1

LI NOI AU

Nc ta la mot nc nhiet i gio mua, mot nam co 4 mua ro ret: xuan,
ha, thu, ong, co gio lao thoi qua, co rat nhieu song, ho, ao, racho la 2ieu
kien vo cung thuan li e phat trien nganh thuy san
Nguyen lieu thuy san la ong lc chnh e phat trien toan dien nganh thuy
san, la nguon nguyen lieu tao ra cac san pham qu co gia tr xuat khau cao, nang
cao kha nang trao oi hang hoa t nguyen lieu thuy san lam phong phu them
xuat khau cua nc nha.
Viet Nam ta trong tien trnh hoi nhap WTO, nganh thuy san gop mot phan
quan trong trong tien trnh nay. e san pham thuy san xuat khau sang c cac
th trng kho tnh nh: My, chau Au, Nhatcac cong ty thuy san can phai ap
dung chng trnh quan ly HACCP, ISO tng lai se la quan ly SA 8000.
Giao trnh nguyen lieu thuy san, cung cap cho sinh vien cac kien thc c
ban ve : chung loai, thanh phan khoi lng va tnh chat vat ly, thanh phan hoa
hoc ac biet la oc to nham giam thieu moi nguy sinh hoc, van chuyen va bao
quan nguyen lieu nham han che moi nguy hoa hoc va vi sinhsong song o tai
lieu cung cung cap cho sinh vien cac th trng tieu thu cac san pham va vung
nguyen lieu thu hoach.
Do kien thc han che, nen chac chan giao trnh con nhieu sai sot, knh
mong nhan c s ong gop cua quy thay co ac biet la cac bac cao nie n tien
boi, tran trong knh chao va biet n.
Tac gia


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CHNG I : NGUON LI THUY SAN VIET NAM


A
AA.
..
Muc ch yeu cau
1. Muc ch
T kien thc cua bai giang, sinh vien hnh thanh c cac khai niem ve:
nguon li thuy san Viet Nam, ac iem cua nguon li thuy san, phan loai nguon
li thuy san theo cong nghe che bien thuy san.
2. Yeu cau
e at muc ch tren, sinh vien can thc hien cac yeu cau
- Neu c nguyen nhan tai sao bien Viet Nam co tai nguyen thuy san
phong phu, va neu c cac bien phap cu the e bao ve nguon li thuy
san Viet Nam.
- Trnh bay c cac ac iem cua nguyen lieu thuy san, t o a ra ap
dung thc tien trong cong nghe .
- Trnh bay cach phan loai nguon li thuy san: ca kinh te, giap sat kinh te,
nhuyen the kinh te, rong tao
B. Noi dung
I. Nguon li thuy san Viet Nam
1. Gii thieu ve nganh che bien thuy san
2. Nguon li thuy san Viet Nam
3. ac iem cua nguyen lieu thuy san
II. Phan loai nguon li thuy san
1. Phan loai ca bien kinh te
2. Phan loai ca nc ngot kinh te
3. Phan loai giap sat kih te
4. Phan loai nhuyen the kinh te
5. Phan loai rong, tao kinh te
Cau hoi on tap
Cau hoi trac nghiem


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II
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1. Gii thieu ve nganh che bien thuy san
ieu kien t nhien u ai va boi canh kinh te The Gii lam cho nganh thuy
san nc ta ngay cang phat trien. Nganh thuy san gom: nuoi trong thuy san,
khai thac thuy san, che bien thuy san. Nganh cong nghe che bien thuy san
bao gom cac chuyen nganh sau ay:
Nguyen lieu che bien thuy san
Cong nghe o kho va nc mam: san xuat cac loai mam va cac loai
san pham kho: kho thng va kho gia v.
Cong nghe che bien tong hp: san xuat cac loai keo rong, dau ca, bot
ca...
Cong nghe lanh ong thc pham: lanh ong cac san pham thuy san
ti song hoac a che bien. Che bien lanh ong hien la chuyen nganh
mui nhon cua nganh che bien thuy san
Quan ly chat lng thuy san: quan ly chat lng theo HACCP va ISO.
Cong nghe o hop: san xuat cac loai san pham o hop : ca hop, tom
hop, so hop...
Cong nghe san xuat san pham co gia tr gia tang: san xuat cac loai
san pham nh: surimi va cac san pham co gia tr gia tang, san pham
tam bot, vay ca, hai sam, sa...
Moi chuyen nganh co phat trien va at yeu cau hay khong phu thuoc rat
nhieu vao nguyen lieu.
Theo th trng bo Thuy san Nguyen Th Hong Minh Chung ta can phai
phat trien che bien sau va che bien tinh, co lam c ieu o chu ng ta mi thc
s phat trien nganh thuy san
T nam 1998 en nay nh ap dung chng trnh quan ly chat lng theo
HACCP ma san pham thuy san cua ta a xam nhap vao th trng kho tnh nh:
Bac My va Chau Au ( Hai th trng nay co sc tieu thu ln nhat the gii ). Gan
ay thuy san cua ta co them mot th trng mi la Trung Quoc (chu yeu la xuat
tho s). Va gan ay nhat, thuy san cua ta co them th trng na o la: Cong
hoa Ga Na va ao Guam. Ngay 21/11/2003, Pho chu tch nc Ba Trng My
Hoa, nhan chuyen tham ao quoc Guam, a ky hiep nh hp tac kinh te trong
o co hp ong xuat, nhap khau thuy san.
Theo Bo Trng Bo Thuy san Ta Quang Ngoc "T nam 1981 en nay
nganh thuy san luon vt ch tieu ma Nha Nc a giao. Nganh co bc phat
trien ang ke ve nhan lc va c s vat chat. Ba qui au nam 2001 kim ngach
xuat khau cua nganh at 1,35 ty USD bang vi kim ngach xuat khau cua ca
nam 2000. Kim ngach xuat khau nam 2002 la 2,003 ty USD. Nam 2003, kim
ngach xuat khau la 2,5 ty USD va nam 2005 la 2,74 ty . Co the noi nam 2002 la
nam ma nganh thuy san at thanh cong rc r, mac du co nhng vn mac
nh vu : ca tra va ca ba sa cua ta nhap vao My, vu 77 cotainer hang Viet Nam
nhiem Ecoli va chloraphenycol Blam thiet hai gan 184 ngan ty Viet Nam.
2. Nguon li thuy san viet nam
2.1 Nguon li t nhien


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Nguon li thuy san t nhien cua Viet Nam phong phu la do ba nguyen
nhan: bien, song, cang.
a. Ve bien
- Viet Nam ta co b bien dai gan 3260 km, pha bac co vnh Bac Bo,
pha nam giap vnh Thai Lan. Dien tch them luc a (them luc a: ke
t b bien ra co o sau 200m 300m): 1 treu km
2
. Vung bien cua ta
thuoc nhiet i gio mua nen nguon nguyen lieu a dang, c tnh s
bo, bien Viet Nam co 2.000 loai ca.
- Cac dong hai lu gop phan van chuyen thc an. Ni gap nhau cua
nhng dong hai lu, thng xuat hien loai nguyen lieu qu (hai dong
hai lu nong gap nhau thng co cac loai ca nuc rat ln va ngon, hai
dong hai lu lanh gap nhau thng xuat hien cac loai mc). Hai
nguyen nhan tren lam cho bien Viet Nam ngay cang giau va ep.
b. Ve song
Nc ta co nhieu song, ma a so cac song nay bat nguon sau trong luc
a va chay qua nhieu mien a hnh. Khi cac song nay o ra bien a mang
theo hang chuc ty tan thc an/nam (Khi chay qua nhieu mien a hnh nh
vay, nguon nc de b o nhiem. ay cung la van e ma cac nha thuy san
phai quan tam) la nguon dinh dng quy cho thuy san Viet Nam.
c. Cang
Nc ta nam v tr nga t hang hai Quoc Te, co nhieu cang nc sau
thuan li cho viec xay dng cang ca hien ai va van chuyen hang thuy san i
khap the gii. Hien nay ta ang qui hoach cac cang ca nh: Hao Vo Can
Gi TPHCM, Con Cha Phan Thiet, ai An Tra Vinh, Ong Trang Ca Mau,
Bnh ai va Ba Tri Ben Tre, Phc Kieng Nha Be thanh pho Ho Ch Minh.
Tong hp nguon li thuy san Viet Nam ( nguon bang tin thuy san )
( n v tnh tan/nam )
Khu vc oi tng Tr lng chung
Vnh Bac Bo Ca ay
Ca noi
Tom
420- 464
200
4,5-5
Bien Trung Bo Ca ay
Ca noi
Tom
173
500- 600
3-4
ong Nam Bo Ca ay
Ca noi
Tom
451
220
19-20
Vnh Thai Lan Ca ay
Ca noi
Tom
610
275
> 25
Bang 1.1 : Tong quat nguon li thuy san Viet Nam
2.2. Nguon li nuoi trong
Ngoai nguon li t nhien, do c cau chuyen oi cay trong va vat nuoi, hien
nay ta a va ang nuoi trong thuy san theo vung chuyen canh t nhien va ban


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t nhien: Suot doc mien duyen hai c nuoi tom su, Hon Chong Nha Trang
va Pha Tam Giang nuoi rong, Go Cong va Bac Lieu nuoi ngheu, ao Phu
Quoc nuoi ngoc trai Nuoi Tom at 11 tan / ha, hau at 50 tan /ha. ac biet
ban ao Ca Mau la ni co nguon nguyen lieu tom doi dao bac nhat Viet
Nam
.
San lng nuoi tom su at 0,9 trieu tan/nam vi 900.000 ha mat nc.
T giac Long Xuyen, nuoi ca tra va ba sa san lng at 1trieu tan/nam
(nguon: Bao tuoi tre ngay 17/12/04).
3. ac iem chung cua nguyen lieu thuy san
3.1. Kha nang phuc hoi t nhien
La kha nang phat trien t nhien ve nguon li thuy san, co the tai tao va bu
ap phan a mat i do khai thac ung ke hoach va chet t nhien.
Trong qua trnh khai thac phai am bao kha nang nay, ngha la khai thac
ung ke hoach, mua vu, kch thc. Nghiem cam khai thac thuy san bang chat
no, ien giat, gia cao. V khai thac bang phng phap tren va huy diet moi
trng, bat thuy san khong ung kch thc lam thuy san mat kha nang sinh
san va cham ln
3.2. Tnh di c
Mot vai loai thuy san co ac tnh di c (Tnh di chuyen cho ). V du: Vao
mua xuan tom hum di chuyen t quan ao Madagaska ve vung bien Bnh
nh, ca ng ai dng di chuyen t Ohio ve bien nam Trung Bo Viet Nam.
Khi di c, thuy san i thanh tng an va hng di chuyen la tiep tuyen cua
nhng ng ong mc di ai dng. Bang may nh v tam ng ta co the
xac nh: ngay, gi, a iem ma an thuy san i qua e ta anh bat. Co an
di chuyen at khoi lng hang ngan tan va moi nam i qua v tr nao o mot
lan, e bat tron ca an ta dung phng phap ong ay (at san he thong li
di ai dng). Quoc gia co phng phap ong ay tien tien la Nhat va My
(Nhat ong ay e bat ca ng ai dng, My ong ay e bat ca hoi: ca hoi
ngon nhat la trng, tren the gii co nhng tap oan mafia trng ca hoi , ca hoi
ngon nhat Hac Hai va Alaska).
3.3. Tnh mua vu cua nguyen lieu
S tang hoac giam so lng khai thac cua mot loai thuy san vao mot thi
iem nhat nh trong nam cua mot loai nguyen lieu va no mang tnh chu ky
c goi la tnh mua vu V du :
Tom cang xanh co nhieu vao mua xuan, ca hong co nhieu ve mua he, ca
map Ma Lai co nhieu vao mua thu.
Trong mot thang t 23 9 am lch la con nc ln, lng nguyen lieu
nhieu. T 10 22 am lch con nc rong, nguyen lieu t.
Nghien cu tnh mua vu nham muc ch :
Chuan b tien e thu mua nguyen lieu.
Co ke hoach san xuat : San xuat mat hang nao, so lng bao nhieu, qui
trnh cong nghe nh the nao.
Co ke hoach tu sa may thiet b, cho cong nhan ngh.
3.4. Tnh mau h hong
C the nguyen lieu thuy san cha mot lng nc rat ln t 70% 80%
(con sa la trng hp ac biet cha ti 90% 94% nc). Cau truc c tht


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long leo, moi trng song nhieu vi sinh vat nen be mat nguyen lieu cung cha
nhieu vi sinh vat ac biet la nht, vay va mang, c tht cha nhieu enzym co
hoat tnh sinh hoc caoChnh nhng ieu o lam cho ca mau h hong, v vay
khi cach ly ca khoi moi trng song, can phai co bien phap bao quan hoac x
ly kp thi: ay la y ngha cua bao quan nguyen lieu va cung la van e nan giai
cua nganh chung ta. Bien phap ra thch hp co kha nang loai tr 90% vi sinh
vat tren be mat nguyen lieu.
II Phan loai nguon nguyen lieu thuy san
Co rat nhieu cach phan loai, ay ch trnh bay cach phan loai co li cho
cong nghe . e lam c ieu nay, khi phan loai ta phai nhn t thc te sau cho
co y ngha ln cho tieu dung va san xuat.
1. Phan loai ca bien kinh te
Ca kinh te la ca co san lng cao, tnh o nh va co gia tr kinh te. Khai
niem ve cac kinh te mang tnh chat tng oi.
Giong va loai ca Viet Nam vo cung phong phu, s phan bo khong eu va
tnh chat mua vu ro ret. Di ay xin gii thieu mot so loai ca kinh te, oi tng
chu yeu cua cong nghe che bien.
1.1. Ho ca thu (Cybiidae)
Ca thu co hnh thon dai, mnh det hai ben. Ho ca thu co 5 loai thuoc hai
giong, loai ta thng gap la thu vach, thu cham va thu nhat. Thu vach san
lng cao va sau o la thu cham.
Kch thc khai thac cua ca thu la 300 700 mm. Ca thu la loai ca co gia
tr kinh te cao, song tang noi, thng s dung e : lanh ong, an ti, o
hop, kho gia v, nc mamnc mam ca thu la mot tuyet tac cua van hoa am
thc Viet Nam. Hien san pham ca thu fillet ong lanh la mat hang xuat khau
co gia tr kinh te cao, th trng tieu thu: chau Au, Nhat, Nam phi, My.
1.2. Ho ca ng (Thunnidae )
Ca ng co than hnh thoi hi det. Ca ng co nhieu loai, nc ta xac nh
c 4 loai: ng bo, ng chu, ng cham, ng soc da trong o ng bo co san
lng cao nhat.
Ca ng song tang noi va tang gia, mua vu chnh la mua xuan va mua
he. Ca ng co kch thc khai thac la 300 600 mm. Ca ng dung e: an ti,
lanh ong, ong hop, hun khoiTrong o ca ng hun khoi la mon truyen thong
cua cac dan toc vung Bac Au va cung la mon an khoi khau cua ngi Nhat.
Ca ng ai dng bao gom: ca ng mat to, ca ng vay xanh, ca ng vay
vang la loai ca co gia tr kinh te cao. Ca ng ai dng dung e san xuat cac
san pham nh: Shushi, shashimi, ca hun khoigia tr xuat khau rat ln, co thi
iem len en 500.000 VN/kg. Th trng chnh cua san pham ca ng ai
dng la Nhat va My. Vung bien nao xuat hien ca ng ai dng (vay vang va
vay xanh ) la vung bien o co ca map, ca nham.
1.3. Ho ca chim trang (Stromateidae)
Ca chim co than hnh tron, mnh rat det. Ho ca chim co 4 loai thuoc 2
giong khac nhau, trong o ca chim gai la co san lng cao. Ca chim gai la loai
ca qu, tht thm nhng ket cau c tht khong chac.


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Mua vu anh bat ca chim la t thang 11 4 nam sau, kch thc khai thac
200 300 mm, khoi lng 200 600 gram. Ca chim co : bac ao Bach Long
V, Quang Nam, Ninh Thuan, Bnh Thuan, Kien Giang.
1.4. Ho ca chim an o (Nomeidae)
Ca chim An o co than hnh bau duc, mnh det. Ca co quanh nam nhng
tap trung vao thang 10 4 nam sau. Ca co kch thc khai thac khoang 125
160 mm, khoi lng toi a 300 gram.
1.5. Ho ca trch (Clupeidae)
Ca trch co than dai hnh bau duc, hai ben det, a so song bien nhng
co mot so song song. Ca trch co nhieu loai, nc ta xac nh 21 loai thuoc
10 giong trong o trch be, trch xng, ca nham, ca moi c, ca cm la co san
lng cao.
Ca trch thng i thanh tng an va co hien tng di c. Ca trch co
vung bien Quang Ninh, Ninh Thuan, Bnh Thuan, Con ao. Ca trch e t
thang 3 7 va mua khai thac t thang 9 11. Ca trch co nhieu m, tht chac
thm, thng dung e an ti, dau ca, ong hop va gan ay cac nha khoa hoc
Nhat a nghien cu thanh cong phng phap san xuat surimi t ca trch.
Ca cm gom ca cm thng va cm than, trong o ca cm than qu hn ca
cm thng. Ca cm dung e san xuat: nc mam, mam nem, kho ca cm
thng va kho ca cm tam gia v. Ca cm kho tam gia v la san pham ma Han
Quoc rat a chuong, nhap khau t Viet Nam khoang 10.000tan/nam.
1.6. Ho ca moi (Synodidae)
Ca moi la loai ca thng song tang nc gan ay, than tron va dai,
chieu dai gap 8 lan chieu cao. Viet Nam xac nh 9 loai thuoc 4 giong, trong
o co 5 loai la ga tr kinh te cao: moi vach, moi thng, moi vay lng dai, moi
vay lng ngan, moi hoa.
- Ca moi vach: Song khap vung bien, xuat hien quanh nam, san lng tng
oi cao trong cac loai ca ay, chieu dai khai thac 198 405 mm, khoi lng
toi a 450 gram.
- Ca moi thng: la loai co san lng cao va co quanh nam, chieu dai khai
thac 140 250 mm, khoi lng toi a 500 gram.
- Ca moi vay lng dai: co quanh nam, chieu dai khai thac 200 300 mm,
khoi lng toi a 700 gram.
Ca moi co nhieu tht nhng to chc c tht long leo, dung e an ti, kho
gia v, nc mam, surimi... Nguyen lieu ca moi rat kho bao quan, neu bao
quan bang phng phap lanh ong th cau truc c tht b hong, neu bao quan
lanh th au trung giun sang de phat trien.
1.7. Ho Ca hong (Lutianidae)
Ca hong song lp nc gan ay, than hnh bau duc, ln det, chieu dai
gap 2 3 lan chieu cao. nc ta tm thay 14 loai thuoc 3 giong: ca hong,
hong cham en, hong dai en. Ca hong la loai ca rat co gia tr kinh te, chiem
10 12% tong san lng khai thac.
- Ca hong: phan bo vnh Bac Bo, Trung Nam bo. Ca hong co quanh nam,
chieu dai khai thac 350 450 mm, khoi lng toi a 530 gram.
- Ca hong cham en: Than ca co mau tro, co mot cham en ben sn. Ca


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phan bo rong va co quanh nam nhng san lng cao nhat vao thang 3
10. Ca co chieu dai khai thac 120 230 mm, khoi lng toi a 360 gram.
- Ca hong dai en: Than ca co mau nau sam, bung trang bac, ben than co
mot soc en ln. Ca phan bo rong rai va co quanh nam nhng tap trung
vao thang 4 9, chieu dai khai thac 120 230 mm, khoi lng toi a 280
gram.
Ca hong dung e an ti, o hop, ca fillet lanh ong, hun khoi, kho gia v,
nc mam.
1.8. Ho ca phen (Mullidae)
Ca co than hnh bau duc dai, ln hi det, chieu dai gap 4 6 lan chieu
cao, la loai ca ay va phan bo khap ni. Viet Nam xac nh 10 loai thuoc 4
giong, trong o phen khoai, phen 1 soc, phen 2 soc la co san lng cao.
- Ca phen khoai: La loai ca nho nhng san lng ln, chiem 5% tong san
lng anh bat. Ca co chieu dai khai thac 80 120 mm, khoi lng toi a
120 gram.
- Ca phen mot soc: Ca co mau hong va mot soc ben, phan bo kha rong
rai, vu chnh t thang 8 en thang 3 sang nam. Ca co chieu dai khai thac
10 120 mm, khoi lng toi a 210 gram.
- Ca phen hai soc tng t phen mot soc, ch khac la co hai soc hai ben.
Cac loai ca phen dung e an ti, kho, thc an gia v, nc mam.
1.9. Ho ca khe (Carangidae)
Cac loai ca khe co than hnh thoi, mnh det, ai bo phan song vung nhiet
i va a nhiet i. Viet Nam co 35 loai thuoc 11 giong. Cac loai co ga tr
kinh te nh: Ca khe, ca nuc so, ca song, ca ch vang, ca ngan.
- Ca nuc so : Ca co than tron, hnh bau duc, chieu dai gap 4,2 4,5 chieu
cao. Ca phan bo nhieu nhng tap trung vung bien Trung Bo. Ca song
thanh tng an, t thang 5 9 ca song tang nc tren e e va san moi,
thang 11 3 nam sau, ca i xuong o sau 50 60 m o cung chnh la hai
vu chnh. Ca nuc co nhieu tht va to chc c tht ben vng, ca co chieu dai
khai thac 110 190 mm, khoi lng khoang 250 gram.
- Ca khe : chieu dai gap 2,3 3 lan chieu cao cua than. Ca ch co vung
bien pha Nam, chieu dai khai thac 110 180 mm va khoi lng toi a la
230 gram. Cac loai ca khe dung e an ti, lam nc mam.
- Ca ch vang: mnh det va co dang elip. Ca phan bo rong t Bac en Nam,
tap trung nhieu t Bnh Thuan en Kien giang, ca ch vang ngon nhat
vung bien Vung Tau. San pham chu lc cua ca ch vang la kho tam gia v,
th trng xuat khau cua kho ch vang tam gia v la Nga va Han Quoc, gia
xuat khau hien nay la 60.000 90.0000 VN/kg.
1.10. Ho ca sao (Pomadasyidae)
Ca sao song ven b bien nhiet i va a nhiet i. Viet Nam xac nh
c 11 loai thuoc 5 giong, trong o: Ca sao, ca sao cham, ca kem hoa, ca
di la loai co san lng cao.
- Ca sao: Than bau duc, hai ben det. Ca song vung gan b, mua sinh san
t thang 3 7. Ca sao co chieu dai khai thac 170 250 mm, khoi lng toi
a 2100 gram.


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- Ca kem hoa: Phan bo t Ha Tnh en Kien Giang. Ca co mua vu chnh la
thang 12 3 nam sau, chieu dai khai thac 120 400 mm, khoi lng toi a
3200 gram.
Cac loai ca sao dung e an ti, phi kho, thc an gia v
1.11.Ho ca lng (Nemipterida)
Ca lung thuoc loai ca ay, than hnh bau duc, chieu dai gap 3 3,5 chieu
cao. Ca phan bo vung nhiet i va a nhiet i. Viet Nam xac nh 10 loai
thuoc 1 giong, trong o : Ca lung vay uoi dai, ca lng vay uoi ngan, ca
nhatla co san lng cao.
- Ca lng vay uoi dai: Co chieu dai khai thac 150 200 mm, khoi lng toi
a 345 gram, mua vu rai rac quanh nam.
- Ca lng vay uoi ngan: Co quanh nam nhng tap trung chu yeu t thang
8 2 nam sau. Ca co chieu dai khai thac 90 130 mm, khoi lng toi a
330 gram.
1.12. Ho ca trac (Priecanthidae)
Ca trac song vung nc gan ay bien nhiet i va a nhiet i. Viet
Nam xac nh 5 loai thuoc 2 giong, trong o: Ca trac vay uoi ngan va trac vay
uoi dai la co san lng cao.
- Ca trac vay uoi dai: Than hnh bau duc hi dai, au to, mat to, mom ngan
co mau o, song gan b bien. Ca co mua vu rai rac quanh nam. Ca co
chieu dai khai thac 140 200 mm, khoi lng toi a 275 gram.
- Ca trac vay uoi ngan: Ca phan bo rong rai quanh nam, ca co chieu dai
khai thac 150 190 mm, khoi lng toi a 260 gram.
Ho ca trac co c tht vng chac, dung e an ti, phi kho, thc an gia v,
lanh ong
1.13. Ho ca u (sciaendae)
Ho ca u song gan ay thuoc vung nhiet i va a nhiet i. Viet Nam co
20 loai thuoc 9 giong, trong o: Ca u, ca sula co gia tr.
- Ca u: Ca co san lng chiem 2% so vi tong san lng anh bat. Ca co
than hnh bau duc, chieu dai gap 3,5 3,8 chieu cao. Ca co chieu dai khai
thac 150 170 mm, khoi lng toi a 1100 gram. Ho ca u dung e an
ti, phi kho, ong hop, surimi.
1.14. Ho ca chuon at (Dactyloptreidae)
Ca chuon co than tron va chieu dai gap 5 6 chieu cao than, song vung
bien nhiet i va a nhiet i. Viet Nam co 2 loai thuoc 2 giong, ca chuon at
la ca kinh te. Ca chuon phan bo nhieu ni va i thanh tng an, vu chnh la
thang 3 8. Ca co chieu dai khai thac 90 160 mm, khoi lng toi a 245
gram. Ca dung e phi kho, an ti, lam mamthnh ca chuon la mot ac san
cua c dan Quang Nam.
1.15. Ho ca cang (Theraponidae)
Ca cang song lp nc gan ay, phan bo vung nhet i va on i.
Ca co chieu dai gap 3 lan than, mua vu quanh nam nhng tap trung chu yeu
t thang 5 9. Ca co chieu dai khai thac 110 160 mm, khoi lng toi a 235
gram. Ca cang co c tht san chac, ngon, dung e an ti, kho, p muoi
1.16. Ho ca trap (Sparidae)


10
Ca trap song nhiet i va on i, tang nc gan ay. Viet Nam co 7
loai thuoc 6 giong, trong o : Ca mien sanh hai gai va mien sanh bon gai la co
ga tr kinh te.
- Ca mien sanh 2 gai: Ca co than mau hong nhat, hnh bau duc ngan, det.
Ca co san lng anh bat chiem 1%. Ca phan bo chu yeu pha bac va tay
vnh Bac Bo, mua vu chnh 12 2 nam sau, chieu dai khai thac 80 129
mm, khoi lng toi a 200 gram.
-
Ca mien sanh 4 gai: Than co mau hong nhat va co 6 van ngang mau hong
sam. Ca phan bo t 29
0
v bac tr xuong. Ca co mua vu t thang 3 7,
chieu dai khai thac 110 190 mm, khoi lng toi a khoang 290 gram. Ca
trap dung e an ti, phi kho, p mam

1.17. Ho ca map ma lai

(Carcharinidae)

Cac loai ca nay thuoc ca xng sun, than tru thuon dai, au bep, phan bo
khap ni. Viet Nam co 9 loai thuoc 7 giong, trong o ca nham tro va map
ma lai co san lng cao.
- Map ma lai: Co san lng chiem khoang 2% tong so khai thac c, mua
vu chnh t thang 3 10. Ca co chieu dai khai thac t

590 850 mm, khoi
lng toi a 5500 gram.
- Ca nham tro: Than ca mau xam, mua vu chnh t thang 8 2. Ca co chieu
dai khai thac t 650 800 mm, khoi lng toi a 4000 gram.
Ho ca sun co nhieu ure trong c tht, nen tht khai thoi. Ca co nhieu tht va
to chc c tht nhao, ca c kh ure bang axit hu c loang nh giam, chanh
hoac nc nong nhng kh khong het khai v ac iem o nen tht ca nham
thng che bien thc an gia v, surimi la nguon nguyen lieu chnh e san
xuat surim Vung Tau. Vay ca nham san xuat cc ca, vay ca, dau gan ca
cha nhieu vitamin A, D.
1.18. Ho ca uc (Arridae)
Phan bo Hong Hai, An o Dng, Thai Bnh Dng. Viet Nam co 3
loai thuoc 2 giong va ca uc la co san lng cao.
Ca uc: Than dai, pha sau than dep hai ben, chieu dai gap 4,3 4,8 lan
chieu cao than, au to va bep. Ca uc chiem san lng khoang 1% tong lng
khai thac. Ca uc phan bo khap ni, mua vu chnh t thang 2 5. Ca co chieu
dai khai thac t 300 500 mm, khoi lung toi a 7150 gram. Ca co tht nhao
dung e an ti, phi kho, ong hop, kho gia v.
1.19. Ho ca liet (Ligonathidae)
Ho ca liet co hnh bau duc ngan, than rat bep, phan bo khap ni. Viet
Nam co 17 loai thuoc 5 giong, trong o co: Ca bac ma va ca liet co san lng
cao.
Ca bac ma: Co chieu dai gap 2,4 2,6 chieu cao than. Ca co san lng
chiem 2 2,5 % tong lng anh bat. Ca co mua vu t thang 10 3 nam sau,
chieu dai khai thac 70 90 mm, khoi lng toi a 150 gram. Ca dung e an
ti, phi kho, nc mam. Cac nha khoa hoc Nhat a nghien cu va i en
ket luan rang: trong m ca bac ma co cha mot loai oc to anh hng en sc
khoe ngi tieu dung (chu yeu la n). Chnh phu Nhat khuyen cao ngi tieu
dung han che an ca bac ma.


11
1.20. Ho ca bo (Balistidae)
Song gan b bien, nc ta co 15 loai thuoc 11 giong va ca bo co san
lng cao. Ca bo co chieu dai gap 2,5 2,6 chieu cao than, ca co hnh bau
duc than bep da day va cng. Ca phan bo khap ni, san lng chiem 1,3%
san lng khai thac, mua vu chnh t thang 5 10. Ca co chieu dai khai thac
t 90 300mm, khoi lng toi a 400 gram.
Ca bo tht chac thm ngon dung an ti, kho gia v. San pham ca bo kho
gia v hoac ca bo fillet rat c a chuong Nhat va Han.
2. Phan loai ca nc ngot kinh te
2.1. Ca me trang Viet Nam (Hypophthalmichthys molitric Harmandi)
Than ca dep ben, au ln, mat thap, mom tu ngan va hng tren. Ca co
khoang cach hai o mat rong, mat t do khong co mang da che. Mang mang ca
rong. Lng ca mau xam en, bung trang, ca c nuoi pho bien mien Bac
va nay a vao Nam. Ca me trang c nuoi ho, ao, am, song cut Ca an
thc vat phu du ln nhanh, thng thu hoach c 2 5 kg.
Ca me trang c s dung: an ti, kho , surimi
2.2. Ca me hoa (Aristichthys nobilis Rich)
Ca me hoa con goi la me om. Hnh dang ngoai cua me hoa rat de phan
biet vi me trang. Ca me hoa than dep hi cao, phan lng va than mau xanh
tham, co nhieu om xanh en rai rac khap than, au to mat hi nho, mieng to
hi chech, ham di hi hech len, lng bung co t sau vay bung. ay la ca
nhap t Trung Quoc. Ca me hoa thng song tang nc gia va tren. Ca
c nuoi khap ni, me hoa hoat ong cham hn me trang nen de anh bat
hn. Ca an chu yeu la ong vat phu du, ca co kch thc ln hn me trang.
Cac loai ca me tht nhao, nhieu m, tanh, dung e an ti, p muoi, thc an
gia v, surimi.
2.3. Ca troi (Cirrhina molitorella)
Ca troi than dep va, kha cao. Ca co ngc va bung tron, au ngan va
rong, mieng di nam ngang hi uon cong, co mot oi rau mom va mot oi
rau ham, oi rau ham rat nho va co khi thieu. Ca co mat hai ben, khoang
cach hai o mat rong va hi loi. ng ben lien tuc gan nh thang, vay to, co
t 7 8 vay pha tren vay ngc mau xanh en. Ca co mau xam va nhat dan
ve pha bung, cac vay mau xam. Ca troi co nhieu song suoi ln mien nui va
c nuoi pho bien trong ho, ao, am ong bang. Ca co kch thc nho, tht
ngon thm, s dung: an ti, ong hop, kho gia vHien nay san lng anh
bat ca troi t nhien la rat thap.
2.4. Ca tram en (Mylopharyngodon piceus)
Ca co than dai gan tron, au be, mat be so vi au va hai ben au,
mom hi nhon, ngan, mieng hng pha trc. Mang mang rong, ca co ng
ben hi vong, vay to. Ca co mau en xam, lng co mau am hn bung. Ca
tram en song ha lu cac song ln va c nuoi cac ho ao, am vung
ong bang la loai ca nuoi pho bien.
2.5. Ca tram trang (Ctenopharhyngodon idellus val)
Ca tram trang con goi la tram co. Than ca co dang tru tron, au bep,
khoang cach gia hai mat rong va go len, mat tung oi nho, mom hi


12
ngan, vay lng ngan khong co gai cng. Than ca co mau xanh luc nhat, lng
tham, bung xam trang. Vay lng va vay ngc mau xanh tham hn cac vay
khac. Ca tram co phat trien manh khap at nc ta, ca an thc vat thuy sinh,
chong ln.
Ca tram co kch thc thu hoach ln khoang 5 10 kg, tht chac thm
ngon. Ca tram dung e an ti, ong hop, p muoi, thc an gia v, surimi.
Hien tai gia ca tram xuong rat thap. Tai An Giang, cac ho nuoi ca be s dung
ca tram co lam thc an cho ca tra va ba sa.
2.6. Ca chep (Cyprinus carpio)
Than ca dep ben, au ca thuon can oi. Ca co hai oi rau, mieng kha rong
hng ra pha trc, gai cng vay lng va vay hau mon eu co rang ca mat
trong. Ca co mau tham tren lng, bung trang, canh cac vay mau o. Ca chep
la loai ca nuoi pho bien nc ta, chung song c hau het cac loai thuy
vc, khap cac vung a ly. Do vung phan bo va ieu kien moi trng song nen
ca chep hay bien d, noi bat la bien d ve hnh dang, mau sac, kch thc va so
lng vay. Hien a co ca chep trang, o, tm, vang. Ca chep tht chac thm
ngon, dung e an tui, ong hop, thc an gia v. Ca chep co khoi lng thu
hoach t 1 3 kg.
2.7. Ca chuoi (Ophiocephalus maculatus) va ca xop (Ophiocephalus
striatus)
Chung co than dai, gan tron pha uoi, dep ben. Toan than ca phu vay
lc ln, mieng rat ln va co the co duoi c, mat ln hai ben au, khe
mang ln. Ca chuoi co ng ben gian oan, au hi nhon. Ca xop co ung
ben gay khuc, nh au rat rong va dep bang. Ca xop co kch thc ln hn
ca chuoi. Ca chuoi co mau xam nau en, xen ke cac vach en co cac van
cham en. Ca xop mau sang hn ca chuoi, ca co mau xam than, bung
trang, mot so co rat nhieu cham en mat bung. Ca chuoi va ca xop co vung
phan bo kha rong khap cac mien ao, ho, am ruong Chung co the song
vung nc l, thuoc loai ca d. Ca co khoi lng trung bnh 400 800 gram.
Ca chuoi va ca xop co tht chac thm ngon dung e an ti va thc an gia v.
2.8. Ca ro phi ( tilapia mosambica ) va ca ro ( Anabas testudineus )
Ca ro phi co dang hnh bau duc, au hi to, mat to tron, toan than phu
vay, co mau hi en lng, bung co mau sang bac, vay ca pht hong la loai
ca nhap va nuoi pho bien nc ta va phat trien manh. Tai Ca Mau, ca ro phi
thng sinh song cung vuong tom va ta co the nuoi xen 2 vu tom mot ca e
on nh ao nuoi. Hng nghien cu ng dung cua nguyen lieu ca ro phi la san
xuat bot ca. Mot dang cua ca ro phi la ca ro phi o hay con goi la ca ieu
hong.
Ca ro tron hn hn ca ro phi, mau vang nhat, lng tham hn bung, sau
nap mang va cuon uoi co cham en tron. Ca ro co khap ni, tht thm va
chac hn ca ro phi. Mac du ca ro a c nuoi pho bien nhng nhu cau ca ro
cua th trng la cau luon vt cung.
2.9. Ca moi c (Clupanodon thrissa)
Than co hnh bau duc dai dep ben, au nhon tron, mom ngan, mieng nho,
than phu vay tron ln. Mat tng oi ln, lng mau xam, than va bung mau


13
trang bac, hai ben co 4 6 cham en.
Ca moi c co ha lu song ln, thang 3 4 chung vao song sinh san, sau
khi sinh xong chung lai ra bien.
2.10. Ca tra va ca ba sa
a. Phan loai
Ca tra, basa thuoc:
Bo ca nheo: Siluriformes.
Ho ca tra: Pagasudae.
Giong: Pagasius.
Loai: Pagasius bocourti (Sauvage).
Ho ca tra, ca basa gom 7 giong 30 loai. Viet Nam co 16 loai, trong
o co 5 loai ien hnh giong nhau ve ngoai hnh, tap tnh sinh duc.
b. Hnh thai ben ngoai
Ca tra, ca basa co au dep bang, tran rong, rang nho va mn, rau
mep dai. Ca khong vay, mat to, bung to va tron, phan sau than dep, lng va
au co mau xam am, bung co mau tra ng bac.
c. ac iem cau tao
Xng ham tren thng thoai hoa, ch con lai dau vet, co tac dung lam
cho da cho rau ham. Khong co xng lien ket, xng nap mang di va
xng nh. Cac ot song th hai va th t lien lai vi nhau. Than tng oi
dai, rang nhon, co hai oi rau nho.
Moi ben au co hai lo mui cach xa nhau. Mat tron ben au, co vien
mat tach ri. Vay lng co gai, vien sau: gai co rang ca nho. Vay hau mon
rat dai, co 20 30 tai vay. Vay ngc co mot gai cng. Vay bung co mot gai
mem.
Ca co chieu dai gap 4.9 lan chieu cao than va 5.2 lan chieu dai au.
Chieu dai au gap 4.1 lan chieu dai mom; 5.5 lan ng knh mat; 1.2 lan
khoang cach mat.
d. Phan bo a ly
Ca tra, ca basa thng song ven b, vung nc l va co the song
song nc ngot. La loai ca ban a ong bang song Cu Long va mot so
nc khac nh: Lao, Capuchia, Thai Lan, Myamar, Indonesia. Ca tra, ca basa
la loai truyen thong c nuoi tren song Me Kong cua Viet Nam va
Campuchia. Nghe nuoi ca tra va ba sa co Chau oc vao khoang nam
1960, nguon ca nuoi chu yeu la cau ca con song Tien va song Hau. en
nam 1998, a nghien cu va a bvao san xuat cho ca tra va ca ba sa e
nhan tao.
e. ac iem sinh song
Ca tra, ca basa song chu yeu nc ngot, chu c nc l nhe (o
muoi 1
0
/
00
), chu c nc phen co pH > 4. Ca chu yeu ch song song
nc chay, chu c ieu kien chat hep.
Ca rat nhay cam vi nhng bien oi cua moi trng, do o, vao cac
thang 1 2: khi nhiet o ha thap ot ngot, lam cho ca kem an hoac bo an,
dan en b suy dinh dng va rat de b nhiem benh gay chet cac thang sau
o. Vao cac thang 4 5: khi nhiet o len cao, cung la khoan thi gian ca


14
de b nhiem benh, ac biet la xuat huyet ng ruot, gay chet hang loat.
Nhiet o thch hp e ca song tot nhat la: t
opt
= 27 29
o
C.
Ca de b chet ngat khoang thi gian khi nc ng; khi thieu oxy ca
thng bi nhao len, lam cho ca b lon ruot va chet. Ca co the chet do nc
co nhieu kh oc: H
2
S, NH
3
, CH
4
... hoac hien tng CO
2
qua cao, nc b
nhiem phen, nc thai cong nghiep co oc to, thuoc tr sau... Ngoai ra, thc
an khong u ham lng am se lam ca tang trng cham, ca de b nhiem
benh. Thieu Vitamin lam cho ca thieu e khang, giam tang trng, ca b co
giat.
f. ac iem dinh dng, sinh trng va phat trien
f.1. ac iem dinh dng
Ca tra, ca basa la loai co tnh an tap, nhng t hao an va tranh moi.
Trong giai oan ca bot het noan hoan, ca thch an moi ti song, an cac loai
ong vat phu du co kch thc va c mieng. Thanh phan thc an c tm
thay trong ruot ca anh bat ngoai t nhien nh sau:
- Mun ba: 61.1%.
- Re thc vat: 21.1%.
- Giap xac: 14%.
- Trai cay: 12.1%.
- Con trung: 6.7%.
- Nhuyen the: 5.4%.
- Ca: 4.5%.
Ca de dang chuyen oi loai thc an va de s dung cac loai thc an
khac nhau: hon hp tam cam, rau va ca vun (nau chn) nen rat thch hp
cho nuoi dng trong be.
f.2. ac iem sinh trng va phat trien
Ca tra, ca basa ln rat nhanh, sau 60 ngay, ca at chieu dai 8 10.5
cm, khoi lng 1.5 8.1 gram. Sau 10 thang, ca at trong lng 300 550
gram. sau 1 nam, ca at 700 1300 gram. Nuoi be 2 nam, ca co the at
en 2500 gram.
Trong t nhien, tuoi thanh thuc cua ca t 4 5 nam. Vao mua thanh
thuc (t thang th 4 tr i), ca co tap tnh bi ngc dong di c tm bai e,
ni co ieu kien sinh thai phu hp cho s phat trien cua tuyen sinh duc va
e trng.
V vay, ca e t nhien phan au nguon song Me Kong. Sau khi ca
con n, ca bot troi theo dong nc ve ha lu en cac vung ngap nc
Viet Nam, Campuchia sinh song.
g. Thanh phan khoi lng thanh phan hoa hoc ca tra ca basa:
g.1. Thanh phan khoi lng
Thanh phan khoi lng la mot trong nhng yeu to quan trong e xac
nh gia tr cua san pham.
Thanh phan khoi lng cua ca tra c phan thanh: c tht, m la,
au, xng, vay, noi tang, da. oi vi ca tra fillet ong lanh, phan an c
ch la c tht trang.
Thanh phan khoi lng cua ca bien oi theo: giong loai, kch c, ieu


15
kien, sinh song, gii tnh, mua vu va thi tiet.
e co the xay dng chnh xac nh mc cho tng cong oan san
xuat, tng c ca; ta tien hanh phan tch ty le thanh phan khoi lng ca tra
cho ket qua sau (tnh theo phan tram khoi lng):
_ Tht ( khong bao gom c tht o): 36 38%.
_ C tht o: 6 6.5%.
_ M la: 20 23%.
_ au, xng vay: 29 33%.
_ Noi tang: 2.5 3%.
_ Da: 6 6.5%.
T bang so lieu tren, ta thay: ty le thanh phan ca dung trong qua trnh
fillet ong lanh ch chiem khoang 41 45% khoi lng(oi vi ca tra), chiem
37 40% (so vi ca basa). V vay, nh mc hao ph nguyen lieu la rat ln,
do o ch s dung ca co khoi lng t 250 gram tr len.
g.2. Thanh phan hoa hoc
Thanh phan hoa hoc cua ca phu thuoc rat ln vao gii tnh, mua vu,
ieu kien sinh song, thc an... S khac nhau ve thanh phan hoa hoc cua ca
va s bien oi cua chung anh hng en mui v, gia tr dinh dng cua san
pham, viec bao quan ti nguyen lieu, quy trnh che bien... T o, viec tm
hieu thanh phan hoa hoc cua nguyen lieu giup ta co the phan oan tnh
chat nguyen lieu, so sanh vi cac loai khac e chon thi iem mua cho
thch hp.
S thay oi thanh phan hoa hoc chu yeu la lng m va nc, con
protein va cac chat vo c hau nh khong oi. Thc an la yeu to anh hng
en thanh phan hoa hoc cua ca.
Thanh phan hoa hoc cua ca nh sau:
- Nc: 79%.
- Protein:17%.
- Lipid: 3.5%.
Qua o, cho thay ham lng Protein kha cao so vi cac loai ca khac,
ac biet ham lng Lipid trong mo tht ca va lng nc cung rat cao. V
vay, ta co the thay rang: to chc lien ket trong c tht ca long leo, tht ca
mem mai, kem an hoi. Do o, ca de dang b cac tac ong c hoc trong
qua trnh song va van chuyen. Lng m cao cung chnh la nhan to anh
hng ln oi vi qua trnh bao quan ca, do ca de b oxy hoa.
Ke t ngay 17/12/2004, ca tra co ten goi kinh te la Pangasius va ca basa
co ten goi la Ba sa Pangasius. ong thi tng bc hoan chnh he thong tieu
chuan chat lng at chuan quoc te ve ieu kien san xuat va qui pham san
xuat cho cac cong oan t con giong en san pham che bien; nghien cu qui
hoach phat trien vung nuoi, ao tao nguon nhan lc, ac biet xay dng, thiet
lap qui che s dung, quang ba thng hieu kem theo viec ay manh xuc tien
thng mai.
Theo bo thuy san, nghe nuoi ca tra ba sa ay tiem nang vi tnh ac thu
cao, li the canh tranh ln va san lng tang manh trong thi gian gan ay
nen co the at san lng 10
6
tan/nam. Tuy nhien, s phat trien nay thieu


16
tnh ong bo, thieu qui hoach tong the cung vi s phoi hp chat che gia
cong ong va Nha Nc. San pham con s dung thng hieu cua nha nhap
khau, t o ngi tieu dung t biet en san pham ac thu cua Viet Nam, cua
doanh nghiep trong nc. ieu nay cung tiem an nguy c canh tranh t cac
nc trong tieu vung song MeKongva chau My La Tinh.
2.11. Mot so loai ca khac
Hien nay, ng trng Viet Nam a va ang nuoi mot so loai ca co ga tr
kinh te nh: Ca ieu hong, ca lang, ca chot, ca tai tngrat c ngi Viet
Nam a chuong.
3. Mot so loai giap sat kinh te
3.1. Mot so loai tom
Tom la oi tng quan trong cua nganh v no chiem 70%90 % kim ngach
xuat khau toan nganh. Tom co gia tr dinh dng cao, to chc c tht ran chac,
mui v thm ngon de tieu hoa. Nghe che bien tom, ac biet la tom lanh ong
va cac dan xuat t tom a va ang la nganh mui nhon.
Viet Nam co khoang 70 loai tom phan bo xa b, gan b va thuy vc
trong noi a. Vung bien Viet Nam xac nh c 39 loai thuoc 22 giong trong
8 ho. Trong o ho tom he (Penaeidae) chiem ti 26 loai, ho tom vo
(Scyllaridae) co 4 loai, ho tom rong (Palinuridae) co 2 loai, ho tom hum
(Homaridae) 1 loai, cac loai con lai co gia tr kinh te thap.
Khu vc nhieu tom la
Khu vc vnh Bac Bo, tap trung cac song ln nh : Song Hong, Thai
Bnh, a, Maoi tng chnh la tom rao, tom bac. Tom xuat hien
quanh nam nhng tap trung vao thang 3 5 va thang 7 10.
Khu vc t Quang Bnh en Khanh Hoa, oi tng khai thac la tom vo,
tom bac, tom rong, tom humMua vu t thang 5 9 nhng cao iem la
thang 6 7.
Khu vc nam Hoang Sa chu yeu la tom hum, rong.
Khu vc Con Sn co tom vo va cac loai thuoc ho Pandalidae, mua vu
chnh t thang 11 1 va thang 5 7.
Khu vc Tay Nam Bo chu yeu la tom vo, tom rao, tom bac, tom hum
Mua vu chnh la thang 1 3, mua vu phu la thang 5 9. Hien tai ay la
khu vc cung cap nguyen lieu tom nhieu nhat nc.
Hien nay nhu cau ve tom ngay cang cao, san lung anh bat co han nen
nghe nuoi tom ra i. Mien Nam oi tng nuoi quan trong la tom su va tom
cang xanh. mien Trung, oi tng nuoi chu yeu la tom hum. Nhng nam
va qua, nuoi tom la mot nghe sieu li nhuan, lai suat co luc at 200%.
3.1.1. Ho tom he (Penaeidae)
a. Tom su (Penaeusmonodo) con goi la tom co la loai tom co kch thc
ln, khi con ti vo au ngc tom co van ngang (tom bien co van trang
nau hoac trang xanh xen ke, am a nc l tom co van mau xanh en).
Tom su phan bo rong t am nc l ra vung bien sau khoang 40m, ta p
trung nhieu o sau 10 25 m. Tom co quanh nam, nhng mua vu chnh
t thang 2 4 va thang 7 10. Tom co chieu dai khai thac 150 250 mm
vi khoi lng t 50 150 gram. Tom su la loai tom ngon, tht chac, thm co


17
gia tr kinh te cao (ch sau tom h). San pham tom su nguyen con, p a
deo xuat khau bang ng hang khong ang tnh trang cau vt cung.
Tom su sinh thai hien (Ca Mau va Ben Tre la hai a phng ang nuoi tom
su sinh thai) ang c cac th trng Chau Au, Uc va My rat a chuong.
Tom su dung e san xuat cac san pham: Tom nguyen con lanh ong, tom
PTO, tom tam bot chien, tom tht, tom kho.
b. Tom he mua (Penaeus merguiensis) con goi la tom bac, phan bo khap
ni nhng tap trung nhieu mien Nam va Trung Bo nh VungTau, Rach
Gia, vnh Thai Lan. Tom bac mnh dep au co rang ca, uoi dai khong co
gai mau vang nhat, pht xanh, co nhieu om en o. Than tom co mau
vang xanh. Tom bien i thanh an ln, mua kho tom vao song gan b
va mua ma th ra bien sau. Mua vu t thang 11 2 nam sau va t thang 5
9. Tom co chieu dai khai thac khoang 140 200 mm, khoi lung t 25
80 gram.
c. Tom the (Penaeus semisulcatus) con goi la tom su van. Tom co mau
ac trng xanh tham, van ngang bung, rau co khoang vang o nhat. Tom
phan bo t nong ra sau en 60 m nhng tap trung nhieu o sau 20 40
m. Tom co nhieu ni Trung Bo, tap trung nhieu Phu Yen, Ngha Bnh.
Tom co mua vu t thang 2 4 va thang 7 9, chieu dai khai thac khoang
120 250 mm, vi khoi lung 40 145 gram.
d. Tom rao (Metapennaeus ensis) con goi la tom ch. Tom rao co mau vang
nhat than co nhieu cham nau, hnh dang gan giong tom bac nhng mnh
tron, san chac va day vo. Co khi tom co mau trang xanh hay xanh xam.
Tom rao song nc l, luc ln i ra xa b. Tom co nhieu vung bien Nam
Trung Bo. Mua vu t thang 12 2 nam sau va t thang 6 8. Tom co kch
thc trung bnh, chieu dai khai thac t 100180 mm, khoi lung 20 50
gram.
e. Tom he (Penaeus teraoi) La loai tom co kch thc kha ln, chieu dai khai
thac 150 240 mm va khoi lung t 30 80 gram. Tom he la loai tom co
ga tr kinh te cao, th trng xuat khau chnh la My. Hien tai Phu Yen a
cho sinh san nhan tao c giong tom he chan trang sach benh.
3.1.2. Ho tom vo (Scyllaridae)
Ho tom vo co 4 loai trong o gia tr kinh te la Ibacus cilitatus va Thenus
Orientalis.
Tom vo con goi la be be hay mu ni
Tom vo: Tom co au to va det, than ngan, co mau vang hay en xam.
Tr lung tom Viet Nam kha ln, kha nang khai thac co the at 28.000
tan/nam.
Tom vo thng ng trng cung tom hum. Tom phan bo rong t o sau
30 600m nhng mua kho thng tap trung t o sau 150 250 m va mua
ma 150 300 m. Tom vo phan bo trong iem mien Trung va Bac bo.
Bnh Thuan an tom tap trung rat ln cu lao Thu. Tom vo la loai tom rat ln
co chieu dai khai thac la 140 210 mm, khoi lng 80 300 gram.
3.1.3. Ho tom hum (Homaridae) va ho tom rong (Palinuridae)


18
Thuat ng ta cha phan biet tom hum va tom rong hoac con lan lon gia
hai ho o. Mot so tac gia phan biet nh sau : Tom hum co mot oi cang ln,
rau nho va gap nhieu pha Bac, tom rong khong co oi cang ln nhng co
cap rau to dang hnh roi dai va phan bo nhieu Nam Trung Bo.
Tom co mua vu chnh t thang 2 6 va thang 8 12. Tom hum co tuoi tho
cao (50 100 nam), khoi lung ln (at 1300 1900 g), tuoi thanh thuc
muon (4 5 nam) va sc sinh san cao .San lng khai thac tom at 10.000
tan/ nam. Khu vc Nam Trung Bo hien ang nuoi tom hum thng pham
bang long tren bien, co ho ng dan nuoi tom hum at li nhuan 1ty/nam.
Cac loai tom hum co tht thm ngon hap dan, co ga tr xuat khau cao nhat
trong cac loai tom. May loai tom hum kinh te la :
a. Tom hum sao (Panulirus ornitu) Con goi la tom hum bong. Tom co kch
thc ln, phan bo rong, xuat hien quanh nam, chieu dai khai thac trung
bnh la 150 450 mm, khoi lung 1230 2320 gram.
b. Tom hum o (Panulirus longipes) phan bo t bien Quang Bnh en Bnh
Thuan, tap trung nhieu Cam Ranh, xuat hien quanh nam nhng mua vu
tap trung la thang 7 9. Tom co chieu dai khai thac trung bnh 160 280
mm, khoi lng 245495 gram.
c. Tom hum soi (Panulirus homarus) con goi la tom hum a. Tom phan bo
rong, xuat hien quanh nam nhng tap trung cac thang 11 1 nam sau. Tom
co chieu dai khai thac 165 350 mm, khoi lng 275 585 gram.
d. Tom hum Thompssoni (Nephrops thomppsoni) Phan bo pha Bac, la
loai tom co tht ngon, tom co chieu dai khai thac trung bnh t 120 160
mm, khoi lung 45 85 gram.
3.1.4. Ho tom cang (Palaemonidae)
Theo ieu tra th ho tom cang nc ta co 4 giong la Palaemon,
Macrobrachium, Letocarpus, Leandrites. Trong o giong Panlaemon gap 4
loai va giong Macrobrachium gap 3 loai va Macrobrachium la loai co gia tr
kinh te nhat.
Tom cang xanh (Macrobrachium) la oi tng nuoi va khai thac t nhien ln
trong song ngoai, kenh, rach, am a, ao ..vung Nam Bo. Tom song c
ca nc l va nc ngot. Tom co chieu dai khai thac trung bnh la 110 200
mm va khoi lng 30 120 gram. Tom co quanh nam nhng tap trung t
thang 10 12. Than tom tron co mau xanh l am, chuy phat trien, nhon
cong vut len t 1/2 be tren co 11 15 rang va di co 12 15 rang. Tom co
oi ong tuc th hai phat trien thanh cang ln mau xanh l am, phan di
mau vang nau hoac da cam. Theo thong ke en nay th so lung khai thac
tom cang xanh ong bang Nam Bo khoang 65.000 tan /nam.
Hien tai khi nuoi tom cang xanh thng pham, luc au trung tom hnh thanh
ta ch gi lai au trung c. Tai mien Tay Nam Bo, nong dan nuoi tom cang
xanh bang cach tha trong ca cao mng trong vn hoac nuoi xen canh mo
hnh tom - lua
3.1.5. Ho tom bac (Metapenaeus)
a. Tom bac nghe
Ten khoa hoc: metapenaeus brevilcorrnic


19
Ten thng mai: yellow; ky hieu: Y
Tom co kch thc trung bnh 8 10 cm, vo co mau hi vang nghe. La loai
tom ch co bien mien Nam. Chuy tom manh hi nho cao nh hnh tam giac,
mep tren co 6 gai, mep di khong gai. Khi lot vo, mnh co nhieu cham en
nho nh au kim, mau nau, hi pht vang doc theo lng, con c pht vang
sang am, con cai mau vang nhat hn.
b. Tom ch
Ten khoa hoc: Metapenaues affinis
Ten thng mai: Pink; ky hieu: P
Tom co kch thc trung bnh 15 20 cm. Chuy tom manh, phan di hi
cong len, toan chuy co hng chech len so vi than. Mep tren chuy co t
910 gai, mep di khong co gai. Vo tom cng, co mau nau hoac xam nhat.
Khi lot vo, mnh tron ay, cac tht tht han len ro ret.
3.1.6. Giong tom sat (Para penaeopsis)
a. Loai tom sat
Ten khoa hoc: paraaeopsis harwickii
Ten thng mai: cat; ky hieu: CT
Tom co kch thc trung bnh 15 20 cm. Con c co chuy ngan, cong
xuong di, mep tren co 7 10 gai, mep di khong co gai. Con cai chuy
nho, dai va hng len tren. Vo tom cng, co nhieu van ngang mau nau o
hoac nau sam. Khi lot vo, tren than cung co nhieu van ngang mau am.
b. Loai tom choan
Ten khoa hoc: Para penaeopsis gracilima
Ten thng mai: rock tiger shrimp; ky hieu: RT
Tom choan con goi la tom giang. Hnh dang tom giong tom sat nhng kch
thc nho hn, chieu dai trung bnh khoang 6 8 cm.
3.2. Cac loai giap xac khac
a. Cua, ghe
Tren the gii va khu vc ong Nam A th cua, ghe bien gi vai tro th hai
ve san lung khai thac hang nam. Nc Ta, en nay nghe nuoi va khai
thac cua van cha phat trien. Phu Yen a nghien cu thanh cong san xuat
ghe xanh giong nhan tao.
Cua, ghe co khap b bien Viet Nam va co quanh nam nhng tap trung vao
nhng thang mua ma. Theo s bo thong ke th san lng khai thac cua ta
hien nay at khoang 3.500 tan /nam. Cua, ghe nc ta co nhieu loai nhng
loai anh bat pho bien la Portunis, neptunus, Chorydis thuoc ho Porturidae.
Ghe: bien Viet Nam co cac loai ghe sau la co gia tr kinh te: Ghe nhan
(xanh), ghe thanh gia, ghe 3 cham, ghe a, ghe au sy. San pham ghe
manh (ghe cat oi), ghe Farci hien ang tnh trang cau vt cung.
Cua : Viet Nam co cac loai cua sau la co gia tr kinh te: Cua xanh, cum
num (cang cum cum), cua huynh e. Mien Tay Nam Bo, ac biet la Ca Mau
va Bac Lieu rat thnh hanh nghe nuoi cua xanh.
b. Moi bien
Moi con goi la con khuyec hoac con ruoc. Moi la oi tng ang c chu
y nhieu tren the gii v san lng ln khoang 160 trieu tan /nam. o la


20
nguon cung cap Protein tiem tang cho loai ngi. Hien nay Nga va Nhat la
hai nc dan au khai thac che bien moi Thai Bnh Dng. Theo thong ke s
bo th nc ta mi khai thac khoang 20.000 tan /nam. Moi c che bien
thanh mam ruoc, phi kho hoac chiec rut Protein. San pham ruoc kho hien
ang c th trng Nga va Han tieu thu vi san lng rat ln.
4. Nhuyen the kinh te
Nhuyen the cua ta cha xac nh ay u. Nhuyen the co nhieu giong loai,
bien o dao ong rong co phng thc song a dang, chnh do s chu ng
nhieu thay oi ngoai canh va phng thc song a dang nen nhieu nhom
nhuyen the co s phan bo rong va mat o cao. Kha nang nay cho phep phat
trien nghe nuoi nhuyen the nh: trai ngoc, hau, vem. San lng nhuyen the cua
ta hien nay co the at hang chuc ngan tan/ nam nhng chu yeu la khai thac t
nhien, con nghe nuoi cung ca p so lng khong ang ke. Di ay gii thieu vai
loai nhuyen the kinh te.
4.1. Nhuyen the chan au
Nhuyen the chan au gom mc va bach tuoc. Mc phan bo khap ni va
co tr lng ln, mc thng tap trung cac vung gap nhau cua hai dong hai
lu lanh.
Mc
Hien nay ta thay khoang 100 loai mc trong o co 30 loai la oi tng khai
thac. Viet Nam th mc nang va mc ong la co gia tr kinh te. Giong mc
nang co hai loai la mc tam va nang van ho, con giong mc ong co hai loai la
mc ong va mc the. Kch thc chung cua mc rat khac nhau co loai ch be
10 20 mm nhng co loai en vai met, ca biet 18 met. San lng mc cua ta
cha thong ke c ay u vao khoang 15 20 ngan tan /nam.
Mc co khap ni trong vung bien nc ta va khai thac bang nghe g cung
anh bat c mc. Mc co nhieu tht, to chc c tht chat che, co ty le an
c rat cao, tren 70% tong kho i lng, co khi ti 90% v ch bo mai va mot t
ruot ( thng ta s dung phng phap cau ).
Cac san pham mc xuat khau: mc mot nang, mc nang fillet, mc ong
cat khoanh, mc la (mc nang) cat trai thong
a. Mc mai (Sepia subaculeata ) con goi la mc nang hay mc tam
Mc mai co c the ln, than hnh bau duc bep. Tren lng co mot thanh
trang xop hnh bau duc goi la mai mc (nang), trong than mc co tui nc
mc mau en, lng co nhieu hoa va n, oan cuoi cua nang mc bien thanh
gai tho. Mc nang phan bo rong khap mien Nam Thai Bnh Dng, song
tang gia va tang ay. Mua vu pha bac la t thang 10 12 va 1 2 con
pha nam la thang 7 9 va keo dai en thang 2 nam sau. Mc mai co kch
thc khai thac trung bnh 180300 mm va khoi lng t 200500 gram.
b. Mc mai van ho (Sepia tigris) Mc mai van ho gan giong mc mai thng,
co kch thc ln hn mc mai va mat lng phan than co nhieu van giong
da ho nen goi la mc mai van ho. Mc phan bo rong nh mc mai t vnh
Bac Bo en vnh Thai Lan, vung Trung Bo tap trung nhieu t a Nang en
Bnh Thuan, mua vu tng t mc mai. Mc mai van ho co chieu dai trung
bnh t 200 320 mm va khoi lng khoang 200 600 gram.


21
c. Mc ong (Logigo formosana)
Mc ong co than hnh nh cai ong, tren lng co mot thanh manh cau tao
bang chat sng, trong bung co tui mc, toan than nh mot hoa tien. Mc co
chieu dai gap 6 chieu rong, uoi nhon. Mc ong song tang mat va tang
gia vung xa b, tnh hng quang ln nen ng dan dung anh sang e tap
trung mc va vay bat.
Mc ong phan bo rong t mien Nam bien Nhat Ban en Viet Nam va
Malaysia. Thang 5 10 mc ap long e sinh san va t thang 12 4 nam sau
th ra khi, Viet Nam mc tap trung nhieu Bnh Thuan, Quang Ninh,
Thanh Hoa, Phu Yen, Khanh Hoa. Mc co chieu dai khai thac 200400 mm,
khoi lng 20150 gram.
d. Mc the (Loligochinensi)
Mc the co dang tng t mc ong nhng kch thc nho hn, mc co
chieu dai gap 34 lan chieu rong, au bang khong nhon. Mc song ta ng
mat va tang gia, tnh hng quang manh, phan bo khap Viet Nam va tap
trung nhieu Trung Trung bo en Vnh Thai Lan. Mua vu gan nh mc ong.
Bach tuoc
Bach tuoc phan bo t Bac en Nam, tap trung nhieu Ham Tan (Bnh
Thuan), Ba Ra Vung Tau, Kien Giang. Bach tuoc bao gom: Bach tuoc soc
da, bach tuoc da coc, bach tuoc mot da, bach tuoc hai da. Th trng xuat
khau bach tuoc chu yeu la Nhat, Han Quoc vi san pham: Bach tuoc nguyen
con (bo noi tang), bach tuoc luoc cat.
4.2. Nhuyen the hai manh vo
a.Vem (Mytylus)
Vem co kha nang khai thac th hai trong cac loai nhuyen the. Khap vung
bien Viet Nam ni au co vat bam la co vem nhng tap trung chu yeu
Quang Ninh, Hai Phong, Bnh Tr Thien. Vem Viet Nam co 10 loai nhng co y
ngha hn ca la vem xanh (Mytylus smarasgdinus), vem vo day (Mytylus
Crassitesta) va vem thng (Mytylus Edulis).
Tht vem co nhieu Glycogen va nhieu chat ngam ra nen hng v ngon
ngot.
b. Ngao (Meretrix)
Ngao con goi la ngheu co san lng xep th ba trong nhuyen the. Ngao co
nhieu loai nhng ga tr nhat la ngao dau (Meretrix meretrix) ngao mat (Milui
usoria) ngao van (Venerupis), tat ca bai trieu Viet Nam eu co ngao, nhng
vung co san lng cao la: Thanh Hoa, Ninh Thuan, Bnh Thuan, Tp.Ho Ch
Minh, Ben Tre, Go Cong, Tra Vinh, Bac Lieu
c. So (Arca Anaradar )
So co nhieu loai nhng gia tr la so huyet (A.A Granosa) so Anty (A.A
Antiquata). So co nhieu ni nhng tap trung nhieu Bnh Thuan, Ca Mau.
San pham so long xe bm c xuat khau rat nhieu sang th trng Nhat,
Han. So huyet xuat sang th trng Phap.
d. Bao ng chn lo (Haliotis diversicolor Reeve)
Vo co dang hnh vanh tai, thng co ba tang xoan, co 7 9 g nho, cuoi
cung au khong kn co dang lo nen goi la bao ng chn lo. Bao ng phan


22
bo nhieu ao Co To (Quang Ninh), Bach Long V, mua vu chnh t thang 4
8 va kch thc trung bnh la 3 5 cm.
e. iep (Amussium)
iep song bien sau ni co dong chay manh va ay co bun cat. Viet Nam
co nhieu iep nhng ln nhat la iep Nhat Nguyet (Amussium Japonica).
iep tap trung nhieu Bnh Thuan, Nghe Tnh.
Cac loai ngao so la nguon dinh dng qu ga cho loai ngi.
Nhat va chau Au, chap nhan nhng vung sau ay Viet Nam c khai thac
nhuyen the hai manh vo: Nghe An, thanh pho Ho Ch Minh, Ben Tre, Tien
Giang, Bac Lieu, Tra Vinh, Go Cong Tien Giang, Bnh Thuan.
f. Cac loai oc
Oc nc ngot: Oc gao, oc ang, oc bu, oc lat, oc sen, oc da. Trong o oc
gao co gia tr nhat. Tr lng oc gao at 1trieu tan/nam, oc gao ngon nhat
cu lao Tan Phong huyen Cai Be (Tien Giang).
Oc nc l: Oc da, oc len.
Oc bien: rat phong phu va a dang. Mot so loai co gia tr kinh te: Oc
hng, oc giac, oc tai tng, oc nhay, oc m, oc o, oc gai, oc vu nang. Oc
hng la loai co gia tr kinh te cao nhat va a c nuoi nhan tao Khanh
Hoa, Vung Tau, Phu Quoc.
5. Tao kinh te
Bien Viet Nam co tren 200 loai tao, rong nhng co gia tr khoang chuc loai,
trong o noi bat la rong cau, rong m, rong mt, rong bun va mot vai loai tao.
So vi thc vat tren can th rong bien co xellulose t hn nhng ng nhieu
hn.
5.1. Rong cau
en nay xac nh 20 loai, trong o rong cau ch vang la co gia tr nhat.
Rong cau phan bo khap ni nhng cang vao Nam th mat o cang cao. Vung
co tiem nang khai thac cao la Quang Bnh, Hue, Bnh Thuan, Nha Trang. San
lng rong kho hien at 4.000 tan /nam. Rong cau cho Agar- Agar va ham
lng nay thay oi theo giong loai, thi ky sinh trng.
5.2. Rong m
Viet Nam co khoang 3040 loai rong m, chiem san lung t nhien hang
au trong cac loai rong bien khap Viet Nam, tap trung nhieu Thuan Hai, Phu
Yen, Khanh Hoa. Rong m dung e san xuat Alginate la mot loai vat lieu qu,
ham lung Alginic trong rong m Viet Nam khoang 25% trong lng kho.
Ngoai ra bien Viet Nam con vo so nguon li qu bau ma con ngi cha u
nang lc e khai thac. Theo to chc nghien cu bien the gii, hien di long
ai dng cha khoang 6.000.000 trieu loai ong thc vat khac nhau, nhieu
tiem nang mi goi con ngi.
Cau hoi on tap
1. Anh ( ch ) hay trnh bay ac iem cua nguyen lieu thuy san?
2. Neu nguyen nhan tai sao bien Viet Nam co nguon tai nguyen phong phu?
3. Anh ( ch ) hay neu nhng viec lam cu the e bao ve nguon tai nguyen thuy
san?



23
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nng
gg
I
II.
.. T
TTh
hha
aa
n
nnh
hh p
pph
hha
aa
n
nn k
kkh
hho
oo
i
ii l
ll

n
nng
gg c
ccu
uu
a
aa t
tth
hhu
uu
y
yy s
ssa
aa
n
nn
1
11.
..

n
nnh
hh n
nng
ggh
hh
a
aa
2
22.
.. C
CCa
aa
c
cc p
pph
hh

n
nng
gg p
pph
hha
aa
p
pp p
pph
hha
aa
n
nn c
cch
hhi
ii a
aa t
tth
hha
aa
n
nnh
hh p
pph
hha
aa
n
nn k
kkh
hho
oo
i
ii l
ll

n
nng
gg
3
33.
.. Y
YY
n
nng
ggh
hh
a
aa
I
III
II.
.. C
CCa
aa
u
uu t
ttr
rru
uu
c
cc t
tth
hh
t
tt t
tth
hhu
uu
y
yy s
ssa
aa
n
nn
1
11.
.. T
TT

n
nng
gg c
cc

2
22.
.. T
TT
c
cc

3
33.
.. M
MMa
aa
n
nng
gg c
cc

4
44.
.. S
SS

i
ii c
cc

I
III
III
II.
.. C
CCa
aa
c
cc t
tt
n
nnh
hh c
cch
hha
aa
t
tt v
vva
aa
t
tt l
lly
yy
c
cc
b
bba
aa
n
nn
1
11.
.. H
HH
n
nnh
hh d
dda
aa
n
nng
gg
2
22.
..
o
oo
c
cc c
cch
hha
aa
t
tt
3
33.
.. K
KKh
hho
oo
i
ii l
ll

n
nng
gg r
rri
ii e
ee
n
nng
gg
C
CCa
aa
u
uu h
hho
oo
i
ii o
oo
n
nn t
tta
aa
p
pp



24
I THANH PHAN KHOI LNG
1. nh ngha va cach phan chia
1.1. nh ngha
Thanh phan khoi lng la ty le phan tram ve khoi lng cua cac phan
trong c the so vi khoi lng toan bo c the khi cha giet mo.

( ) % 100
A
B
m =
B: Khoi lng phan th i
A: Khoi lng toan than
1.2.Cach phan chia
a. Phan chia theo hnh thai hoc
au ca : Bat au t mom ti vet cat ngang mang.
au ca gom :
- Nao ca, mat ca
- Mang ca
- Hai mieng c tht au
Than ca :T vet cat ngang mang en vet cat ngang vay hau mon.
Than ca gom :
Hai c tht lng, hai c tht bung.
Xng song, xng dam, vay ( lng, ngc, bung, hau mon )
Noi tang ca: Tim, gan, ruot, than, trng, c quan sinh duc
uoi ca: T vet cat ngang mang en chop uoi, gom cuon va vay uoi .
b. Phan chia theo truyen thong van hoa am thc
Viec phan chia nay phu thuoc vao truyen thong van hoa am thc cua moi
a phng. V du: oi vi ngi mie n Tay Nam Bo th ruot ca loc la mot ac
san nhng ngi mien Trung th khong s dung. Ruot ca ng oi ngi Ninh
Thuan la ac san nhng ni khac ta bo i.
c. Phan chia theo ga tr li dung trong cong nghe
Bo phan
ca
Thanh phan hoa
hoc chu yeu
Kha nang li dung Pham vi ng
dung
To c tht
au
Xng va
vay
Vay
Trng,tinh
Da
Gan
Noi tang
Bong

Protein, lipit
P, Ca, lipit
P, Ca, Protein
Lipit
Colagen
Protein, lipit
Colagen
Protein, Vta
Protein enzym, lipit
Colagen
Thc pham
Bot gia suc, dau ca
Bot gia suc , cc ca
Keo ,ngoc trai gia
Thc pham , dc
Keo
San xuat Vta B
1
,
A,.San xuat enzym
Thc pham
Trong thc pham
Chan nuoi va
cong nghiep nhe


Thc pham ,dc
Cong nghiep nhe
Dc, thc pham
Cong nghiep nhe
Bang 2.1: Ty le li dung cac thanh phan trong ca


25
Viec phan chia nay da vao ty le li dung trong che bien nh the nao e
at hieu qua cao nhat. V du: Gan ca oi vi ong lanh c coi la phe pham
nhng trong cong nghe che bien tong hp la nguyen lieu e san xuat dau ca va
bot ca.
2. Y ngha
2.1. Ve mat cong nghe
Nghien cu thanh phan khoi lng co tac dung trong viec chon la
nguyen lieu phu hp vi yeu cau san pham hay la chon quy trnh thch hp
vi mot nguyen lieu nao o. T thanh phan khoi lng nguyen lieu, nh
lng cung cap hang ky, nh mc c nguyen lieu e chap nhan thu mua,
hach toan gia thanh san pham.
2.2. Ve mat kinh te
Viec phan chia nay nham muc ch.
- nh ga nguyen lieu.
- Chuan b kinh ph e thu mua.
- nh ga thanh san pham.
- Kiem toan doanh nghiep.
II. CAU TRUC THT THUY SAN
e nghien cu thanh phan tht ca, cac hien tng xay ra trong qua
trnh anh bat bao quan che bien va cac ng dung cua no ta can tm hieu cau
truc tht ca cung nh cau truc tht cac loai thuy san khac.
Ve c ban ma noi cau truc tht ca gan giong tht ong vat tren can
gom: mo c, mo lien ket, mo m, mo xng. ng tren goc o thc pham ta
chu y ti mo c. ng ve mat cau tao ta chia mo c thanh ba loai : c van
ngang con goi la c xng am bao moi chc nang c ong, c tim tham gia
cau tao tim, c trn la c cua c quan ben trong, trong o c van ngang quan
trong nhat. C van ngang gom: si c, mang c, vach ngan.
1. Tng c
Tng c la dung dch dnh nht cha cac protein hoa tan nh: Globulin
X, Myoalbumin, Myogen, Myoglobulinngoai ra con cha chat beo va muoi vo
c khac.
Lien ket cua Protein trong tng c tng oi long, c s cau tao tng
c la mach polypeptit va noi peptit.
C the ong vat sau khi chet, di tac dung nhiet o, muoi an va nhng
nhan to khac lam cho protein tng c ong tu a en tng c chat che hn.
2. T c
T c con goi la nhng si c nguyen la nhng si rat nho xep thanh tng
bo song song vi nhau tao thanh si c, hai au cang ra nh day cung va dnh
chat vao mang ngan.
ac iem cau tao t c la nhng ng van xep xen ke nhau tao thanh
vung toi I sang Q. T c la mot gel cau truc nh hnh li. Chat tao nen cau truc
nay la chuoi protein.




26
R R
- N H - CH- CO-NH-CH-CO-NH-CH-CO-
R
S sap xep cac phan t protein chat che nen ham lng nc thap hn
trong tng c. Myozin la thanh phan chu yeu cua t c, ty le nc trong
Myozin la 80%. Ngoai Myozin trong t c con co Actin, Actin ket hp Myozin tao
phc Actomyozin trong giai oan te cng.












Hnh 2.1: Cau tao cua t c
3. Mang c
Bao gom mang trong va mang ngoai cua si c, mang t c, mang cua cac
bo c.
Mang c bao gom cac protein: Colagen ( chat keo ), Elastin (chat an hoi ),
Reticulin ( chat li ), ngoai ra con co lipoprotein, muxin va mucoit.
S vng chac cua tht ca khong ch do mang c quyet nh ma con do quan
he tng ho ve thanh phan va so lng : si c, t c, tng c, mang trong va
mang ngoaiva cung do ham lng nc, protein, lipit, va s ket hp gia
chung.
Nhng loai ca co to chc lien ket phat trien th c tht cha c hn, v du : Ca
thu, ca ng tht chat hn ca chim v to chc lien ket la gia , do to chc lien
ket c tht ong vat thuy san t hn ong vat tren can nen c tht long leo hn.
V vay, thuy san sau khi s ly nhiet, khi an ta co cam giac mem mai hn va t
an hoi hn tht ong vat.
4. Si c
La do cac t c (Miofibrin), tng c va mang si c tao nen. Si c la
n v tao thanh c tht .
Moi si c c bao boc bi mot mang c rat mong ben trong goi la
mang trong si c va be n ngoai co mot mang hi day goi la mang ngoai. Si c
hnh thoi co ng knh vao khoang 10100 m. Ben trong si c theo chieu dai
la cac t c gong nh cac si ch xep song song vi nhau. Gia cac t c co
mot mang dch nhay goi la tng c.
Hai au si c co to chc hnh si mem mai an hoi do si elastin cau
thanh, nhng si elastin nay noi chat si c vi hai mang ngan au va gi
vng cho si c nam gia hai mang ngan, nhng si na y rat ben va deo nen khi


27
co gian si c co the c nhng si elastin nay van con.
Nhom cac si c lien ket nhau thanh bo c bac nhat, cac bo c bac
nhat lien ket nhau thanh bo c bac hai va bac ba. Cac bo c nay eu c bao
boc bi mang lien ket. Cac c van ngang co mau o tham va mau nhat cau tao
nen tht o va tht trang.













Hnh 2.2: Ket cau to chc cua tht ca
III TNH CHAT VAT LY
Trong qua trnh che bien ac biet la che bien lanh, kho, o hop, hoac thiet ke
qui trnh ky thuat rat can en thong so vat ly cua thuy san.
1. Hnh dang
Hnh dang t nhien rat phc tap, moi loai co mot hnh dang ac trng va phu
thuoc nhieu vao ieu kien song. V du nh ca i nhieu, hoac lao nhanh khi bat
moi th co hnh dang con thoi, v du: thu, ng nhng loai song tang ay th
hnh det (Ca uoi, Ca chim).
Ca co cac hnh dang sau:
1.1. Hnh thoi
Than ca co dang nh con thoi, gia n va hai au that lai, chieu day va o
cao gan nh bang nhau, thuoc loai nay co ca thu, ng, nuc, map, heo.
1.2. Hnh ten
Ca co hnh dang nh mui ten, au nhon than nho va dai, thuo c loai nay co
ca c, chuon
1.3. Hnh det
Than ca rat bet, be mat trai rong, chieu cao ln hn rat nhieu so vi chieu
dai. Thuoc loai nay co: Ca chim, ca uoi, ca bn
1.4. Hnh ran
Than ca dai va tron nh than ran hoac mong nh la lua. Thuoc loai nay co:
Ca da, ca ho, ca ra, ca chnh.
Khi nghien cu hnh dang thuy san ta thng chu y ti ch so hnh dang
V
F
. Ch so nay cang ln th qua trnh truyen nhiet cang cao va thoat nc cang
nhanh. F: dien tch xung quanh; V: the tch nguyen lieu. Ch so nay c


28
nghien cu ky trong bai giang mon cong nghe lanh ong thuy san "
2. o chat che
o chat che cua c tht c s dung e anh ga pham chat tht thuy san.
Tht thuy san cang chat th o an hoi cao tc la con ti. Sau khi thuy san chet
o an hoi se tang len cc ai roi giam xuong, trong giai oan nay thuy san van
gi o ti, o chat che gan lien vi qua trnh te cng.
3. Khoi lng rieng (g/cm
3
)
Trong c the thuy san nc chiem mot mot lng ln vao khoang 80 %
nhng phan con lai tr m th khoi lng gan bang nc. V vay khoi lng
rieng thuy san gan bang 1
Khoi lng rieng cua thuy san thay oi theo v tr, bo phan, nhiet o moi
trng. V du: Khoi lung rieng ca chep nguyen con la 0,987 nhng neu loai bo
noi tang th khoi lng rieng la 1,082. nhiet o 15
o
c th khoi lng rieng ca
chep la 0,987, 3,5
o
c khoi lng rieng 0,944.

ON TAP CHNG 1 VA 2

1. Trnh bay cac ac iem cua nguyen lieu thuy san ? Qua cac ac iem tren,
neu ng dung cua chung trong che bien va bao quan ?
2. Trnh bay phng phap phan tch thanh phan khoi lng thuy san theo hnh
thai hoc ? Neu y ngha cua viec nay ?
3. Neu cac loai hnh dang cua nguyen lieu thuy san ? Trnh bay cau truc tht
thuy san ?


29
CHNG III: THANH PHAN HOA HOC CUA NGUYEN LIEU
THUY SAN
A. Muc ch yeu cau
1. Muc ch
trang b cho sinh vien kien thc ve cac thanh phan hoa hoc noi bat, oc to
cua thuy san. ng dung cac kien thc nay trong sa n xuat va an toan thc
pham .
2. Yeu cau
Sinh vien can thc hien cac yeu cau sau
- Neu c khai quat thanh phan hoa hoc cua thuy san
- Phan tch cac thanh phan hoa hoc nh: nc, protein, lipid, chat ngam ra,
viatmin
- Neu c cac oc to t nhien cua thuy san va ben phap e phong ngo
oc thc pham thuy san.
B. Noi dung
I. Khai quat chung ve thanh phan hoa hoc cua thuy san
II. Nc tnh chat the keo cua thuy san
1. Hnh thc ton tai
2. Tnh than nc cua to chc c tht
3. Cac yeu to anh hng en s ton tai nc.
III. Protein
1. Khai quat chung
2. Cac protein hoa tan
3. Cac protein lien ket
IV. Chat ngam ra
1. Chat ngam ra co am
2. Chat ngam ra khong am
V. Lipid
VI. Vitamin
VII. Khoang chat
1. Khai quat chung
2. Cac khoang chat quan trong
VIII. Enzym
1. Cac proteaza
2. Cac esteraza
3. Cac cacbuahydraza
X. Thanh phan hoa hoc cua cac bo phan
1. Thanh phan hoa hoc cua tuyen sinh duc
2. Thanh phan hoa hoc cua gan
3. Thanh phan hoa hoc cua cac bo phan khac
X. Sac to
XI. oc to
1. Cac phng thc truyen oc
2. Cac loai oc to


30
XII. Cac yeu to anh hng
1. V tr tren c the
2. Thi ky sinh san
3. Thc an
4. Thi tiet
5. Tuoi
6. Gii tinh1
7. Trang thai sinh song, moi trng


31
I. KHAI QUAT CHUNG
Giong nh ong vat tren can, thanh phan hoa hoc cua ong vat thuy san
gom: nc, lipid, protein, glucid, muoi vo c, vitamin, enzym, hoocmon Nhng
thanh phan co khoi lng tng oi nhieu la: nc, protein, lipid, muoi vo c,
lng glucid tng oi t hn so vi ong vat tren can, thanh phan nay bieu th
qua bang sau. Thanh phan quan trong la protein va lipid.

Thanh
Phan
Loai
Nc Protein Lipid
Ca fillet
Tom
Tht nac
66-81
70-77
65-75
16-21
18-19,5
18-22
0,2-25
0,2-0,5
1-3
Bang 3.1 : thanh phan hoa hoc cua thuy san
Thanh phan hoa hoc ong vat thuy san khac nhau theo giong loai. Trong
cung mot giong loai neu ieu kien song khac nhau th thanh phan hoa hoc khac
nhau, ngoai ra thanh phan hoa hoc con phu thuoc trang thai sinh ly, mua vu thi
tiet.
S khac nhau ve thanh phan hoa hoc cua thuy san va s bien o i thanh
phan nay lam cho mui v, dinh dng b bien oi. Trong cong nghe che bien ta
chia c tht ca thanh.
1. Theo lng m nh sau
Ca t m : lng m < 4% (bac ma, uoi, thu)
Ca m va: lng m t 4-8% (chep, tram, nuc)
Ca m nhieu: lng m t 8-15%(trch, cam, moi)
Ca rat nhieu m: lng m >15%(me, moi dau)
2. Mau c tht: Ca co hai loai c tht: o va trang, hai loai c tht nay khac nhau ve
thanh phan hoa hoc nh sau: lng si c trong c tht o bang 1/10 c tht trang
nhng huyet quan nhieu hn. T c trong tht o t ma tng c th nhieu. Lng
glycogen, chat beo, cholesterol trong tht o nhieu hn trong tht trang nhng aicd
creatnic ch bang mot na. Trong tht o cha nhieu vitamin B, C, Caroten,
histidin hn tht trang. Do o viec bao quan thuy san co c tht o th kho khan
hn bao quan thuy san c tht trang.
3. ong vat thuy san khong xng song so vi ca th nc nhieu hn va protein
th t hn, lng m < 2%, lng muoi vo c khoang 1-3%. Trong nhuyen the ac
biet la hau co rat nhieu glycogen oi luc at c 30% chat kho. Trong giap xac
th ham lng khoang va sac to rat nhieu va protein cung nhieu.
II: NC - TNH CHAT THE KEO CUA ONG VAT THUY SAN
To chc c tht thuy san co the coi la mot gel (keo) co cau tao phc tap.
Dang lien ket khac nhau cua cac polypeptid la c s chu yeu e tao nen gel.
Khac vi gel bnh thng cau tao c the thuy san la hon hp nhng chat hoa
hoc ma trc het la protein, sau en la lipid, cac muoi vo c tao thanh mot
dung dch keo nht ma trong o nc ong vai tro phan tan. To chc the keo
nay mang tnh chat rieng cua mot keo sinh vat ac biet, ma ong vat tren can


32
khong co. Di ay xin trnh bay tnh chat the keo cua ong vat thuy san va ng
dung cua tnh chat nay trong san xuat.
1. Hnh thc ton tai cua nc trong ong vat thuy san
Tat ca c the sinh vat song eu co nc ton tai va nc nay c phan lam
hai loai: nc ket hp va nc t do. Hai loai nc nay t nhieu co tnh chat
khac nhau.
Qua trnh bien oi cua thuy san sau khi chet co quan he mat thiet vi s ton
tai cua nc trong c tht. Chung ta se tm hieu ieu nay trong chng IV.
1.1. Nc ket hp
Nc ket hp lien ket chat che cau tru c vat chat cua c the thuy san, nc
nay c chia thanh hai loai: nc ket hp keo ac va nc ket hp keo tan.
Nc ket hp keo ac la nc ket hp vi protein trang thai keo ac tao
dang lien ket gel (dang nay rat can trong cac san pham surimi va san pham
mo phong). Keo ac nay hnh thanh ga cua to chc ket cau.
Nc ket hp keo tan la nc ket hp vi protein trang thai hoa tan, cac
muoi vo c hoac cac chat khac trang thai keo hoa tan tao dang lien ket sol.
Bat luan vat chat ket hp la keo ac hay keo tan th nc ket hp chu yeu la
cac goc than nc cua cac chat cha am, mc o ket hp nay kha vng
chac.
Nc ket hp kho tach ra khoi nguyen lieu. Khi nguyen lieu thuy san va cac
san pham b mat nc ket hp ong ngha vi protein cua nguyen lieu b bien
tnh tram trong.
1.2. Nc t do
Nc t do la nc ton tai t do trong cau truc c tht, ket cau nay co trong
mang si c, tng c, vach ngan. Nc t do c phan lam ba loai: nc co
nh, nc ket cau t do va nc dnh t.
Nc co nh: La nc c rang buoc chat che bi ket cau keo ac cu a c
tht. Nc nay chia lam nc t do va nc khuech tan. Nc khuech tan cung
la nc t do nhng lai co tnh chat cua mot dung moi, dung may ep thong
thng khong the tach nc nay.
Nc ket cau t do: Nc nay ton tai trong c the sinh vat co the dung lc
ep tach chung ra c. Trong te bao nc ket cau t do nay nam tai nhng lo
rong cua mo lien ket, hoac nhng lo h khe hep cua ket cau gel. Neu lo rong
va khe h ln en mc nhng hat nc co the i lai th viec ep tach nc khoi
te bao rat de nhng neu lo va khe qua hep th viec tach nc rat kho . Khi che
bien thuy san nh: phi kho, saync t do b mat i mot phan, ieu nay
chng to rang ket cau hinh li a b ton thng.
Nc dnh t: Hay con goi la mang nc mong, tc la lp nc dnh sat
tren tren be mat c tht. Nc nay cung anh hng nhat nh en qua trnh
che bien nh say, p muoi, lanh ongong thi anh hng en viec xac
nh khoi lng thc te cua thuy san.
Nc co nh lam cho to chc c tht mem mai con nc ket hp th lam cho
tht thuy san ben vng. Nc ket hp khong nhng co y ngha quan trong ve
viec duy tr s song ma con tao ga tr cam quan cho thc pham thuy san. V
du: qua trnh say chan khong thang hoa lam cho nc ket hp mat i


33
nhng khi cho san pham hut nc th cam quan san pham khong the at nh
ban au.
2. Tnh than nc cua to chc c tht thuy san
Tnh than nc cua to chc c tht thuy san la van e cha co nha khoa hoc
nao co nghien cu hoan toan. Hydrat hoa : la qua trnh nc ket hp vi nhng
chat hoac trung tam nhng chat a nc t do, qua trnh nay co tieu hao nang
lng. Co the xem hydrat hoa la qua trnh tham nc vao chat keo.
He so hydrat hoa : la ty le lng nc tnh theo gram liem ke t vi 1 gram chat
kho tuyet oi tng ng vi lng nhiet tieu hao. Dmasky a e ra cong thc
tnh lng nc lien ket theo nhiet lng.
100
80
Q
X =
X: lng nc lien ket tnh bang % so vi khoi l ng chat kho
Q: nang lung toa ra khi 1 gram chat kho tham nc (calo )
Tnh than nc cua to chc c tht c xac nh theo nhiet lng tham t
hoac lng nc lien ket. Theo Gibl Hem Holt tong nhiet lng tham t hoan
toan cua chat kho c tnh theo phng trnh
) ( ) (
dT
dF
T F S H
t
= A
AH
t
: Nhiet lung toa ra hoac nhiet lung tham t
S: Dien tch be mat hap
F: Bien oi cua nang lng t do
T
dT
dF
an nhiet cua qua trnh tham t
T: Nhiet o tuyet oi
3. Nhng yeu to anh hng en ham lng nc trong thuy san
Co rat nhieu yeu to anh hng en ham lng nc ket hp trong tht thuy
san nhng au tien la cau tao cua protein. Lng protein ket hp vi nc
khoang 15-16 %. Cung mot loai protein nhng do s bien tnh ong ac va
phan huy se lam bien oi lng nc ket hp.
X ly nhiet lam cho cau truc ben trong cua protein sap xep lai, protein ong
ac lam bien oi lng nc ket hp, muoi an cung lam protein bien tnh nen
cung lam anh hng en lng nc ket hp.
Khi ngam tht thuy san trong dung dch muo i noi chung th ham lng nc ket
hp giam. Nhng khi ngam tht thuy san vao dung dch muoi co nong o <4%
th lng nc ket hp tang theo nong o muoi, va c tht ngam muoi nong o
nay neu x ly nhiet th lng nc ket hp giam. Nhng ngam tht thuy san
trong dung dch muoi 5% khi gia nhiet nc ket hp khong giam ma lai tang len.
Khi x ly bang song sieu am th lng nc ket hp van khong giam.
III PROTEIN CUA ONG VAT THUY SAN
Protein la thanh phan chu yeu trong c tht ong vat thuy san, ham lng at
70-80% chat kho. Thanh phan cau tao nen protein la cac acid amin. Hien nay ta
a xac nh 25 acid amin khac nhau trong protein cua ong vat thuy san, trong
o co u cac acid amin khong thay the (oi vi ngi ln can 8 acid amin:
Leusin, Isoleusin, Metyonin, Valin, Lizin, Treoin, Phenylalanin, Triptophan. oi vi


34
tre em can them Arginin va Histidin). Khi phan loai protein thuy san ta co nhieu
cach phan loai nh sau:
Phan loai theo hnh dang : Protein hnh si va hnh cau. Thuoc nhom hnh
si co cac protein sau : Actin, Colazen, Elastin, Keratin, thong thng la cac
si manh lien ket vi nhau theo chieu dai tao thanh cac ai phan t. Thuoc
nhom hnh cau co cac protein sau: Albumin, Globulin, Hemoglobin, enzym,
Myozin, Myogen La cac protein tan trong nc, khi b un nong hoac tac
dung cua acid, baze, muoi kim loai nang, ru, chat oxy hoa th protein hnh
cau chuyen thanh protein hnh si, luc o mat tnh chat t nhien cua protein
hnh cau, mat tnh tham nc. Ngoai hnh cau, protein thuy san con dang hnh
ong ch, bau duc, elip .
Neu phan loai theo sinh hoc: Protein cua ong vat thuy san chia lam hai
loai: chat c c ban va chat c hoa tan. Thanh phan cau truc moi loai co the
bieu dien nh sau
Nucleoprotein(ARN)
Mioalbumin
Tng c Mioglobulin
Globulin
Miogen
Chat c hoa tan
Nucleoprotein(AND)
Nhan Protein acid
Cac protein acid khac
Tropomiozin
T c Actin
Miozin actomiozin
Cac protein hoa tan
Chat keo (Colagen)
Chat li (Reticulin
Chat c c ban Mang si c va ca c Chat an hoi (Elastin)
to chuc lien ket Chat nht (Mucin)
Chat sng (Keratin)
Phan loai theo cau truc: Co hai nhom la protein n gian va phc tap.
Protein n gian la protein trong thanh phan ch co acid amin. Protein phc tap
la protein ma ngoai acid amin con ket hp vi nhom ngoai nao o. Tuy ban
chat cua nhom ngoai ma ta phan loai ra, v du nhom ngoai la: lipid, glucid, acid
nucleicth co ten goi tng ng la lipoprotein, glucoprotein, nucleoprotein
Thuoc nhom protein n gian con co cac chat tng t protein goi la prtenoit,
nhom nay khong hoa tan trong nc, trong dung dch muoi, acid, kiem loang.
1. Chat c hoa tan (tng c)
1.1. Miozin : Con goi la paramiozinogen, thuoc loai protein hnh cau, chiem
khoang 4050% cua protein c tht (protein chiem khoi lng ln nhat trong c
tht thuy san), nhiet o 4550
0
c th ong ac va bien tnh thanh soluble
miozinfibrin khong hoa tan. Miozin hoa tan trong dung dch muoi trung tnh va
trong nc, trong moi trng acid th ket tua, cho vao sunfatamon trang thai


35
ban bao hoa cung ket tua. Miozin cha rat nhieu acid amin mach phan nhanh
va phan t dang si v vay no tac dung hydrat rat manh. Miozin la phc hp
hai protein tng t nhau la H-meromiozin va L- meromiozin.
Ngi ta xac nh c mot phan t Miozin co khoang 20 acid amin, trong o
co ay u acid amin khong thay the, ac biet co 5 acid amin sau : lisin, leusin,
glutamin, aspactic, arginin chiem mot na trong phan t lng Miozin, va 30 %
acid amin la diacid. Vai tro Miozin ray quan trong trong giai oan te cng cua
ong vat thuy san.
iem ang ien cua Miozin la pI = 5,4.
1.2. Miogen: Con goi la miozinogen. Lay nc tht thuy san cho sunfatamon
vao en trang thai ban bao hoa, loai bo Miozin i, ieu chnh pH cua dung dch
con lai thanh moi trng acid th c Miogen ket tua. Miogen ong ac
nhiet o 5560
0
c. Lung Miogen chiem 50% lung protein cua c chat hoa
tan.
ong vat khong xng song rat t Miogen hoac khong co. iem ang ien
pI = 5,35,8.
1.3. Soluble miogenfibrin: la chat tng t nh Globulin, khi cho sunfatamon
vao dung dch th tao ket tua, protein nay khong tan trong nc, ong ac
3040
0
c.
Trong dong vat mau nong khong co loai protein nay.
1.4. Mioprotein: la loai protein khong ong ac, iem ang ien pI= 4,7. Khi
moi trng pH sinh ly (pH cua c the song) du tang hay giam nhiet o bao
nhieu th protein nay cung khong ong ac nhng khi ieu chnh o pH ve
iem ang ien th lai ong ac, ve tnh chat th cha xac nh ro.
1.5. Actin: ton tai hai dang. Dang cau G-Actin va dang si F-Actin, ca hai dang
nay chuyen hoa cho nhau. Trong c the song thng ton tai dang F, actin
cha u cac acid amin khong thay the, tan c trong dung dch muoi an.
Actin tham gia qua trnh te cng cua thuy san sau khi chet
1.6. Actormiozin
La phc chat gia actin va miozin (do nhom sufit cua miozin ket hp nhom
hydroxyl cua actin e tao thanh actomiozin).
Actomiozin ong vai tro quan trong trong giai oan te cng cua ong vat
thuy san. Khi actormiozin c hnh thanh nhieu nhat la luc te cng at nh
iem nhat.
2. Chat c c ban
Chat c c ban la thanh phan chu yeu cua to chc c lien ket trong c tht,
chung thuoc loai protein khung, chu yeu gom co colagen, elastin va cac chat
khac, so lng cua cac protein nay nhieu hay t co anh hng en ga tr dinh
dng va mc o mem mai cua c tht.
Qua nghien cu moi quan he gia nhiet va toc o keo hoa colgen trong to
chc lien ket cua tht thuy san khi gia nhiet thay rang: 30
0
c lng colagen keo
hoa thanh gelatin rat t nhng 50
0
c th keo hoa 1/2 90
0
c th keo hoa hoan
toan.
Van e keo hoa co y ngha dinh dng v gelatin khac vi colagen va elastin
la co the tieu hoa c.


36
IV CHAT NGAM RA CUA C THT ONG VAT THUY SAN
Khi ta ngam c tht cua thuy san vao nc nong hoac nc am, se co mot
so chat trong to chc c tht hoa tan ra ngoai, nhng chat o goi la chat ngam
ra, chat trch ly, chat chiec rut.
Ham lng chat ngam ra phu thuoc tng loai nhng noi chung vao khoang
23% tht ti, trong o co khoang 1/3 la chat hu c ma phan ln la chat hu
c co am, phan con lai la chat vo c.
Chat ngam ra ng ve mat dinh dng th tam quan trong khong ln lam
nhng ng ve mat tac dung sinh ly mui v th lai chiem vai tro quan trong. Chat
ngam ra quyet nh mui v cua san pham.
Chat ngam ra rat de b vi sinh vat phan huy gay thoi ra, lam giam kha nang
bao quan nguyen lieu. Lng chat ngam ra b pha n giai nhieu hay t co tnh chat
quyet nh en gia tr san pham.
e keo dai thi gian bao quan nguyen lieu thuy san, ta co the loai bo chat
ngam ra nhng khi loai bo chat ngam ra se lam nguyen lieu b ton that mui va v
dan en ton that gia tr cam quan.
1. Chat hu c co am
1.1.Trimetylamin (TMA) va trimetylaminoxyt (TMAO)
CH
3
CH
3

TMA :N CH
3
O=N CH
3
TMAO
CH
3
CH
3

Hai chat nay co rat pho bien trong ong vat thuy san.
Trimetylaminoxyt co mui thm ti de chu la mot trong nhng thanh phan
thm ti chu ye u cua chat ngam ra. Trong ca bien xng sun TMAO chiem
7001400mg%. Trong moi kg mc nang co 0,93 gr va trong 1kg mc ong kho
co 14,7 gr.
Nguon goc TMAO cha ro nhng theo a so la do moi trng song tao
nen. TMAO de b kh thanh TMA di tac dung cua cac vi khuan micrococci,
achrobacter, flavobacter, peuseudomonasKhi nhiet o cao TMAO phan giai
thanh dimetylamin va formaldehyt.
Trimetylamin la chat ton tai pho bien trong tht ca bien. TMA co mu i tanh
kho chu, la mui ac trng cua ong vat thuy san khi a chet. Trong tht thuy
san ti v TMAO b kh oxy thanh TMA nen lng TMA cung ton tai nhng
tng oi t. TMAO b kh thanh TMA la do tac dung cua enzymTrimethylamin
Oxydaza do cac vi khuan gay thoi ra tiet ra di ieu kien co chat chohydro,
phan ng xay ra nh sau.

AH
2
+ ( CH
3
)
3
NO Enzym oxy hoa (CH)
3
N + H
2
O
Chat cho H TMAO TMA
Chat hydro co the la glucose, acid lactic, glycogenTrong tht ca, chat cho
hydro la acid lactic nen phan ng xay ra nh sau:
CH
3
-CHOH-COOH + 2( CH
3
)
3
NO CH
3
COOH + 2( CH
3
)
3
N + CO
2
+ H
2
O
Trong c tht ong vat thuy san sau khi chet, TMA tiep tuc b phan huy thanh
dimethylamin (DMA), monomethylamin (MMA).
1.2. Axicd creatinic (creatin) va creatinin


37
Trong ca co nhieu acid creatinic, ham lng tng oi co nh khoang 0,6%
va mot t creatinin. Acid Creatinic trong ca xng cng nhieu hn xng sun,
acid creatinic co v ang, trong c tht acid nay ket hp vi acid photphoric tao
photphocreatinin. Trong cac loai nhuyen the hau nh khong co hai chat nay va
hai chat nay hai chat nay c thay the bang arginin.
Acid creatinic quan he mat thiet vi tac dung co rut c. Creatinin la san
pham trao oi chat cua acid ceratnic, trong c the phan ng xay ra mot chieu,
ben ngoai phan ng xa y ra hai chieu.
Phan ng xay ra nh sau
NH
2
NH--------


HN

=

C-N-CH
2
-COOH HN=C-N-CH
2
-CO + H
2
O
CH
3
CH
3

Creatin Creatinin
1.3. Canosin va anserin
HC = C-CH
2
-CH-COOH
N NH NH-CO-CH
2
-NH
2

C H Carnosin
HC = C- CH
2
- CH- COOH
N N-CH
3
NH- CO-CH
2
CH
2
- NH
2

C H Aserin
Carnosin la hp chat dipetit do histidin va alanin tao thanh, co trong ong vat
thuy san co vu va co mot t trong loai co xng song.
Anserin co trong ong vat co xng song, trong mot so ca bien cung thay ton
tai nhng vi mot lng rat t.
1.4. Betain
(CH
3
)
3
N CH
2
- CO S
O
Betain co rat nhieu trong nhuyen the co vo.
Betain co mui thm de chu. Trong ete va con no co hnh dang lap lanh nh
vay ca, dung NaOH thuy phan sinh ra trimetylamin, tac dung vi HCl sinh ra
loai muoi de tan trong nc nhng khong tan trong con nguyen chat. Theo
Lymus xac nh trong 1kg mc ong kho co 16 gr betain.
1.5. Cac acid amin t do
Trong chat ngam ra cua c tht ong vat thuy san co Alanin, Leucin, Acid
aspatic, Acid glutamic, Arginin, Histidin, Tyrozin, prolin, Trytophan
Lng Histidin trong ca xng cng tng oi nhieu, ac biet la trong c
tht o, v histidin trong Hemoglobin nhieu. Nhng loai ca ay th lng histidin
t, ca noi th histidin nhieu. Do o bao quan ca ay va ca c tht o la rat kho
khan v histidin de chuyen thanh histamin mot chat gay ngo oc cho ngi.
Arginin trong chat ngam ra cua ong vat thuy san khong xng song tng
oi nhieu. Thong thng arginin ket hp acid photphoric va ton tai di dang
photpho-arginin
1.6. Taurin O
(O)
2
= S CH
2
CH
2
NH
2

O


38
Taurin co rat nhieu trong nhuyen the than mem sau o la nhuyen the hai
manh vo. Trong mot kg mc nang ti va bach tuoc cha 5 gr taurin, trong 1
kg mc ong ti co 13 gram.
Taurin co tac dung cha tr benh ra mo hoi, chat tao hng phan.
1.7. Baze purin
Trong chat ngam ra cua ong vat thuy san co nhieu Hypoxanthin, con
xanthin, adenin, guanin tng oi t, khong tm thay acid uric. Trong c tht o
cua ca co nhieu adenin, hypoxanthin hn c tht trang. S ton tai cua
hypoxanthin co the la do acid nucleic hoac acid inosinic phan giai ma thanh.
1.8. Acid inosinic
Acid inosinic la do hypoxanthin, pentoza, va aciid photphoric tao thanh. Acid
nay ket hp vi histidin tao nen mui v cua tht ca.

HN CO OH OH
HC C N CH CH CH CH CH
2
O P O
CH O
N C N

1.9. Glutathion
Glutathion trong c the ong vat la chat nhan hydro va ong thi cung la
chat cho hydro v vay co the coi la chat co tac dung sinh ly ac biet.
Trong to chc c tht ong vat glutathion phan ln ton tai di dang kh.
Co ngi xac nh glutathion cua ca hoi vao ti ky e trng la: Trong mau 3-
5g/kg; gan : 44-92; than : 60-96; tim : 37-42; trong c trn : 4-10; c van 13-20;
mang 14-25; tui buon trng 73-78.
1.10. Nhng chat khac
a.Carnithin
La dan xuat cua betain co nhieu trong ca voi, trong nhuyen the cung co
nhng rat t.
b.Ure
O = C (NH)
2

Nhng thanh phan co am trong c tht ong vat thuy san khi phan huy
eu tao ure. Ham lng ure trong ca xng sun nh ca nham rat nhieu
khoang 1000- 2000 mg%. oi vi ca xng cng va nhng ong vat thuy san
khong xng song ch khoang 1-10mg%, ure co mui hoi thoi lam giam chat
lung nguyen lieu. C che ngo oc ure c trnh bay trong cong nghe lanh
ong thc pham
d. Amoniac
Trong san vat thoi ra cua protein eu co amoniac, trong qua trnh t phan
giai cung co nhng rat t con trong ong vat song th cang t hn, trong ca
xng sun th nhieu amoniac.
e. Octopin ( C
8
H
16
N
4
O
4
)
Khi nghien cu bach tuoc va tht trai quat ta thay co octopin, ve sau con
tm thay trong mc va loai co hai vo nh : ngheu, so


39
Octopin la chat ket tinh hnh kim mau trang khomg mui, iem nong chay
28
0
c, kho hoa tan trong nc lanh, de tan trong nc nong, khong tan trong
con va ete, dung dch cua octopin la trung tnh, cong thc cua Octopin:
CH
3

NH
2
NH CH CH
2


HN C NH CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
COOH
2. Cac chat hu c khong am
2.1. Glycogen
Glycogen con goi la tinh bot ong vat, phan ln co trong gan ong vat, trong
to chc c tht. Trong loai nhuyen the co nhieu glycogen. V du trong con hau
co ti 4,2 %, glycogen co mui thm ti, sau khi phan giai sinh ra acid lactic,
glycogen co quan he mat thiet vi qua trnh te cng cua ong vat thuy san
(xem qua trnh te cng).
2.2. Acid lactic
Acid lactic co trong c tht ong vat thuy san, la san vat phan giai cua
glycogen. Khi ong vat t hoat ong th lng acid lactic t, va khi chung hoat
ong nhieu th lng acid lactic sinh san ra nhieu. Sau khi ong vat chet lng
acid lactic van tang len. Acid lactic la san pham cua qua trnh hoat ong song
cua ong vat.
2.3. Acid succinic
Cong thc cau tao : HOOC-CH
2
-CH
2
-COOH
Acid succinic co trong c tht ti cua ong vat thuy san, la thanh phan thm
cua tht thuy san, acid succinic co nhieu trong c tht nhuyen the, trong ca t
hn.
V CHAT BEO CUA ONG VAT THUY SAN
1. Tnh chat chung cua chat beo
Trong c the ong vat thuy san lipid ton tai di hai hnh thc : dang t do va
dang lien ket.
- Dang t do : nam trong o bung, di lp da, dang nay thay oi theo ieu
kien song.
- Dang lien ket : tham gia cau truc te bao, dang nay khong oi theo ieu
kien song.
Thanh phan hoa hoc cua chat beo la: Triglyceric, con, acid beo t do, sac to,
sap, vitamin...Triglyceric do acid beo bac cao va glyceril hoa hp thanh.
Lipid ong vai tro quan trong trong hoat ong song cua thuy san: tham gia
cau truc te bao, d tr nang lng. Lipid trong ong vat thuy san khi con ti co
mau vang nhat, nhng gan mc va ca chien co mau o. Lng vitamin trong
lipid cang nhieu th lipid co mau cang sam. Trong cong nghe che bien neu gia
nhiet khong hp ly th mau cua lipid chuyen t vang sang o, nau, en.
iem nong chay dau ca tung oi thap vao khoang 20 25
0
c cho nen
nhiet o nay phan ln the long v vay goi la dau ca.
e anh gia chat lung dau ca ta dung ch so iot, ch so acid beo t do.
Ch so iot cang cao tc la acid beo khong no cang nhieu, ch so acid la chi tieu


40
quan trong ve tnh chat va trang thai cua chat beo. Trong qua trnh bao quan
ch so acid tang len ngha la chat lung dau ca giam. Trong dau ca acid beo
khong no cao o chiem 84% v vay ch so iot cao hn cac loai dau khac. Phan
t lng cua acid beo trong dau ca tng oi cao va chat khong xa phong hoa
kha nhieu, do o ch so xa phong hoa cua dau ca tng oi thap, noi chung ch
so xa phong hoa khoang 180 200, ty trong cua dau ca la 92 0,93, ch so
iode 200, ch so chiec quang 20
0
c 1,47 1,48, o quay cc nho hn 30
0
.
Acid beo quan trong nhat la acid linoleic va linolenic v c the ngi khong
t tong hp hai aid nay.
2. Thanh phan chat beo cua ong vat thuy san
2.1. Loai acid beo
Acid beo cua ong vat thuy san thuoc loai mach thang co mot goc
cacboxin, chuoi cacbon trong acid beo t 12 26 cacbon oi luc 28 cacbon.
Trong lipid thuy san acid beo chu yeu la khong no, loai C
14
C
16
rat t, loai C
18
C
20
khong bao hoa rat nhieu.
ca nc ngot lipid co C
16
C
18
tng oi nhieu, C
20
tr len tng oi t.
Trong ca bien th c
16
tng oi t nhng C
20
C
22
tng oi nhieu.
a. Acid beo bao hoa
Thuoc day C
n
H
2n
O
2

Ten acid beo Cong
thc
Phan t
Ch so trung
hoa
iem nong
chay
Phan bo
Acid lauric
Acid myristic
Acid palmitic
Acid stearic
Acidarachidic
Acid behenic
C
12
H
24
O
2
C
14
H
28
O
2

C
16
H
32
O
2

C
18
H
36
O
2

C
20
H
40
O
2

C
22
H
44
O
2

280
246
219
197
180
165
43
0
C
54
0
C
63
0
C
71
0
C
75
0
C
81
0
C
Dau Ca voi
Rong rai
Rat rong
Nhieu
Rong rai
Rong rai
Bang 3.2 : Acid beo bao hoa trong ong va t thuy san
b. Acid beo khong bao hoa
Thuoc day acid oleic C
n
H
2n-2
O
2
( Co mot noi oi C=C )
Ten acid beo Cong thc
phan t
iem
nong chay
Ch so
trung hoa
Ch so iot
Acid physeteric
Acid zoomaric
Acid oleic
Acid gadoleic
Acid cetoleic
Acid selacholeic
C
14
H
26
O
2
C
16
H
30
O
2

C
18
H
34
O
2

C
20
H
38
O
2

C
22
H
42
O
2

C
24
H
46
O
2


-2
0
c
7
0
c
24
0
c
33
o
c
43
0
c

221
199
181
166
153
107
100
90
82
75
69
Bang 3.3 : Acid beo khong bao hoa trong ong vat thuy san
c. Acid beo khong bao hoa cao o
Co so cacbon t C
17
C
24
thuoc cac day sau: C
n
H
2n-8
O
2,
C
n
H
2n-10
O
2
,
C
n
H
2n-12
O
2.
Trong cac loai nay chu la:
Acid clupadonic co cong thc phan t C
22
H
34
O
2
, neu dung tay cha manh


41
vao acid nay th co mui thoi cua dau ca, acid clupadonic co nhieu trong gan
ca nham.
Acid linoleic con goi la acid ( e6 ) co cong thc.
CH
3
-(CH
2
)
4
-CH=CH-CH
2
-CH=CH-(CH
2
)
7
-COOH
(e6)
Acid linolenic con goi la acid ( e3 ) co cong thc
CH
3
-CH
2
-CH=CH-CH
2
-CH=CH-CH
2
-CH=CH-(CH
2
)
7
-COOH
(e3) (e6) (e9)
Hai acid nay rat quan trong trong viec phat trien nao bo, th giac va
tham gia nhieu chc nang sinh hoc khac. Acid linoleic va cac chat chuyen
hoa cua chung thuoc nhom acid beo e6 v noi oi au tien nam cacbon th
6 em t nhom metyl. Acid alpha linolenic va cac chat chuyen hoa cua no
thuoc nhom acid beo e3 v noi oi au tien nam cacbon so 3, em t nhom
metyl.
Sau khi vao c the ta, hai acid linoleic va linolenic bien dng bang cach:
Them 2 nguyen t cacbon vao acid linoleic e tong hp nen acid arachidonic
(C
20
) vi 4 noi oi v tr e6, e9, e12, e15. Acid arachidonic co tac dung
trong viem nhiem va co c. Them 2 nguyen t cacbon vao acid alpha
linolenic, c the chung ta se bien dng thanh acid eicosapentaennoic (EPA).
Voi 2 nguyen t cacbon na, chung ta co acid decosahexaenoic (DHA).
DHA chiem khoang cau truc nao bo nen rat can thiet cho s phat trien
nhanh cua nao bo tre nho. Bao thai, trong giai oan cuoi thai ky va nhu nhi
trong nam au rat can DHA. Sa me cha nhieu DHA hn bat c thc an
nao. Tre sinh u thang, nuoi bang sa me, nhan nhieu DHA hn, cho nen
en 8 tuoi tr tue cua tre phat trien hn tre cung tuoi s dung sa nhan tao.
Cac cong trnh nghien cu mi ay cho thay nhng ngui an ca, t lo au,
tram cam. Ngui chau Au va ngi My t an ca nen khong c cung cap u
cac acid beo e3, do o thng de b stress. Stress la dau hieu cua benh tim
mach. Dung thc an co nhieu acid e3, nguy c benh tim mach giam. DHA
anh hng en mang te bao than kinh, lam giam nguy c b stress. Trong
thap nien 60, nhieu cong trnh nghien cu a chng minh dau bap, dau
hng dng co tac dung tot vi cholestrerol, cho nen nganh cong nghiep
cung nh nganh y te e cao dau thc vat. Nhng dau nay rat giau acid e6
nhng lai rat t acid e3. Ty le e6/e3 =1- cach ay 100 nam- nay len ti 18. S
mat can bang nay la nguyen nhan dan en benh tim mach ngay cang nhieu.
Cung may cho nhan loai la lipid thuuy san a giai quyet van e nay. S
thang bang tot nhat gia acid e6 va acid e3 la 6
3
6
4 < <
e
e
acid
acid
. An ca giam
cac benh tim mach do : EPA, DHA t tac dung en qua trnh tang cholesterol,
nhng lam giam glycerit, yeu to nguy c quan trong. EPA, DHA ngan chan s
ton thng, che ch thanh ong mach, ngan chan s tac nghen ong mach,
chuyen mau thanh the long hn.
Mot cong trnh nghien cu gan ay nhat cua My cho biet, nhng ngi an
ca nhieu, ty le ung th tuyen tien liet rat thap. Mot nghien cu khac tai Phap
ve ung th vu co ket luan : ung th phat trien cang nhanh neu t s dung acid


42
beo e3, neu thc an nhieu acid beo e3, nguy c beo ph giam.
Ca con sinh song bang ong vat thuy sinh phu du, ca ln an ca con, ngi
an ca ln. Sinh vat phu du co kha nang tong hp acid alpha linolenic, ca con
an sinh vat phu du va bien acid alpha linolenic thanh EPA, DHA.
Mot ieu ang ghi nh la ca song trong thien nhien, an nhieu sinh vat phu
du nen lng acid beo e3 nhieu gap 5 10 lan ca nuoi. Hai acidlinolic va
linolenic co rat nhieu trong m cua ho ca catfish ( ca nheo ).
e bao am gia tr dinh dng, cac acid beo e3 khong b bien oi trong
qua trnh che bien ta tranh nng, ran. Nen kho hoac luoc, hap se gi
nguyen lng acid beo e3.
Nhng acid beo khong no nay co trong dau ong vat thuy san thng ket
hp vi glyceril hoac con, khi thoi ra hoac t phan giai th no b phan ly lam
cho ch so acid cua lipid tang cao ong thi b oxy hoa lam san pham oi khet.
2.2. Loai con


Trong thanh phan khong xa phong hoa cua dau ca co cac loai con:
hydrocacbua, sterol, vitamin A, D, nen va cac loai con cao cap khac. Con
trong dau ca cung co loai no va khong no, mach thang va mach vong. Con
mach thang quan trong la gyceril (C
3
H
8
O
3
), con mach vong quan trong la
cholesterol ( C
27
H
46
O) va ergesterol (C
25
H
44
O ).

CH
3
CH
3

CH
3

CH CH
2
CH
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3


HO Cholesterrol
2.3. Loai cacbua hydro
Bnh thng trong dau ong vat ham lng cacbuahydro tng oi t nhng
dau cua gan ca nham co nhieu, co the at 80% cua chat beo. Tac dung sinh
ly cua chung cha ro lam, thng ta gap cac loai sau :
Pristan (C
18
H
38
) co nhieu trong gan ca nham, la dung dch trong suot
khong mau, hoa tan trong dung moi hu c, khong tan trong ceton, con,
acid axetic. iem soi 296
0
c, ty trong o,7871, ch so chiet quang 1,441.
Zaimen (C
18
H
36
) co trong gan ca nham ga.
Gadusen (C
18
H
32
) co trong gan ca tuyet.
Squalen (C
30
H
50
) co trong gan ca nham, ton tai trang thai t do.
Squalen la chat khong mau, trang thai dung dch nh dau gan nh
khong mui, trong qua trnh bao quan de bien chat sinh mui thoi.
2.4. Sac to
Trong dau ong vat thuy san phan ln sac to la Carotenoit tc la astaxin (
C
40
H
48
O
4
), caroten, xanthophyll, fucoxanthin. Trong mot so ca co mau o nh
ca hoi, ca hong, ca ba trau th chu yeu la astaxin. Trong tom va dau ca voi
phan ly uc sac to tm en la tien astaxin va tetraxanthin.
VI. CHAT KHOANG CUA ONG VAT THUY SAN
1. Phan bo chung


43
Chat khoang trong ong vat thuy san kha phong phu, trong o chiem mot
lng ln la: Ca, P, Fe, Na, K, I, Cl, trong o Ca va P la nhieu nhat. Cac chat
chiem mot lung nho la : Al, Mn, Cr, Cu, Pb, Co, Se, va mot so chat chiem mot
lng rat nho la : F, Ni, Si, Zn, Sn. Trong o khoang can thiet la : Fe, Cu, I. Ham
lung muoi vo c trong ong vat thuy san the hien qua bang (% chat kho):
Ten ong
vat
Na K Ca Mg Fe mg% Cl
Ca tuyet
Ca da
Ca chep
Ca ng
Bach thuoc
Hau
Tom
1,728
0,65
0,793
0,569
2,058
0,72
1,09
0,512
0,08
0,234
0,293
1,58
0,656
1,875
0,114
0,106
0,121
0,086
0,123
0,211
0,535
0,086
0,048
0,109
0,091
0,282
0,224
0,336
30
15
13
20
20
20
0,98
1,245
0,094
0,082
0,082
2,8
0,13
2,875
Bang 3.4 : Ham lng vo c trong ong vat thuy san
Ca, Mg, P, Fe, Cl trong tht thuy san co nhieu hn ong vat tren can.
2. Cac khoang quan trong
2.1. Sat
Trong ca bien ham lng Fe chiem 12% lng muoi vo c va nhieu hn ca
nc ngot, trong tht o nhieu hn trong tht trang. Trong mot kg tht thuy san
co 3,4-9,6 mg Fe, chat sat tham gia cau thanh hemoglobin rat can cho phu n.
2.2. ong
Ham lng Cu trong ca tng oi t, nhng trong loai khong xng song th
nhieu v: hemocyanin (sac to cua mau ong vat nhuyen the (tr so) va giap
sat) cua ong vat nhuyen the co Cu. Trong 1kg hau ti co 30 mg Cu, 1kg tom
co 13mg Cu, 1kg Ca co 1-5 mg Cu. Trong cong nghe o hop giap, san pham
hay co mau xanh cua Cu
2+
. e khac phuc tnh trang nay, khi che bien ta tien
hanh lay het hemocyanin trong giap sat.
2.3. Sunfua
Sulfua co pho bien trong ong vat thuy san khoang 1% chat kho, ca biet co
loai at 2%, trong loai tht o nhieu hn tht trang, loai khong xung song nhieu
hn trong ca.
2.4. Iot
Iot la nguon li ac biet cua thuy san, ham lng iot cua ong vat thuy
san cao hn ong vat tren can t vai chuc en vai tram lan.
Trong thc pham iot ong vai tro quan trong v: neu ngi thieu iot se b
benh bu co va tre con thieu iot se an on, phu n mang thai thieu iot rat de
b xay thai hoac sanh non. Iod de thang hoa nen an song thuy san la phng
phap bao toan iod.
Trang thai ton tai chu yeu cua iod la dang thyroxin ( chat giap trang )
Trong ong vat thuy san, s phan bo iod nh sau
Ham lng iot theo th t: nhuyen the > giap xac > ca.
Trong ca bien lng iot nhieu nhat noi tang > nao > c tht> da. Neu
trong c tht th tht bung > lng >uoi.


44

I I

O CH
2
CH
2
CH COOH

I I NH
2
Lng iot cua ong vat bien > ong vat nc l > ong vat nc ngot >
ong vat tren can
ac biet trong rong Gracilaria verucosa co rat nhieu iot.
VII. VITAMIN TRONG ONG VAT THUY SAN
ong vat thuy san la nguon thc pham qu v ngoai viec cung cap tha nh
phan dinh dng chnh th thuy san con la nguon cung cap vitamin phong phu
cho con ngi, ac biet la vitamin A va D.
Vitamin trong ong vat thuy san chia lam hai nhom: nhom vitamin tan trong
dau va nhom tan trong nc. Ham lng vitamin trong phan tht an c cua ca
bieu th qua bang:
Vitamin n
v
Ham lng
trung bnh
Pham vi bien
ong
Vitamin tan trong dau
- A
- D
- E
Vtamin tan trong nc
- B
1

- B
2

- Acid nicotinic
- B
12

- Acid pantothenic
- B
6

- Biotin
- Acid folic
- C

g %
g %
g %

g %
g %
mg %
g %
mg %
g %
g %

25
15
12

50
120
3
1
0,5
500
5
80
3

10-1.000
6-30
4-35

10-100
40-700
0,5-12
0,1-15
0,1-1,0
50-100
0,001-8
71-87
1-20
Bang3.5: Ham lng vitamin trong phan tht an c cua thuy san
S phan bo vitamin trong tht thuy san khac nhau, chu yeu tap trung noi
tang ac biet la gan va mot phan tuyen sinh duc. Cho en nay nguon vitamin
nhieu va tot nhat la trong dau gan ca bien. Nguon goc vitamin A trong ca bien
la t cac chat carotinoit cua sinh vat phu du thuy sinh.
Trong qua trnh chiet xuat vitamin A trong gan ca thng co vitamin D. Nguon
goc vitamin D cua ong vat thuy san uc sinh ra t loai thuy sinh o sau
200 m nc. Trong ong vat thuy san cung ton tai vitamin E, nhng yeu to anh
hng en vitamin A eu anh hng en vitamin D, E.
Ham lng vitamin D trong mot vai loai ca nh bang sau :
Ten Ca Ham
lng
Lng vitamin D
trong to chc
Lng vitamin
trong dau gan(


45
lipid (%) gan (UI/g ) UI/g)
Ca map,nham
Ca ven, vc, mang
Ca hoi TBD
Ca thu Nhat Ban
Ca ng
Ca bn
Ca trch
Ca tuyet
25-70
25-70
3-6
5-26
2-35
8-30
8-30
30-85
3-6
3-6
6-12
150-300
3.500-5.000
165-4.000
50-200
15-60
5-25
45-560
100-600
750-6.000
10.000-250.000
400-20.000
100-600
20-100
Bang 3.6 : Ham lng vitamin D trong vai loai ca
Trong ong vat thuy san con ton tai vitamin E, cung la loai vitamin tan trong
dau. Lng vitamin trong gan ca cao hn so vi m va tht ca rat nhieu. Vai so
lieu ve ham lng vitamin nh sau :
Ten ca Ham lng vitamin E ( mg% )
Trong c tht To chc gan Trong dau gan
Ca map, nham, uoi
Chep, me, ven
Trch
Sacdin
Thu
Tuyet, mintai
Bn
0,7
0,63
0,10,5
4,5
0,41,8
0,35
0,10,15
0,41
0,84
0,84
0,84
1,01,5
1,01,5
0,30,4
8,531,9
-
14,5
-
-
8,529,5
4055
Bang 3.7 : Ham lng vitamin E trong mot vai loai ca (mg%)
Trong ong vat thuy san co pho bien nhom vitamin B. S ton tai vitamin
nhom B trong c tht nhieu hn gan ( tr B
12
), trong c tht o nhieu hn c tht
trang. Ham lng B
1
trung bnh trong c tht cac loai ca la 0,010,02 mg%.
Vitamin B
12
ton tai kha pho bien trong ong vat thuy san, trong ruot cac loai
thuy san ton tai loai vi sinh vat sinh tong hp B
12
nen lng B
12
trong noi tang
thuy san kha cao. V du: Ham lng vitamin B
12
trong cathu at 150?kg.
VIII: ENZYM CUA ONG VAT THUY SAN
1. ac iem chung
Enzym la chat xuc tac hu c co ban chat la protein, ong vai tro quan
trong trong s sinh ton va phat trien cua sinh vat. Do enzym co ban chat la
protein nen co ay u tnh chat cua protein: Phan t lng t 2.000 1.000.000
vc, b bien tnh di tac dung cua nhiet o, kiem, acid, chat oxy hoa. Ezym
trong thuy san cung chia lam hai nhom: ezym mot cau t va enzym hai cau t.
Enzym xuc tac rat manh so vi cha t xuc tac vo c. Da vao ac iem nay
ma ta li dung enzym trong cong nghe san xuat nh: nc mam, mam tom
chua, bot ca thc pham
Enzym co tnh ac hieu rat cao, ngha la moi enzym ch xuc tac mot kieu
phan ng nao o, v du: Enzym cacboxypeptidaza co tac dung cat t moi lien
ket peptit au mach polypeptit co nhom cacboxyl t do, au co nhom amin t
do th khong tac dung.
2. Cac enzym quan trong cua ong vat thuy san


46
2.1. Nhom enzym proteaza
Nhom enzym nay co tac dung xuc tac thuy phan protein la chnh, cac hp
chat khac rat t tac dung. Tuy nhien, cac enzym nay co tnh ac hieu rong rai,
chung khong ch thuy phan lien ket peptit ma con thu y phan cac lien ket este,
amitva chuyen v goc acid. Qua trnh thuy phan protein nh sau :
Proetin
Proteaza
pepton
Proteaza
polypeptit
Prteaza
acid amin. Qua trnh nay
c thc hien nh mot hoac nhieu proteaza khac nhau. Trong nhom nay co
mot so proteaza ien hnh la: Cathepsin, pepsinaza, tripsinaza,
chimotripsinaza, peptidaza, sinaza, enterikinaza, nucleinaza, amidaza,
coeginaza. Trong o pepsinaza va tripsinaza la c nghien cu nhieu nhat.
a. Pepsinaza
Trong ong vat thuy san nhom enzym nay ch tap trung vao loai co da day
va co kha nang tiet acid, cac loai khac khong co hoac co rat t. oi vi ong
vat tren can, loai ezym nay co rat nhieu trong da day.
Loai enzym nay co tac dung xuc tac cat t moi lien ket peptit trong chuoi
protrein, nhiet o toi thch 40
0
C50
0
C, pH = 2 3. Phan t lng khoang
42.000 vc, iem ang ien pI=3,7. Nhiet o va pH lam viec cua enzym
pepzinaza trong mot so thuy san nh bang sau :
Ten ca pH t
0
c Chat tac dung Thi gian
Ca da
Ca mintai
Ca ng
Ca bo
3,2
3,8
2,8
3,0
40-50
31
45-55
40-50
Casein

Edestin
2 gi
3 gi

Bang 3.8 : ieu kien lam viec cua pepzinaza thuy san
b. Tripsinaza
Loai enzym nay tap trung nhieu tuy tang, ruot non cua ong vat, cung co
tac dung cat t moi lien ket peptit trong chuoi protein nhng hoat tnh lai
thch hp nhiet o 30
0
C 40
0
C, pH= 7. Tripsin la loai enzym kiem tnh,
phan t lng 23.000 vc, iem ang ien pI = 10,05. Trong ong vat thuy
san ham lng protein ln hn cac chat khac, cho nen vai tro xuc tac cua
nhom proteaza la manh nhat so vi cac nhom con lai. ong thi nguyen lieu
thuy san la nguon nguyen lieu chnh e ieu che, trch ly nhom enzym
proteaza s dung vao trong nhieu nganh cong nghiep va nghien cu.
Ten ca C quan pH Nhiet o Chat tac dung Thi gian
Ca mintai
Ca ng van
Ca nham goc
Ca bo
Ca nheo
Ca da
Tom
Mc nang
Mc ong
Ca thu
Ca hoi
Ruot
Ruot non
Ruot
Ruot non
Tuy tang
Ruot
Ruot
Gan
Da day
Ruot non
Gan
6,9
6-7
6,2
7,7
7,7
7,0
7,8
6,1
6,8
7,2
6,8
31
38
46
50
45
45
38
38
38
43
30
Casein
Gelatin
Gelatin tan
Gelatin tan
Casein
Casein
Casein
Casein
Casein
Casein
Casein
3 gi
1-4 gi
4
20
2
2
24
24
24
24
48


47
Trai, hau
Thuy tc
Bach tuoc
Noi tang
Ruot
Gan, tuy
8,0
7,4
7,3
32
32
34
Pepton
Gelatin
glycol

3
7-10 ngay
8 gi
Bang 3.9 : ieu kien lam viec cua Tripsinaza thuy san
Nhom enzym nay cung chiem lng ln trong ong vat thuy san. ieu
kien lam viec cua enzym trypzinaza trong ong vat thuy san nh tren
2.2. Nhom enzym esteraza
Nhom enzym nay co tac dung xuc tac thuy phan moi lien ket este e tao
acid va ru. Sau khi thuy phan tao ra acid hu c th goi la esteraza hu c,
con tao ra acid vo c th goi la esteraza vo c.
Thuoc nhom enzym nay co cac loai enzym pho bien la: cacboxyestraza,
photphoesteraza, sunfuaesteraza.
a. Esteraza hu c hay con goi la lipaza
Nhom enzym nay co tac dung xuc tac thuy phan lipit e tao thanh glyceril
va acid beo. Nhom enzym nay co nhieu trong cac loai ca beo, tap trung
bung, gan, tuy tang.
b. Esteraza vo c
V du photphataza la mot esteraza vo c co tac dung xuc tac qua trnh
thuy phan estephophoric e tao ra acid photphoric va ru. Trong ong vat
thuy san nhom enzym nay thng tap trung than, gan, chiem lng khong
nhieu, nhng hoat tnh cua chung rat rong, co the hoat ong c ca trong
moi trng kiem va acid.
2.3. Nhom enzym cacbuahyraza
Nhom enzym nay co tac dung xuc tac thuy phan glucid va glucozic. Trong
ong vat thuy san ham lng glucid va glucozic rat t, khong ang ke, nen
lng enzym nay co rat t, chu yeu tap trung rong tao. Trong nhom nay pho
bien la loai enzym glycozenaza (o -amylaza), hoat ong thch hp nhiet o
35
0
C 40
0
C va o pH< 7.
a. o - Amylaza
Con goi la dextrinogenamilaza, trong phan t cua chung thng cha
canxi va tac dung cua canxi ay la lam ben cau truc bac hai va bac ba cua
enzym. V vay, khi loai bo canxi th enzym o-amylaza mat hoat ong. o-
amylaza co kha nang phan cat cac moi lien ket o-D ( 1,4 ) glucozit, thuy
phan tinh bot thanh dextrin va mot t glucoza, maltoza
o-amylaza co nhieu trong tuy ta ng, trong da day tng oi t. Moi trng
thch hp cua enzym o-amylaza trong tuy tang ca chep co khoang pH = 6,0
6,5, khi nhiet o thap th nghieng ve acid. ieu kien lam viec cua enzym o-
amylaza trong mot so thuy san nh sau :

Ten ong vat C quan pH Nhiet o Chat tac dung Thi gian
Ca ng van
Ca hoi
Hai sam
Bao ng
Ruot non
Ruot non
Ruot
Tht
7,0
7,0
6,2
4,0
40
20
40
32
NaCl
NaCl
NaCl
Glycogen
45
2
3
24-48


48
Ca chep
Ca nham
Ca da
Ca vc
Hau
Mc nang
Mc ong
Gan, tuy
Gan
Gan
Ruot
Ong tieu hoa
Gan,tuy
Gan,tuy
4,0
4,0
4,0
4o5,5
6,8
6,1
25-35
42-44
36,5
40-50
44,5
44,5
44,5
Glycogen
Glycogen
Glycogen
Glycogen
Glycogen
Glycogen
Glycogen
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
Bang 3.10 : ieu kien lam viec cua o-amylaza thuy san
b. Nhng enzym glucidaza khac
Loai glucidaza trong ongvat thuy san ngoai o-amylaza ra ngi ta con
phat hien cac loai enzym thuy phan maltoze, sacaroze, amygdalin, salicin
2.4. Nhom enzym khac
Ngoai cac enzym a ke tren, trong ong vat thuy san co mot so t enzym
khac nh xelluloza, alginaza trong noi tang bao ng, chu yeu thuy phan cac
loai ng.
Khi nghien cu ve enzym la mot van e rat phc tap va a dang cho nen ta
thng tach ra cac lnh vc khac nhau, v du : khi nghien cu hoat tnh tac
dung cua enzym th can xem xet cac yeu to anh hng nh: nhiet o, o pH,
dien tch, tiep xuchoac khi phan loai ngi ta pha n ra tng nhom.
IX THANH PHAN HOA HOC CUA CAC BO PHAN
1. Thanh phan hoa hoc cua tuyen sinh duc
1.1. Trng
Trng cua loai ca, nhuyen the, loai gap xac eu khong co lp vo cng
ngoai nh loai chim ma vo cua no la do pseudoprotein cau thanh mot mang
mong, trong lp mang la chat nguyen sinh va nhan. Trong chat nguyen sinh
con co cac hat m va noan hoang. Thanh phan hoa hoc cua trng thng la
nc 60 80%, protein 20 30%, lipid 1 11%, muoi vo c 1 2%. Trng ca
thng c s dung dung lam thc pham nhieu nhat la trng ca hoi. cac
tnh duyen hai pha Nam nc ta, vao mua con vt (con u ) sinh san, ng dan
thng lay trng an ti va lam mam.
a. Nc
Lng nc trong trng ty le ngch vi lng lipid va anh hng en
protein. Do hoan canh sinh song trng hut nc ngoai vao lam lng nc
tang len.
Nc trong trng cha trng thanh nhieu hn tr ng a trng thanh.
Lng nc trong trng ong vat thuy san thng nhieu hn chim va gia
cam.
b. Protein
Loai protein nhieu nhat trong trng la ichthulin, roi en chat cau thanh
mang vo va keratoelastin, albumin va cac hp chat phan t co am hoa tan.
Ichthulin la loai protein thuoc ho globulin va giong nh vilellin trong trng
chim, trong thanh phan co mot t P va S tan trong dung dch muoi, trong HCl
loang, baze loang, khong tan trong nc nguyen chat. Khi thuy phan th c
histidin, arginin, tyrozin, leusin acid glutamicTnh chat cua albumin trng ca
khong khac cac loai albumin khac.


49
Trong thanh phan ngam ra cua trng, co nhieu baze co am va cac acid
amin khac.
Keratoelastin la thanhphan chu yeu cau tao nen mang trng, tnh chat cua
no la gia keratin va elastin, kho tieu hoa, no tng t nh ovokeratin cua
mang trng ga, lng tyrozin trong keratoelastin kha nhieu.
c. Lipid
Trong trng ong vat thuy san co nhieu leuchithin, cholesterol, va sac to la
caroten, xanthophyl va astacin. Leuchithin chiem 35 55% m tho,
cholesterol chiem 3,9 14%. Acid beo cau tao thanh chat beo cua trng thuy
san phan ln the long, the ac tng oi t. Loai the long nhieu nhat la
C
18
, C
20
, C
22
, va lng acid beo khong bao hoa rat cao. Trong trng ca co
cac vitamin A, C, D, B
1
, B
12
, H, ve chat vo c co P, S ton tai dang hu c.
1.2. Tinh ca
Thanh phan hoa hoc cua tinh ca noi chung la : nc 70,8%; protein tho 16
18%; chat beo tho 3 5%; chat vo c 2 4%.
Trong protein tinh ca chu yeu la protamin va histon, chung ket hp acid
nucleic thanh nucleoprotein ton tai phan au tinh trung. Trong tinh ca thieu
cac acid amin quan trong nh: lysin; cystin; tryptophan. Protamin va histon ch
co hai ba loai va nhieu nhat la arginin, histidin.
Ham lng protamibn va histon co s khac nhau theo tng loai va mc o
trng thanh, lung protamin tang len theo mc trng thanh con histon th
ngc lai. Trong m tinh ca co 21% leuchithin va 18% cholesterol.
Phan ln muoi vo c trong tinh ca la P va ton tai dang acid nucleic, con
ton tai mot phan dang phothatides.
Ngi dan Nhat rat thch s dung trng va tinh ca Gim tc cau gai. V ay la
chat tao hng phan, boi bo c the, kch thch than kinh rat co li cho sc khoe.
2. Thanh phan hoa hoc cua gan
2.1. Gan ca
Gan cua loai ca nhieu m th thng co kch thc nho, gan loai t m co
kch thc ln, lng chat beo trong gan ty le nghch lng chat beo trong c
the ca, tc la loai ca nhieu m th gan t m.
Thanh phan hoa hoc cua gan ca nh bang sau:
Thanh phan
Nc
Chat kho
am tong quat
Nham
44,6
55,4
1,4
Chep
75,2
24,8
3,0
Trch
74,4
25,6
2,3
Tuyet
39,1
60,9
1,3
Voi
54,0
25,9
1,6
Bo
75,0
25,0
3,6

Protein tho
Protein thuan
Chat beo tho
Vo c

8,4
6,21
45,7
0,5

18,7
6,0
3,3
1,3

14,4
14,4
4,3
1,4

8,2
7,3
49,5
0,5

9,7
9,7
11,2
11,2

22,5
19,7
0,5
1,9
Bang 3.11 : Thanh phan hoa hoc cua gan ca
Thanh phan hoa hoc trong gan thng la: nc 40 75%; protein 8 19%;
chat vo c 0,5 1,5%. Lung vitamin A, D trong gan kha cao va A nhieu hn


50
D. Sau khi sinh san, lng m trong gan giam thap nhat va trc luc sinh san
la nhieu nhat.
2.2. Gan nhuyen the
Co khi con goi la tuy tang, trong gan co nhieu glycogen. Trong thanh phan
vo c lng ong kha nhieu, lung sat trong gan so vi toan bo c the la kha
cao. Chat beo trong nhuyen the t nhng trong gan lai nhieu.
Thanh phan hoa hoc gan nhuyen the tng t nh gan ca.
3. Thanh phan hoa hoc cua cac phan khac
3.1. Xng
Xng ca co hai loai xng cng va xng sun.
a. Xng sun
loai ca nh ca nham, uoi, map th ton tai chu yeu la xng sun. Thanh
phan chu yeu cua xng sun gom co chondromucoit, colagen va
chondroalbumin. Cac acid amin ca u tao thanh protein xng la : arginin,
histidin, lysinTrong thanh phan vo c chu yeu la Na ngoai ra con co Ca, Mg,
K, Cl.
Vay cac loai ca (nham, map, uoi) sau khi kh sach lp da boc ben ngoai
ta thu c histidin, arginin, lysin. Ba loai acid amin nay chiem 1/3 lng acid
amin toan phan. o laly do tai sao vay ca map rat co gia tr kinh te ac biet
vi cong ong Hoa kieu.
b. Xng cng
Lng chat vo c va hu c cua xng cng la tng ng nhau. Trong
chat hu c ngoai nhng chat thuoc ho pseudoprotein nh trong xng sun
con co leuchithin va chat beo. Ty le chat beo trong xng cng di 15%
nhng cung co loai ti 20 %.
Muoi vo c chu yeu la Ca
3
(PO
4
)
3
, CaX (X: F, Cl, OH), ngoai ra co co
CaCO
3
.
c. Cong dung cua xng ca
- Xng sun co the an, xng ca dung lam phan bon, thc an gia suc.
Xng sun con c che tao chondroitin sulfit acid (trong ca nham) dung
lam che tao thuoc cha benh than kinh.
- Xng cng dung e nau keo ca, bot ca, che cac loai hang my nghe
3.2. Da ca
a. Ket cau to chc da ca
Noi chung da ca rat mong, ngoai cung cua lp da ngoai la lp sng rat
mong, di lp da ngoai co nhieu tuyen tiet nhn lam cho da ca trn chong
ma sat khi di chuyen. Lp da trong goi la lp da that do rat nhieu nhng bo
si c tao thanh, gia lp ngoai va trong co lp vay.
b. Thanh phan hoa hoc
Da ca co 60 70 % nc, mot t chat vo c con chu yeu la protein va chat
beo. Protein da chu yeu la : colagen, keratin, elastin, globulin, albumin. lp
da that chu yeu la colagen, lp da ngoai th elastin, keratin, mucin.
ng dung : Da ca dung e an ti (chien gion , Viet Nam- Agifish la cong
ty au tien xuat khau da ca ). Da ca map dung lam o bay cho cac nha du
hanh vu truu, da cac loai ca sau, ca uoi du ng e san xuat thi trang


51
(cac menh phu phu nhan hay s dung da ca sau lam quan ao. Chiec ao da
ca sau au tien tren the gii c cong nng x Monaco mua vi gia
50.000 USD). Da ca con dung e che tao keo ca.
c. Vay ca
Vay ca la lp bien hnh cua lp da ngoai va lp da that, co tac dung bao
ve than ca. Nhng vay ca hnh gai (ca nham) ngoai la lp men, trong la chan
rang.
Thanh phan hoa hoc cu a vay ca giong nh xng ca : Chat vo c chiem
1/2 trong o nhieu nhat la photphatcanxi 38 40%. Chat hu c th chu yeu
la chat co am ma nhieu nhat la colagen va ichthylepidin, t le hai chat nay la
4:1.
ng dung: Vay ca dung lam o my nghe, keo ca. ay xin trnh bay
phng phap s dung vay ca lam o my nghe e cac em tham khao :
Trong mot so loai ca co nhng loai co vay rat ep nh : ca trch, ca u, ca
nucVay ca thng b bo i trong qua trnh che bien. Hien nay ta a va ang
co gang a vay ca vao lam o my nghe trang tr. Qui trnh nhuom mau cua
vay nh sau :
Vay s che x ly kiem nhuom mau.
S che: Vay ca thng thu nhat c au day chuyen cong nghe, sau o
uc em ra sach. Vay sau khi s che, khong con dnh cat, da va tht ca.
X ly kiem: X ly bang dung dch NaOH 1% ( ty le vay/NaOH =1:1 ) khoang
24h trong phong ieu nhiet 29-30
0
c e cho vay ca het mui tanh va goc vay
khong con tht. Sau o ra that sach en mc trung tnh, v nhng vet kiem
dnh tren vay se anh hng en s nhiem mau nhuom va anh hng en
chat lng san pham. Sau khi ra xong vay ca c e rao 10-15 phut.
Nhuom : Sau khi e rao, vay ca c nhuom trong dung dch sau :
- Metyl da cam : 0,2% so vi nguyen lieu
- Tinh the mau tm : 0,2 % so vi nguyen lieu
- Mau xanh luc choi loi : 0,2 % so vi nguyen lieu
- Safrsnin : 0,2 % so vi nguyen lieu
- Eozin : 0,2 % so vi nguyen lieu
- Phenol o : 0,2 % so vi nguyen lieu
Nhuom trong khoang thi gian t 6 12 gi trong phong ieu nhiet 29-
30
0
C, san pham at chat lng phai co mau eu nhau. Sau khi nhuom, vay
c ra 34 lan cho sach hoa chat ben ngoai. Sau khi ra xong, e rao
nc va hong kho trong bong ram. Neu phi nang th vay b quan lai vay ca
phi kho at o am 1617% la tot nhat.
3.3. Cac bo phan khac
a. Bong ca
Phan ln cac loai ca eu co bong bong nhng cung co mot so t khong co
bong bong. Bong ca cha nhieu colagel nen dung e nau keo hoac phi kho
dung lam thc pham. Bong ca la mon an truyen thong cua cong ong ngi
Hoa. Bong bong ca rat giau chat keo, c gii au bep xem la nguyen lieu
qu nau thanh mon an cao cap tren ban tiec. Trung Quoc, hang nghn nam
trc a biet s dung bong bong ca lam thc an bo dng, nau lan bong


52
bong ca vi tao tau, cui nhan, tht hach ao va ru, co cong nang lam khoe
au goi, that lng, bo than h, cha tr nhng benh thuoc ve lao lc.
Co nha khoa hoc cho rang bong bong ca co tac dung tot oi vi s phat
duc cua tinh trung, da vao ieu nay ngi Trung Quoc a che tao ra vien
thuoc cha benh phat duc khong bnh thng.
Theo ket qua phan tch cua cac nha khoa hoc Nhat, protein co trong bong
bong ca co the at en 84% chat kho. Trong bong ca co hai protein quan
trong la Viscoseprotein va proteinpolysacaric, gia tr dinh dng cao, nang
cao s them an, thuc ay tieu hoa, tang cng cong nang cua ai nao, cong
nang cua noi tiet to, co li cho s sinh trng va phat duc cua c the.
b.Vay ca
Thanh phan cua vay ca nham tng t nh sun, thanh phan protein chu
yeu la chondromucoit, colagel va mot t chondroalbuminoit, v vay vay ca
c che thanh cc ca mot mon an cung nh.
c. La lach
La lach co kch thc rat nho, khong ang ke nhng co y ngha vo cung
quan trong la cha nhieu insulin. La lach ca nham, voi, ng, thula nguon
cung cap insulin. Insulin dung e tr benh tieu ng.
X SAC TO CUA ONG VAT THUY SAN
Sac to ong vat thuy san the hien ro nhat lp da, tc la cac te bao sac to,
trong te bao co nhieu sac to va mau sac thay oi theo tng loai.
Sac to cua ong vat thuy san bao gom: thuoc ho sac to m (mau o, vang,
hong, vang sam), thuoc ho sac to en (mau en, nau en, tm en).
Trong mau cua ong vat thuy san co xng song cha hemoglobin (hong
huyet cau), trong loai khong xng song cha hemocyanin( mau trang xanh ) va
nhieu sac to khac.
1. Astacin va dan xuat cua caroten
Loai giap xac nh tom cua khi gia nhiet hay tiep xuc acid vo c, ru, chat
oxy hoa th vo cua chung bien thanh mau vang, o hay tm, sac to o goi la
astacin. Astacin la chat hu c thuoc loai pseudocarotenoit co mau o tm, ket
tinh, iem nong chay 238240
0
c, cong thc phan t C
40
H
48
O.
Astacin la san vat oxy hoa cua astaxanthin ( lien ket gia astacin va protein )
di tac dung cua: Nhiet o, anh sang, acid, base, con, muoi an, chat oxy hoa.
Neu cau truc astaxanthin ben ngha la nguyen lieu ti, khi b oxy hoa se giai
phong astacin mau o. Neu cau truc astaxanthin kem ben ngha la nguyen lieu
kem ti, khi b oxy hoa se giai phong astacin mau vang.
Trong trng cua loai giap xac co sac to mau xanh ve goi la ovoverdin, no la
muoi cua astacin tham gia thanh phan lipoprotein goi la cianin.
O CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
H
3
C

CH
3


HO OH
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3

CH3 O

CH
3

Astaxanthin ( 3,3 dihydroxyl 4,4- diceto caroten ) mau xanh tm



53
O CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
H
3
C

CH
3


O O
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3

CH3 O

CH
3

Astacin ( 3,3 4,4- tetraceto caroten ) mau o gach
2. Cytochrom
La enzym oxy hoa kh, loai sac to nay la do hemin va protein ket hp vi
nhau ma thanh, ve mat sinh ly cytochrom co tac dung quan trong nh
hemoglobin. Cytochrom co 4 loai A, B, C, D, ca 4 loai nay eu b tac dung cua
enzym ho hap ma thanh ra cac dang oxy hoa hoac kh, chung ton tai trong tim
ong vat tng oi nhieu, trong mot so vi khuan va enzym cung ton tai sac to
nay. Ngi ta nh lng c cytochrom C trong ca nh sau : ca ng 6,66
mg% nhng trong tht o cua chung ti 83 mg%; trong tim ca da 4,18 mg%.
3. Sepiamelanin
Nhuyen the chan au nh mc va bach tuoc khi gap s co lien phun mc
tui nang ra e t ve hay bat moi. Mc o chu yeu la sac to en goi la
sepiemelanin. Loai sac to nay co the b enzym tyrosinnaza phan giai thanh
tyrosin. Sepiamelanin la chat trung tnh, hoa tan trong nc. Khi cho acid vao va
ieu chnh pH > 4 th no ket tua, sac to nay khong tan trong cac dung moi hu
c.
Khi cho sodium hiposulfit ( Na
2
S
2
O
4
) vao e kh th no se bien mau nhat,
neu dung potassium ferricyanit K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
] e oxy hoa th no tr lai mau sac
cu.
4. Aplysio-parpurin
cac ong vat nh trau bien, tho bien co sac to mau tm goi la aplysio-
parpurin, sac to nay cung thuoc loai sac to t ve, sau khi oxy hoa bien thanh
nau hoac xanh. Sac to nay hoa tan trong con, nc, ete, va ket tua trong muoi
Clorua trung tnh.
5. Sac to cua ca
Nhng sac to tren cung ton tai trong da ca, ay ta xem xet cu the hn.
Trong da ca, phan ln sac to la lutein, astasantin va tarasantin thuoc ho
pseudocarotenoit. Trong c the ca, co the ton tai 1, 2, 3 loai.
Ham lng sac to trong ca phu thuoc nhieu en giong, loai, moi trng
song, thng con c mau sac sac s hn con cai
6. Sac to cua vo cng
Vo cua trai, oc, hen, thng co mau sang, vang nhat hay vang bac, nhng
phan ln chung song ay nen mau sac thng ban hn.
S muon mau muon ve cua ngao so la do nhiem sac to phoi hp vi nhau.
XI OC TNH THIEN NHIEN CUA ONG VAT THUY SAN
Ti nay ta thay tren 100 loai ca co chat oc thien nhien, loai gay nguy hiem
th t va nguy hiem nhat la oc cua en ( ran bien, oc to cua mot con en oc
trng thanh co the giet chet 30 con bo ) th na la oc ca noc.
1.Cac phng thc truyen oc
1.1. Loai phun oc


54
Chat oc cha trong c quan rieng cua thuy san, khi can thiet chung
phong ra e t ve, loai nay co nhieu ca xng cng. Co ba phng thc
phong chat oc: Khi can noc theo ra t rang (ca mui ong), khi am chat oc
phun ra t gai (ca mat qu, ca nganh), khi b oi phng ba t chat oc phong ra
t da (ca da, ca uoi).
1.2. Loai nhiem oc
Chat oc nam trong thanh phan c quan hoac bo phan cua c the, loai
nay chia lam hai loai.
Trng oc: Trong trng mang chat oc, neu an phai th nguy hiem nh
trng ca cho trng ca scombrop co rau, trng ca noc. oc trng ca khong
ben nhiet, khi trung oc trieu chng thng gap la tho ta, oi.
Dau oc: Trong dau co vitamin A, D nhng neu an nhieu khong co li ma
lai co hai v trong dau co mot t chat oc. Chat oc trong dau ca co trong
thanh phan xa phong hoa, loai trong acid beo khong bao hoa cao o co
sc oc rat manh va co trong thanh phan khong xa phong hoa.
Tinh ca oc: Trong tinh ca co cha chat oc neu em protein cua tinh ca
tim vao mau ong vat th huyet ap ha xuong, neu tim qua nhieu gay nguy
hiem. Chat oc trong tinh nam trong protamin va histon.
Tren thc te ngay nay ta an nhieu tinh ca nhng cha thay ngo oc, cho
nen sc oc cua tinh ca co the khong manh lam. Ngoai ra trong mau ca
cung ton tai mot t chat oc nhng s nguy hai khong ang ke.
2. oc ca
2.1. oc ca noc
Ngo oc ca noc la mot trong nhng dang ngo oc rat nang. Benh sinh sa n
do chat oc cua ca noc (tetrodoxin). Benh co ac iem la phat trien trieu
chng rat nhanh. S cong phat va trieu chng nhiem oc phu thuoc the trang
va ham lng nhiem oc. Tuy vay, s kho chu, tai nht nga ngay, moi va
li te dai va au c bap thng phat sinh sau khi an 1045 phut. S te dai
ma ngi trung oc co cam giac la nga ran mnh tan au ngon tay va
ngon chan roi dan dan i en s te dai toan than; benh nhan thng keu la c
the ho ang noi lenh benh. Xuat hien chng : trao bot mep, va mo hoi, ngat
xu, au n, nhc au, giam than nhiet, tang huye t ap, nhp tim manh mau va
yeu ngay sau o.
Cac trieu chng ve ruot, da day nh non nao, ma, tieu chay va au vung
thng v co luc bieu hien ngay t au, trai lai co nhieu trng hp lai khong
bieu hien benh ly nay. Co nhieu y kien ngc nhau trong cac tai lieu lien quan
ti thay oi ong t, cac nhan xet khac nhau o c giai thch khi quan sat
nhng thi iem khac nhau. Bieu hien ben ngoai la : ngay t phut au ong t
an dan sau o b gian ra. Theo mc tang dan cua benh mat b cng va
phan xa giac mac cung nh ong t b mat dan.
Sau khi chng te liet phat trien t lau th trieu chng ho hap tr thanh bo
phan noi bat cua hoi chng lam sang. Thng tnh trang xay ra la s ho hap
suy giam, tang nhp o th, mui phap phong, th khong sau. S suy giam ho
hap ngay tr nen tram trong. Moi, chan, tay tr nen tm bam. Xuat hien hien
tng xuat huyet. C bap co that, run ray va ket thuc la liet c. Cho b liet


55
trc tien la co hong va thanh quan, dan en khan co, lac giong va cuoi cung
la mat tieng. C cua chan tay b liet va benh nhan khong the c ong.
Trieu chng cuoi cung la mat benh nhan khong c ong c na, an
va oi luc khong nhn thay. Nan nhan hon me oi khi tnh lai co duy tr s nhan
biet trc khi chet. Ket cuc dan en t vong la chng te liet c trong o co c
ho hap. Theo thong ke cua Nhat, ty le t vong la 61,5%. Trng hp t vong
xay ra sau 6 gi ngo oc va cham nhat la 24 gi. Benh nhan ch co hy vong
song sau 24 gi b ngo oc.
Chat oc ca noc c ac biet chu trong so vi cac loai oc khac. Cac
cong trnh nghien cu chng to rang tac ong au tien cua tetrodoxin la xay ra
tren he thong than kinh trung ng va ca ngoai bien. Vi lieu lng thap, chat
oc u sc c che chc nang cua than kinh c. Anh hng ln hn la nh tre
ho hap va giam huyet ap. Co the la do chat oc tac dung trc tiep len trung
khu ho hap. oc ca noc t hoac khong anh hng en ruot. Hien tng non
ma xay ra khi ngo oc la do tac ong phc hp cua iem thu nhan hoa hoc
cua vung Pestiema.
Chat oc ca noc khong anh hng truc tiep nghiem trong en tim. Nhng
chat oc lam giam lc co bop cua tim i oi vi giam huyet ap. Chuyen gia
Nhat cho biet, chat oc ca noc lam suy nhc trung khu van mach. Viec tm
phng phap phong toa day than kinh giao cam co the giai quyet c hien
tng giam huyet ap.
Thanh phan hoa hoc cua oc ca noc a c rat nhieu nha khoa hoc
nghien cu trong nhieu thap ky. Cac chuyen gia hoa hoc a tach biet, phan
tch thanh phan cua chat oc nay va hy vong lap ra cong thc cua chat o.
San pham thu c bang cach thuy phan kiem chat oc ca noc a chng
minh o la 2-amino-6-hydroxymethyl-8-quinazolinol va acid axalic la san pham
phu. Chat oc tac dung vi nc ieu kien yeu t e co mot chat co cong
thc thc nghiem C
11
H
19
O
9
N
3
. Chat dan xuat nay co thuoc tnh acid va c
goi la acid tetrodonic. Acid nay cho mot muoi hydromide khi tac dung vi acid
hydrobromic, mot phan t nc c giai phong.
Hau het cac loai ca noc co oc, bang di ay trnh bay s ton tai cua oc
ca noc. ( qui c: dau + cang nhieu oc to cang manh )
Ten ca Trng Tinh Gan Da Ruot Tht
Noc beo
Noc van rau
Noc tm
Noc cham sao
Noc vay o
Noc thu
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+
+
+++
+++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+


+
Bang 3.12: Chat oc ca noc
Do ca noc co oc to nguy hai nh vay cho nen bo Thuy San va bo Y Te co
cong van Nghiem cam anh bat va s dung ca noc lam thc pham . Tuy
vay, hang nam Viet Nam ta van co hang tram ngi ngo oc ca noc, tap
trung chu yeu t Quang Bnh en Phu Yen.
2.2. Ca co chat oc chomrobic


56
Mot so loai ca thuoc nhom ca thu, ng han hu gay ngo oc kieu ciguatera,
thng gay mot dang ngo oc khac goi la ngo oc thu ng . ay la kieu ngo
oc duy nhat trong o vi sinh vat ong vai tro nguyen nhan gay benh sinh hoc.
Neu cac loai thu ng ma bao quan khong can than, chat oc giong
histamine c hnh thanh, co the la do ket qua kh cacboxyl cua histidin mot
thanh phan bnh thng trong tht ca. Khi ngo oc kieu nay, benh nhan cam
thay cay nong. Phan nhieu trieu chng bieu hien bang s non, mat o, nhc
au d doi, au vung thng v, hong rat, kho nuot, khat nc, nga, moi
sng, noi me ay. o chnh la phan ng ien hnh oi vi histamine. Thng
trieu chng giam sau 12 gi. Mot so nguyen nhan cha ro, ca thu ng hay
sinh ra kieu ngo oc ien hnh nay hn cac loai ca khac. Ty le gay t vong
cha thong ke. Mot ieu chac chan rang ca thu-ng va mot so loai ca khac
c bao quan ieu kien nhiet o phong (15
0
C) sau nhieu gi th histidine co
trong tht ca, do hoat ong cua vi khuan se xay ra qua trnh kh cacboxyl va
mau chong chuyen thanh histamine. S co mat histamine thng quyet nh
s n thoi. Nhieu nam qua ngi ta cho rang ngo oc thu -ng la ngo oc
histamine. Tuy nhien, nhng bang chng thc nghiem cho thay anh hng
ngo oc au tien la do cac chat khac.
Chat oc trong tht thu ng xem ra la do mot so ong cac vi sinh vat t biet
en gay nen thong qua tac ong vao he thong c tht cua ca. Qua trnh phat
sinh chat oc en nay van cha ro. Chat oc nay c nha nghien cu ngi
Nhat ac ten la saurine . Saurine khong tan trong ete, aceton, bezen,
chloroform va tan trong con.
2.3.Ca co oc to Hallucinogenic
Kieu ngo oc nay thung thay do an phai cac loai ca song tai vung nhiet i
Thai Bnh Dng, chu yeu la cac loai thuoc giong ca oi, ca uoi gai. Chat oc
chu c nhiet va khong b dch v phan huy. Trieu chng co the xuat hien
sau khi an t vai phut en hai gi, dai dang en 24 gi. Trieu chng bao gom :
chong mat, mat thang bang, mat kha nang ieu hoa hoat ong, b ao giac va
cang than kinh. Ban chat cua ngo oc en nay cha ro nguyen nhan.
Ca co chat oc Ichthyootoxic
Phan ln ca gay ngo oc ichthyootoxic la ca nc ngot v vay ta khong neu
ten. Mot trong so rat t ca bien, thu pham gay oc kieu nay la bong bien. Trieu
chng phat benh ngay sau khi an bo phan sinh duc ca, nh : non, tieu chay,
gian ong t, kho mom, khat nc, va mo hoi, mach ap manh yeu khong eu
nhau, ngat xu, tc ngc, tm tai, oi luc gay t vong. Benh nhan mat 3 ngay
ieu tr. Cho ti nay cha co trng hp t vong do ichthyootoxic ca bien ma
ch ca nc ngot.
2.5. Ca co chat oc ichthyocrinotoxic
Cac loai ca co chat oc ichthyocrinotoxic en nay t c biet en trong
khoa hoc thuy san. Ichthyocrinotoxic c san sinh t cau truc hach ac biet
cua ca nhng khong thay c quan nao b ton thng khi an phai chat oc.
Ichthyocrinotoxic thng c tiet ra t cac hach tren da va thai ra moi trng.
Benh nhan trung oc khi tiep xuc nht ca, hoac nc uong co chat oc. Cac
loai ca co chat oc nay la : Nhom ca mieng tron, ca noc gai, ca micxin, ca


57
chnh, ca song, ca noc ocan nh rang chat oc ichthyocrinotoixc cung co
nhieu trong ichthyoonotoxic.
3. oc nhuyen the
Mot so loai tao co chat oc, khi nhuyen the an cac tao nay va ngi an
nhuyen the th b ngo oc: ASP (gay quen), PSP (liet c), DSP (tieu chay), NSP
(te liet than kinh ), Ciguaturetes. Do o khi mua ban nguyen lieu nhuyen the hai
manh vo can co chng ch nguon ( giay chng nhan khu vc c phep khai
thac nhuyen the hai manh vo ).
3.1. oc to trong nghuyen the gay quen ASP
ASP do nhuyen the (thung la vem) an tao oc Pseudonitzschia co cha acid
domoic. Khi ngo oc ASP, giai oan au co the b roi loan tieu hoa, khi ngo
oc nang benh nhan b au khi nhan mat va nuot, giam tr nh, kho th va co
the t vong.
3.2. oc to trong nhuyen the gay tieu chay DSP
DSP do nhuyen the (vem, so, ngheu) an tao oc Dinophysis va
Prorocentrum (hai loai tao nay sinh ra acid okaraic.). Khi ngo oc DSP, benh
nhan b tieu chay, i ngoai, buon non, au bung, n lanh, sau ba ngay benh
se het, co the khong can cha tr.
3.3. oc to trong nhuyen the gay te liet than kinh NSP
NSP do nhuyen the (so, ngheu) an tao Gymnodinium breve pho bien
ong Nam A. Sau khi an 3 gi, benh nhan xuat hien trieu chng ngo oc
NSP: nga mat sau o lan sang cac phan khac, nong lanh, gian ong t, cam
thay say, oi luc nan nhan i ngoai, non, om yeu.
3.4. oc to trong nhuyen the gay liet c PSP
PSP do nhuyen the an tao Alexantrium, Pyrodinium, Gymnodinium. Khi
trung oc PSP, benh nhan co trieu chng: te liet, rat, nga, cac bap tht khong
hoat ong c, nang nhat la liet c ho hap de dan en t vong. oc to nay
rat man cam vi vem, iep, t man cam vi ngheu va so.
XII Yeu to anh hng en thanh phan hoa hoc cua thuy san
Nhng yeu to anh hung en thanh han hoa hoc cua thuy san nh sau :
1. V tr tren c the
Cung mot ca the nhng v tr ten c the khac nhau th thanh phan hoa hoc
khac nhau, noi chung bung m nhieu nhat, con lng m t nhat nhng cung
ca biet nh ca trap, m au rat cao. Thanh phan hoa hoc cua ca trap c
mo ta nh bang :
Bo phan Nc Protein Lipid Glycogen Vo c
Tht au
Tht lng
Tht bung
Tht bung
71,86
73,99
73,08
74,27

18,98
20,05
19,65
19,54
7,94
4,12
6,02
4,95
0,011
0,011
0,019
0,011
1,21
1,37
1,23
1,23
Bang 3.13 : Thanh phan hoa hoc cua ca trap
Thanh phan hoa hoc cua loai khong xng song noi chung cung vay, v du :
Lng m trong gan cua hau nhieu hn nhng cho khac. Protein trong c tht


58
cua rau mc nang va trong c ong m cua trai quat la nhie u hn nhng v tr
khac tren c the.
2. Thi ky sinh san
La giai oan lam bien oi rat nhieu en thanh phan hoa hoc cua ong vat
thuy san.
thi ky nay do tac dung kch thch cua sinh ly noi tai va nhng yeu to
ngoai canh. Co nhng loai ca trong giai oan sinh san khong he an uong ma
ch da vao chat d tr e duy tr s song. Ta phan tch thanh phan hoa hoc
cua ca hoi : lng m 15%, sau khi di chuyen en ni sinh san th lng m con
2,2%, con lung glycogen th trong qua trnh bi en ni sinh san hau nh a
can, cac thanh phan khac giam nhieu nhng lung nc tang. V vay, khong
nen s dung nguyen lieu thuy san trong thi ky sinh san e lam thc pham.
3. Thc an
La yeu to anh hng rat ln en thanh phan hoa hoc cua ca. So sanh
thanh phan hoa hoc cua ca da nuoi va ca da t nhien nh bang sau:
Thanh phan Ca t nhien Ca nuoi
Nc
am toan than
M tho
Muoi vo c
93,35-71,98
2,21-2,62
9,91-13,81
1,60-2,54
56,3-64,2
2,25-2,62
18,74-27,10
1,41-1,95
Bang 3.14 : So sanh thanh phan hoa hoc cua ca da nuoi
va ca da t nhien
4. Thi tiet
Thi tiet co quan he mat thiet vi s phat trien cua tuyen sinh duc va thc
an. Lng glycogen cua hau cao nhat vao thang 2 va 3 sang xuan th lng
glycogen b tieu hao dan ong thi tuyen sinh duc phat trien va glycogen
chuyen dan en tuyen sinh duc, sau khi sinh san lng glycogen tiep tuc giam
va thang 8 th lngnay t nhat.
5. Tuoi
Tuoi noi len s phat trien va trng thanh cua nguyen lieu. Cung mot loai
so tuoi cang ln th tuyen sinh duc cang trng thanh va lung m tang dan
len. Tnh chat cua m cung chu anh hng cua so tuoi.
6. Gii tnh
Thong thng th ham lung nc, muoi vo c, protein cua giong c
nhieu hn giong cai nhng ham lng lipid cua giong cai nhieu hn c. S
khac nhau nay do tuyen sinh duc phat trien tao nen.
iem ang ien cua miozin va miogen trong protein tht ca bn, ca tuyet va
ca trong th ca cai so vi c nghieng ve tnh acid hn.
Protein Ca tuyet Ca trong Ca bn
c Cai c Cai c Cai
pH cua miogen
pH cua miozin
4,99
5,36
4,58
5,31
5,78
5,78
5,37
5,37
5,75
5,75
5,62
5,62
Bang 3.14 : So sanh pH cua Protein trong ca c va cai
7. Trang thai sinh song, moi trng


59
Ca ay t di chuyen nen nang lng tieu hao t do o lng m nhieu.
Nhng loai ca noi th ngc lai.
Moi trng song anh hng ln ti thanh phan hoa hoc, v du : Neu moi
trng song nhieu Cu va Fe th trong c the ca ham lng hai chat nay cung
cao. Lng iot trong nc bien nhieu hn trong nc ngot nen ong vat bien
nhieu iot hn ong vat song. Nhiet o cung anh hng en thanh phan hoa
hoc, v du : Thuy san song vung nhiet o thap th ham lng m cao hn thuy
san song vung nhiet o cao.
Tom lai nhng bien oi cua moi trng song du t hay nhieu eu anh hng
en thanh phan hoa hoc cua c the thuy san.
Nghien cu thanh phan hoa hoc cua thuy san giup ta quyet nh qui trnh
san xuat hp ly, sau cho san pham co mui v hap dan nhat va an toan nhat.

ON TAP CHNG 3

1. Trnh bay khai quat chung ve thanh phan hoa hoc cua nguyen lieu thuy
san?
2. Trnh bay s ton tai cua nc trong c the thuy san ?
3. Trnh bay protein cua ong vat thuy san ?
4. Trnh bay : lipid, vitamin, chat khoang, enzym cua ong vat thuy san ?
5. Trnh bay thanh phan hoa hoc nhng bo phan tren c the thuy san ?
6. Trnh bay oc to cua thuy san ?
7. Phan tch nhng yeu to anh hng en thanh phan hoa hoc?


60
CHNG IV : BIEN OI CUA ONG VAT THUY
SAN SAU KHI CHET


A. Muc ch yeu cau
1. Muc ch
Trang b cho sinh vien cac kien thc khoa hoc ve cac giai oan bien oi cua
thuy san sau khi chet. ng dung cac kien thc nay trong bao quan va san xuat
cac san pham tuy thuoc vao giai oan bien oi.
2. Yeu cau
Sinh vien can at cac yeu cau sau:
- Trnh bay c s o bien oi cua thuy san sau khi chet.
- Cac giai oan bien oi thuy san sau khi chet : te cng, phan giai, phan
huy. C che hoa hoc, cac yeu to anh hng.
B. Noi dung
I. Bien oi cua thuy san giai oan te cng
1. Hien tng
2. Nhng bien oi hoa ly
3. Cac yeu to anh hng
II. Bien oi cua thuy san giai oan phan giai
1. Bien oi hoa hoc
2. Bien oi vat ly
3. Cac yeu to anh hng
III. Bien oi giai oan phan huy
1. Vi sinh vat cua qua trnh phan huy
2. Bien oi hoa hoc
3. S trung oc san pham thoi
4. Cac yeu to anh hng


61
ong vat thuy san sau khi chet, xay ra hang loat bien oi phc tap, ac biet
la cac bien oi hoa ly o la: Cac qua trnh bien oi nh te cng, phan giai, phan
huy lam cho nguyen lieu bien chat hoan toan. S bien oi cua ong vat thuy san
sau khi chet co the bieu dien theo s o sau :

Rat ti ti kem ti
Trc te cng khi te cung mem hoa
Tac dung t phan giai
----------------------------------Tac dung cua vi sinh vat

Bat au chet Bac au thoi
Thuy san giai oan trc te cng van co the goi la song v cac te bao van
tiep tuc hoat ong cho en khi te cng mi thc s chet. Ca va cac loai thuy
san khi con song luon tiet chat nht ra ngoai e bao ve lp da ngoai, chong s
xam nhap cua ben ngoai vao c the va lam giam ma sat khi di chuyen, nhng
ong vat thuy san song di bun thng tiet nhieu nht. Sau khi chet chung
van tiet nht cho en khi te cng, o la t ve cuoi cung cua chung. Chat nht la
nhng hat nho thuoc glucoprotein trong to chc te bao, sau khi hut nc
trng len va tch tu trong te bao roi dan dan tiet ra ngoai da. Thanh phan chu
yeu cua chat nht la mucin v vay nht ca la moi trng tot e vi sinh vat ton tai
va phat trien gay h hong nguyen lieu. Sau khi ca chet, khang the cua chung
khong con, vi khuan bam ngoai da gap moi trng thuan li, tien ha nh phan
huy lam cho chat nht nhao ra va bien dan t trong suot en von cuc. Nhng
bien oi nay uc trnh bay di ay.
I Bien oi giai oan te cng
1. Hien tng te cng
Ca va cac loai thuy san sau khi chet mot thi gian nhat nh th cac mo b
co that lai, c tht cng dan cho en khi toan bo c the cng , trang thai nay
goi la hien tng te cng cua ong vat thuy san sau khi chet.
S te cng cua ca trc tien xay ra phan au roi en lng, bung va sau
cung la phan uoi. Vi tom, s te cng bat au t uoi va lan dan len au. S
te cng bieu hien ra ben ngoai nh: than kho b uon, ham khep chat, nap mang
dnh chat, dung tay an tht ca khong an hoi.
2. Nhng bien oi hoa ly trong qua trnh te cng
S bien oi glycogen
Khi c the ong vat chet, he ieu tiet bnh thng a ngng hoat ong
va ngng luon viec cung cap oxy va sinh nang lng. Luc nay cac te bao
bat au qua trnh mi o la s phan giai glycogen va cac hp chat giau nang
lung ien hnh la ATP, Creatinphotphate e duy tr hoat ong song.
Qua trnh phan giai glycogen con goi la qua trnh glyco phan (photphoril
hoa). Di tac dung cua enzym adenozinphotphataza (Enzym APaza), trong
ieu kien yem kh, qua trnh nay dien ra rat phc tap va san pham cuoi cung
acid lactic. Chat nhan nang lng la te bao.
Co the bieu dien s phan giai glycogen bang phan ng hoa hoc sau:



62
(C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
+nH
2
O + 2ATP E.APaza 2nC
3
H
6
O
3

+

4ATP
Glycogen acid lactic
Qua trnh phan giai glycogen khong thc hien triet e en cung ma bao gi
trong to chc c tht cung con mot lng nho glycogen. Ngoai con ng
photphoril hoa con co mot t glycogen b phan giai theo con ng amilo pha n,
v vay ta tm thay trong to chc c tht cua thuy san sau khi chet co: maltose,
glucose.
Khi glycogen b phan giai sinh ra acid lactic lam pH cua c tht giam xuong,
ham lng glycogen b phan giai cang cao th pH giam cang thap. ong vat
tren can khi te cng, ga tr thap nhat cua pH c tht la pH ~ 5,5, nhng ong
vat thuy san th pH ~ 6 ( 6,05 ), thng t 6 6,5.
Khi pH cua c tht ha thap tao ieu kien cho enzym cathepsin hoat ong
thuc ay qua trnh t chn cua c tht.
pH
7,6

7,4

7,2

7,0
thi gian
6,8
5 6
6,6

6,4 1 2 3 4
Hnh 4.2 : o th bien oi pH cua ong vat thuy san sau khi chet
iem 1 la thi iem sau khi anh bat; iem 2 la iem giet chet va bat au
cng; iem 3 la pH thap nhat; iem 4 la cng nhat; iem 5 bat au mem; iem
6 la thoi ra.
T o th ta thay, khi pH thap nhat cung la luc ca te cng nhat. Sau khi ca
mem tr lai la qua trnh phan giai. Khi pH cang giam th kha nang hut nc
cua c tht giam. Khi pH = 7 th lng nc hut vao bang dung tch cua c tht,
khi pH = 6 th lng nc hut vao la 50% dung tch c tht nhng khi pH = 5
gan iem ang ien cua protein nen lng nc hut vao la 25% dung tch c
tht.
Trong cong nghe bao quan, e duy tr o ti cua thuy san, ngha la keo
dai thi gian te cng, ta kiem ham phan ng tren.
2.2.S phan giai adenozintriphotphat (ATP)
Adenozintriphophat la hp chat quan trong tham gia tai nang lng t do
trong s oxy hoa cac chat trao oi.
Khi ATP b phan giai to chc c tht tr nen cng dan, khi lng ATP b
phan giai 2/3 th luc o c tht se cng nhat, ta goi la te cng hoan toan.


63

Qua trnh phan giai ATP co the tom tat nh sau :
Adenozintriphotphat (ATP )
ATP-aza
Adenozindiphotphat ( ADP )
Miokinaza

Adenozinmonophotphat ( AMP )
Amp-desaminaza

Inozin-5-monophotphat ( IMP )

Photphataza
Inozin


ucleosid-hydrolaza nucleosidphotphorilaza

Riboza+ Hypoxanthin Riboza-1-photphat+hypoxanthin

Photphoribomutaza
Riboza-5-photphat

Photphoriboizomeraza

Ribuloza-5-photphat
Da vao s phan giai ta lap tr so K. Tr so nay bieu th quan he gia lng
Inozin va Hypoxanthin va tong lng nhng chat lien quan en ATP trong qua
trnh phan giai ATP.
n Hypoxanthi Inozin IMP AMP ADP ATP
n Hypoxanthi Inozin
K
+ + + + +
+
=
Tr so K cang nho th san pham cang ti va ngc lai K co gia tr cang ln
th san pham cang kem ti.
2.3. S phan giai creatin photphate
HO
O P O NH C N CH
2
COOH
HO NH CH
3
Creatinphotphat la chat d tr photphat giau nang lng trong te bao, khi
ong vat con song no tham gia tai tao ATP, khi ong vat chet ATP b phan giai
keo theo s phan giai creatin photphat.
Tng t nh ATP, khi creatinphotphat phan giai nhieu nhat th luc o s
co cng at mc cao nhat hay con goi la co cng hoan toan.
Khi creatin photphat b phan giai se tao nen creatinin va acid photphoric.
Tc la lam cho pH cua c tht giam.
2.4. S hanh phc chat actomiozin


64
ong vat thuy san sau khi chet, ngay luc o lng ATP van con ay u,
actin dang hnh cau va khong lien ket vi miozin. Sau mot thi gian, cac si
c suy yeu, miozin ket thanh phc chat vi ion K
+
, Ca
2+
, glycogen, ATP. Khi
pH ha thap cac phc chat nay phan ly. Co ngi cho rang khi o xay ra
chuyen hoa Actin hnh cau thanh Actin hnh si. Tiep theo sau o la s co
ngan t c, va ngi ta cho rang s co ngan nh vay la ket qua cua s hut cac
si miozin vao si actin. Phc chat Actomiozin hnh thanh va tiep theo sau la
s co rut t c lam cho mo c te cng.
Khi c tht te cng, so trung tam a nc trong phan t protein co ngan lai
do tng tac actin va miozin.
Nh vay ta co the tom tat qua trnh te cng nh sau
- Creatininphotphate b phan giai cho ti thi ky au cua te cng,
creatininphotphate tham gia vao chu trnh gluco phan ch co tac dung nh
tai tao ATP.
- ATP la chat can thiet e ngan nga s chuyen c tht sang trang thai te
cng. Thi gian te cng la thi gian cua chu trnh gluco phan.
- Trong qua trnh te cng, ATP b ATP-aza phan giai. Khi ATP b phan giai
nhieu a en hnh thanh phc chat actomiozin, giai phong ion canxi lai
hoat hoa ATP- aza do o chung phan giai nhanh chong ATP.
- S phan giai ATP la nguyen nhan lam cho c tht giam o hydrat hoa.
2.5. S bien oi vat ly
Trong qua trnh te cng cung vi s giam xuong cua pH, ien tr c tht
giam. Nguyen nhan lam ien tr giam la khi nc mat i pH giam xuong, si
c co rut lam khe hep gia chung tang len, v vay cac ion i lai de cung nh
muoi ngam vao c tht lam cho ien tr giam.
Khi pH giam lam protein co nhieu bien oi, ac biet la ly tnh cua miozin.
Khi pH gan iem ang ien miozin th miozin co rut lai do o mau sac c tht b
bien oi, de ep lay tng c, de tham thau
Thuy san va mi chet, c tht trang thai hydrat cao nhng sau o kha
nang hydart b giam xuong. S giam o hydart do xac nguyen nhan sau : Sau
khi chet pH giam ti iem ang ien cua protein gay nen mat nc nhng yeu
to quyet nh la ATP giam va actin ket hp vi miozin e tao thanh phc chat
actomiozin lam giam so lng nhom than nc.
Thuy san va mi chet th cac si c thang nhng sau o giai oan te
cng th cac si c b bien oi nhieu lam chung phnh ra.
S te cng xay ra tren cac bo phan cua c the th khac nhau a en s
bien dang ve cau truc.
3. Cac yeu to anh hng
Thi iem bat au te cng va thi gian te cng dai hay ngan phu thuoc
nhieu yeu to nh : loai, phng phap anh bat, nhiet o bao quan, ieu kien
songCo the minh hoa cac anh hng qua bang sau :
( Theo Truco va cong s nam 1982 )
Loai Ca Phng phap
anh bat
Nhiet o
0
c
Bat au te
cng ( h )
Thi gian te
cng ( h )


65
Ca tuyet
Ca tuyet
Ca song
Ca tuyet
Ca tuyet
en
Ca bn
Ca quan
Li keo
Tnh
Tnh
Li keo
Li keo
Li keo
Li keo
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
2-8
14-15
2
<1
18
7-11
22
20-65
72-96
18
35-55
110
54-55
120
Bang 4.1 : anh hng cua phng phap anh bat en te cng
3.1. Anh hng cua giong loai
Cac loai ong vat khac nhau th ham lng glycogen co khac nhau nen thi
gian te cng se khac nhau. Loai ong vat nao co ham lng glycogen nhieu
th thi gian te cng dai va ngc lai.
Cac loai song tang noi (ca thu) thng hoat ong manh hn cac loai
tang ay (ca moi) nen thi iem te cng mau en va thi gian te cng ngan,
ngha la ca thu co thi iem te cng sm va thi gian te cng ngan hn ca
moi.
Trang thai song anh hng trc tiep en ham lng glycogen do o anh
hng en te cng.
3.2. Anh hng cua phng phap anh bat va giet
Phng phap anh bat va giet co anh hng rat ln en s van ong cua
ong vat, khi hoat ong nhieu se giam ham lng glycogen. V du khi anh bat
bang li keo th ca vung vay manh, nhanh kiet sc, ham lng glycogen giam
nhieu nen thi iem te cng mau ti va thi gian te cng nhanh. Do o khi
khai thac ca ng ai dng dung trong san xuat Shushi va Shashimi ngi ta
s dung phng phap cau.
3.3. Anh hng cua nhiet o
Nh ta a biet ong lc xay ra cac phan ng hoa hoc cua qua trnh te cng
la enzym, nhiet o cang thap th hoat o cua enzym cang giam. Do o khi
cach ly ca vi moi trng song, tot nhat la bao quan nhiet o thap, chnh la y
ngha cua bao quan lanh va lanh ong. Nhiet o bao quan cang thap th thi
iem te cng lau ti va thi gian te cng keo dai. Anh hng cua nhiet o bao
quan en thi gian te cng nh sau :
Nhiet o than ca
0
c Thi gian sau anh bat ti te
cng
Thi gian te
cng
35
15
10
5
-1
3-10 phut
2 gi
4 gi
16 gi
35 gi
30-40 phut
10-24 gi
36 gi
2-2,5 ngay
3-4 ngay
Bang 4.2 : Anh hng cua nhiet o bao quan en s te cng
cua thuy san
3.4. Anh hng cua ieu kien song
Moi trng song anh hng en thanh phan hoa hoc cua tht ong vat thuy
san, tc la anh hng en ham lng glycogen cho nen anh hng en qua


66
trnh te cng. V du: Khi song vung nhieu thc an th nhieu glycogen va ngc
lai, ca nuoi nhieu glycogen hn ca t nhien.
3.5. Anh hng cua hnh dang kch thc
ong vat thuy san dang det khoe hn cac dang khac nen thi gian te cng
dai. Ca co vay khoe hn ca khong vay, ca the kch thc nho th hoat ong
nhieu nen lng glycogen hao ton nhieu do o thi gian te cng ngan hn ca
the ln.
Sau khi nghien cu cac yeu to anh hng en thi ky te cng, thi gian te
cng anh hng trc tiep en pham chat nguyen lieu, la c s khoa hoc e gi
ti nguyen lieu. Ca giai oan nay dung e che bien: ong lanh, o hop, gia
v, thc an chn, ac biet la cong oan fillet. Neu nguyen lieu giai oan nay
a i san xuat nc mam th thi gian e chp chn la kha lau va hie u suat
thu hoi thap.
II BIEN OI GIAI OAN PHAN GIAI
Sau thi gian te cng hoan toan th to chc c tht mem dan tr lai, ta goi la
giai oan phan giai. Qua trnh phan giai la qua trnh ngc lai qua trnh te cng,
c tht mem dan, pH tang dan, phc chat actomiozin phan ly tr ve actin va
miozin, la qua trnh bien oi ly hoa rat phc tap, di tac dung cua enzym co
trong nguyen lieu. Cac enzym tham gia qua trnh phan giai chu yeu la enzym
Cathepsin phan giai protein thanh pepton, enzym Tripsin va Enterokinaza phan
giai cac san vat trung gian thanh acid amin. Qua trnh phan giai se lam tang
them hng v cua c tht, e phat huy u iem o, chung ta can tien hanh qua
trnh nay nhiet o 1 - 4
0
c e ngan chan s xam nhap cua vi sinh vat. Trong qua
trnh phan giai cac chat ngam ra chu s bien oi quan trong tao thanh nhng
mui v ac trng, ac biet trong qua trnh nay ham lng Hypoxanthin, acid
glutamic va muoi cua no, acid inozinic, inozin, cac andehyt va ceton eu tang.
Hng v cua thc pham noi chung va thuy san noi rieng la van e phc tap, bi
v chat gay hng ch la mot lng nho nhng lai de bay hi. Hng v khong
phai do mot hay hai chat ma la to hp cua nhieu chat, tat nhien co chat gay
hng thm cung co chat gay mui tanh. Trong qua trnh phan giai nay, neu
khong co s xuat hien cua vi sinh vat th mui v ac trng cua san pham noi len
rat ro cho gia tr cam quan cao. T nhng ieu tren co the goi qua trnh phan giai
la qua trnh t chn

1. Bien oi hoa hoc
Thc chat thi ky te cng a co s phan giai cac chat, nhng cha bien
oi sau sac ve thanh phan hoa hoc, giai oan phan giai a co s bien oi ro
ret : S bien oi o tom tat nh sau
Protein
Proteaza
Pepton
Proteaza
Polypeptit
Proteaza
Dipeptit
Proteaza
Acid amin
Lipid Lipaza Glyceril + Acid beo
Toc o phan giai : Neu nh mot thi iem nao o bat au s t phan
giai vi ham lng c chat ban au la a va sau mot thi gian t tien
hanh phan giai vi lng c chat b phan giai la x, nh vay lng c
chat cha b phan giai la (a x) va toc o t phan giai theo phng
trnh vi phan sau :


67
) ( x a k
d
dx
=
t
( 1 )
k : van toc phan giai
t : thi gian phan giai
a: lng c chat au
x : lng c chat b phan giai
T ( 1 ) suy ra
( )
} }
=

t kd
x a
dx
( 2 )
( ) C k x a + = t ln ( 3 )
Vao thi iem ban au khi t = 0, luc o x = 0. V vay vao thi iem ban
au C = -lna.( 4 )
T ( 3 ) suy ra ln( a x ) = kt + ( -lna ) ( 5 )
Thc hien hoan chuyen ta co
) 7 ( log
303 , 2
:
) 6 ( ln
1
x a
a
k hay
x a
a
k

=

=
t
t

Thay he so K = bk =
x a
a

log
1
t
( 8 ) ; b : he so ty le
T phng trnh ( 7 ) suy ra
x a
a k
K

= = log
303 , 2
.t
t ( 9 )
Ta at truc hoanh bieu th thi gian t, va truc tung la
x a
a

log chung la mot

ng thang nh hnh ve. K cang ln ngha la toc o phan giai cang
nhanh.


x a
a

log

o

Thi gian t
Hnh 4.3 : o th toc o phan giai
Trong qua trnh phan giai neu ta phan nho tng oan thI gian e xac nh th
ta c cac he so van toc tng ng tong he so van toc nay la K.
2. Bien oi vat ly
Khi xay ra cac bien oi hoa hoc thi ky phan giai a keo theo cac bien oi
ln ve vat ly nh: to chc c tht mem mai, mui v thm ngon, o am ln, de tieu
hoa, o pH tang, kha nang lien ket nc tang.
Qua trnh phan giai la mot qua trnh co li cho thc pham, lam tang chat
lng thc pham, nhng trong giai oan nay co mot phan phan huy.
3. Cac yeu to anh hng en s phan giai
3.1. Anh hng cua giong loai
Cac loai khac nhau, thanh phan hoa hoc khac nhau nen qua trnh phan giai
khac nhau. Cac loai mau lanh co toc o phan giai cao so vi cac loai mau
nong v enzym mau lanh hoat ong manh hn mau nong. Trong cung loai thuy


68
san, ca the nao co nhieu enzym hoat tnh manh th toc o phan giai manh.
Thuy san song tang noi enzym hoat ong manh hn thuy san song tang
ay nen s phan giai manh hn .
3.2. Anh hng cua nhiet o
Trong pham vi nhiet o hoat ong cua enzym neu tang nhiet o 10
0
C th toc
o phan giai tang 2-3 lan, neu nhiet o giam th toc o phan giai giam. oi vi
ong vat thuy san, nhiet o toi thch cua cac enzym la 30-50
0
C, do o can p
a khi cach ly thuy san vi moi trng song. Qua th nghiem vi ca thu thay
rang khi nhiet o la 70
0
C th qua trnh t phan giai ngng lai nhng enzym
cha chet, khi nhiet o 75
0
C th chet 1/3 tang len 80
0
C trong 10 phut th chet
hoan toan.
Neu ta at k
t
la hang so toc o phan giai t
0
c va k
t+10
la hang so toc o
phan giai (t+10)
0
c th ta c he so Q
10

10
10
Q
k
k
t
t
=
+

Goi la he so nhiet o cua toc o phan giai. Trong pham vi nhiet o nhat
nh he so nay coi nh mot hang so
Khi nhiet o giam th toc o phan giai giam, nhng nhiet o cao hn nhiet
o thch hp th toc o phan giai cung giam, ieu o la do khi nhiet o qua
thap hoac qua cao eu kiem ham hoat ong cua enzym.
3.3. Anh hng cua pH
Tng t nh nhiet o, o pH cua moi trng anh hng ln hoat o cua
enym. V enzym la ong lc chnh cua qua trnh phan giai, khi pH nam trong
pham vi hoat ong cua enzym, neu tang pH th toc o phan giai tang.
Qua th nghiem cho thay rang tac dung t phan giai cua tht ca manh nhat
pH = 4 5, pham vi o lng am hoa tan, am polyppeptid, am acid amin
cung tang len cao. Do o trong san xuat nc mam va bot ca ta nen tao moi
trng co pH = 4 5.
3.4. Anh hng cua muoi
Cac loai muoi noi chung han che qua trnh phan giai. Loai muoi va lng
muoi eu anh hng en qua trnh. V du : NaCl khi nong o cang cao th tac
dung han che cang ln, nhng KCl, MgCl
2
, MnCl
2
ch co tac dung han che
nong o cao con nong o thap lai thuc ay qua trnh phan giai.
Trong thc te khi s dung muoi e kiem ham qua trnh phan giai, ta s dung
NaCl vi lng < 8% so vi nguyen lieu hoac ket hp nc a. Ap dung: tau
anh bat xa b th s dung nc a co 3 - 4% muoi, trong bao quan tien che
bien s dung a ket hp 3-4 % muoi so vi nguyen lieu.
III BIEN OI GIAI OAN PHAN HUY
Nguyen lieu thuy san sau khi chet, th cac hoat ong tong hp khong con,
enzym noi tai se phan giai c tht, ong thi vi sinh vat phan huy san pham phan
giai thanh san vat cap thap lam cho nguyen lieu b h hong, o la qua trnh thoi
ra.
1. Vi sinh vat cua qua trnh thoi ra
Vi sinh vat trong qua trnh thoi ra gom hai nhom : nhom thng tru trong


69
c the nguyen lieu khi song va nhom du nhap vao sau khi nguyen lieu chet,
nhom nay du nhap vao trong qua trnh bao quan, van chuyen, che bien.
Khi thuy san con song ngoai da co mot lp nht la moi trng sinh song ly
tng cho cac loai vi sinh vat, so lng vi sinh vat vao khoang 10
2
-10
5
te bao/
cm
2
. ay ton tai loai trc khuan sinh va khong sinh nha bao nh
Pseudomonas fluorescens, Proteus vulgaris, Micrococcus roseus, E. coli va mot
so nam moc nam men song trong nc.
Trong mang ca co nhieu vi sinh vat, ay a so la nhom vi sinh vat hieu kh
thng gap la Pseudomonas fluorescens, trong mang ton tai he vi sinh vat nc
va bun.
Trong ruot thuy san co nhieu vi sinh vat cu a thc an va cua bun at, co
nhieu vi khuan k kh sinh nha bao. Trong ruot ca thng thay Cl. Sporogens,
Cl. Putrificus aerobacter, Cl. Welchii, Vibrio Setique va nhom E. coli. So lng vi
sinh vat trong ruot ca vao khoang 10
3
-10
8
te bao/cm
2
. Lng vi sinh vat trong to
chc mo c tng oi t, tuy vay cung thng thay Sarcina lutea, Sarcina flava,
Protus vulgaris, Chromobacterium, Micrococcus, E. coliNhn chung khi ca song
tren c the ton tai u cac vi sinh vat trong nc, bun va thc an. Khi thuy san
con song, khang the manh nen cac vi khuan khong phat trien va gay thoi ra.
ay la nhom vi khuan chu lanh, nhiet o phat trien toi u cua chung la
2030
0
C.
So lng vi sinh vat nhiem vao trong qua trnh che bien ong vai tro quan
trong trong qua trnh thoi ra.
Thuy san sau khi chet, gap ieu kien thuan li th cac loai vi sinh vat phat
trien nhanh. Khong phai loai nao cung tac dung nh nhau ma trong o ho
Psedomonas la tch cc nhat, cac loai khac co khi tang so lng va co khi giam.
S bien oi so lng vi sinh vat sau khi anh bat ( tren ca )
Loai vi sinh vat Ty le % tong lng vi sinh vat
Khi anh bat Bao quan tau Ve at lien
Pseudomonas
Achromobacter
Flavobacterium
Micrococcus
Aero-bacter
Bacillus
22
60
7
6
4
2
60
20
20
12
12
8
80
6
6
2
2
6
Bang 4.3 : S bien oi so lng vi sinh vat tren ca sau khi anh bat
Thuy san sau khi chet, neu khong kp bao quan th lng vi sinh vat tang
nhanh, ac biet la pham vi nhiet o cao. Khi ca n thoi so lng vi sinh vat
10
7
-10
9
te bao/gram.
S thoi ra bat au t pha trong c the do vi khuan yem kh tac dung, ong
thi vi khuan hieu kh tren da va nhiem trong che bien bat au phat trien va an
sau vao tht ca. Nhom nay ong vai tro chu ao cua s thoi ra.
San pham cua qua trnh thoi ra : indol, skatol, phenolTht ca de thoi ra v
Lng nc trong c tht cao va lng m tng oi thap.
Sau khi chet, c tht ca chuyen sang moi trng kiem tao ieu kien e vi
sinh vat phat trien.


70
Ket cau c tht ca long leo, mem nhao.
Da ca la moi trng song ly tng cho vi sinh vat. Do o sau khi ca chet
can ra sach nht.
Trong c tht t chat mien dch t nhien, khang the kem.
Ca co nhieu enzym noi tai va hoat tnh rat manh khi ca chet
2. Hoa hoc cua qua trnh thoi ra
Trong qua trnh t phan giai, enzym trong to chc c tht phan giai protein
thanh acid amin, phan giai lipid thanh glycerin va acid beo, tien them bc na
la qua trnh phan huy, tc la vi sinh vat phan huy cac acid amin thanh nhng
vat chat cap thap lam cho c tht thuy san thoi ra.
Qua trnh thoi ra khong tuan theo mot qui luat nao, ma ch do ieu kien
thch hp quyet nh, do o s phan huy tam trnh bay theo nhng hng di
ay.
S phan huy chu yeu la phan huy acid amin, v vay co the qui ve 5 con
ng sau ay: Phan ng lam mat goc amin, phan ng lam mat goc cacboxyl,
phan ng va lam mat goc amin va lam mat goc cacboxyl, phan ng phan huy
cac acid amin, phan ng phan huy cac chat co am.
2.1.Phan ng lam mat goc amin
Phng thc lam mat goc amin co the khai quat theo 5 cach di ay :
a. Thuy phan acid amin thanh oxyacid va NH
3

R-CH-COOH H
2
O R-CH-COOH + NH
3


NH
2
OH
b. Tac dung kh acid amin thanh acid beo va NH
3

R-CH-COOH H
2
R-CH
2
-COOH + NH
3
NH
2

c. Tac dung lam mat goc amin sinh ra acid beo khong bao hoa
R
1
-CH-COOH R
2
- CH=CH-COOH + NH
3


NH
2

d. Do acid amin b oxy hoa sinh ra cetoacid va NH
3

R-CH-COOH 1/2O
2
R-CO-COOH + NH
3


NH
2

e. S oxy hoa lan nhau cua hai acid amin
R
1
-CH-COOH R
1
-CH
2
-COOH

NH
2
+

+
R
2
-CH-COOH R
2
-CO-COOH + 2 NH
3
NH
2

2.2. Phan ng lam mat goc cacboxyl
Di tac dung cua enzym vi sinh vat lam cho acid amin mat goc cacboxyl
sinh ra amit thieu nguyen t C ( amit ) va CO
2
. Phan ng nay co tnh ac hieu
cao
R-CH-COOH R-CH
2
-NH
2
+ CO
2


NH
2

PH thch hp cua mot so enzym kh cacboxyl nh sau :
- Enzym kh cacboxyl cua Histidin do Cl. Welchi tao ra la pH=2,0-3,0.


71
- Enzym kh cacboxyl cua acid Glutamic do E.coli tao ra la pH ~ 4.
- Enzym kh cacboxyl cua Histidin do E.coli tao ra la pH ~ 4.
- Enzym kh cacboxyl cua Ornithin do E.coli tao ra la pH ~ 5.0.
- Enzym kh cacboxyl cua Arginin do E.coli tao ra la pH = 3,5-4.
- Enzym kh cacboxyl cua Lysin do E.coli tao ra la pH = 4,0-4,5.
- Enzym kh cacboxyl cua Tyrosin do Streptocococus faecalis tao ra la
pH ~ 5.0.
2.3. Phan ng cung mat goc amin va cacboxyl
Phan ng nay xay ra nhng mat goc nao trc ( amin hay cacboxyl ) hay
mat cung luc van cha ro, thng trong moi trng acid th mat goc cacboxyl
trc, con trong moi trng base th mat goc amin trc. Noi chung co 3 loai
phan ng di ay :
a. Acid amin b thuy phan sinh ra ru bac nhat giam mot nguyen t
cacbon
R-CH-COOH R-CH-COOH + NH
3



NH
2

OH




R-CHO + HCOOH



R
1
-CH
2
-OH + CO
2

b. Acid amin b kh sinh ra cacbuahydro, NH
3
, CO
2

R-CH-COOH H
2
R-CH
3
+ CO
2
+ NH
3



NH
2

Phan ng nay khong phai tien hanh n gian. Nhieu nha khoa hoc cho
rang co tien hanh theo tng giai oan, co ngi cho rang kh cacboxyl trc,
sau o kh amin.
c. Do acid amin b oxy hoa sinh ra acid beo giam mot nguyen t cacbon
R-CH-COOH O
2
R-CO-COOH + NH
3


NH
2
+ O
2


R

-COOH + CO
2

2.4. S phan huy cac acid amin
Acid amin ngoai hnh thc phan huy tren th mach cacbon co nhng phan
huy khac na, di ay xin trnh bay may chat ien hnh :


- Arginin b vi khuan phan huy trc het sinh ra ornithin va ure, sau o phan
huy thanh putrescin hoac o- aminovalerianic.
HN
C NH ( CH
2
)
3
CH COOH
H
2
N NH
2


+ H
2
O
NH
2

H
2
N CH
2
( CH
2
)
2
COOH + O C


72
NH
2

+ H
2
- CO
2


H
2
N CH
2
( CH
2
)
3
COOH H
2
N CH
2
( CH
2
)
3
NH
2

o - Aminovalerianic Putrescin
- Prolin: bc mot, vi khuan phan huy prolin thanh o- aminovalerianic sau o
tiep tuc phan huy thanh acid valeric va NH
3
.
H
2
C CH
2


H
2
C CH COOH
+ H2

HN CH
2
( CH
2
) COOH

NH + H
2


CH
3
( CH
2
)
3
COOH + NH
3

- Phan huy Cystin va cystein: Cystin b phan huy thanh cystein sau o tiep
tuc phan huy thanh Methylmercaptan, Co
2
va NH
3
.

HS CH
2
CH COOH + H
2
O HS CH
2
CH COOH +NH
3

NH
2
OH
+ H
2
O

HS CH
2
COOH + CO
2
+ H
2
O


HS CH
3
+ CO
2

- Phan huy Tryptophan: Vi khuan phan huy tryptophan bc mot sinh ra acid
indollepyric sau o thanh indolacetic lai tiep tuc phan huy thanh indol va
skatol.
-
Phan huy glutamic va acid aspartic: tao thanh acid succinic, acid propionic,
acid acetic, acid focmic.

-
Phan huy Histidin: Tao thanh Histamin la mot chat oc.

HN HN
CH CH COOH - CO
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2

N NH
2


2.5. Phan huy chat co am
- Acid creatinic: B mat nc sinh ra creatinin, sau o creatinin phan huy th cho
methyl glycin, NH
3
, CO
2
.
- Phan huy Lecithin: B phan huy thanh Cholin, photphoglyceric va acid beo.
Cholin lai phan huy thanh neurin hoac muscarin mang oc tnh.
- Phan huy base purin: B phan huy thanh Hypoxanthin, acid uric, ure
- Phan huy photphoprotein va nucleoprotein se tao thanh photphin rat oc t
cac acid photphoric co trong thc pham.
Photphoprotien + H
3
PO
4
PH
3

3. S trung oc cua vat chat thoi ra


73
Khi ong vat thuy san b thoi ra th san sinh ra hang loat cac vat chat cap
thap lam cho nguyen lieu co mui hoi thoi nh: Histamin, idol, skatollam cho
nguyen lieu co tnh oc. Trong nguyen lieu thoi ra co chat oc ton tai nen khi
an phai thng b trung oc.
Mot so chat oc hay thay la: histamin, methylamin, mot so khac t hn :
cholin, muscarin, tyramin, cadaverin, putrescinva mot so chat ca biet nh :

Paridin ( C
9
H
13
N ) trong ca thu, ng b thoi.

Coridin ( C
10
H
15
N) trong tht cua thoi.

Sardinin ( C
11
H
11
NO
2
) trong tht ca trch thoi.

-
Neu em nhng chat oc tren tiem vao ngi th lam cho huyet ap tang
hoac t cung b co rut, mc o nghiem trong co the t vong. Chat oc tren
ton tai rat t lai co tac dung kch thch da day, lam an ngon hn hoac mau lu
thong tot hn.

-
Trong cac loai ca th ca ng, thu de thoi ra va sinh histamin v loai ca nay
co nhieu c tht o. Trong thc pham neu co 1/5000 1/10.000 lng
histamin se co v cay te ac biet.

-
Chat oc th nhieu nhng lam ngi trung oc th t v: chat oc noi chung
khong ben vi nhiet o do o khi un nau ky (un soi) thuy san th chat oc
b pha huy hau het, co mot so chat oc khi ta lam kho thuy san th chung
cung mat i.

4. Toc o thoi ra va cac yeu to anh hng

4.1.Toc o thoi ra
Toc o thoi ra nhanh hay cham la ca mot van e phc tap v no phu
thuoc nhieu vao ieu kien noi tai va ngoai canh.
Toc o o nhanh hay cham khong phai ch do lng nc, protein, lipid
nhieu t gay nen ma con do ba thanh phan o hon hp vi nhau nh the nao
e vi khuan phat trien thch hp nhat.
Toc o thoi ra co quan he vi s tang len cua lng vi sinh vat cua moi
trng phan huy. V vay toc o phan ng khong phai la phng thc n
thuan ma la tien hanh theo phng thc phan ng cua phan t xuc tac.
Neu dung lng NH
3
la san vat thoi ra e bieu th ta co toc o thoi ra la
ham logarit va c bieu dien nh sau:
) ( n N
N
K
dt
dn
n

|
.
|

\
|
=
Sau khi lay tch phan hai ve ta c :
Kt
o
e
n
N
n
N

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
. 1 1
ay :
n: Lng NH
3
trong c tht ca thi iem t.
n
0
: Lng NH
3
ban au.
N: Lng NH
3
phan huy ra cao nhat.
K: Hang so.
e: c so logarit t nhien.
Khi nghien cu tht ca hoi thoi ra ta thay moi quan he gia san vat phan


74
giai va thi gian tren o th la mot ng cong ch S.
T a en b toc o phan huy cham, nhng t b en c toc o phan huy rat
nhanh. T c tr len, toc o phan huy cham lai va at trang thai can bang.

san vat

c


a b thi gian
Hnh 4.4 : o th bieu dien qua trnh va toc o thoi ra
4.2. Yeu to anh hng
a. Loai ca va tnh chat
Di ieu kien nhiet o thch hp cac loai ca noi chung ch 12 ngay la
thoi ra, nhng v khac giong loai nen co s khac nhau xa. Loai ca tht trang,
kho thoi hn ca tht o. Toc o thoi cua ca tht o nhanh hn ca tht trang. S
khac nhau la do thanh phan va tnh chat cua chat ngam ra quyet nh, thc
nghiem a chng minh rang vi sinh vat kho phan huy protein thuan tuy neu
nh rut het chat ngam ra.
Toc o thoi phu thuoc vao cau truc va thanh phan trong thuy san ma trc
het nc la ham lng nc, ca t nc lau thoi va ngc lai. Ca ngam nc
nhanh thoi hn e ngoai khong kh.
b.Anh hng cua nhiet o
Nhiet o la yeu to anh hng rat quan trong, trong ie u kien va pham vi
nhat nh, toc o thoi ra ty le thuan nhiet o o : Khi gap nhiet o thch hp
enzym trong thuy san se hoat ong manh va vi sinh vat phat trien nhanh
chong phan huy thanh phan thuy san va gay thoi ra.
Noi chung toc o thoi ra nhanh nhiet o t 25
0
35
0
va di 15
0
C giam
ro ret. gii han lan can 15
0
C neu nhiet o giam 10
0
C toc o thoi ra giam
1/21/3 neu di gii han nay toc o thoi ra ch con 1/8. a y chnh la y
ngha cua bao quan lanh.
Neu nhiet o tang qua pham vi thch hp th toc o thoi cung giam xuong
v nhiet o cao lam ezym b bien tnh va vi sinh vat ngng hoat ong hay
chet.
c. Anh hng cua o pH
o pH cua moi trng co anh hng ln en s phat trien cua vi sinh vat,
a so vi sinh vat phat trien tot pH=7, neu ha pH chung b kiem che va co
the b tieu diet. Do o a moi trng ve acid ( pH= 5 ) th kiem che qua trnh
thoi ra ay cung chnh la mot phng phap bao quan nguyen lieu nhng
khuyen cao han che s dung.
d. Anh hng cua lng vi sinh vat ban au
Nhn chung so lng vi sinh vat ban au cang nhieu, th cang thuc ay
qua trnh thoi ra, v vay trong qua trnh bao quan nguyen lieu phai ve sinh
tranh o nhiem vi sinh vat.
Trong ieu kien bnh thng th lng vi sinh vat ban au anh hng en


75
toc o thoi khong ro lam, nhng trong bao quan lanh th lng nay anh
hng ro ret. V vat trc khi bao quan lanh can ra sach mang va nht, noi
tang e giam lng vi sinh vat ban au. Ngoai cac yeu to noi tren toc o thoi
ra con phu thuoc vao phng phap anh bat, bao quan nguyen lieu

ON TAP CHNG 4
1. Trnh bay hien tng, nhng bien oi ly hoa, cac yeu to anh hng en qua
trnh te cng ?
2. Trnh bay hien tng, nhng bien doi ly hoa, cac yeu to anh hng en qua
trnh phan giai ?
3. Trnh bay hien tng, nhng bien doi ly hoa, cac yeu to anh hng en qua
trnh phan huy ?


76
CHNG V : BAO QUAN TI- VAN CHUYEN VA
KIEM TRA NGUYEN LIEU THUY SAN

A.Muc ch yeu cau
1. Muc ch
Trang b cho sinh vien cac ken thc khoa hoc ve lnh vc van chuyen va
bao quan nguyen lieu thuy san. ng dung cac kien thc nay trong san xuat va
dch vu.
2. Yeu cau
Sinh vien can at cac yeu cau sau
- Trnh bay c cac phng phap bao quan nguyen lieu
- Phng phap van chuyen nguyen lieu ti song
- Thu hoach, bao quan va van chuyen tom su
- Ch tieu chat lng nguyen lieu thuy san
- Cac phng phap phan tch thanh phan cac hp chat trong thuy san.
B. Noi dung
I. Gi ti nguyen lieu
1. Gi ti nhiet o thap.
2. Gi ti bang sinh hoc
3. Gi ti bang hoa chat
4. Gi ti bang chat khang sinh
5. Gi ti bang bc xa ien ly
6. Gi ti bang chat chong oxy hoa
II. Van chuyen nguyen lieu
1. Van chuyen ca song
2. Van chuyen ca ti
III. Thu hoach, x ly, bao quan tom su tai am nuoi
1. Thu hoach
2. X ly sau thu hoach
3. X ly, bao quan tom su nguyen lieu t am nuoi en x nghiep
IV. anh gia chat lng nguyen lieu thuy san
1. Cac hang muc kiem tra chung
2. Kiem nghiem cam quan
3. Kiem nghiem hoa hoc


77
I Bao quan ti nguyen lieu thuy san
Bao quan ti la khau vo cung quan trong trong che bien. Nh ta a biet
nguyen lieu thuy san rat de n thoi bien chat, khi n thoi khong nhng gay
bien chat nguyen lieu ma con gay ngo oc. Nguyen lieu thuy san phu thuoc
nhieu vao thi tiet, mua vu do o cong tac bao quan ti la vo cung quan trong.
1. Gi ti nhiet o thap
Da vao nguyen ly chung la khi nhiet o ha thap th enzym va vi sinh vat
trong nguyen lieu b giam hoat ong va co the nh ch hoat ong song cua
chung, nh vay nguye n lieu co the gi ti trong mot thi gian.
Phng phap tien hanh c trnh bay trong bai giang Cong nghe lanh
ong thuy san
2. Gi ti bang sinh hoc
Nh ta a trnh bay phan tren, sau khi nguyen lieu chet, xay ra hang loat
bien oi ly hoa phc tap. Nguyen lieu sau khi anh bat va giai oan te cng
la rat ti tot, giai oan nay te bao van song do o co nha khoa hoc van goi
la song. Khi o neu lach dao vao c tht hay kch thch bang ien th c tht co
giat.
Tht thuy san co rut la do s hp thanh phc chat Actomyozin cua Actin va
Myozin di s thuc ay nang lng tao thanh do phan huy ATP. Khi nguyen
lieu con song ATP luon c tai tao, nhng khi nguyen lieu chet lng ATP mat
dan i. en khi lng ATP b phan giai 2/3 th te cng at nh iem va khi
lng ATP het th chuyen sang phan giai. Da vao nguyen ly tren ta lam cham
qua trnh phan giai ATP tc la lam cham thi iem te cng va keo dai thi gian
te cng.
Muon lam cham s phan giai ATP th phai lam cho thuy san chet ngay,
khong cho thuy san day dua va hoat ong. Co nhieu cach lam cho thuy san
chet ngay : Cho vao nc 2
0
C, dung ien trng, dung thuoc gay me, pha v
hanh tuy. Nhat ang s dung phng phap pha v hanh tuy.
Hien nay ta tien hanh theo cach : a thuy san len b, e yen tnh mot thi
gian cho phuc hoi ATP roi mi giet chet. Phng phap nay ch ap dung cho ca
nc ngot v ca bien anh bat bang li re, ay
II VAN CHUYEN NGUYEN LIEU THUY SAN
Khi van chuyen nguyen lieu can tm bien phap e van chuyen nhanh nhat, tot
nhat, tranh toi a moi ton that. Do nguyen lieu thuy san rat de hong nen khi van
chuyen can chu y ti phng phap bao quan va phng tien van chuyen.
1. Van chuyen nguyen lieu song
Ca song la nguyen lieu che bien ly tng nhat va dung an ti rat co gia tr.
Van chuyen nguyen lieu song hien nay ch ap dung cho: Ca nc ngot, tom
cang xanh, tom su, tom hum.
Hieu qua viec van chuyen ca song phu thuoc nhieu vao l ng oxy hoa tan
trong nc. Lng oxy hoa tan trong nc co quan he vi nhiet o nc. Nhiet
o nc cang cao, lng oxy hoa tan cang thap nhng hoat ong sinh ly cua
thuy san tang, lng oxy tieu hao cung tang. Khi nhiet o cao, thuy san bai tiet
nhieu, vi khuan xam nhap nhieu, tac dung gay thoi ra tang. T nhng ieu
tren nen van chuyen nhiet o thap la tot.


78
Noi chung van chuyen ca song mien Bac la : mua thu va mua xuan la 8
10
0
C, mua ong la 35
0
C, mua he 1315
0
C. Mien Nam do kh hau nang nong
nen van chuyen nhiet o 15
0
c.
Quan he gia lng oxy va nhiet o la :
K = 10 0,2 t
K: lng oxy co trong nc ( mg/l)
t: nhiet o cua nc
S hao ton oxy khi ca ho hap khong phai ch phu thuoc nhiet o ma con phu
thuoc giong va loai.
Khi van chuyen ca, neu biet lng oxy tieu hao toi thieu co the tnh lng
nc can thiet la:
t = G
K
a
V
V: lng nc can thiet (lit)
a: lng oxy tieu thu (mg/gi)
K: Ham lng oxy cua nc nhiet ot
0
c
G: khoi lng ca van chuyen (kg)
t : thi gin van chuyen
Trong qua trnh van chuyen ca, can ap dung cac bien phap x ly e keo
dai thi gian van chuyen nh : thay nc, ha thap nhiet o, tranh lam ca ton
thng, thng xuyen vt bo chat bai tiet cua ca
Ca song trc khi van chuyen i xa, can nuoi trong be nc sach trong mot
thi gian, muc ich la e ca ra sach bun at tren c the va bai tiet sach. Neu
van chuyen trong 56 gi, phai nuoi trong 1012 gi.
1.1. Van chuyen ca song bang ng thuy
ay la phng phap van chuyen an toan va hieu qua nhat. Hien nay ta
dung loai thuyen thong nc e van chuyen, thuyen thong nc la thuyen ma
au thuyen, uoi thuyen, man thuyen co lo e nc lu thong.
Mat o ca trong thuyen thong nc giam theo s tang cua nhiet o, vi
nhiet o cua nc di 15
0
c th van chuyen 1 tan ca can 10 tan nc. Neu van
chuyen 1 tan ca nhiet o 2025
0
c th lng nc can dung la 15 tan ( v moi
kg ca trong 1 gi can 120150 mg oxy ).
e tang hieu qua van chuyen nen t dng lai doc ng nhng neu can o
lai th phai dng ni nc trong, toc o nc nho nhat la 0,5 m/s, khong e
thuyen phi nang, khi van chuyen van toc thuyen la 4 km/h.
1.2. Van chuyen thuy san song bang ng bo
Khi van chuyen bang ng bo, do xe chay song sanh nc nen oxy de
hoa tan trong nc .
e tang hieu quan van chuyen ta can ap dung cac bien phap nh : thay
nc nhieu lan cho a vao e ha nhiet o cua nc, suc kh oxy vao, thng
xuyen vt bo can ban
Khi thay nc, ch dung n c song, ho, khong dung nc gieng va nc ao
tu. V lng oxy hoa tan trong nc gieng thap va nc ao tu thng b thoi
ban.
Neu van chuyen 34 gi th lng nc /thuy san = 2,5, neu thi gian 910


79
gi th nc/thu y san =5. Trong qua trnh van chuyen c 34 gi thay nc
mot lan.
2. Van chuyen nguyen lieu ti
Thuy san ti ngha la thuy san a chet nhng van gi o ti, v ng trng
cach xa ni che bien va tieu thu nen cong tac van chuyen ca ti co tam quan
trong ac biet. Trong khi van chuyen phai tm moi bien phap cho nguyen lieu
ti.
Khi van chuyen nguyen lieu c ong thanh thung va s dung xe hay tau
co trang b he thong lanh, vi phng tien van chuyen khong co he thong lanh th
ta dung thung cach nhiet.
Phng phap bao quan khi van chuyen chu yeu la p lanh, p a. Nhng
ieu chu y khi van chyen ca ti :
- Can lam ve sinh dung cu van chuyen nh khoang thuyen, toa xe, tau,
cac thung cha phai c ve sinh tiec trung.
- Cong tac ve sinh cho ca : phai ra sach ca trc khi cho vao thung, khi
van chuyen chu y khong cho ca nhiem ban.
- Gi cho ca khong b thung, c the ca cang hoan chnh cang t b vi
khuan tan cong. V vay viec boc d ca phai nhe nhang, than trong,
khong i lai dam ap len ca.
- Gi cho nhiet o ca khong tang, ca sau khi anh bat phai x ly, nhanh
chong a i p lanh, tranh e lau tren boong tau, khong e ca phi
nang.
- Phan loai ca : v khi mot con hay mot nhom b nhiem trung th se lay lan
rat nhanh do o can phan loai cang nhanh cang tot. Co bien phap x ly
ung cho tng loai.
III. Thu hoach, x ly va bao quan tom su tai am nuoi
1. Thu hoach
e tom co chat lng va size phu hp cho che bien cac san pham xuat
khau,nen thu hoach tom co size < 40con/kg. Khong thu hoach tom thi ky thay
vo hoac b mem vo. Neu tom b mem vo se b xep vao loai 2 va co gia tr rat
thap v khong dung e che bien cac san pham co gia tr nh: Tom nguyen con
(HOSO ), tom vo bo au ( HLSO ), tom PTO. Hn na, tom mem vo rat de b
dap nat c hoc, nhanh n trong qua trnh x ly, bao quan va van chuyen.
Kinh nghiem cho thay nen thu hoach tom vao thi iem ma ty le tom thay vo
trong am nuoi at < 5% hoac vao ngay th 7, 8 ke t khi nhn thay vo tom
trong ho ( chu ky thay vo tom t 16 18 ngay ).
Thi iem thu hoach tom tot nhat la vao sang sm hoac chieu toi. Thu
hoach vao thi iem nay se han che tac ong cua moi trng en chat lng
cua tom trong qua trnh thu hoach, x ly va sau thu hoach.
Tuy theo ieu kien va mo hnh nuoi, co the thu hoach theo cac cach sau:
a. at lu
Phng phap nay phu hp cho viec thu hoach tom trong cac am nuoi
quang canh.
at lu ch thu tom co c ln. Tom nho se chui qua mat li i ra ngoai.
Tuy yeu cau size can thu hoach ma s dung lu co mat li ln hay nho.


80
Tom thu hoach bang lu van song khoe manh, khong lan rac, khong b dap
nat va hau het la tom c ln, chat lng cao phu hp vi viec lam hang theo
ng hang khong ( cau hang khong Tp.HCM i Seoul mat 8h ).
b. Chai
Cach nay phu hp cho viec khai thac tom tai cac am nuoi quang canh cai
tien hay cong nghiep.
Sau moi lan chai, ch thu nhng con co kch thc ln, con nho can tha ve
am.
Thu hoach bang chai, tom van khoe manh khong lan bun at va khong b
dap nat. Tuy nhien, ngi thu hoach thng e tiep tom chai c tren b ao,
ngoai tri nang nen tom lai b bam bun ban va chet ngay sau o. ay chnh la
nguyen nhan tom b lay nhiem vi sinh vat. Tom sau khi chet la moi trng ly
tng cho vi sinh vat phat trien va do o tom b bien oi chat lng rat nhanh.
Chnh v vay can gi cho tom con song va han che en mc thap nhat kha
nang lay nhiem vi sinh vat nham lam giam s bien oi chat lng cua tom sau
thu hoach. e at muc ch nay, nen at tom sau khi chai len tam nha sach
hoac tren nap thung nha sach, nhanh chong thao g tom khoi chai va cho
ngay vao thung nc mat, sach e gi tom van con song cho en khi p a.
e thc hien ieu nay, trc thu hoach can chuan b u tai b ao cac
dung cu va vat lieu can thiet nh: Thung nc mat, tam nha lot
c. Li
Cach nay phu hp cho viec khai thac tom tai cac am nuoi quang canh cai
tien hay cong nghiep.
Bang cach nay tom thu hoach c van con song nhng rat ban do li
keo re sat ay ao nen bam bun at rat nhieu. Do vay, e han che s lay
nhiem vi sinh vat vao tom sau thu hoach va gi tom van con song cho en khi
p a, nen ra va rong tom trong thung nc sach va mat ngay sau khi keo
li len.
Tng t nh thu hoach bang chai, khi thu hoach bang li keo cung can
chuan b u dung cu nh: Ro, thung cha nc sach va mat
d. Thao can nc
Cach nay phu hp cho nuoi quang canh va cong nghiep. Cach nay ch
thc hien c khi ay ao cao hn nc ben ngoai va cach khong khuyen cao
s dung.
Vi cach thu hoach nay, tom, rac va canh khob cuon theo dong nc va
i vao tui li ca xa. Tom sau khi thu hoach thng lan rat nhieu canh kho,
rac, b va yeu, mot so b chet do ap suat thuy lc cua dong chay. e khac
phuc ieu nay, khi thu hoach tom can phai chu y en s chenh lech mc nc
trong va ngoai ao nuoi cung nh khoang thi gian gia cac lan keo tui. Neu
chenh lech mc nc ln va khoang thi gian keo tui cung ln th nhng con
tom vao tui au tien se b chet ngop hoac long au, dap nat do tac dung cua
dong nc.
V vay, tom ngay sau khi thu hoach theo cach nay can thiet phai tach rieng
va loai bo rac, ca, cuava ra sach e tranh b canh kho e dap hoac b cua
kep, ong thi tranh lay nhiem vi sinh vat.


81
2. X ly tom sau thu hoach
Ngay sau khi thu hoach, tom su phai c x ly nhe nhang, can than cang
nhanh cang tot. Mac du tai thi iem ban cho thng lai thu gom chat lng cua
tom trong van con khoe manh, nhng viec x ly va bao quan khong ung cach
ngay t au (Ngay sau khi thu hoach) se lam anh hng xau en chat lng
cua tom su nguyen lieu tai ni tiep nhan cua nha may sau 2 3 ngay sau khi
thu hoach. ieu nay co the nhan thay qua bang sau:
Thung cach nhiet co lo thoat nc Thung cach nhiet khong lo thoat nc
Loai ac biet Loai 2 Loai ac biet Loai 2
6,6 26,8% 8,3 10,9% 7,7 26,1% 16% - 10%
Bang 5.2: Chat lng cua tom sau 40h bao quan trong thung cach nhiet
Tai mot so ni, tom thng uc a en x nghiep che bien sau khi thu
hoach 30 40 h. Trong thi gian nay, chat lng tom co dau hieu b sut giam,
tham ch ca trong ieu kien bao quan tot nhat. Sau 40h bao quan u ng ky thuat
0
0
C, ty le tom ac biet giam t 80 90% con lai 6,6 26,1%. Thu hoach va
bao quan ung ky thuat nham han che ton that chat lng cua tom sau thu
hoach.
Tuy nhien, neu chat lng cua tom ban au tot (ty le tom loai ac biet cao)
th tai ni tiep nhan cua nha may ty le tom ac biet cao va giam c ty le tom
loai 2.
Tuy thc hien tot viec x ly, bao quan tom tai am nuoi ngay sau khi thu
hoach van khong tranh c hoan toan nhng ton that, nhng han che s suy
giam chat lng tom, nh o gop phan nang cao gia tr lo nguyen lieu tom.
La va ra tom
Ngay sau khi thu hoach, tom phai c loai bo rac, tach rieng ca,e tranh
b dap nat do cau kep hoac rac e. Sau o nhanh chong a i ra bang nc
mat, sach e loai bo bun at dnh bam tren than tom nham han che s lay
nhiem vi sinh vat.
Viec la tom phai tien hanh canh nhanh cang tot e bao ve tom trang cac
tac hai cua moi trng xung quanh lam anh hng xau en chat lng tom
nh: Nhiet o, anh nang
Tien hanh la va ra tom ni sach, thoang mat, trang anh nang mat tri
e bao ve tom tranh b soc va khong b chet. V ngay sau khi tom chet nhiet
o moi trng khoang 2 7 30
0
C, ac biet la di anh nang mat tri, tom b
bien oi chat lng rat nhanh ( long au, bac mau, bien hong nhe ).
Lu y: Trc khi s dung cac dung cu (ro, thung nha, tam nha, ban)
can phai lam mat chung. V nhiet o be mat cac dung cu nay luon cao hn
nhiet o moi trng ac biet la khi e ngoai nang. Neu cha ng tom trong
cac dung cu nong th tom b bien oi chat lng nhanh chong.
Gay chet tom bang nc a lanh 0
0
C
Cong oan nay vo cung quan trong v co anh hng en toc o bien oi
chat lng tom sau khi chet. Neu e tom giay giua nhieu trc khi chet se
lam ton that nang lng d tr cua tom, nen sau khi tom chet b bien oi chat
lng rat nhanh va co the dan en nhanh n hong. V vay, ngay sau thu


82
hoach can phai gay chet tom cang nhanh cang tot e han che mc toi thieu
s that thoat chat lng do s giay giua cua tom trc khi chet.
Cong oan nay thc hien rat n gian, dung cu can thiet la thung cach
nhiet hoac thung nha co nap ay. Lng nc a va nc sach dung e ga y
chet tom tuy thuoc vao lng tom. Co the s dung theo ty le: khoi lng
tom/khoi lng a/khoi lng nc = 2/1/1.
Cach tien hanh
au tien chuan b hon hp nc a lanh 0
0
C bang cach tron nc sach
vi nc a xay hoac a vay theo ty le khoi lng a/khoi lng nc = 1/1
trong thung cach nhiet hay thung nha sach co nap ay. Khuay eu cho a
tan het e nhiet o ha xuong gan 0
0
C, sau o cho tom su a la va ra sach
vao hon hp nay. e tom khong giay giua va nhay lung tung khi cho vao nc
a lanh th nen cho tom vao tui li buot chat mieng tui roi mi nhung toan bo
tui vao hon hp a lanh. Co the dung ro nha do nap ay thay tui.
Gi tom trong nc a lanh khoang 15 30 phut e gay chet va lam lanh.
Sau o, vt tom ra va a ngay sang p vi nc a e gi cho nhiet o cua
tom khong b tang len. Sau khi tom chet, neu e lau nhiet o moi trng th
cac bien oi sinh hoa, hoa hoc va bien oi vi sinh vat o tom xay ra rat nhanh
lam cho tom b giam chat lng va nhanh n hong. V vay, sau khi gay chet
tom phai luon gi tom nhiet o 0 5
0
C.
3. X ly va bao quan tom su nguyen lieu trong qua trnh mua ban t am
nuoi en x nghiep
Phan c, phan hang
Thc hien phan c va phan hang tom tren ban inox, ni thoang mat se
han che cac bien oi lam giam chat lng do anh h ng cua nhiet o moi
trng, anh nang va ngan s lay nhiem vi sinh vat vao trong tom.
Cac be mat tiep xuc trc tiep vi tom nh mat ban, ro, thungthng co
nhiet o cao hn nhiet o moi trng xung quanh nen trc khi s dung can
phai c lam mat e ha nhiet o cua chung xuong nham tranh tac ong cua
nhiet o cao en s bien oi lam suy giam chat lng tom.
Phu a xay hoac a vay len tom trong qua trnh thao tac, nham duy tr
nhiet o cua tom thap hn 10
0
C, han che tac ong cua moi trng xung quanh
en s bien oi chat lng cua tom trong suot qua trnh nay.
Thao tac phan c va phan hang can thc hien nhanh chong se han che
c cac tac ong cua moi trng ( nhiet o, anh nang, oxy khong kh ) en
s bien oi lam suy giam chat lng tom.
Sau khi phan c va phan hang xong e cho tom va rao nc nen nhanh
chong a tom i can va p a ngay, tranh tnh trang keo dai thi gian e
tom rao nc nhiet o thng.
Ra
Ra lai tom trc khi p a nham lam giam bt lng vi sinh vat co the
nhiem t tay, khong kh va cac be mat tiep xuc trc tiep vi tom nh mat ban,
rotrong qua trnh thao tac. Tuy nhien, neu nc ra va dung cu cha nc
ra b ban, nhiet o nc ra cao th co tac dung ngc lai. Do o can phai
ra tom bang nc sach trong dung cu cha sach va nc ra co nhiet o <


83
5
0
C ( Dung thung nha 200l, cho vao thung cay nc a, bm nc vao 2/3
thung, e yen 10 phut sau th nhiet o nc thap hn 5
0
C ).
Thung cha nc ra phai thoa man cac yeu cau:
- Khong b g
- Be mat nhan, phang
- De lam ve sinh va kh trung
- Khong tham hut nc
Neu thung g set, thung hut tham nc hoac thung co be mat go ghe la
ni tru an an toan cho vi sinh vat khi lam ve sinh kh trung, ong thi cung rat
kho lam ve sinh do cac tap chat bam tren thung. Cac tap chat va vi sinh vat
nay se khuech tan vao nc va lay nhiem vao tom trong qua trnh ra.
Bao quan lanh
Tom sau khi ra xong phai c bao quan lanh ngay. Cac phng phap
bao quan lanh c trnh bay bai giang Cong nhe lanh ong thuy san .
Cac nguyen tac ve sinh thc pham
Thc pham thuy san b lay nhiem vi sinh vat, oc to sinh hoc, d lng
thuoc khang sinh, kim loai nang va cac hoa chat anh hng en sc khoe
ngi tieu dung. Hau het cac benh do ngo oc thc pham eu co the tranh
c nh cac bien phap x ly.
Sau ay la nhng e xuat cua vi ng nuoi tom va ai ly thu mua
nguyen lieu ve nguyen ta c ve sinh thc pham c ban, moi nguy va cac thong
iep ve cach thc hien e am bao thc pham an toan cho ngi tieu dung va
cung la phng phap am bao li nhuan cho chnh ho.
Tnh trang sc khoe
Cac nguyen tac
c ban
S lay nhiem vi
khuan gay benh
Khong c tham gia phan loai, x ly,
bao quan nguyen lieu khi ang mac
cac beng truyen nhiem, b t hay l
loet tay
Thc hien tot
ve sinh ca nhan
S lay nhiem vi
sinh vat
Phai ra tay sau khi:
- i ve sinh
- Tiep xuc vi nguyen lieu
- X ly cac thiet b, dung cu ban
- o rac
Mac quan ao sach khi lam viec
S lay nhiem vi
sinh vat va cac tap
chat c hoc
Khong an uong hoac hut thuoc khi x
ly nguyen lieu.
Cat ngan mong tay.
Khi tiep xuc vi nguyen lieu khong
c eo cong, nhan, ong ho hoac
trang sc
Kiem soat thi gian va nhiet o
Cac moc thi
gian
Moi nguy Thong iep ve an toan thc pham


84
Trong khi x ly
va bao quan tai
am nuoi
S phat trien cua
vi sinh vat
Lam lanh va duy tr tom nhiet o 0
0
C
ngay sau khi thu hoach.
Van chuyen en cac c s thu gom
hoac x nghiep che bien cang sm
cang tot.
Trong phan c,
phan hang
S phat trien cua
vi sinh vat
Gi tom trong a trong suot thi gian
phan c, phan hang.
Phan c, phan hang cang nhanh cang
tot.
Trong khi x ly
va bao quan tai
cac c s thu
gom
S phat trien cua
vi sinh vat
Lam lanh va duy tri tom nhiet o 0
0
C
sau khi tiep nhan.
Van chuyen tom en x nghiep che
bien cang nhanh cang tot.
Trong khi van
chuyen
S phat trien cua
vi sinh vat
Duy tr nhiet o tom 0
0
C trong suot
thi gian van chuyen.
Ngan nga s lay nhiem
Cac nguyen tac
c ban
Moi nguy Thong iep ve ve sinh an toan thc
pham
Bao ve tom
khoi s lay
nhiem
S lay nhiem vi
sinh vat va cac tap
chat c hoc
Khong at tom trc tiep xuong san
nha, mat at.
Khong s dung nc song, nc ao e
ra tom.
Khong s dung nc a khong am
bao ve sinh e ra tom.
Khong bao quan tom trong thung hoen
g/ thung tham nc.
Thung bao quan phai co nap ay
Bao quan tom ni sach, kho ra o, tranh
bui va cac tac nhan gay nhiem.
Van chuyen tom bang phng tien,
dung cu sach
Ngan nga s
nhiem cheo
Vi khuan hien dien
trong thuy san
khac hoac nc a
cu se lay nhiem
vao tom
Khong bao quan cac loai to m klhac
nhau trong cung mot thung hoac bao
quan tom ca trong cung mot thung.
Khong dung nc a cu e bao quan.
Be mat tiep xuc
trc tiep vitom
luon sach
S lay nhiem vi
sinh vat
Lam ve sinh sach cac dung cu, thie t b,
nhiet kekhi tiep xuc vi tom.
- Trc va sau khi s dung cho
nhng loai nguyen lieu khac
nhau.
- Trc va sau moi lan s dung.
am bao nguyen lieu c cung cap an toan


85
Nguyen tac c
ban
Moi nguy Thong iep ve qn toan thc pham
S dung nguon
nc va nc
a an toan
S lay nhiem vi
sinh vat va cac
hoa chat
Ch s dung nguon nc am bao ve
sinh an toan thc pham nh: nc thuy
cuc, gieng khoan sau hn 50m hoac
cac loai nguon nc a qua x ly.
Nc a phai lam t nc sach tren.
S dung va bao
quan hoa chat
va thuoc diet
con trung
S lay nhiem cac
hoa chat.
Khong s dung bat ky hoa chat, khang
sinh hoac cac chat khac e bao quan
tom.
Khong bao quan hoa chat vao nhng
ni de lay nhiem vao cac dung cu va
thiet b bao quan ung nh x ly tom.
Ch s dung hoa chat cho phep khi
thc s can thiet va theo ch dan cua
nha san xuat.
Chu y nguon lay nhiem gian tiep vao
nguyen lieu nh: xang, dau, nht
IV. ANH GIA CHAT LNG NGUYEN LIEU THUY SAN
anh gia chat lng nguyen lieu la khau vo cung quan trong cua ngi can
bo ky thuat khi thu mua nguyen lieu va a nguyen lieu vao che bien.
Chat lng nguyen lieu la yeu to au tien anh hng en chat lng san
pham, v vay viec anh gia phai c tien het sc nghiem tuc.
1. Cac hang muc kiem tra chung
1.1. o ln be beo gay
o ln be beo gay anh hng rat ln en qui trnh cong nghe va chat lng
san pham. o ln be quyet nh thanh phan khoi lng cua nguyen lieu va
san pham. o beo gay noi len thanh phan hoa hoc va ga tr dinh dng cua
san pham.
Nguyen lieu beo tot th chat lng cao nhng neu qua beo th chat lng
giam va gia tr cua nguyen lieu cung nh thanh pham kem.
1.2. Mc o nguyen ven
Nguyen lieu cang nguyen ven, thi gian gi ti cang dai va cang bao
quan tot, v vay chat lng cang cao. Nguyen lieu a b xay xat bam dap, st
me nhieu th chat lng giam cang nhanh chong, v vay khi kiem tra can xem
xet ky mc o nguyen ven va hoan chnh cua nguyen lieu e a vao x ly,
tat nhien la mc o nguyen ven hoa hao cua nguyen lieu co lien quan mat
thiet vi o ti n cua chung.
V du tam quan trong cua s nguyen ven hoan chnh : tom con nguyen ven
100 % san xuat tom vo, tom con 50 % san xuat tom vo bo au hoac bo ca vo
cha uoi, tom con 25 % san xuat tom non hay tom tht vun.
1.3. o ti
o ti cua nguyen lieu quyet nh en chat lng san pham. e che bien
cac san pham thc pham th nguyen lieu cang ti cang tot. ay la hang muc
quan trong nhat e anh gia chat lng nguyen lieu, cho nen cac nha che


86
bien cho rang : chat lng ong ngha vi o ti. Hien nay o ti la ch tieu
quan trong nhat e anh gia cam quan, cac ch tieu con lai la e bo xung cho
ket luan hoan chnh.
2. Ch tieu cam quan
2.1. Cam quan ca ti
a. Trang thai ngoai
Xem xet mau sac trang thai cua nht va o bam chac cua vay vao da ca.
- Ca con ti: Mau sac t nhien cua loai ca o, nht ca trong suot, o dnh
cua nht cao, mui tanh t nhien, oi vi ca co vay th vay bam chat vao da.
- Khi ca b n: Mau sac toi dan, nht ca b von cuc, o nht giam, nht b
uc dan, mui chua thoi xuat hien, oi vi ca co vay th vay troc khoi da, vi
ca khong vay th mau sac cua c lng thng chuyen sang nau hoac o.
b. Kiem tra trang thai mieng va mang ca
Xem xet trang thai cua mieng, mau sac va mui cua mang
- Ca con ti : Mieng mang khep chat, dung tay bat nap mang roi quan sat
mau sac va ngi. Khi ca con ti th mang mau o ti, mui tanh t nhien.
- Khi ca n : Mieng ha dan, mang chuyen sang mau xam en, hoac en,
mui thoi xuat hien.
c. Kiem tra trang thai mat ca
Quan sat xem giac mat va o loi lom cua nhan cau
- Ca ti : Giac mac trong suot, sang, nhan cau loi ( bnh thng ).
- Ca n : Giac mac uc l , nhn cau lom xuong di vong mac, co the
v ra.
a. Kiem tra tnh an hoi cua c tht
Dung ngon tay, an manh vao phan c tht lng, quan sat s phuc hoi vet
lom.
- Ca ti: Vet lom phuc hoi nhanh.
- Ca n: vet lom phuc hoi cham.
Dung dao cat ngang vay ngc, quan sat vet cat :
- Ca ti: vet cat mau o ti
- Ca n: vet cat mau xam toi va tht ri khoi xng
b. Kiem tra mui va noi tang
- oi vi ca nho: ngi trc tiep
- oi vi ca ln: cat khuc ngi phan tht va ngi mui noi tang.
Khi kiem tra noi tang: dung que nhon am t hau mon len bung roi lay ra
va ngi, hoac co the mo bung ca lay noi tang va ngi.
- Ca con ti: mui tanh t nhien
- Ca n: mui thoi, khai.
c. Kiem tra cac bo phan khac
Quan sat bung va hau mon
- Ca ti: bung thon bnh thng, hau mon co mau trang bac hoac o nhat,
thut vao trong.
- Ca n: hau mon chuyen sang mau o va loi ra ngoai, bung ca trng
phnh len en khi v ra, noi tang loi ra.
2.2. Ch tieu cam quan tom ti


87
a.Loai ac biet
Mau sac
Mau sac ben ngoai:
- Co mau ac trng cu tom su, sang bong.
- Khong b bac mau.
- Khong co om en bat c iem nao tren than.
- Khong b xanh au.
Mau sac cua tht
- Tht ti trong.
- Khong b xanh tht ham.
- Khong co bat c om en nao tren tht.
Trang thai
Trang thai ben ngoai
- Nguyen ven, khong b khuyet tat.
- au dnh chat vao than.
- Khong v gach.
- Khong mem vo.
- Khong gian ot.
- Khong nt vo.
Trang thai cua tht: Tht an hoi san chac
Mui
Trc khi luoc
- Mui ac trng cua tom su.
- Khong co mui la.
Sau khi luoc
- Thm ac trng cua tom su luoc.
- Khong co mui khai.
- Khong co mui la.
V : e xac nh v cua tom ta tien hanh nh sau : Ra sach tom, cho vao tui
PE kn nc, bo xung NaCl 0,8 % ty le dung dch/mau = 1/1. Vuot mieng tui,
cot chat mieng tui. Cho mau vao noi nc ang soi, thi gian luoc t 6-12
phut, tuy vao c tom. Khi luoc xong, lay tui mau ra, gan nc vao coc, kiem
tra mui, v, o trong. Phan cai o ra a s e xac nh mui, v, trang thai, c
tnh.
- V ngot am
- Nc luoc trong.
b. Loai 1
Mau sac
Mau sac ben ngoai
- Co mau ac trng cua tom su, sang bong.
- Khong b bac mau.
- Khong co om en bat ky iem nao tren than va uoi, neu co cao
nhe phai mat.
Mau sac cua tht


88
- Tht ti trong.
- Khong b xanh phan tht gan au.
- Khong co bat c om en nao tren than.
Trang thai
Trang thai ben ngoai
- Cho phep long au, v gach hoac rung au gian ot.
- Khong mem vo.
- Khong nt ot
- Khong v vo.
- Khong t uoi.
Trang thai cua tht: an hoi san chac
Mui
Trc khi luoc
- Mui ac trng cua tom su.
- Khong co mui la.
Sau khi luoc
- Thm ac trng cua tom su luoc.
- Khong co mui khai.
- Khong co mui la.
V sau khi luoc
- V ngot.
- Nc luoc trong.
c. Loai 2
Mau sac
Mau sac ben ngoai
- Bac mau nhe.
- Cho phep bien hong nhe.
- Khong sang bong.
- Co khong qua 3 om en phan than va uoi.
Mau cua tht
- Tht bac mau.
- Chap nhan xanh phan tht gan au.
- Khong co bat c om en nao tren than.
Trang thai
Trang thai ben ngoai
- Cho phep, long au, v gach, rung au, mem vo, nt ot, v vo.
- Khong st vo.
- Khong t uoi.
Trang thai cua tht: thit kem an hoi.
Mui
Trc khi luoc
- Cho phep thoang mui khai nhe.
- Khong co mui la.
Sau khi luoc


89
- Cho phep thoang mui khai nhe.
- Khong co mui la.
V
- Kem ngot.
- Nc luoc hi van uc.
3. Ch tieu hoa hoc
Bang cac dung cu va hoa chat thch hp, can thiet e xac nh tong lng
san vat phan huy, can c vao ket qua anh gia o ti cua nguyen lieu. Cac
chat can thiet kiem tra la: TMA, NH
3
, H
2
S, va mot so chat khac. Ch tieu o ti
nh sau :
- Ca rat ti: TMA < 1,5 mg%
- Ca ti va: TMA < 6 mg%
- Ca n hong: TMA > 12 mg%
Hoac da vao NH
3

- Ca rat ti: NH
3
< 15 mg%
- Ca ti va: NH
3
< 20 mg%
- Ca n hong: NH
3
> 40 mg%
Kiem nghiem o ti cua ca bang phng phap hoa hoc, co rat nhieu muc,
moi muc co nhieu phng phap, ch xin trnh bay mot so van e c ban.
3.1. Kiem tra o ti bang giay qu
Ca khi con song hoac mi chet th pH cua c tht = 5 6,5, do:
(C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
+ n H
2
O 2n CH
3
-CH-COOH
OH
Glycogen Acid lactic
Khi ca n, o acid giam va tnh kiem tang len, lam pH tang t acid trung
tnh kiem, do o: Dung mot manh giay qu tm, tam nc cat ap vao c tht
ca, e yen o 1015 phut, quan sat s oi mau cua qui:
+
Neu giay qu tm chuyen sang o: ca ti.

+
Neu giay qu tm khong chuyen mau, hoac oi sang mau xanh: ca n.

Lu y: phng phap nay khong ap dung c cho ca xng sun.

3.2. Kiem nghiem NH
3
Ca sau khi chet, trai qua cac giai oan: tiet nhtte cngphan
giaiphan huy.
Trong giai oan phan giai va phan huy, di tac dung cua enzym va vi sinh
vat, lam cho nitor trong protein chuyen hoa thanh nitor vo c, chu yeu di
dang NH
3
. Da vao ac tnh cua NH
3
ta tien hanh kiem nghiem theo phng
phap Heber nh sau:
a. Nguyen ly: S boc hi cua HCl trong dung dch ete-con, phan ng vi
NH
3
tao dung dch NH
4
Cl la chat khoi trang.
NH
3
+ HCl NH
4
Cl ( khoi trang )
b. Cach tien hanh
ieu che dung dch Heber: 1 the tch dung dch HCl 25 % (d= 1,12), 1 the
tch ete etylic, 3 the con 90
0
.
Cho vao ong nghiem (| = 20mm) 5 ml dung dch Heber, dung day ch cot


90
mot mieng tht ca, cho vao ong nghiem cach mat dung dch 2 cm. Neu trong
tht ca co NH
3
th khoi trang xuat hien.
+ Lu y : Khoi trang co the c sinh ra do hi nc trong tht ca tao sng
mu vi HCl, nhng lp sng mu nay tng oi ben.
+ Bang ket qua th nghiem

Pham chat ca Ket qua
Loai 1 : mi chet hoac gi o
ti tuyet oi.
Loai 2 : a qua tang tr,
pham chat kem hn loai 1.
Loai 3 : pham chat kem, a
n tong oi.

Loai 4 : ca ngoai hang hoac
a bien chat.
Phan ng (-) tnh, khong co NH
3


Phan ng ( + ) : co NH
4
Cl nhng cha
ro va mat i nhanh chong.
Phan ng ( ++ ) : Ch vai giay khi at
mau, khoi xuat hien va mat i cham.
Phan ng (+++) : Khoi xuat hien khi va
a mau ti mieng ong nghiem.
Bang 5.2 : ket qua kiem nghiem pham chat ca bang
phng phap HeBer
lu y: Phng phap nay cung khong ap dung cho ca xng sun.
3.3. Kiem nghiem H
2
S
Ca a qua giai oan phan giai va chuyen vao giai oan phan huy th mi
sinh H
2
S.
Khong can nh lng H
2
S, ma ch can nh tnh. Neu nh nguyen lieu co
H
2
S, ch co lam bot ca gia xuc va phan bon.
a. Nguyen ly : Li dung phan ng gia Acetat ch vaHydrosufua, tao ket tua
en.
H
2
S + Pb( CH
3
COO)
2
= PbS + 2 CH
3
COOH

Mau en
b. Tien hanh
Pha dung dch ch Acetat: o t t dung dch NaOH 30% vao dung dch
Pb( CH
3
COO)
2
4% en khi tua sinh ra b hoa tan hoan toan.
Tien hanh kiem nghiem: lay chnh xac 20 gr tht ca, nghien nhuyen cho
vao bnh nho roi them mot lng H
2
SO
4
10% ( bang hai lan mau ). Lay mot
mieng giay loc a nho san vai giot ch Acetat, ay mieng bnh lai, sau 15
phut em ra quan sat:
+ Neu toan cham en khong co tua ma ch co vien en nho, ca bat au
n (+), o ti nghi ng.
+ Neu toan iem cham co mau, vien am th ca n (++ ).
+ Neu toan the vet cham eu am th ca n (+++ ).
3.4. Kiem nghiem am base bay hi
Base bay hi khong ch co amoniac ma con ca metylamin : CH
3
-NH
2
,
dimetylamin (CH
3
)
2
-NH, trimetylamin (CH
3
)
3
N. Ca nc ngot khi b bien chat
chu yeu sinh ra amoniac. Nhng ca nc man ngay khi song, trong ban than


91
a co mot lng ang ke oxytrimetylamin : (CH
3
)NO ( 100150mg% ). Di
tac dung cua cac enzym va vi sinh vat, no bien thanh trimetyl amin.
AH
2
+ (CH
3
)
3
NO A + H
2
O + (CH
3
)
3
N
Con metylamin va dimetylamin co nguon goc t au en nay van cha ro,
nhng co mot ieu chac rang chung khong co nguon goc t (CH
3
)
3
NO. Mac
du nguon goc sinh ra chung cha ro rang, nhng ta thay rang thuy san cang b
n th th khoi lng cua chung cang tang len, v vay viec xac nh base bay
hi giup phan oan pham chat ti cua thuy san. Can c vao ket qua kiem
nghiem cam quan va hoa hoc, ngi ta a ra ch tieu nh sau :
oi vi ca ngc ngot ( tram, chep, troi, me) con ti loai 1, lng am N
cua amoniac khong vt qua 1015mg%, ca loai 2 khong qua 1416mg%,
loai 3 tc la loai con co the dung lam thc an c th t 1725mg%, neu vt
qua gia tr o th phai bo i.
oi vi ca nc man th ngoai ch tieu ve amoniac con ch tieu ve base bay
hi ma chu yeu la trimetylamin: loai 1, lng N cua trimetylamin khong qua
1,5mg%, loai 2 cung khong qua 2mg%, hn na la loai 3
Tuy nhien, can phai coi ay la gia tr chung, co nhng loai ac biet gia tr
co the vut qua quy nh nhng ca van ti. V du ca uoi, ca nham khi ca con
ti lng amoniac a at ti 2150mg%.
Nguyen ly cua viec xac nh cac base bay hi la da vao tnh chat cac
base yeu de bay hi, khi cho vao dung dch tht thuy san mot base manh hn (
Mg(OH)
2
, Ca(OH)
2
) th cac base bay hi se c giai phong. Va neu dung
phng phap chng cat th chung se cung vi nc bay ra ngoai. Dung dung
dch acid hap thu chung theo cac phan ng sau:
2NH
4
OH + H
2
SO
4
= (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
2CH
3
NH
2
+ H
2
SO
4
= (CH
3
NH
3
)
2
SO
4

2(CH
3
)
2
NH + H
2
SO
4
= |(CH
3
)
2
NH
2
|
2
SO
4

2(CH
3
)
3
N + H
2
SO
4
= | (CH
3
)
3
NH|
2
SO
4

Cac base bay hi c hap thu vao coc ung H
2
SO
4
tieu chuan ( d ).
Acid d c chuan o bang kiem tieu chuan. T o tnh ra lng am co
trong base bay hi cua mau.
Lng am tnh bang mg%, va c tnh bang cong thc sau :
( )
( ) %
100 . 4 , 1 .
mg
m
b a
X

=
a : so ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,1N a dung.
b : so ml dung dch NaOH 0,1N dung e chuan o acid d.
m : khoi lng mau ( g ).
3.5. Kiem nghiem am NH
3
va (CH
3
)
3
N
Phan tren ta xac nh am base bay hi tong quat. Phan nay ta xac nh
tng base rieng biet.
Nguyen ly: da vao kha nang cua muoi sunfat hoac clorua cua cac base
bay hi khi phan ng vi formaldehyt se giai phong ion H
+
dang t do roi
dung dung dch NaOH hoac KOH tieu chuan e trung hoa ion H
+
o va suy ra
khoi lng am trong moi loai rieng biet. Cac phan nh sau :



92
2(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+ 6HCHO = (CH
2
)
6
N
4
+ 6H
2
O + 2H
2
SO
4

urotropin
(CH
3
NH
3
)
2
SO
4
+ 2HCHO = 2CH
3
NCH
2
+ 2H
2
O + H
2
SO
4

[(CH
3
)
2
NH
2
]
2
SO
4
+ HCHO = (CH
3
)
4
N
2
CH
2
+ H
2
O + H
2
SO
4

Khi dung NaOH trung hoa th ta se tnh uc lng am cua amoniac va
amin bac 1. Khi can thiet ta lai co the ap dung cac phng phap khac e xac
nh rieng biet tng loai. Nhng trong thc te, thuy san n thoi th amin bac 1
cung rat t va so sanh vi amoniac th khong ang ke. V the cho nen, bang
phng phap tac dung vi formaldehyt roi chuan o lng acid sinh ra ta se
tnh gia tr cu the cua am amoniac trong cac base bay hi.
e khoi mat thi gian ta dung dung dch xac nh am tong so, them vao
chng 2025ml formon trung tnh. em hon hp dung dch cho vao tu lanh 1
gi e thc hien phan ng hoan toan, roi chuan o bang dung dch NaOH
hoac KOH 0,1N cho en khi tr lai mau vang giong nh khi cha cho formon.
Ket qua:
Lung am amoniac, tnh bang mg%, cha trong mau theo cong thc:
( ) %
100 . 4 , 1 .
1
mg
m
C
X =
C : so ml dungdch NaOH 0,1 N dung e chuan o H
+
sinh ra sau
khi tac dung formon.
m : khoi lng mau th ( g )
Neu lng am base bay hi tong so, xac nh c th nghiem tren tr i
am amoniac, ta c am amin bac 2 va 3 theo cong thc sau ay :
X
2
= X- X
1

Trong thc te th am amin bac 2 rat t so vi bac 3, v vay co the xem X
2
la
am amin bac 3.
ON TAP CHNG 5

1. Trnh bay cac phng phap kiem tra chat lng thuy san ?
2. Trnh bay cac hang muc kiem tra thanh phan hoa hoc cua thuy san?
3. Trnh bay nguyen ly, cach tien hanh xac nh o ti cua nguyen lieu bang
: giay qu, NH
3
, nh tnh H
2
S
4. Trnh bay nguyen ly, cach tien hanh xac nh am base bay hi?


93
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1. Nguyen Trong Can. Cong nghe che bien thuy san (tap 1). Nha xuat ban
nong nghiep 1990.
2. Nguyen Th Le Dieu. Nguyen lieu thuy san. Nha xuat ban nong nghiep-
1990.
3. ang Van Hp. Kiem nghiem cac san pham thuy san. Giao trnh trng
ai Hoc Thuy San-1996.
4. Nguyen Khac Hng. Ca bien Viet Nam. Nha xuat ban khoa hoc ky thuat-
1991.
5. Ban tin chon loc che bien va bao quan thuy san. Tap ch cua Bo Thuy
San 06/1986 02/2002.
6. Giao trnh : Ng trng va bao ve nguon li. To bo mon khai thac trng
THKTNVTSII.
7. FAO. Manuals of food quality control.2. Additives, Contaminants-
techniques. Food and Nutrition paper 14/2.
8. Bao quan va van chuyen ca song. So tay ky thuat D an cai thien chat
lng thuy san. Bo thuy san -2002


94
MUC LUC

Trang
Li noi au 1
Chng 1 : NGUON LI THUY SAN VIET NAM ------------------------------------ 2
Muc ch yeu cau ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
I.ac iem cua nguyen lieu thuy san ------------------------------------------------ 3
1. Gii thieu ve nganh che bien thuy san --------------------------------------- 3
2. Nguon li thuy san Viet Nam------------------------------------------------------- 3
3. ac iem nguon nguyen lieu thuy san------------------------------------------- 5
II.Phan loai nguon li thuy san -------------------------------------------------------- 6
1. Phan loai ca bien kinh te ---------------------------------------------------------6
2. Phan loai ca nc ngot kinh te ------------------------------------------------11
3. Mot so loai giap sat kinh te ---------------------------------------------------- 16
4. Nhuyen the kinh te ---------------------------------------------------------------20
5. Tao kinh te -------------------------------------------------------------------------22
Cau hoi on tap -----------------------------------------------------------------------------22
Chng2:THANH PHAN KHOI LNG VA TNH CHAT VAT LY
CUA NGUYEN LIEU THUY SAN --------------------------------23
Muc ch yeu cau ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23
I.Thanh phan khoi lng -------------------------------------------------------------- 24
1. nh ngha va cach phan chia -------------------------------------------------24
2. Y ngha ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25
II. Cau truc tht thuy san -------------------------------------------------------------- -25
1. Tng c -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -25
2. T c-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25
3. Mang c --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -26
4. Si c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -26
III.Tnh chat vat ly cua nguyen lieu thuy san ------------------------------------ 27
1. Hnh dang ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
2. o chat che ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
3. Khoi lng rieng ----------------------------------------------------------------- 28
Cau hoi on tap ----------------------------------------------------------------------------28
Chng 3 : THANH PHAN HOA HOC CUA NGUYEN LIEU
THUY SAN --------------------------------------------------- 29
Muc ch yeu cau ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29
I.Khai quat chung --------------------------------------------------------------------- - 30
II. Nc Tnh chat the keo cua nguyen lieu thuy san ---------------------- 31
1. Hnh thc ton tai cua nc trong nguyen lieu ---------------------------- 32
2. Tnh than nc cua to chc c tht thuy san ------------------------------- 33
3. Nhng yeu to anh hng en ham lng nc trong thuy san ------- 33
III. Protein cua ong vat thuy san -------------------------------------------------- 33
1. Chat c hoa tan ------------------------------------------------------------------- 34
2. Chat c c ban ------------------------------------------------------------------- 35


95
IV. Chat ngam ra cua c tht ong vat thuy san ---------------------------------36
1. Chat hu c co am ------------------------------------------------------------- 36
2. Chat hu c khong am ---------------------------------------------------------39
V. Chat beo cua ong vat thuy san --------------------------------------------------39
1. Tnh chat chung cua chat beo -------------------------------------------------39
2. Thanh phan hoa hoc cua chat beo thuy san -------------------------------40
VI. Chat khoang cua ong vat thuy san --------------------------------------------42
1. Phan bo chung ------------------------------------------------------------------- 42
2. Cac khaong quan trong ---------------------------------------------------------43
VII. Vitamin cua ong vat thuy san --------------------------------------------------44
VIII. Enzym cua ong vat thuy san ----- -------------------------------------------- 45
1. ac iem chung ------------------------------------------------------------------ 45
2. Cac enzym cua ong vat thuy san ------------------------------------------- 45
IX. Thanh phan hoa hoc cac bo phan khac ---------------------------------------48
1. Thanh phan hoa hoc cua tuyen sinh duc ------------------------------------48
2. Thanh phan hoa hoc cua gan --------------------------------------------------49
3. Thanh phan hoa hoc cua cac phan khac ----------------------------------- 50
X. Sac to -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------52
1. Astacin va dan xuat caroten --------------------------------------------------- 52
2. Chytorom---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53
3. Sepiamelanine----------------------------------------------------------------------53
4. Apylo----------------------------------------------------------------------------------53
5. Sac to ca-----------------------------------------------------------------------------53
6. Sac to vo cng---------------------------------------------------------------------53
XI. oc tnh thien nhien cua ong vat thuy san ----------------------------------53
1. Cac phng thc truyen oc ---------------------------------------------------53
2. oc ca ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 54
3. oc nhuyen the--------------------------------------------------------------------57
XI. Yeu to anh hng en thanh phan hoa hoc cua thuy san ----------------57
1. V tr tren c the -------------------------------------------------------------------57
2. Thi ky sinh san -------------------------------------------------------------------58
3. Thc an ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58
4. Thi tiet ------------------------------------------------------------------------------58
5. Tuoi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58
6. Gii tnh ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58
7. Trang thai sinh song, moi trng --------------------------------------------- 58
Cau hoi on tap -----------------------------------------------------------------------------59
Chng 4 : BIEN OI CUA ONG VAT THUY SAN SAU KHI CHET ---------- 60
Muc ch yeu cau --------------------------------------------------------------------------60
I. Bien oi giai oan te cng --------------------------------------------------------61
1. Hien tng---------------------------------------------------------------------------61
2. Bien oi hoa ly----------------------------------------------------------------------61
3. Cac yeu to anh hng------------------------------------------------------------64
II. Bien oi giai oan phan giai -----------------------------------------------------66


96
1. Hoa hoc cua qua trnh phan giai----------------------------------------------66
2. Nhng bien oi vat ly ------------------------------------------------------------67
3. Cac yeu to anh hng-----------------------------------------------------------67
III. Bien oi giai oan phan huy ----------------------------------------------------68
1. Vi sinh vat cua qua trnh thoi ra----------------------------------------------68
2. Hoa hoc cua qua trnh thoi ra -----------------------------------------------70
3. S trung oc thoi ra------------------------------------------------------------72
4. Toc o thoi ra va cac yeu to anh hng----------------------------------73
Cau hoi on tap ----------------------------------------------------------------------------75
Chng 5 : BAO QUAN, VAN CHUYEN VA KIEM TRA NGUYEN
LIEU THUY SAN ------------------------------------------ 76
Muc ch yeu cau -----------------------------------------------------------------------76
I. Bao quan ti nguyen lieu thuy san -------------------------------------------76
1. Gi ti nhiet o thap---------------------------------------------------------77
2. Gi ti bang sinh hoc-----------------------------------------------------------77
II. Van chuyen nguye n lieu thuy san ------------------------------------------- 77
1. Van chuyen ca song-------------------------------------------------------------77
2. Van chuyen nguyen lieu ti---------------------------------------------------79
III. Thu hoach, x ly, bao quan tom su tai am nuoi --------------------------- 79
1. Thu hoach ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 79
2. X ly sau thu hoach --------------------------------------------------------------81
3. X ly va bao quan tom su nguyen lieu t am nuoi en x nghiep -- 82
III. ang gia chat lng nguyen lieu -----------------------------------------------85
1. Cac hang muc kiem tra----------------------------------------------------------85
2. Kiem tra cac ch tieu cam quan------------------------------------------------86
3. Kiem tra cac ch tieu hoa hoc--------------------------------------------------89
Cau hoi on tap-------------------------------------------------------------------------------92
Tai lieu tham khao--------------------------------------------------------------------------93