c th chng t rng, vi chuyn v ca
cc im c xc nh s b bi cc cng thc (7.1) v (7.2) th trong cc thnh phn ng sut, ch c
ng sut
zx xy
v l khc 0, tc:
0 ; 0 ; 0 = = = =
yz z y x zx xy
(7.3)
Bi ton dn n vic tm hai thnh phn ng sut cha bit trong (7.3). u tin, phng trnh cn bng
phi c tha mn. Sau khi thay (7.3) vo phng trnh cn bng (2.16), vi X = Y = Z = 0, ta thu c
. 0 ; 0
; 0
=

x x
z y
zx
xy
zx
xy

(7.4)
T cc ng thc (7.4), c th suy ra rng, cc ng sut
zx xy
v khng ph thuc vo to x. tho
mn (7.4), ta ch cn tm c hm ca hai bin y, z c nh ngha nh sau:
( )
( )
,
,
;
,
y
z y
z
z y
zx
xy

(7.5)
trong , (y,z) l hm bt k (hai ln kh vi) ca cc to y v z. Hm (y,z) c gi l hm ng
sut. Hm ng sut (y,z) trn y do Prandt a ra u tin

7.1.3 iu kin tng thch -Phng trnh Poisson
Cc iu kin cn bng (7.4) s t tho mn vi mi hm (y,z). tm ra phng trnh xc nh
hm ny, ta s dng cc iu kin tng thch (3.32).
Trn c s cc cng thc (7.4), (7.5), nh lut Hooke tng qut (4.40) v phng trnh tng
thch (3.35*), ta thu c
, 0
; 0
2 2
2 2
=

z z
y y
(7.6)
trong ,
.
2
2
2
2
2
z y

=
T cc ng thc trn suy ra rng, hm (y,z) cn tho mn phng trnh Poisson
( ) c z y = ,
2
, (7.7)
trong , c = const.

xc nh hng s c cn s dng kt hp:
cng thc (7.5);
L Thuyt n Hi
103

nh lut Hooke tng qut (4.40);
cc quan h ng sut-bin dng (3.14); cng vi
dng nghim ban u (7.1).
Kt qu, thu c
.
;
|

\
|

+ =

=
|
|

\
|

+ =

=
z
u
y G
y
y
u
z G
z
zx
xy

(7.8)
Ly o hm phng trnh u ca (7.8) theo z, phng trnh th 2 theo y, ri tr kt qu th nht
cho kt qu th 2, ta thu c
. 2
2
2
2
2
2


G
z y
= =

(7.9)
T ,
. 2 G c =

Cng ly o hm cc phng trnh (7.8) nhng theo th t ngc li: ly o hm phng trnh
u theo y, phng trnh th 2 theo z ri cng cc kt qu, ta c:
0
2
= u . (7.10)
hay, hm chuyn v u phi l iu ha, (7.10).

7.1.4 iu kin bin. Qu o ng sut tip
xc nh hon ton hm (y,z) cn xc lp cc gi tr trn bin ca n (tc trn ng bao tit
din ngang) ng vi mt bn ca thanh khng chu ti ( 0 = = =
n
z
n
y
n
x
T T T ). Kt hp cc phng trnh
(2.16) v cng thc (7.3), c th nhn thy rng, cc phng trnh th 2 v th 3 ca h (2.16) t tho
mn, cn phng trnh th nht s c dng (H7.2)
( ) ( ) 0 , cos , cos = + z n y n s
zx xy
(7.11)
ngha ca (7.11) kh r rng: hnh chiu ca ng sut tip ton phn ln php tuyn vi ng bao tit
din ngang nht thit phi bng 0.


Trn c s ca (7.5), cc iu kin bin (7.11)
c th vit li
L Thuyt n Hi
104

( ) ( ) . 0 , cos , cos =

z n
y
y n
z

(7.12 )
Mt khc, c: (xem H7.2)
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) , , cos , cos
; , cos , cos
s
y
n
z
y s z n
s
z
n
y
z s y n

= =

= =
(7.13)
trong , s v n - tng ng, l tip tuyn v php tuyn vi ng bao ti im A. Da trn (7.13), c
th vit li biu thc (7.12) di dng
. 0 =

s s
y
y s
z
z

(7.14)
T (7.14) suy ra rng, gi tr ca hm (y,z) dc theo ng bao l khng i, hay
( ) . , const B z y = = (7.15)
Khi thay i gi tr ca hng s B, phng trnh (7.15) xc nh mt h ng cong v ti mi im trn
ng cong kn thuc h ng cong ny, ng sut tip ton phn lun song song vi tip tuyn ca
ng bao ti im kho st Cc ng cong ny c tn l qu o ng sut tip.
Nu nh tit din ngang l mt min n lin, th hng s biu th gi tr ca hm ng sut trn
bin ca tit din ngang c th nhn mt gi tr bt k, c th bng 0. Vic chn mt cch bt k gi tr
ca hng s ny khng nh hng g n kt qu ca li gii. Thc vy, gi s
0
(y,z) l mt hm ng
sut nhn gi tr bng 0 trn ng bao, cn hm
( ) ( ) B z y z y + = , ,
0
(7.16)
cng s l hm ng sut ca bi ton vi gi tr B bt k, khng i trn ng bao. Thy ngay rng, cc
ng sut tip
zx xy
, tnh c t hm (y,z), theo cng thc (7.5) s khng ph thuc g vo gi tr B.
Nu tit din ngang ca thanh xc nh mt min a lin, th ch trn mt trong cc ng bao c
th chn hng s ni trn l bt k. Cc gi tr ca hng s trn cc bin khc c th tm c theo iu
kin n tr ca chuyn v u (v tt nhin ph thuc vo ga tr ca hng s c chn bt k ni trn).
Gi tr ca hm ng sut trn ng bao ngoi cng thng c chn bt k, trong khi gi tr
hm ny trn cc ng bao khc, bn trong, c xc nh trn c s ca iu kin n tr ca chuyn v
u.

7.1.5 nh l lu s ng sut tip
iu kin n tr ca chuyn v u c vit di dng

=
|
|

\
|

, 0 dz
z
u
dy
y
u
(7.17)
trong , tch phn c ly theo cc ng bao kn trong tit din ngang.
Sau khi thay gi tr cc o hm ring ca chuyn v u theo y v theo z, tnh theo (7.8), vo iu
kin (7.17) ta c
( ) ( )

+ =

+ zdy ydz dz dy
G
zx xy

1
(7.18)
Mt khc, t (7.13), c th vit:
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) , , , cos
; , cos , cos
ds z s sos ds y n dz
ds y s ds z n dy
= =
= =

v th, c th vit li ng thc (7.18)
( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) [ ]

+ =

+ ds n z z n y y G ds s z s y
zx xy
, cos , cos , cos , cos (7.19)
Biu thc trong du ngoc vung, di du tch phn, trong v bn tri ca (7.19) chnh l hnh chiu ca
ng sut tip ton phn trn tip tuyn vi ng cong kn tch phn tc
L Thuyt n Hi
105


( ) ( ) ( ) s s z s y
x x zx xy
, cos , cos , cos = + (7.20)
cn tch phn v bn phi ca (7.19) bng 2 ln din tch F, gii hn bi ng cong tch phn . T
suy ra, cho chuyn v u n tr, cn tho mn ng thc sau
( ) F G ds s
x x
2 , cos =

(7.21)
trong , F l din tch ca min c gii hn bi ng cong kn m theo ta ly tch phn.
Tch phn trong v tri ca (7.21) c gi l lu s ng sut tip theo ng cong kn nm trong
gii hn ca tit din ngang.
Nh vy, ta c th pht biu nh l:
Lu s ng sut tip theo mi mt ng cong kn, trong phm vi ca tit din ngang v khng ct
ng bin ca tit din, bng din tch gii hn bi ng cong ni trn, nhn vi 2G
C bao nhiu min bn trong ca tit din ngang, c th v cn phi, vit by nhiu phng trnh
dng (7.21). Hnh chiu ca ng sut tip ton phn trn tip tuyn ca ng cong c th tnh c theo
hm ng sut (y,z) . S dng cng thc (7.5) v (7.13), c th vit li (7.20) di dng
( ) . , cos
|
|

\
|

y
y
z
z
s
x x
(7.22)
Nh vy, iu kin n tr ca chuyn v u(y,z) c th vit thng qua hm ng sut nh sau

. 2 F G ds

(7.23)
T tt c nhng iu va trnh by trn y, ta thy rng, cc biu thc v chuyn v c n nh
bi (7.1) v (7.2) c th tho mn cc phng trnh cn bng, phng trnh tng thch bin dng v iu
kin khng tn ti lc ngoi tc dng trn mt bn ca thanh, nu nh tm c hm tha mn phng
trnh Poisson (7.7) v nhn gi tr khng i trn bin. By gi ch cn cn xc nh xem, ng lc no gy
ra ng sut c xc nh theo cng thc (7.3) v (7.5) trn mt ct thanh.
V ch c cc ng sut
zx xy
v l khc 0, do , ch cn tm hnh chiu ca vecto chnh trn cc
trc Oy v Oz cng vi momen chnh ca cc ng lc tip tuyn trn tit din ngang. Ta hy tnh cc ng
lc ni trn cho tit din nh lin, biu din trn hnh H7.3.
Gi s trn bin ngoi cng c (y,z) =
0
= const, cn trn bin trong: (y,z) =
1
= const.
Hnh chiu trn Oy ca vecto chnh ca ng lc tc dng trn tit din ngang, c th xc nh theo cng
thc

= dydz
z
dydz P
xy y

(7.24)
Ta tnh tch phn

; dz
z

Vi cc min
3 2 1 0
v y y y y y y

Vi
2 1
y y y
. 0
1 0 0 1
= + =

dz
z

Nh vy, P
y
= 0. Bng cch tng t, c th chng minh rng, c hnh chiu trn trc Oz, tc P
z
, cng
bng 0 .
; 0
0 0
= =

dz
z
L Thuyt n Hi
106


*Momen xon c tnh theo cng thc
( )

|
|

\
|

= = . dydz y
y
z
z
dydz y z M
zx xy x


(7.25)




Trc tin, tnh tch phn th nht trong v bn phi ca (7.25):
Vi
1 0
y y y
( )

= =

1
0
2
1
1
0
2
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
2
1
2
1
; |
1 2 0
y
y
z
z
y
y
z
z
y
y
y
y
y
y
z
z
z
z
dydz dy z z dydz dy z dydz
z
z

Vi
2 1
y y y
( ) ( )

=

2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
4
3
2
1
6
5
4 5 1 3 6 0
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
dydz dydz dy z z dy z z dydz
z
z

Vi
3 2
y y y ( )

=

3
2
8
7
3
2
3
2
8
7
7 8 0
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
dydz dy z z zdydz
z

thm rng
L Thuyt n Hi
107

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ,
;
;
2
1
2
1
3
2
8
71
6
5
2
1
4
3
1
0
2
1
2
1
3
2
1
0
1 1 4 5 1
0 0 7 8 3 6 1 2 0

=
= + + +
=
(
(

+ +
y
y
y
y
y
y
z
z
z
z
y
y
z
z
y
y
z
z
y
y
y
y
y
y
F dy z z
dydz dydz dydz dydz dydz
F dy z z dy z z dy z z




trong , F
0
din tch ca min bao bi ng bao ngoi cng (bao gm c min rng bn trong),
cn F
1
din tch min rng bn trong. T , c th vit
[ ]

+ =

,
0 0 1 1
F dydz F zdydz
z

trong , tch phn kp phi c ly trn tit din ngang m vt liu ca thanh chim ch.
Bng cch tng t c th tnh tch phn th 2 trong trong v phi ca (7.25), v c kt qu sau
[ ]

+ =

,
0 0 1 1
F dydz F ydydz
y

Sau khi thay gi tr cc tch phn tm c trn y vo vo cng thc (7.25), ta c
[ ] . 2
0 0 1 1
F dydz F M
x

+ =
(7.26)
L Thuyt n Hi
108

Nu tit din ngang ca thanh c m min trong th momen xon s bng
(

+ =
=
0 0
1
2 F dydz F M
m
i
i i x

(7.27)
trong ,
i
gi tr ca hm ng sut trn ng bao trong th i;
F
i
din tch ca min c gii hn bi ng bao trong th i cn tch phn kp c ly trn
tit din ngang (vng b vt liu thanh chim ch).


Cng thc (7.27) xc lp quan h gia momen xon v hm ng sut. Ta ch thy rng, trong
cng thc ny, biu thc bn trong du mc vung:
0 0
1
F dydz F
m
i
i i
+

=
chnh l th tch ca khng gian gii hn bi mt phng =
0
, mt biu din hm ng sut trn
tit din ngang m vt liu thanh chim ch v cc mt phng =
i
trn min xc ng bi ng
bao trong th i ( H7.4).
Nh vy, c th thy rng nghim ban u v chuyn v (7.1) v (7.2,) xut trc y, hon ton p
ng bi ton v xon thun tu thanh lng tr. Nh cc nghim ny, ta xy dng c phng php
tng qut tm nghim ca bi ton t ra, thng qua vic tm hm ng sut tha mn phng trnh
Poisson
(7.7) vi cc gi tr khng i trn bin.
Vi mc ch xc nh cc hm ng sut trong cc bi ton xon thun tu thanh lng tr, ta hy
nghin cu tip mt s tng t kh c sc, c nhiu ng dng thc t, do Prandt pht hin u tin,

7.1.6 S tng t Prandt
Phng trnh vi phn (7.9) v iu kin bin (7.15) ca bi ton xon thanh lng tr ging vi
phng trnh vi phn v cc iu kin bin ca bi ton xc nh vng mng mng, cng trn ng
bao c cng hnh dng nh ng bao ca tit din ngang thanh chu xon khi mng chu ti trng
ngang ri u v lc cng khng i theo tt c cc hng
iu ny c chng minh bng cch lp phng trnh cn bng ca mng mmg chu ti trng
ngang ri u vi cng q = const v cc ng lc ko vi cng (trn mt n v chiu di) khng
i p. Nhm mc ch ny, ta hy tch ra t mng mt phn t c kch thc dy v dz v t vo cc cnh
ca phn t ny cc lc pdy v pdz (H7.4). Do tnh cht ca mng mng, khng chng un, khng c lc
ct v cc lc pdy, pdz hng ra khi phn t v to vi trc Ox cc gc nh sau:
(pdy-Ox): dy
y
u
y
u
y
u
2
2
v

;

(pdz-Ox): dz
z
u
z
u
z
u
2
2

v .

L Thuyt n Hi
109


.

Ta lp iu kin cn bng ca phn t, theo , tng hnh chiu cc lc tc dng vo phn t, ln
trc Ox, phi bng 0, tc
, 0
2
2
2
2
= +

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

qdxdy
z
u
pdy dz
z
u
z
u
pdy
y
u
pdz dy
y
u
y
u
pdz
hay, sau khi gin c tha s khc 0 l dydz, ta thu c
.
2
2
2
2
2
p
q
u
z
u
y
u
= =

(7.28)

ng lc p v ti trng q c th chn sao cho t s q/p, v tr s, bng 2G . Khi , phng trnh
(7.28) xc nh vng u ca mng s trng vi phng trnh (7.9) xc nh hm ng sut . Nu tit
din ngang ca thanh chu xon l n lin, th iu kin bng 0 ca hm ng sut trn bin tng ng
vi iu kin bin ca hm u khi chuyn v trn bin ca mng bng 0. Trong trng hp ny, vng
ca mng chnh bng hm ng sut. u
i vi tit din a lin, cc hm ni trn s bng nhau khi m vng ca mng l khng i
trn cc ng bao trong, tng ng vi iu kin l ti cc min trong, c cc tm ph khng bin dng
v khng trng lng, chu ti trng ngang q. Cc tm kiu ny, c gn vi mng, v ch chuyn v tnh
tin theo phng vung gc vi mt phng tm (H7.6)
C th chng minh rng, phng trnh cn bng ca tm nh trn c th bin i tng ng v
phng trnh (7.23) ca bi ton v xon. Thc vy, phng trnh cn bng ca tm c th vit di dng
(tng hnh chiu tt c cc lc trn trc Ox bng 0)
, 0 =

+ ds
u
p qF

hay

= . ds
u
F
p
q

L Thuyt n Hi
110



Ch rng nu nh, trong ng thc trn, ta thay q/p bi 2G cn u(y,z) - bi hm (y,z), s thu
c phng trnh (10.23). Vn t ra c chng minh.
S tng t ng lu gia bi ton xon thanh lng tr v bi ton un mng mng trn y cho
php ta rt ra cc kt lun sau y:
a) Cc ng (y,z) = const khi xon, s tng ng vi ng u(y,z) = const (ng ng mc)
trong bi ton un mng. Da vo gc nghing ca mng theo phng vung gc vi ng ng mc,
c th xc nh gi tr ca ng sut tip ton phn, trong bi ton xon, v
( )
x x x
s

= =

, cos .
S tng t ny cho php ta hnh dung mt cch r rng, ti im no trn tit din ngang tn ti
ng sut tp trung (tc ni m ng sut c gi tr tng t bin). C th chng t rng, ti cc im giao
nhau to thnh gc ca ng bao tit din ngang chu xon, c hin tng ng sut tp trung;
b) Nu tit din ngang c trc i xng, th vng ca mng, v nh vy, c hm ng sut, cng
i xng i vi trc ny;
c) Khi kho st xon thun tu thanh lng tr m tit din ngang ca n hp thnh t cc hnh ch
nht, c chiu dy nh, th c th coi nh gc nghing ca mng trong phm vi chiu dy l khng i, v
nh vy, ( ) const s
x x
= =

, cos

, tc, ng sut phn b u theo chiu dy thnh tit din.

Di y, ta kho st li gii mt s bi ton xon thun tu thanh lng tr.

Bi ton 1. Xon thanh tit din hnh ellipe.
Gi s cc bn trc ca ellipe l a v b . Khi , phng trnh ng bao s l
. 1
2
2
2
2
= +
b
z
a
y

Phng trnh vi phn (7.9) v iu kin bin (7.15) trong trng hp B = 0, s c tho mn, nu
nh nhn
( ) , 1 ,
2
2
2
2
|
|

\
|
+ =
b
z
a
y
A z y (7.29)
trong , A = const.
Thay biu thc (7.29) vo phng trnh (7.9), ta tm c
L Thuyt n Hi
111

.
2 2
2 2
b a
b a
G A
+
=
Nh vy,
. 1
2
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
|
|

\
|

+
=
b
z
a
y
b a
b a
G
S dng cc quan h (7.5) v (7.26) ta tm c

+
=
|
|

\
|

+
= =
+
=
+
=
. 1 2 2
;
2
;
2
2 2
3 3
2
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2
b a
b a
G dydz
b
z
a
y
b a
b a
G dydz M
y
b a
b
G
z
b a
a
G
x
zx
xy

Mt c trng quan trng ca tit din ngang thanh l h s cng xon (cn gi l cng xon), c
hiu bng t s gia momen xon v gc xon trn mt n v chiu di .
Da trn biu thc va thu c trn y, c cng thc tnh h s cng xon ca thanh ellipe nh sau
.
2 2
3 3
b a
b a
G C
+
=


ng sut tip ton phn c xc nh theo cng thc
.
2
4
2
4
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
b
z
a
y
b a
b a
G
zx xy x
+
+
= + =
Nu a > b th
x
t gi tr ln nht ti im cui ca bn trc nh ( b z = ). iu ny c th suy ra trc
tip t s tng t nu ra trn y, v trong trng hp kho st (khi a > b ) gc nghing ln nht ca
mng s l ti im b z = vi gi tr
2 2 2
2
max
2 2
ab
M
b a
b a
G
x

=
+
= .
xc nh chuyn v u (chuyn v vnh) ta s dng cng thc (7.8). Sau mt vi con tnh cn thit, ta thu
c kt qu
,
2 2
2 2
yz
b a
b a
u
+

=
trong , gi thit rng ti gc to , u = 0.

Bi ton 2. Xon thanh tit din ch nht.
Ta k hiu chiu di cc cnh ca hnh ch nht ny l a v b (H7.7)

V tit din ngang c 2 trc i xng nn hm ng sut phi l hm chn i vi y v z . Ta s tm
nghim ca phng trnh vi phn (7.9) bng phng php tch bin, v ly
L Thuyt n Hi
112

( ) ( ) , cos ,
,... 3 , 1
=
k
k
a
y k
z f z y

(7.30)
tc, (10.30) tho mn iu kin i xng i vi trc Oz ca hm (y,z) v iu kin bin (y,z) = 0 ti
2
a
y = .
xc nh hm cha bit f
k
(z) cn thay(7.30) vo phng trnh (7.9), sau khi khai trin v phi ca
phng trnh ny theo chui Fourier
=
,... 3 , 1
, cos 2
k
k
a
y k
A G


trong , vi k = 1, 3, 5
.
2
sin
8

k
k
G
A
k
=
Khi so snh cc h s bn cnh hm cosine vi cng i s, hai v ca phng trnh, ta thu c
phng trnh vi phn sau y i vi hm cn tm f
k
(z)
( ) ( ) .
2
"
k k k
A z f
a
k
z f =
|

\
|

Nghim ca phng trnh ny c th vit di dng
( ) .
2
a
z k
sh D
a
z k
ch C A
k
a
z f
k k k k

+ +
|

\
|
= (a)
Cc hng s tch phn C
k
v D
k
cn c xc nh t cc iu kin bin ca hm f
k
(z). Cc iu kin ny
c th thit lp theo cch sau y.
V ti
2
b
z = c 0
2
, =
|

\
|

b
y ,
nn, sau khi thay dng nghim (7.30) vo ng thc (a), thu c
. 0
2
=
|

\
|

b
f
k

Nh vy, cc hng s tch phn C
k
v D
k
c th tm c t h phng trnh
. 0
2 2 2
; 0
2 2 2
2
2
= + |

\
|
= |

\
|
= + +
|

\
|
=
|

\
|
a
b k
sh D
a
b k
ch C A
k
a b
f
a
b k
sh D
a
b k
ch C A
k
a b
f
k k k k
k k k k

t ,
a
b k
ch
A
k
a
C
D
k
k
k
2
; 0
2

\
|
=
=
.
Bn thn hm f
k
(z) s l
( )
( )
|

\
|
=
a
z k
ch
a
b k
ch
a
b k
ch
k
k
a G
z f
k
2 2
2
2
sin
8
3
2

, (b)
cn hm ng sut c th vit di dng
L Thuyt n Hi
113

( ) , cos
2
2
sin
cos
2
sin
8
,
,... 3 , 1 ,... 3 , 1
3
3 3
2
(
(
(
(

=
k k a
y k
a
b k
ch k
a
z k
ch
k
a
y k
k
k
a G
z y

hay

( ) . cos
2
2
sin
8
2
,
,... 3 , 1
3
3
2
2
2

(
(

|
|

\
|
=
k a
y k
a
b k
ch k
a
z k
ch
k
a G
y
a
G z y

(c)
[ c biu thc hm ng sut trn, s dng ng thc sau y:

(
(

\
|
=
,... 3 , 1
2
2
2
3
3
.
2 8
cos
2
sin
k
y
a
a a
y k
k
k

( chng minh ng thc trn, c th khai trin v phi ca n theo chui ca hm cos(ky/a) ri so
snh h s ).
Tnh cht hi t ca chui, cha trong biu thc (c) ca hm (y,z) cng tt nu nh t s gia cc
cnhcng ln. V th cho nn, c c tnh hi t tt, cn hng trc Oz theo cnh di ca tit din.
xc nh - gc xon trn n v chiu di, theo momen xon M
x
cho trc, cn dng cng thc
(7.26), vi
0
= F
1
= 0. Sau khi thay biu thc (c) ca hm (y,z) vo cng thc (7.26) v thc hin php
tch phn, thu c
.
2
1 64
3
1
,... 3 , 1
5
4
5
3
(

=
k
x
a
b k
th
k
Ga b Ga M

T
,
C
M
x
=
trong

=
,... 3 , 1
5
4
5
3
,
2
1 64
3
1
k
a
b k
th
k
Ga b Ga C

C chnh l h s cng xon ca tit din ngang ch nht.
Khi b/a 5, h s cng xon , vi chnh xc m cc tnh ton thc t yu cu, c th xc nh
h s cng theo cng thc
.
3
1
3
b Ga C = (7.31)
S dng tng t Prandt, c th khng nh rng, ng sut cc i t ti trung im cnh di ca tit
din (v gc nghing ca mng tng ng ti l ln nht).
Khi b > a
=
,... 3 , 1
3 2
max
.
2
1 1 8
k
a
b k
ch
k
a
G
a G

(7.32)
Gi tr cc i khi b/a 5 tnh c theo cng thc
.
max
a G =



L Thuyt n Hi
114


Bi ton 3. Xon thanh tit din ngang hp thnh t cc di mng hnh ch nht (li gii gn ng)
Ta kho st tit din ngang n lin, hp thnh t cc di hnh ch nht (H7.6), m mi di u
tho mn t s b
i
/a
i
5 .
c c cc cng thc tnh ton tng ng, ta ch n tng t Prandt.
vng ti mi di, trong thnh phn tit din ngang, s ging nh khi n ng ring bit, nu
nh b qua s thay i (nh) ca vng ti ch gp nhau ca cc di. V th cho nn, xc nh h s
cng xon v ng sut ca mi di, c th dng cc cng thc (7.31) v (7.32). V gc xon ca tt c cc
di u nh nhau, nn momen xon ng vi mi di, s bng
( )
.
3
1
3

i i i
i
x
b Ga C M = =
Tng momen xon c xc nh theo cng thc
( )
= = = =
i i i
i i i
i
x x
C b a
G
C M M ,
3
3

(7.33)
trong
=
i
i i
b a
G
C .
3
3
(7.34)
Nh vy, cng ca tit din ngang phc hp (theo ngha m ta va nu bn trn) bng tng cng
ca tt c cc di thnh phn, khi chu xon ring bit. Gi tr cc i ca ng sut tip trn mi di s t
ti trung im ca cnh di ca di v bng
.
3
3
max

= = =
i
i i
i x
i
i
i
x
i i
b a
a M
Ga
C
M
a G
Cn ch rng, trong cc cng thc trn y cha ch n ng sut cc b tp trung, ti nhng c tip
gip gia cc di, ni c cc gc to bi cc cnh ca cc di nh cp n khi kho st tng t
Prandt.

7.2 Xon thun tu thanh thnh mng, tit din a lin

7.2.1 Thanh c tit din nh lin
Ta gii quyt bi ton t ra trn c s s dng tng t Prandt trn y cho thanh thnh mng,
nh lin (H7.87). V chiu dy ca thnh c gi thit l rt nh so vi cc kch thc cn li, nn c th
coi b mt ca mng mng Prandt, tng ng vi tit din ngang ca thanh, theo kiu ch ra trn H21, l
mt mt conic (mt nn). Ni cch khc, khi chiu dy thnh l nh, gc nghing ca mng trong phm vi
chiu dy ni trn c th coi l khng i. Ngoi ra, ng sut tip ton phn ti mi im hng theo tip
tuyn ca ng bao trung bnh, l ng phn chia chiu dy ca tit din ra thnh hai phn bng nhau.
L Thuyt n Hi
115


Theo cng thc (7.22) , t a c
( )
( ) ( )
, , cos
1 1 0
s s
s
x x x

= = (7.35)
trong : 0 ;
0 1
= = const - l cc gi tr ca hm ng sut, tng ng, ti ng bao trong v ti
ng bao ngoi;
(s) - l chiu dy ca thnh tit din.
Hng dng ca ng sut, xc nh trong cng thc (7.35), trng vi hng dng khi di chuyn
quanh ng bao (xem 7.1, H7.2).
Ch rng, trong cng thc (7.35), o hm

phi c tnh theo php tuyn ngoi ca ng bao

nhng v ng sut tip li bng o hm ni trn km vi du m (-), nn trn thc t, ng sut ny
c tnh bng gi tr ca o hm hm ng sut theo php tuyn trong ca ng bao trung bnh ti
im kho st.
Nh c th thy t (7.35), ng sut tip ln nht s xut hin ti im c chiu dy nh nht
.
min
1
max

=
x
(7.36)
Momen xon, tc dng vo thanh, c mi lin h vi hm ng sut, c xc nh theo (7.27) , v t ,
ta c
, 2 2
1
*
1 1
F F dydz M
F
x
= |

\
|

+ = (7.37)
trong , F l din tch bao bi ng bao trung bnh S.
F* - l din tch tit din ngang m vt liu ca thanh chim ch.
Trn c s ca cng thc (7.37) ta tm c
F
M
x
2
1
=
ng thi, kt hp vi (7.36), c
L Thuyt n Hi
116

( )
.
2
;
2
min
max

F
M
s F
M
x
x
x
x
=
=
(7.38)
Cng thc (7.38) c tn l cng thc Bredt.
cng xon ca thanh c nh ngha l t s gia momen xon
x
M v gc xon n v .
cng xon ca tit din kho st c th tm c trn c s p dng nh l lu s ca ng sut tip
(7.21). V ng sut tip ton phn (7.38) trn tit din ngang hng theo tip tuyn vi ng trung bnh,
nn
( )
F G
s
ds
F
M
S
x

2 .
2
=

T c cng thc tnh cng xon ca thanh
( )
.
4
2

=
S
s
ds
GF
C

(7.39)
1. Vi ng c chiu dy
0
khng i:
.
4
0
2
S
GF
C

=
( S l chu vi ca ng bao trung bnh).
2. Vi ng trn,
.
4
;
4
; 2
2
0
3
0
2
2

GS
C
S
r F r S = = = =
3. Vi ng ch nht, c t s gia cc cnh a / b =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
.
1 4
;
1 4
;
1 2
;
1 2
4
2
0
3
1
2
2

+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
GS
C
S
F
S
b
S
a
Nh vy, nu ng trn v ng ch nht c cng chu vi S, t l gia hai cng xon s l

( )
.
1
2 2
4
1
0

+
=
C
C


Trng hp ng tit din l hnh vung, = 1 v c
, 6 , 1
1
0
=
C
C

tc cng xon ca ng trn ln hn 1,6 ln so vi ng vung c cng chu vi hnh ng trung bnh.

7.2.2 Thanh c tit din a lin
Tit din a lin y c hiu l t tam lin tr ln. Vic tnh xon cho trng hp ng tit din
a lin, v nguyn tc, khng khc vi trng hp tit din nh lin. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp tit din
a lin, cn xc nh gi tr ca hm ng sut
1
,
2
,
3

ti tt c cc ng bao trong ca tit din
kho st.
L Thuyt n Hi
117


lp cc phng trnh tng ng, ta s dng nh l v lu s ng sut tip, mi ln (ng vi mt
phng trnh ) cho mt ng bao trong, v nh vy, h c bao nhiu ng bao trong, cn lp by nhiu
phng trnh.
Ta kho st trnh t gii bi ton ni trn qua v d tnh ton cho kt cu t lin nh trn H7.8. Khi
di chuyn bao quanh ng bao S
i
, chia i chiu dy ca cc phn tit din, ta tnh c ng sut tip
theo cng thc, tng ng vi chiu di chuyn xc nh
( )
i
k i
xi
s

= (7.40)
trong ,
i
l gi tr ca hm ng sut trn ng bao trong S
i
;
k
l gi tr ca hm ng sut trn
ng bao k cn. Tch phn ng c ly trn on chung ca hai ng bao ni trn.
Cng thc (7.40) tng ng vi vic tnh o hm ca hm

theo php tuyn trong ca ng bao S
i
.
Trn c s ca cng thc (7.21), p dng cho trng hp ca H7.8, ta c

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )

3
6 , 5 , 4
2
4 , 5
2 3
3
2
5 , 4 1 , 5
2 3 2
4 , 3
2
3 , 1
1 2
2
1
1 , 3
2 1
3 , 2 , 1
1
1
2
; 2
; 2
GF
s
ds
ds
s
ds
GF
s
ds
ds
s s
ds
ds
s
ds
GF ds
s s
ds
ds
S
x
S
x
S
x
=

=

+ +

+ =

(7.41)

trong , th t ca cc con s biu th chiu thc hn tch phn, cn F
i
l din tch bao bi ng bao
th i.
Sau khi lm gn cng thc (7.41), ta c

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )

= +

=

4 , 5 3
3 3 2
2 5 , 4
2 3 2
3 , 1
1
1 , 3
1 2
1
1
. 2
; 2
; 2
S
S
S
GF
s
ds
s
ds
GF
s
ds
s
ds
s
ds
GF
s
ds
s
ds

(7.42)
Ta lu rng, trong cng thc (7.42), tt c cc tch phn u dng, tc, du c tnh n
khi rt ra cng thc ny. V
( ) ( )

=
ij ji
s
ds
s
ds
,


L Thuyt n Hi
118


nn h (7.42) c ma trn h s i xng.
T qu trnh thit lp cc phng trnh, ta c th rt ra cc kt lun sau y:
(1). Tt c cc i lng
j
, trong phng trnh th j, u c du dng pha trc, cn h s
cnh n bng tch phn
( )

,
s
ds

ly trn ng bao kn tng ng.

(2). Cc i lng
j-1
v
j+1
trong phng trnh th j lun km theo du m pha trc, v h s
bn cnh chng bng
( )

s
ds

ly trn cc bn thnh tng ng, l bn thnh chung ca cc din tch F

j-1-
F
j

v F
j+1-
F
j
.
Sau khi gii h phng trnh trn, c th biu th tt c cc Nn s
j
qua gc xon n v
,
0 0
GF k
i i
=
trong , F
0
v
0
l cc i lng bt k, c th nguyn din tch v th nguyn chiu di.
gii hon ton bi ton, cn xc lp mi quan h gia gc xon v momen xon M
x

Trn c s ca (7.27) v qui tc v du xc lp, c th vit
( ) . 2
3 3 2 2 1 1
F F F M
x
+ + = (7.43)
Khi , c th bin i cng thc (7.41) v dng
( ) . 2
0 0 3 3 2 2 1 1
GF F k F k F k M
x
+ + = (7.44)
H s bn cnh trong cng thc trn chnh l cng xon ca tit din ngang a lin.

V d p dng Xc nh ng sut tip khi xon thun tu thanh c tit din ngang a lin, thnh mng.
Trn H7.9 biu din tit din ngang ni, cn trn bng B7.1 cho cc kch thc cn thit cho vic
tnh ton. K hiu chiu dy v chiu di ccphn t tit din ngang bng 2 ch s di, tng ng vi 2
im xc nh phn t ni trn.
Ta hy xc nh ng sut tip, xut hin trn tit din ngang ni trn, di tc dng ca momen
xon M
x
= 10000 tm
B2 Cc kch thng tit din ngang ni

12

34

89

78

79

15

28
l
12
l
13
l
35
l
78
l
79
l
28

10 10 10 10 20 12 15 5000 6000 6500 15000 35000 16000

V tit din ngang l i xng (H7.9) , nn ta ch cn xt mt na tit din ny m thi. Khi ,
momen xon m na tit din tip nhn s l 5000tm. Vch dc 1-2, nm trn trc i xng s khng chu
tc dng ca ng sut tip, v rng cc lung ng sut tip ging nhau trn cc ng bao v bn phi v
v bn tri vch ni trn s hng ngc chiu nhau v trit tiu nhau. Vi im lu ni trn, ta c th
lp h phng trnh (7.41) nh sau

; 2
; 2
; 2
3
6 , 5 56
2 3
9 , 7 5 , 9 95
3
79
3
7 , 8 87
3
8 , 6 68
3
2
3 , 5 4 , 3 34
1 2
53
2
5 , 6 65
3 2
6 , 4 46
2
1
1 , 3 31
1
3 , 4 43
2 1
4 , 2 24
1

GF ds ds ds ds ds
GF ds ds ds ds
GF ds ds ds
=

+ + + +
=

+ +

+
= +

+



(7.45)


L Thuyt n Hi
119



V chiu day thnh l khng i nn
( )
.
, ij
ij
j i
l
s
ds

=

Ly v d, F
0
= 30 m
2
, ta c
F
1
= F
0
; F
2
= 1,08F
0
; F
3
= 1,75F
0
, (7.46)
v , ngoi ra, t 2.10
-3
GF
0
= K
0.
(7.47)
Sau khi tnh cc tch phn v rt gn cc biu thc, ta cphng trnh sau y cho vic xc nh
cc hm cn tm
1
,
2
, v
3
. 75 , 1 10 10
; 08 , 1 10 10 10
; 10 10
0
3
56
56
95
95
79
79
87
87
68
68
3
3
56
56
2
0
3
65
65
3
3
34
34
53
53
65
65
46
46
2
3
34
34
1
0
3
43
43
2
3
31
31
43
43
24
24
1
K
l l l l l l
K
l l l l l l
K
l l l l
=
|
|

\
|
+ + + + +
=
|
|

\
|
+ + + +
=
|
|

\
|
+ +

(7.48)

Sau khi thay cc gi tr ca l
ij
v
ij
t bng B
2
vo h phng trnh trn, ta thu c h phng trnh kt
qu nh biu din trn B
3
. Trn bng B
3
cn biu th c cc kt qu tnh ton.


B3 Gi trtrn bin ca cc hm ng sut khi xon thun tu ni
N
0
ph.trnh
1

3
K
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1,4
-0,5
-
-
-
1
-0,5
1,975
-0,5
-
1
-
-
-0,5
3,14
1
-
-
1,0
1,08
1,75
0,657
0,981
1,064

Sau khi thay cc gi tr ca
i
t bng B3

vo (7.44) ta c
L Thuyt n Hi
120

( ) , 16 , 7 75 , 1 . 064 , 1 08 , 1 . 981 , 0 675 , 0 2
2
1
0 0 0 0 0 0
F K F F F K M
x
= + + = (7.49)
t . / 232
16 , 7
2
1
2
0
0
cm kG
F
M
K
x
= =
ng sut tip trn thnh, gii hn cc min ca tit din ngang, c th c xc nh nh cng
thc :
Trn cc thnh, khng phi l phn cch gia cc min to nn gia cc ng bao trong ca tit din,
;
ij
m
ij

= (7.50)
cn trn cc thnh, phn cch gia cac ng bao trong ca tit din
;
ij
n m
ij

= (7.51)
trong ,
m
v
n -
l gi tr ca hm ng sut

trn cc ng bao tng ng.
Khi s dng cng thc (7.51) cn phi gi ng th t dnh du cc ch s m v n nh khi lp
phng trnh (7.45). Khi , hng dng ca ng sut tip lun trng vi hng di chuyn qui nh
quanh cc ng bao.
Trong v d trn y, ng sut tip ln nht t ti boong trin (ni t tu trn ), trn on 1-3
. / 206
2
13 max
cm kG = =
Ti tt c cc vch bn trong, ng sut tip l rt nh, v , cc lung ng
sut trn cc ng bao k cn l ngc chiu nhau. V th cho nn, c th ni rng vai tr ca cc thnh
bn trong ca tit din a lin trong vic nhn momen xon l rt khng ng k.
Khi b qua nh hng ca tt c cc thnh trong, c th xc nh gn ng ng sut tip khi xon
thanh a lin. Tit din ngang a lin ban u (xem H7.10) khi c thay bng tit din nh lin
(H7.11). ng sut tip trn tit din ny c xc nh theo cng thc Bredt (7.38).
Trng hp ring, ti boong trin, t cng thc ny, ta c
2
13
13
/ 181
2
cm kG
F
M
x
= =

Gi tr ny ln hn cht t so vi kt qu tnh cho tit din a lin.
Cng thc Bredt cho php ta tnh c ng sut tip ln nht trn thnh ni
. / 127
2
2
min
max
cm kG
F
M
x
= =

L Thuyt n Hi
121


Gi tr ny cng ln hn so vi kt qu tnh tit din a lin cht t.
Ta hy so snh cng xon ca tit din a lin ban u v ca tit din nh lin tng ng.
Trn c s ca cc cng thc (7.49) v (7.47) cho tit din a lin (xem H7.10) ta tm c
. 10 . 6 , 28
2
0
3
1
GF C

=
i vi tit din nh lin (xem H7.16), s dng cng thc (7.39), c
( )
.
4
2
2

=
s
ds
GF
C

(7.50)
Tch phn theo ng cong kn trong (7.50) bng
( )
, 10 . 56 , 9
15
16000
10
15000
20
3500
10
10000
12
12500
2
3
=
|

\
|
+ + + + =

s
ds

v vi F = 2(F
1
+ F
2+
F
3
) = 7,66F
0
C
2
= 0,418.10
-
3GF = 24,6.10
-3
GF
0
.
Nh vy, khi b qua nh hng ca cc thnh bn trong cu tit din a lin, cng xon gim
14%.