S GIO DC O TO BNH PHC

TRNG THPT CHUYN QUANG TRUNG

SNG KIN KINH NGHIM

VN DNG L THUYT KHO TH C IN

NHM NNG CAO CHT LNG
TRC NGHIM KHCH QUAN

Ngi thc hin:

T chuyn mn:

Nguyn Vn Nghim
Tin hc

BNH PHC - 2012

Nguyn Vn Nghim

Sng kin kinh nghim

2012

MC LC
A. Tng quan ..................................................................................................... 1
1. t vn ................................................................................................... 1
2. Mc ch, nhim v ca SKKN ................................................................... 2
3. Cu trc SKKN: .......................................................................................... 2
4. Gii thiu v d liu thi .......................................................................... 2
B. Ni dung ........................................................................................................ 3
Chng 1. C s l lun ..................................................................................... 3
1. Cc tham s c bn ca l thuyt kho th c in ...................................... 4
1.1. Sai s .................................................................................................. 4
1.2. im thc ca th sinh ........................................................................ 4
1.3. Phng sai ca im lm bi test ........................................................ 5
1.4. ng phng sai (covariance) ............................................................ 5
2. Phn tch cu hi thi theo l thuyt kho th c in .................................... 6
2.1. Phng php chuyn gia ....................................................................... 6
2.2. Phn tch thng k cc cu hi thi kim tra............................................ 8
3. Kt lun chng 1 ..................................................................................... 13
Chng 2. Phn tch thi bng l thuyt c in ............................................ 14
1. kh ca cu hi thi:.............................................................................. 14
2. Cc kh nng nhm p n ........................................................................ 16
3. Cht lng ca cc phng n sai (mi nh)............................................. 16
4. phn bit ca cu hi thi ...................................................................... 19
5. H s tng quan gia im ca cu hi thi vi im ton bi thi ............. 20
6. Kt lun chng 2 ..................................................................................... 21
Chng 3. Nhng ng dng thc tin v kt qu ............................................. 23
1. nh gi v cho im ................................................................................ 23
2. Xy dng ngn hng cu hi ..................................................................... 23
3. nh gi cng tc bin son . ................................................................ 24
4. Kt lun chng 3 ..................................................................................... 24
C. Kt lun & kin ngh.................................................................................... 25
Ti liu tham kho ............................................................................................ 27

Nguyn Vn Nghim

Sng kin kinh nghim

2012

PH LC ........................................................................................................ 28
Nhn xt ca hi ng khoa hc ....................................................................... 32

DANH MC BNG BIU

Bng 1. Gi tr p ca mt cu hi trc nghim ................................................. 10
Bng 2. Gi tr p ca mt cu hi trc nghim km cht lng......................... 10
Bng 3. Gi tr p ca mt cu hi nhm p n ................................................ 12
Bng 4. Gi tr p ca cc nhm th sinh t kt qu cao v kt qu thp ........... 12
Bng 5. kh cu hi thi ............................................................................... 15
Bng 6. Thng k phn b kh .................................................................... 15
Bng 7. Cc cu c kh di 0.4 ................................................................. 15
Bng 8. lch gia nhm trn v nhm di. ............................................... 19
Bng 9. Phn b lch ca p n ................................................................. 19
Bng 10. phn bit cu hi thi .................................................................... 20
Bng 11. Thng k phn b phn bit.......................................................... 20
Bng 12. H s tng quan .............................................................................. 21
Bng 13. Thng k HSTQ ................................................................................ 21

DANH MC PH LC
Biu mu 1. Phiu nh gi s tng hp gia cu hi thi kim tra v mc ch
ca k thi kim tra: ........................................................................................... 28
Biu mu 2. Tng hp kin ca chuyn gia v s tng hp gia cu hi thi
kim tra v mc ch ca k thi kim tra: ......................................................... 30

Nguyn Vn Nghim

Sng kin kinh nghim

2012

A. Tng quan
1. t vn
Trn thc t, hc lc (nng lc) ca hc sinh Vit Nam vn cn c
nh gi thng qua im s th, ngha l im c c t cc bi thi/kim tra
ch cha p dng cc phng php thng k chuyn i cc im s th thnh
im chun bng vic s dng gi tr trung bnh v lch chun, chng hn
nh, t-scores, z-scores. V vy, sai s ca thi l vn rt cn c quan tm.
Theo PGS.TS Nguyn Phng Nga th vic nh gi nng lc hc sinh C th
khi qut bng cng thc: Nng lc hc sinh = im thi + sai s chun. Sai s
cng ln th mc nh gi chnh xc cng gim. Ra thi nh hin nay,
nhiu hc sinh s trt oan nhng cng nhiu hc sinh oan.
nng cao cht lng thi, thu nh sai s chun, th vic u tin cn
quan tm l vic vit cu hi thi v t hp thnh thi. Ngi thit k thi
phi da trn cc chun: chun chng trnh, chun mc tiu o to ca tng
mn hc, chun kin thc yu cu ngi hc phi t c khi hon tt mt lp
hc, bc hc hay chng trnh o to... T chun mi c th o lng c
bng cc yu cu c th v kin thc, k nng ra thi. c bit, ngi thit
k thi phi c trang b kin thc v kim tra, nh gi mi c th lm vic
mt cch khoa hc v nh th mi nh gi ng hn nng lc ca ngi hc
thng qua thi/kim tra.
Vn dng nhng kinh nghim cng tc v kin thc c c t cc mn
hc nh: C s khoa hc v thit k cc loi hnh kim tra nh gi kt qu hc
tp, L thuyt o lng v nh gi, M hnh Rasch v Phn tch d liu bng
phn mm QUEST,; vi mong mun gp phn nng cao cht lng trong
cng tc kim tra nh gi trong nh trng, tc gi chn ti sng kin kinh
nghim: Vn dng l thuyt kho th c in nhm nng cao cht lng trc
nghim khch quan. Rt mong nhn c kin nhn xt, gp ca c v cc
bn ng nghip.
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Nguyn Vn Nghim

Sng kin kinh nghim

2012

2. Mc ch, nhim v ca SKKN

H thng ha mt s vn l lun v o lng v nh gi trong gio
dc, v cc loi hnh kim tra nh gi kt qu hc tp, phng php son
thi-kim tra nhm phc v cng vic xy dng thi kim tra.
SKKN vn dng l thuyt kho th c in nhm nh gi cu hi thi.
Qua c th tr li cc cu hi nghin cu nh:
- thi c ph hp vi nng lc ca nhm th sinh d thi hay khng?
Nu cha ph hp th cn iu chnh nh th no?
- C cu hi no trong khng ph hp v cn chnh sa hay loi b hay
khng?
Nhng phn tch ny l c s nh gi, cho im bi thi/kim tra v
la chn cu hi t cht lng xy dng ngn hng cu hi thi. ng thi a
ra khuyn co cho cng tc vit cu hi trc nghim trong nhng ln ra sau
ny t cht lng c tt nht, xut mt s gi i vi cp qun l gio
dc v gio vin v vn kim tra, nh gi.
3. Cu trc SKKN:
A. Tng quan
B. Ni dung
Chng 1. C s l lun
Chng 2. Phn tch thi bng l thuyt c in
Chng 3. Nhng ng dng thc tin
C. Kt lun
4. Gii thiu v d liu thi
B d liu l kt qu lm bi kim tra hc k ca hc sinh lp 11 trng
THPT chuyn Quang Trung, nm hc 2010 2011, mn Tin hc vi 50 cu hi
trc nghim (dng 4 la chn) gm 210 th sinh tham gia d thi.

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Nguyn Vn Nghim

Sng kin kinh nghim

2012

File d liu c 52 bin gm: mahs, gioi, Cau1, .., Cau50. Trong mahs
l m s th sinh (case), gioi l thng tin v gii tnh (0 l n, 1 l nam) v cc
bin t Cau1 n Cau50 l kt qu tr li ca 50 cu trc nghim (item).

B. Ni dung
Chng 1. C s l lun
Mt trong nhng ng dng ca l thuyt nh gi c in l phn tch cu
hi thi kim tra. Phn tch cu hi thi kim tra l mt qu trnh xem xt chng
mt cch k lng v c ph phn. Phn tch cu hi thi kim tra nhm lm tng
cht lng ca chng, loi b nhng cu hi qu ti, sa cha nhng cu hi c
th sa c v gi li nhng cu hi p ng yu cu.
Phn tch cu hi thi kim tra c th thc hin bng mt trong hai phng
php:
(1) Phng php chuyn gia (Phng php bnh phm, ph phn) bng
cch ngh mt s chuyn gia cho kin nhn xt v nhng cu hi thi kim
tra c th theo mt s tiu ch ra. Nhng ngi c hi c th l cc chuyn
gia mn hc, chuyn gia son tho vn bn, thm ch l mt s th sinh.
Cch tip cn ny c hai nguyn tc:
Ngi c hi phi l ngi c kh nng bnh phm, ph phn cc
cu hi thi kim tra;
cc cu hi thi kim tra c vit theo mt nguyn tc c xc
nh v c cc tiu ch bnh phm, ph phn.
(2) Phng php nh lng (Phn tch s liu): Phn tch thng k kt
qu lm bi ca th sinh. Sau khi c kt qu, nhp d liu phn tch. Vic ny
thng lm trong qu trnh th nghim cc cu hi thi kim tra. Mc ch chnh
ca th nghim l thu thp d liu phn tch cc cu hi thi kim tra, ch ra
nhng cu hi thi kim tra cn phi sa.

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Nguyn Vn Nghim

Sng kin kinh nghim

2012

Cc phng php phn tch s liu v bnh phm, ph phn u quan

trng nng cao cht lng cu hi thi kim tra.
1. Cc tham s c bn ca l thuyt kho th c in
Vn ct li ca l thuyt kho th c in c th hin bi phng
trnh c bn sau:
xi = ti + ei

[1]

Trong : xi l im lm bi test ca th sinh i

ti l im thc ca th sinh i
ei l sai s
1.1.

Sai s

Trong l thuyt kho th c in, sai s c gi thit l i lng ngu

nhin. Sai s, i khi c th ln, nh, c th c gi tr m hoc dng... Sai s
h thng c b qua.
V sai s l i lng ngu nhin nn:
-

Vi mt s lng th sinh ln, trung bnh cng ca sai s ngu nhin

bng 0.
N

e
i 1

[2]

Do , trung bnh cng im lm bi ca th sinh bng trung bnh cng

im thc ca h, tc l t x
-

Sai s ngu nhin phi khng c mi tng quan vi im thc

Mi tng quan gia t v e = 0

- Mi tng quan ca sai s gia hai test = 0
1.2.

im thc ca th sinh

im thc ca th sinh i, tc l ti c xc nh nh sau:

Khi th sinh thc hin k bi test ng nht th

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Nguyn Vn Nghim

Sng kin kinh nghim

xi
s 1

2012

ti

e
s 1

[3]

Khi k kh ln th
k

ti lim

x
s 1

is

[4]

Nhng bi test ng nht l nhng bi test o cng mt i lng v bao

gm nhng cu hi tng t. Nh vy, vi mt s test ng nht th:
a. im thc ca mi th sinh trong hai bi test phi tng ng nhau
b. Phng sai ca im quan st c (im lm bi) ca th sinh trong hai
bi test cng phi tng ng nhau
c. Tng quan ca im lm bi ca th sinh trong hai bi test bt k phi c
cng mt gi tr.
1.3.

Phng sai ca im lm bi test

T phng trnh c bn (1) v tnh cht ca sai s ngu nhin, ta c

var(x) = var(t) + var(e)

[5]

Phng sai ca im lm bi test ca th sinh c th chia lm hai phn:

a. Phng sai ca im thc, v
b. Phng sai ca sai s ngu nhin.
iu chng t phng sai ca im lm bi test ca th sinh phi ln bng
phng sai ca im thc v phng sai ca sai s t nhin bng 0. Mt iu
kin nh gi bi test l t l var(t)/var(x) gn bng 1 ( tin cy ca bi test).
1.4.

ng phng sai (covariance)

Cho hai bi test ng nht 1 v 2

xi1 = ti1 + ei1
xi2 = ti2 + ei2
v ti1 = ti2.
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Nguyn Vn Nghim

Sng kin kinh nghim

2012

ng phng sai (covariance) ca xi4 v xi2 l tng ca 4 phn:

a

ng phng sai gia ti1 v ti2, chnh l var(t)

ng phng sai gia ti1 v ei2, bng 0

ng phng sai gia ei1 v ti2, bng 0

ng phng sai gia ei1 v ei2, bng 0

Do cov(x1, x2) = var(t)

Mi tng quan gia x1 v x2 = tin cy ca bi test.
2. Phn tch cu hi thi theo l thuyt kho th c in
Cng dng trc ht ca vic phn tch cu hi thi kim tra l lm tng
gi tr ni dung ca cu hi thi kim tra. Cht lng ca cu hi thi kim tra c
th c lm tng ln bng cch thu thp cc bng chng lin quan n ni dung
ca cu hi thi kim tra t loi b hoc iu chnh nhng cu hi cha t
yu cu.
2.1. Phng php chuyn gia
C th hi kin v mc tng thch v ph hp (tng hp) gia
nhng cu hi thi kim tra c th vi ni dung m chng ta d nh kim tra
nh gi bng chnh nhng cu hi thi kim tra . Vic ny i hi phi tp
hp mt nhm chuyn gia nh gi mc ph hp gia cu hi thi kim tra
vi ni dung cn kim tra nh gi theo mt s tiu ch c xc nh.
Hai phng php chnh ly kin ca chuyn gia v mc tng
hp gia ni dung cn kim tra nh gi v cu hi thi kim tra l:
Phng php th nht: ngi nh gi c cung cp mc ch, ni
dung ca k thi kim tra v cc cu hi thi kim tra d nh dng kim tra
nh gi hc sinh. Nhim v ca ngi nh gi l khng nh cc cu hi thi
kim tra ph hp hay khng ph hp vi mc ch v ni dung d nh kim tra
nh gi hc sinh. Tt nhin, cn c mt mu phiu ghi li cc kin ca
ngi nh gi. Phiu nh gi cho php ngi nh gi ghi li 3 mc ca s
tng hp:
- Rt ph hp
- Tng i ph hp hoc khng chc chn l ph hp
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Nguyn Vn Nghim

Sng kin kinh nghim

2012

- t hoc hon ton khng ph hp

Ba mc ny l nh gi mt cu hi thi kim tra. Bn cnh phn ghi
kt qu nh gi cn dnh ch ghi cc kin v l do a ra cc mc nh
gi . Biu mu 1 (xem ph lc) l mt v d v phiu nh gi cu hi thi
kim tra.
Phng php th hai: (mnh hn v kh hn) thu thp s nht tr ca
cc chuyn gia v s tng hp gia cu hi thi kim tra v mc ch ca k thi
kim tra bng cch yu cu h ch ra nhng cu hi thi kim tra tng hp vi
nhng mc ch c th ca k thi kim tra nhng khng cho h bit d nh ca
ngi vit cu hi thi kim tra. Ngi nh gi s la chn nhng cu hi thi
kim tra tng hp vi tng mc ch ca k thi kim tra, theo kin c nhn
ca h v ghi vo phiu nh gi. Ban th k s tng hp li kin ca cc
chuyn gia nh gi.
kin thng nht ca cc chuyn gia nh gi v s tng hp gia cu
hi v mc ch c th ca k thi kim tra l bng chng v gi tr ni dung ca
cu hi thi kim tra. Biu mu 2 (xem ph lc) a ra mt v d v phiu nh
gi theo phng php ny. Cc biu mu 1 v 2 (R.K. Hambleton Validating
the test scores (p.225) in R.A. Berk (Ed.) A Guide to Criterion-Referenced Test
Construction, 1984, Baltimore. Xem ph lc) c th c iu chnh, sa i
ph hp vi tng trng hp c th.
tng thm tnh chnh xc, cc chuyn gia c th c mi phn bin
kn, h khng tip xc vi b phn vit cu hi thi kim tra, khng bit nhng
chuyn gia khc cng c mi nh gi. H nhn nhim v v gi kin ca
h qua bu in, fax, email hoc giao dch qua in thoi vi Ban t chc. Cch
lm ny m bo cc kin ca chuyn gia t b tc ng bi nhng ngi khc.
Thng thng mt nhm 4-5 chuyn gia nh gi tng cu hi thi
kim tra. Tuy nhin, nu c qu nhiu cu hi thi kim tra cn nh gi th c
th lp mt s nhm chuyn gia, mi nhm c 4-5 ngi. Vi nhng thi kim
tra quan trng nh cc k thi tuyn sinh, thi tt nghip th c th lp mi nhm
gm 10 thm ch 15 chuyn gia nh gi cc cu hi thi kim tra. Khng nn
1 ngi hoc chnh nhng ngi vit cu hi thi kim tra lm cng vic ny
hn ch ti a cc sai st c th xy ra.
Mi nhm chuyn gia nn c hai thnh phn:
Chuyn gia mn hc,
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Nguyn Vn Nghim

Sng kin kinh nghim

2012

Chuyn gia c o to nh gi cc cu hi thi kim tra.

Chuyn gia mn hc phi l nhng ngi c uy tn chuyn mn v am
hiu vic t chc thi kim tra v c kinh nghim vit cu hi thi kim tra. Cc
chuyn gia c o to nh gi cu hi thi kim tra phi c o to k,
c trao i nhiu kinh nghim khc nhau c th pht hin nhanh cc li
ca cu hi thi kim tra.
nh lng kt qu nh gi ca chuyn gia
Sau khi cc chuyn gia hon thnh nhim v, cn thu thp kt qu nh
gi v lp thnh c s d liu nh gi cu hi thi kim tra, tin hnh phn tch
v l gii cc kt qu thu c xc nh mc ng nht kin ca cc
chuyn gia v mi cu hi thi kim tra. Nhng ngi vit cu hi thi kim tra
nhn cc thng tin phn hi v cht lng cu hi thi kim tra xc nh liu
c t c nhng kin thng nht v vic cc cu hi thi kim tra ph hp
vi nhng mc ch ca k thi kim tra nh d nh hay khng. Mc d khng
c nhng con s qui nh v chnh xc, nhng cc cu hi thi kim tra c xem
l c nh gi thng nht nu c t nht 4 trn 5 hay 8 trn 10 chuyn gia
ng (t t nht 80%).
Mc d phng php lp bng thng k cc kin ng ca chuyn gia
l phng php c s dng rng ri, tuy nhin nhiu phng php khc cng
c a dng trong nhiu trng hp, nhng cha c gii thiu y.
2.2. Phn tch thng k cc cu hi thi kim tra
Mt s thng k c th ch ra nhng thuc tnh c th ca cu hi thi kim
tra, qua chung ta bit c nhng cu hi tt v cha tt. Cc nh nghin cu
(Crocker & Algina, 1986) phn loi cc ch s thng c s dng nh sau:
1. Nhng ch s m t s phn b tr li ca th sinh v mt cu hi c th
(trung bnh cng v phng sai tr li ca th sinh).
2. Nhng ch s m t mc ca mi quan h gia s tr li ca th sinh
v mt cu hi v nhng tiu ch c th ang c quan tm.
3. Nhng ch s lin quan n phng sai ca cu hi thi kim tra v mi
lin h vi nhng tiu ch c th.
Mt s thng k thng c s dng m t cc thng s trn ca cu
hi thi kim tra l gi tr p, phng sai, mt s ch s phn bit nh h s tng
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Nguyn Vn Nghim

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2012

quan point-biserial, h s tng quan biserial, h s tng quan phi. Mi ch s

thng k ny u quan trng vi nhng mc tiu c th khi phn tch cu hi thi
kim tra. Di y ch mi gii thiu vic s dng gi tr p vo vic phn tch
cu hi thi kim tra.
2.1 kh ca cu hi thi kim tra:
kh ca cu hi (gi tr p) c s dng rng ri i vi cc cu hi
ng/sai, a la chn. Gi tr p l t l th sinh tr li ng so vi tng s th
sinh tham gia tr li cu hi . V d: Gi s 100 th sinh tham gia tr li 1 cu
hi no v c 80 th sinh tr li ng. Khi gi tr p = 80/100 = 0.80, cho
bit c 80% th sinh tr li ng. Nu c 300 th sinh nhng ch c 225 th sinh
tr li ng th gi tr p = 0.75 (v 225/300 = 0.75).
Gi tr p ca mi cu hi cha ni ln c cu hi tt hay khng,
nhng n ni ln kh tng i ca cu hi i vi s th sinh tham gia
lm bi test. Nu mt nhm th sinh khc tr li cu hi th gi tr p c th
khc.
Khi nim S ph thuc mu (sample dependence) thng c s dng
phn nh mt s phng din no ca mt nhm hay tp hp th sinh
tham gia lm bi thi kim tra. V d: mt nhm hc sinh lp ba v mt nhm
khc hc sinh lp 5 cng lm mt bi test. Kt qu cho thy gi tr p gia hai
nhm s rt khc nhau. Khi , mi cu hi s c hai gi tr p, mt gi tr p ch
kh tng i so vi hc sinh lp 3 v mt gi tr p khc - so vi hc sinh
lp 5. Nh vy, gi tr p ph thuc vo mu th sinh tham gia lm bi test.
2.2 S dng gi tr p phn tch cu hi thi kim tra
Gi tr p c ngha quan trng i vi nhng ngi vit cu hi thi kim
tra trong qu trnh phn tch cu hi. Hiu ng ngha ca gi tr p v l gii
hp l cc kt kt qu thu c, ngi vit cu hi c th thy c mc ph
hp ca cc cu hi i vi nhm th sinh. Ngoi ra, gi tr p cn gip xc
nh mt s li khc ca cu hi kp thi iu chnh, sa i hoc rt kinh
nghim cho ln sau. V d: li do dng t, hnh vn lm th sinh khng hiu cu
hi, hiu nhm, b nh la hay c nhiu cch hiu khc nhau; li trong phn la
chn ca cu hi trc nghim; khng c phng n tr li ng hay c nhiu
phng n tr li ng... Gi tr p cng c th cho thy kt qu lm bi ca cc
nhm th sinh khc nhau trong cng mt tp hp (v d: cng l hc sinh lp 5
nhng ca nhng tnh c c trng khc nhau nh thnh ph, nng thn, min
ni...).
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Nguyn Vn Nghim

Sng kin kinh nghim

2012

Khi phn tch cu hi trc nghim, gi tr p c tnh cho tng phng n

tr li, bng t l gia s th sinh la chn tng phng n (v d: s th sinh
chn phng n A) vi tng s th sinh (k c s th sinh b st hay khng tr
li cu hi )
Bng 1. Gi tr p ca mt cu hi trc nghim
Phng n tr li

C*

B st

Tng

S lng

28

17

197

41

286

Gi tr p

0.10

0.06

0.69

0.14

Ghi ch: * k hiu phng n tr li ng.

Trong v d ny, a s th sinh tr li c cu hi ny v la chn
phng n C. Gi tr p = 0.69 cho thy cu hi ny khng qu d v khng qu
kh i vi nhm th sinh ny. Tt c cc phng n u thu ht c mt s th
sinh la chn, khng c phng n no c gi tr p = 0. iu c ngha khng
mt phng n no b th sinh loi tr. iu ny chng t cu hi trc nghim
ny c cht lng, tuy nhin, phng n B c gi tr p = 0.06 l qu b chng t
phng n ny ch thu ht c mt s t th sinh c nng lc thp, vi hu ht
nhng th sinh c nng lc cao hn th phng n B l phng n sai tng i
r, b nhiu th sinh loi tr. Phng n B cn c nghin cu thm gim
kh nng loi tr qu l liu.
Mt cu hi c th qu d i vi nhm th sinh ny v qu kh i vi
nhm th sinh khc. Ngi vit cu hi thi kim tra cn quan tm n gii hn
thch hp ca gi tr p i vi mt nhm th sinh nht nh. Theo Osterlind
(1989), gi tr p nn nm trong khong t 0.40 n 0.80. Di 0.4 ngha l cu
hi qu kh v trn 0.80 l qu d i vi nhm th sinh. Ngi vit cu hi thi
kim tra c gng iu chnh kh ca cu hi ri vo trong khong 0.4-0.8
cho ph hp vi i tng d thi kim tra.
Bng 2. Gi tr p ca mt cu hi trc nghim km cht lng
Phng n tr li

A*

B st

Tng

S lng

77

130

63

16

286

Gi tr p

0.27

0.00

0.45

0.22

0.06

Ghi ch: * k hiu phng n tr li ng.

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10

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Trong v d ny, gi tr p ch ra mt s li trong cu hi thi kim tra. R rng,

th sinh b nhm ln khi tr li cu hi ny. Phng n A (la chn ng) li thu
ht c t th sinh (27%) hn phng n C (la chn sai). Phng n B khng
thu ht c mt th sinh no, chng t phng n ny sai qu l liu nn b loi
tr. Hn na, khong 6% th sinh khng tr li cu hi ny cng l mt du hiu
v s sai st ca cu hi. Nhng iu trn ch ra rng, cu hi ny sai rt nghim
trng, khng chp nhn c.
Mc d nhng cch l gii trn mi ch da trn l thuyt nh gi c
in, cha hon ton ph hp vi l thuyt nh gi hin i, nhng nhng
thng tin do gi tr p a n cng rt b ch suy xt cht lng ca cu hi
thi kim tra.
Ngi c c th thy rng cu hi c nhiu sai st chc chn khng phi
do nhng chuyn gia gii bin son v h khng phi l ngi bit lm vic
nghim tc. Ngi c cn lu rng cc li n cha trong mi cu hi khng
d pht hin ra tr phi cc cu hi c phn tch k lng. Vit cu hi thi
kim tra mi ch l vic lm bc u, n i hi phi c th nghim trc
khi s dng v sau mi ln t chc thi kim tra cn c phn tch k lng
rt kinh nghim v ng thi l gii c kt qu lm bi ca th sinh.
2.3 Nhm p n
Mt thuc tnh b ch khc ca gi tr p l gip xc nh nhng cu hi b
nhm p n. Rt tic, nhm p n l mt hin tng kh ph bin trong qu
trnh vit cu hi trc nghim. Trong nhiu trng hp, nhng nhm ln ny c
th hiu c. Nhiu khi, s n iu v bun t trong vic vit cu hi thi kim
tra lm cc chuyn gia thiu tp trung, dn n nhm p n. Nhng lc khc, s
m h, thiu r rng trong vic hnh vn, din t cu hi gy kh khn cho
vic xc nh phng n tr li ng. Khi vit nhng cu hi nh gi nhng
k nng ca qu trnh nhn thc phc tp, s phc tp v ni dung hoc thut
ng c th dn n xc nh sai p n.
Nhng cu hi thi kim tra b nhm p n thng b pht hin khi ngi
son cu hi xem bng gi tr p v thy c s khc bit ln gia d nh v thc
t tr li ca th sinh. V d: Bng 3 cung cp thng tin thng k lin quan n 1
cu hi trn c s kt qu lm bi ca th sinh v cho thy, ngi son cu hi
ny cho rng phng n B l p n ca cu hi nhng thc t a s th sinh u
chn phng n A. Tuy y l cu hi tt v cc phng n B, C v D c gi tr
p tng i gn nhau v cng khc bit vi gi tr p ca phng n A, nhng
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y li l mt cu hi nhm p n. Ngi son cu hi cn nghin cu li v

thng tin thng k cho thy phng n A mi l p n.
Bng 3. Gi tr p ca mt cu hi nhm p n
Phng n tr li

B*

B st

Tng

S lng

202

31

28

25

286

Gi tr p

0.71

0.11

0.10

0.09

Ghi ch: * k hiu phng n tr li ng.

2.4 So snh cc gi tr p gia cc nhm t kt qu cao v kt qu thp
i khi cng nn so snh cc nhm th sinh khc nhau xc nh cc
thuc tnh ca cu hi thi kim tra. Nhm mc ch , hai nhm th sinh c
chn ra: mt nhm c kt qu cao v nhm khc c kt qu thp. C th, nhm
th nht bao gm 27% s th sinh lm bi test c tng im bi test cao nht.
Nhm th hai bao gm 27% s th sinh lm bi test c tng im bi test thp
nht. Kelly (1939) cho rng con s 27 c th cho mt ch s n nh v s khc
nhau gia hai nhm c nng lc cao v thp. S so snh ny nhm lm r mc
khc bit kt qu lm bi ca hai nhm th sinh c nng lc khc nhau.
Bng 4. Gi tr p ca cc nhm th sinh t kt qu cao v kt qu thp
Phng n tr li

B*

B st

Nhm trn

0.29

0.61

0.08

0.02

Nhm di

0.31

0.27

0.31

0.11

S khc nhau

-0.2

0.34

-0.23

-0.9

Ghi ch: * k hiu phng n tr li ng.

Bng 4 cho thy cu hi ny khng kh i vi nhm trn nhng kh kh
i vi nhm di. S khc nhau gia hai nhm khi la chn phng n B l
kh ln. S khc nhau cc phng n A, C v D cho thy t th sinh nhm
trn la chn cc phng n ny hn so vi nhm di. Tuy nhin, s khc
nhau khng ng k gia hai nhm khi la chn phng n A l du hiu c s
phn bit khng ng k gia hai nhm ny. iu ch ra rng phng n A
cn c xem li.
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3. Kt lun chng 1
Trn y l c s l lun ng dng l thuyt kho th c in vo vic
pht hin nhng cu hi thi kim tra km cht lng. Trong khun kh mt
SKKN ch c th bn v nhng ng dng c bn v cn thit nht m l thuyt
kho th c in c th em li. Vic nghin cu l thuyt kho th c in cn
a li nhiu ng dng khc gip ch cho vic nng cao cht lng cu hi thi
kim tra[3]. Hn th na, mc cao hn, l thuyt nh gi hin i cn c nhiu
ng dng hn v gip chng ta nh c cu hi thi kim tra, t c th so snh
kt qu lm bi ca th sinh nhng ln thi kim tra khc nhau.

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Chng 2. Phn tch thi bng l thuyt c in

Phn tch thi bng l thuyt kho th c in c 2 phng php nh
ni trn. Mi phng php c nhng u im v nhc im ring song
chng gip nng cao cht lng trc nghim. Ta c th chn mt phng
php thun tin nht tin hnh phn tch hoc kt hp c 2 phng pho v
phn tch thi.
Xt v mt k thut, phng php chuyn gia rt n gin v c
trnh by chi tit trong phn II chng 1. Trong chng ny tc gi tp trung
lm r thm phng php phn tch thng k thng qua v d phn tch mt
thi ( gii thiu ti mc 4 phn Tng quan).
1. kh ca cu hi thi:
kh ca cu hi thi (P) l t l th sinh tr li ng so vi tng s th
sinh tham gia tr li cu hi . Kt qu phn tch s liu c th hin bng
thng k di y:
Phng n

Phng n
St

kh

7.62

0.48

0.63

20.95

21.90

2.86

0.37

15.71

27.62

42.86

0.95

0.43

27.14

10.95

9.05

52.86

0.00

0.53

30

20.95

11.43

40.95

25.71

0.95

0.41

0.27

31

17.62

45.24

9.05

26.67

1.43

0.45

0.48

0.60

32

28.57

21.43

35.24

13.81

0.95

0.35

22.38

1.90

0.40

33

8.57

46.67

28.57

16.19

0.00

0.47

21.43

13.81

0.95

0.52

34

14.76

13.81

23.33

46.19

1.90

0.46

47.62

18.57

17.62

0.48

0.48

35

20.48

15.24

48.57

14.29

1.43

0.49

19.52

8.10

11.90

60.00

0.48

0.60

36

19.05

13.81

27.62

38.57

0.95

0.39

22.86

21.90

32.86

21.43

0.95

0.33

37

21.90

26.19

37.14

12.38

2.38

0.37

13

10.48

57.62

9.52

22.38

0.00

0.58

38

46.67

13.33

11.43

26.67

1.90

0.47

14

52.38

13.81

21.90

11.43

0.48

0.52

39

60.95

13.33

16.67

8.10

0.95

0.61

15

29.05

22.86

22.86

24.76

0.48

0.29

40

16.67

5.71

52.86

23.33

1.43

0.53

16

20.48

21.43

32.38

24.76

0.95

0.32

41

32.38

17.14

24.76

23.33

2.38

0.32

17

18.57

48.10

22.86

10.48

0.00

0.48

42

20.95

13.81

25.71

38.57

0.95

0.39

18

20.95

16.19

37.62

25.24

0.00

0.25

43

24.76

35.71

18.57

20.48

0.48

0.36

Cu

St

kh

Cu

13.33

11.90

3.81

70.00

0.95

0.70

26

11.43

63.33

17.14

73.81

12.38

1.90

10.95

0.95

0.74

27

36.67

17.62

2.86

29.52

44.29

21.43

1.90

0.44

28

12.86

50.48

37.14

0.48

10.95

0.95

0.50

29

20.00

37.62

26.19

15.71

0.48

0.38

26.67

18.10

14.29

39.05

1.90

17.62

13.33

59.52

9.05

40.00

16.67

19.05

11.90

51.90

10

15.71

11
12

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Phng n
Cu

St

19

Phng n

kh

Cu

54.76

7.14

13.33

24.29

0.48

0.55

2012

St

kh

17.62

0.00

0.54

44

14.29

54.29

13.81

20

7.14

3.33

7.14

81.90

0.48

0.82

45

22.86

34.76

18.57

23.33

0.48

0.35

21

20.00

16.19

47.62

15.71

0.48

0.48

46

15.71

53.33

12.86

18.10

0.00

0.53

22

21.43

15.24

27.62

34.76

0.95

0.35

47

22.38

25.71

34.29

15.24

2.38

0.34

23

11.43

63.33

10.00

15.24

0.00

0.63

48

8.57

40.95

31.43

19.05

0.00

0.41

24

56.67

29.05

6.19

7.62

0.48

0.57

49

15.24

15.71

26.67

40.48

1.90

0.40

25

19.52

40.00

18.10

21.90

0.48

0.40

50

21.90

17.62

26.19

33.33

0.95

0.33

Bng 5. kh cu hi thi
kh

>0.8

>0.7

>0.65

>=0.6

<0.6

<0.55

<0.5

<0.45

<0.4

<0.3

<0.2

S cu

43

40

32

24

17

(%)

2.0

4.0

6.0

14.0

86.0

80.0

64.0

48.0

34.0

6.0

0.0

Bng 6. Thng k phn b kh

P
item

0.25 0.27 0.29 0.32 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.39
18
6 15 16 41 12 50 47 22 45 32 43 27 37
5 36 42

Bng 7. Cc cu c kh di 0.4
Theo thuyt kho th c in, Osterlind (1989), th gi tr kh cng ln
cho thy cu hi cng d, kh ca cu hi nm trong khong 0.4 n 0.8 l
chp nhn c. Thng k d liu cho thy kh trung bnh ca ca 50 cu
hi l 0.46 v ri t 0.25 n 0.82. Ch c 1 cu c kh ln hn 0.8, c n
17 cu c kh p < 0.4 cu chim t l 34% s cu trong thi, s cu c
kh t 0.6 tr ln ch c 7 cu (chim 14%) v c n 43 cu c kh di 0.6
(chim 86%). Nh vy, hu ht cc cu hi ca bi test ny thuc loi kh i
vi nhm hc sinh tham gia nghin cu ny.
Nhn xt: thi c qu nhiu cu hi kh v thiu cc cu d. Cn tng
cng, b sung cc cu d mi nh gi c nng lc ca hc sinh. Cc cu
5,6,12,15,16,18,22,27,32,36,37,41,42,43,45,47,50 c kh < 0.4 cn c iu
chnh trc khi chn vo ngn hng cu hi v l nhng cu ny qu kh. Cu
20 c kh p = 0.82 l mt cu hi qu d cng cn c iu chnh.

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2. Cc kh nng nhm p n
Nhm p n l trng hp a s th sinh tham gia lm bi chn phng
n khc vi p n. Trng hp nhm p n c th xy ra bi cc nguyn nhn:
c th do ngi vit cu hi c s nhm ln, cng c th do phn ln th sinh
tham gia lm bi hiu sai cu hi hoc c dy sai kin thc, cng c th do
cu hi qu kh khin th sinh on m v trng hp l phn ng th sinh on
m trng mt phng n (trng hp ny xc xut xy ra l rt thp).
Bng 5. kh cu hi thicho thy c 2 trng hp nhm p n. l
cu 6 v cu 18 . Cc cu ny cn c iu chnh hoc loi b.
3. Cht lng ca cc phng n sai (mi nh)
Phng n sai hay gi l mi nh l cc phng n ngoi p n. Mi
nh tt l mi nh c t l la chn gn vi t l mong mun c tnh theo
cng thc:

i = (1 P)/(k 1) x 100%.

Trong :

P l kh ca cu hi;
k l s phng n tr li.

V d cu hi 4 la chn c kh l 0.6 th t l mi nh mong mun l

(1 0.6)/(4-1) x 100% = 13.33 % cho mi phng n. Cng vi cch tnh ny
y ta xc nh mi nh km khi t l la chn nh hn 50% t l mong mun.
T d liu thng k c ta thy bi test c n 10 cu xut hin mi nh
km (gm cc cu: 1,2,3,4,19,24,31,33,40,48).
Bng 8. lch gia nhm trn v nhm di. di y, khi so snh
cc phng n sai gia nhm trn gm nhng th sinh c kt qu im ton bi
thi cao nht chim 27% tng s th sinh (Nh. trn) vi nhm di gm nhng th
sinh c kt qu im ton bi thi thp nht chim 27% tng s th sinh (Nh.
di) cho thy c 39 cu c lch rt thp (trong khong 0.1). iu ny cho

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thy cc phng n sai ny khng c hiu qu i vi c 2 nhm c nng lc

khc nhau.
lch ca cc phng n l p n ca thi tng i tt. C 47 cu
(94%) c lch p n >0.2, trong c 14 cu c lch p n >0.5. C 2
cu c lch p n <0 cn phi loi b hoc chnh sa, l cu 6 v cu 18.
Trong 39 cu c lch trong khong 0.1 th c 10 cu l cu c mi
nh km c tnh trn (gm cc cu: 4, 3, 2, 40, 1, 24, 48, 19, 33, 31)
(chim 20% s cu trong thi). iu ny c ngha l c nhm trn v nhm
di u rt t th sinh chn, cho thy nhng mi nh y tht s l mi nh km.
Nhn xt: Cht lng ca cc phng n sai (mi nh) khng cao v c
hc sinh km v hc sinh gii u c t l tr li sai gn nhau. C nhiu cu c
nhm trn v nhm di u rt t th sinh chn, cho thy nhng mi nh y tht
s l mi nh km, nht nh phi chnh sa mi nh trc khi a vo ngn
hng cu hi hoc c th loi b.
P.n

A
N.Trn

N.Di

1.

0.04

0.19

2.

0.91

3.

B
N.Trn

N.Di

-0.16

0.02

0.23

0.63

0.28

0.05

0.04

0.02

0.02

4.

0.68

0.37

5.

0.11

6.

C
N.Trn

N.Di

-0.21

0.02

0.05

0.16

-0.11

0.00

0.12

0.42

-0.30

0.32

0.26

0.47

0.40

-0.30

0.61

0.07

0.37

-0.30

7.

0.05

0.26

8.

0.72

9.

D
N.Trn

N.Di

-0.04

0.93

0.54

0.39

0.02

-0.02

0.04

0.18

-0.14

0.77

0.26

0.51

0.05

0.28

-0.23

-0.21

0.00

0.02

-0.02

0.05

0.14

-0.09

0.21

0.40

0.23

0.23

0.00

0.05

0.16

-0.11

0.12

0.19

-0.07

0.05

0.28

-0.23

0.74

0.16

0.58

-0.21

0.02

0.30

-0.28

0.84

0.33

0.51

0.09

0.11

-0.02

0.23

0.49

0.11

0.25

-0.14

0.09

0.26

-0.18

0.07

0.25

-0.18

0.04

0.21

-0.18

0.86

0.37

0.49

0.04

0.32

-0.28

0.07

0.09

-0.02

10.

0.05

0.26

-0.21

0.70

0.26

0.44

0.14

0.26

-0.12

0.11

0.21

-0.11

11.

0.11

0.32

-0.21

0.00

0.19

-0.19

0.05

0.14

-0.09

0.84

0.35

0.49

12.

0.21

0.21

0.00

0.21

0.26

-0.05

0.44

0.23

0.21

0.12

0.32

-0.19

13.

0.05

0.23

-0.18

0.81

0.37

0.44

0.05

0.12

-0.07

0.09

0.30

-0.21

14.

0.70

0.39

0.32

0.09

0.09

0.00

0.14

0.35

-0.21

0.07

0.18

-0.11

Cu

Lch

Lch

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Lch

Lch

17

Nguyn Vn Nghim

P.n

Cu

N.Trn

N.Di

15.

0.56

0.14

16.

0.19

17.

Sng kin kinh nghim

B
N.Trn

N.Di

0.42

0.11

0.40

0.26

-0.07

0.19

0.11

0.19

-0.09

18.

0.16

0.25

19.

0.72

20.

C
N.Trn

N.Di

-0.30

0.18

0.18

0.21

-0.02

0.51

0.77

0.26

0.51

-0.09

0.07

0.19

0.40

0.32

0.02

0.00

0.16

-0.16

21.

0.12

0.21

22.

0.05

23.

2012

D
N.Trn

N.Di

0.00

0.16

0.28

-0.12

0.18

0.33

0.11

0.33

-0.23

0.11

0.32

-0.21

0.02

0.25

-0.23

-0.12

0.60

0.30

0.30

0.18

0.28

-0.11

0.12

-0.11

0.14

0.11

0.04

0.12

0.37

-0.25

0.04

0.05

-0.02

0.02

0.14

-0.12

0.95

0.67

0.28

-0.09

0.04

0.26

-0.23

0.74

0.28

0.46

0.11

0.26

-0.16

0.37

-0.32

0.12

0.21

-0.09

0.19

0.30

-0.11

0.63

0.11

0.53

0.09

0.16

-0.07

0.84

0.40

0.44

0.02

0.23

-0.21

0.05

0.23

-0.18

24.

0.91

0.32

0.60

0.05

0.53

-0.47

0.00

0.11

-0.11

0.04

0.07

-0.04

25.

0.09

0.21

-0.12

0.65

0.23

0.42

0.12

0.26

-0.14

0.14

0.30

-0.16

26.

0.02

0.25

-0.23

0.91

0.40

0.51

0.07

0.23

-0.16

0.00

0.12

-0.12

27.

0.60

0.25

0.35

0.12

0.18

-0.05

0.14

0.19

-0.05

0.12

0.35

-0.23

28.

0.04

0.19

-0.16

0.09

0.16

-0.07

0.19

0.40

-0.21

0.68

0.25

0.44

29.

0.16

0.44

-0.28

0.07

0.07

0.00

0.02

0.19

-0.18

0.75

0.32

0.44

30.

0.21

0.25

-0.04

0.04

0.21

-0.18

0.42

0.26

0.16

0.33

0.26

0.07

31.

0.07

0.26

-0.19

0.68

0.25

0.44

0.04

0.12

-0.09

0.21

0.33

-0.12

32.

0.14

0.40

-0.26

0.18

0.21

-0.04

0.67

0.16

0.51

0.00

0.23

-0.23

33.

0.02

0.14

-0.12

0.81

0.28

0.53

0.14

0.32

-0.18

0.04

0.28

-0.25

34.

0.04

0.19

-0.16

0.02

0.28

-0.26

0.12

0.30

-0.18

0.82

0.21

0.61

35.

0.11

0.28

-0.18

0.05

0.14

-0.09

0.81

0.32

0.49

0.04

0.25

-0.21

36.

0.09

0.28

-0.19

0.04

0.28

-0.25

0.09

0.33

-0.25

0.79

0.11

0.68

37.

0.09

0.35

-0.26

0.11

0.35

-0.25

0.67

0.19

0.47

0.12

0.09

0.04

38.

0.72

0.28

0.44

0.02

0.23

-0.21

0.07

0.18

-0.11

0.19

0.28

-0.09

39.

0.89

0.30

0.60

0.05

0.25

-0.19

0.04

0.32

-0.28

0.02

0.14

-0.12

40.

0.12

0.25

-0.12

0.04

0.11

-0.07

0.77

0.30

0.47

0.07

0.32

-0.25

41.

0.54

0.23

0.32

0.09

0.12

-0.04

0.19

0.32

-0.12

0.16

0.32

-0.16

42.

0.11

0.28

-0.18

0.05

0.26

-0.21

0.11

0.32

-0.21

0.74

0.14

0.60

43.

0.16

0.30

-0.14

0.56

0.18

0.39

0.12

0.28

-0.16

0.16

0.25

-0.09

44.

0.11

0.19

-0.09

0.79

0.32

0.47

0.05

0.23

-0.18

0.05

0.28

-0.23

45.

0.14

0.30

-0.16

0.54

0.19

0.35

0.14

0.25

-0.11

0.18

0.26

-0.09

46.

0.12

0.21

-0.09

0.72

0.33

0.39

0.07

0.21

-0.14

0.09

0.26

-0.18

47.

0.12

0.35

-0.23

0.12

0.33

-0.21

0.58

0.16

0.42

0.16

0.14

0.02

Lch

Lch

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Lch

Lch

18

Nguyn Vn Nghim

P.n

Sng kin kinh nghim

Cu

N.Trn

N.Di

N.Trn

N.Di

48.

0.04

0.12

-0.09

0.72

0.19

49.

0.04

0.18

-0.14

0.07

50.

0.11

0.30

-0.19

0.12

Lch

C
N.Trn

N.Di

0.53

0.18

0.37

0.25

-0.18

0.14

0.25

-0.12

0.16

Lch

2012

D
N.Trn

N.Di

-0.19

0.07

0.33

-0.26

0.35

-0.21

0.75

0.21

0.54

0.30

-0.14

0.61

0.14

0.47

>0
48
96.00

<0
2
4.00

Lch

Lch

Bng 8. lch gia nhm trn v nhm di.

>0.7
0
0.00

item
T l (%)

>0.6
2
4.00

>=0.5
14
28.00

>0.4
34
68.00

>0.3
44
88.00

>0.2
47
94.00

>0.1
48
96.00

Bng 9. Phn b lch ca p n

4. phn bit ca cu hi thi
phn bit ca cu hi thi l mc khc nhau v kt qu tr li gia
hai nhm trn v di khi lm bi thi. Cu hi c ch s phn bit nh hn hoc
bng 0 cn b loi b. Ebel (1956) xut rng cc cu hi ca bi test trong lp
hc nn c ch s phn bit bng 0,30 hoc cao hn. Mt s tc gi khc cho
rng phn bit nn nm trong khong 0,25 - 0,75. Tuy nhin, trong cc k thi
c quy m ln, vic s dng mt s cu hi thi qu d hoc qu kh s dn n
phn bit ca cu hi thi c th c gi tr qu thp hoc qu cao.
thi ny l mt thi tuyn sinh u vo mn ting Anh ca mt
trng chuyn, l mt thi kh i vi th sinh d thi nn phn bit ca cu
hi thi c th s cao. phn bit ca tng cu hi c tnh ton nh Bng 9
di y.
Cu hi

PB

Cu hi

PB

Cu hi

PB

Cu hi

PB

Cu hi

PB

0.39

11

0.49

21

0.46

31

0.44

41

0.32

0.28

12

0.21

22

0.53

32

0.51

42

0.60

0.51

13

0.44

23

0.44

33

0.53

43

0.39

0.32

14

0.32

24

0.60

34

0.61

44

0.47

0.40

15

0.42

25

0.42

35

0.49

45

0.35

-0.30

16

0.33

26

0.51

36

0.68

46

0.39

0.51

17

0.51

27

0.35

37

0.47

47

0.42

0.49

18

-0.11

28

0.44

38

0.44

48

0.53

0.49

19

0.32

29

0.44

39

0.60

49

0.54

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19

Nguyn Vn Nghim

Cu hi

PB

10

Cu hi

0.44

Sng kin kinh nghim

PB

20

Cu hi

0.28

30

PB

Cu hi

0.16

40

PB

0.47

2012

Cu hi

PB

50

0.47

Bng 10. phn bit cu hi thi

phn bit
S cu:
T l (%)

>0.75

>0.6

>0.5

>=0.4

>=0.3

<0.25

Min

Mean

Max

0
0.00

2
4.00

14
28.00

34
68.00

44
88.00

4
8.00

-0.30

0.42

0.68

Bng 11. Thng k phn b phn bit

T s liu thng k trn cho thy cc cu hi u c phn bit trung
bnh l 0.42 ri t -0.30 n 0.68. C 34 cu (chim 68%) t phn bit t 0.4
tr ln, 44 cu c phn bit t 0.30 tr ln (chim 88%) iu ny cho thy
thi c phn bit rt tt. Cc cu c phn bit cha tt (< 0.25) gm 4 cu:
6, 12, 18, 30 trong c hai cu c phn bit < 0 l cu 6, v cu 18 (cng l
2 cu nhm p n).
Nhn xt: C 88% s cu hi t phn bit trong khong chp nhn
c (t 0.25 n 0.75) S cu t phn bit mc rt tt chim 68% thi,
chng t phn bit ca thi l rt tt. Tuy nhin cn chnh sa mt s cu
c phn bit cha tt nh cu 6, 12, 18, 30.
5. H s tng quan gia im ca cu hi thi vi im ton bi thi
Gia kt qu im ca tng cu hi thi vi im chung ca ton bi thi
phi c mi tng quan thun (h s tng quan dng). Mi tng quan cht
ch gia cu hi thi v ton bi thi gp phn lm tng tin cy ca bi test.
Cn gi li nhng cu hi thi c mi tng quan cao v loi b nhng cu hi
c mi tng quan thp hoc di 0 lm tng tin cy ca thi. Theo
Griffin (1998), nhng cu hi tt l nhng cu hi c h s tng (Pt-Biserial)
nm trong khong 0.35 v 0.75.

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20

Nguyn Vn Nghim

Sng kin kinh nghim

2012

Cu

HSTQ
PtBiserial

Cu

HSTQ
PtBiserial

Cu

HSTQ
PtBiserial

Cu

HSTQ
PtBiserial

Cu

HSTQ
PtBiserial

0.33

11

0.36

21

0.33

31

0.32

41

0.36

0.30

12

0.17

22

0.45

32

0.43

42

0.55

0.42

13

0.36

23

0.35

33

0.47

43

0.36

0.31

14

0.30

24

0.47

34

0.47

44

0.38

0.32

15

0.41

25

0.35

35

0.44

45

0.37

-0.29

16

0.32

26

0.41

36

0.60

46

0.34

0.41

17

0.42

27

0.36

37

0.40

47

0.40

0.41

18

-0.11

28

0.38

38

0.34

48

0.48

0.39

19

0.28

29

0.40

39

0.45

49

0.46

10

0.38

20

0.22

30

0.07

40

0.39

50

0.45

Bng 12. H s tng quan

Min

Mean

Max

-0.29

0.36

0.60

Bng 13. Thng k HSTQ

Bng 11 cho thy ch c 2 cu (6, 18) c h s tng quan gia im ca
cu hi thi vi im ton bi thi (point-biserial) < 0 nn cn phi loi b. Cc
cu cn li c h s tng quan ri t 0.07 n 0.50 v c n 42 cu (84%) t
trn 0.3 chng t cc cu hi c mi tng quan thun v kh mnh vi im
chung ca bi thi.
6. Kt lun chng 2
1. thi v cc cu hi trc nghim c cht lng khng cao, c 2 trng
hp nhm p n cn phi loi b v rt kinh nghim i vi cng tc vit cu
hi trc nghim.
2. thi qu t nhng cu hi d nn khng phn bit c gia nhng
hc sinh c nng lc trung bnh vi hc sinh yu, km. Nhn chung thi ny l
kh so vi hc sinh tham gia lm bi kim tra. 17 cu (5, 6, 12, 15, 16, 18, 22,
27, 32, 36, 37, 41, 42, 43, 45, 47, 50) c kh p < 0.4; cu 20 c kh
p=0.82 cn c iu chnh trc khi chn vo ngn hng cu hi.
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21

Nguyn Vn Nghim

Sng kin kinh nghim

2012

3. Cht lng ca cc phng n sai (mi nh) khng cao v c hc sinh

km v hc sinh gii u c t l tr li sai gn nhau. Cc cu: 1, 2, 3, 4, 19, 24,
31, 33, 40, 48, c nhm trn v nhm di u rt t th sinh chn cho thy
nhng mi nh ca cc cu ny tht s l mi nh km, cn phi chnh sa mi
nh trc khi a vo ngn hng cu hi hoc c th loi b.
4. C 88% s cu hi t phn bit trong khong chp nhn c (t
0.25 n 0.75) S cu t phn bit mc rt tt chim 68% thi, chng t
phn bit ca thi l rt tt. Tuy nhin cn chnh sa mt s cu c phn
bit cha tt nh cu 6, 12, 18, 30.
5. C 84% s cu hi t h s tng quan t trn 0.3 chng t cc cu
hi c mi tng quan thun v kh mnh vi im chung ca bi thi. Ring 2
cu c h s tng quan < 0 (tng quan nghch vi im ton bi thi) cn phi
loi b l cu 6 v cu 18.

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Nguyn Vn Nghim

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2012

Chng 3. Nhng ng dng thc tin v kt qu

1. nh gi v cho im
Vic nh gi li thi/kim tra l cng vic khng km phn quan trng
so vi vic xy dng kim tra nhng li t c quan tm. Thc t cho thy
phn ln gio vin sau khi kim tra th chm v cho im theo p n v khng
h nh gi li thi/kim tra xem thi c ph hp vi nng lc th sinh hay
khng? c cu no khng ph hp khng? c cu no cn phi loi khi thi
khng?
im s bi thi/kim tra gn nht vi im s thc, nh gi st nht
nng lc ca th sinh th sau khi kim tra ta cn nh gi li thi loi b
nhng cu hi khng ph hp vi nng lc th sinh, nhng cu nhm p n
hoc c phng n nhiu qu km sau iu chnh li thang im.
Vi thi c phn tch chuyn ny th ta thy y khng phi l
mt thi tt m phi loi b t nht l 6 cu gm 2 cu nhm p n (6, 18), 3
cu c mi nh qu km, cha t 25% t l chn mong mun (4, 3, 2); 1 cu c
kh (p) qu nh tc qu kh (cu 15 vi p=.29). Nh vy, hin ti ch cn
44 cu.
Tnh theo thang im 10 th mi cu ng c 0.23 im thay v 0.2
im nh thi ban u. Ngha l khi chm im gio vin s khng tnh im
cc cu 2, 3, 4, 6, 15 v 18 cho d th sinh lm ng hay khng ng. Thao tc
quan trng ny gp phn nh gi ng hn nng lc ca ngi hc.
2. Xy dng ngn hng cu hi
Phn tch, nh gi cu hi trc nghim nhm mc ch xy dng ngn
hng cu hi thi s c xem xt k lng hn v cc cu c chn s phi hi
cc yu cu ca mt cu hi tt.
Trong chuyn ny, thi c nh gi gm 50 cu ( phn II) r rng
l mt thi khng tt v s cu cn xem xt li hoc phi loi b l kh nhiu.
thi c n 19 cu (chim 38%) cn xem xt li trong c 2 cu nhm p
n (cu 6, 8), 15 cu qu kh (cu 5, 12, 15, 16, 22, 27, 32, 36, 37, 41, 42, 43,
45, 47, 50), 1 cu qu d (cu 20) v cu 12, cu 30 c phn bit thp. Nh
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23

Nguyn Vn Nghim

Sng kin kinh nghim

2012

vy nu khng tin hnh chnh sa cc cu hi nu trn th thi ny ch

chn c 31 cu t yu cu a vo ngn hng cu hi.
Nhng cu hi c chn l nhng cu hi tt, c xc nh kh
v cc ch s lin quan, p ng cc yu cu ca cu hi dng trong ngn
hng cu hi thi.
Sau 2 nm tin hnh bin son v phn tch, nh gi cc cu hi thi, tc
gi tp hp c mt s lng kh ln cu hi trc nghim khch quan t
yu cu a vo ngn hng cu hi t s dng lm thi/kim tra.
3. nh gi cng tc bin son .
Bng cch phn tch, nh gi thi/kim tra ny ngi qun l c th
phn tch, nh gi cng tc bin son thi/kim tra ca gio vin cc t b
mn khc nhau m khng cn thit phi c kin thc chuyn mn ca mn hc.
Qua gim st c nng lc ca i ng gio vin cng nh nng lc ca th
sinh, kp thi c gii php thch hp nhm m bo cht lng gio dc nh
trng.
Kt qu trin khi ti n v trong 2 nm quan gip t chuyn mn
gim st v nh gi c cht lng thi/kim tra ca gio vin c gii
php hng dn, iu chnh kp thi.
4. Kt lun chng 3
Vic phn tch, nh gi thi l vic rt cn thit v y l thao tc bt
buc khi tuyn chn cu hi xy dng ngn hng cu hi trc nghim. Phn
tch thi sau kim tra gip gio vin xc nh nhng cu hi khng ph hp
iu chnh thang im v rt kinh nghim trong vic vit cu hi trc nghim v
t hp thnh thi. Khng ch th, vic phn tch, nh gi cn gip ngi
qun l nh gi c cht lng thi, nm bt c thc trng cng tc bin
son v nng lc ca th sinh t c nhng gii php ph hp nhm m
bo cht lng gio dc.
Sau 2 nm trin khai cng tc phn tch, nh gi thi/kim tra gip
cng tc qun l t chuyn mn c hiu qu hn; gip gio vin nh gi
chnh xc hn nng lc ca hc sinh ng thi cng cn trng hn, c nhiu
kinh nghim hn trong vic bin son thi/kim tra. Qua gp phn khng
nh vo vic m bo cht lng dy v hc ca nh trng.
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Nguyn Vn Nghim

Sng kin kinh nghim

2012

C. Kt lun & kin ngh

Nh ni trn, nng lc th sinh c nh gi thng qua im lm
bi. M: im lm bi = im s thc + Sai s[3]. Nh vy,
mun nh gi ng nng lc ca th sinh th phi gim thiu sai s bng cch
nng cao cht lng thi/kim tra.
Nhng phn tch trn y ch ra nhng u im v tn ti ca cu hi
lm c s chnh sa v la chn cc cu hi tt a vo ngn hng cu hi
thi. y l thao tc cn thit v quan trng xy dng mt trc nghim c
cht lng v cng quan trng hn trong vic la chn cu hi xy dng ngn
hng cu hi thi.
Trong qu trnh vit cu hi trc nghim v trong qu trnh t hp li
thnh thi, xy dng ngn hng cu hi cn phi lu n cc yu t nh:
- kh ca cu hi thi trnh ra thi qu d hoc qu kh. Qu kh s
khng nh gi c cc hc sinh c nng lc trung bnh v di trung
bnh v ngc li, thi qu d s khng th nh gi c nng lc ca
nhng hc sinh c nng lc kh, gii.
- Kh nng nhm p p. iu ny c th do cu c cha chun xc khin
hc sinh hiu nhm hoc so s xut trong qu trnh lm p n.
- Cht lng phng n sai (mi nh). Mi nh km s tng kh nng on
m hoc dng phng php loi tr khi lm bi ca hc sinh, do cht
lng cu hi thi v thi khng cao, nh gi khng ng nng lc ca
hc sinh.
- phn bit v h s tng quan. Cc ch s ny cho ta bit cc cu hi
c ph hp hay khng v thi c phn bit c trnh hc sinh hay
khng.
phn tch cu hi thi cn k, chi tit v chun xc hn ngi ta kt hp
c l thuyt kho th c in v l thuyt kho th hin i theo m hnh Rasch.
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25

Nguyn Vn Nghim

Sng kin kinh nghim

2012

Trong khun kh mt sng kin kinh nghim, tc gi ch dng li phn l

thuyt kho th c in. Qu ng nghip quan tm c th tm c cc ti liu v
m hnh Rasch hoc tham kho thm cc chuyn v ti ny trn website
ca Vin m bo cht lng gio dc (www.ceqard.vnu.edu.vn), Vin nghin
cu gio dc (www.ier.edu.vn), trng THPT chuyn Quang Trung
(www.chuyenquangtrung.com.vn)...
Phn tch, nh gi li cu hi trc nghim nhm nng cao cht lng
thi/kim tra l iu rt cn thit. Thng qua nh gi chnh xc hn nng lc
ca hc sinh, gp phn tm gii php nng cao cht lng dy v hc. Tuy
nhin, xt v mt k thut, phng php phn tch, nh gi cc cu hi thi kim
tra cng kh phc tp. V vy, tc gi xut mt s gi sau:
- Vi cp qun l gio dc: T chc tp hun v ch o trin khai ng
dng phng php phn tch, nh gi cu hi trc nghim cho gio vin.
Qua dn tch ly nhng cu hi tt tin n xy dng ngn hng cu
hi trc nghim cho cc mn hc.
- Vi gio vin: Ch ng trang b kin thc v khoa hc kim tra nh gi
trong gio dc. Tch cc p dng cc phng php phn tch, nh gi cu
hi trong qu trnh dy hc, trnh ra mt cch cm tnh.
Rt mong nhn c s chia s, gp ca qu thy c v cc bn ng
nghip.

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26

Nguyn Vn Nghim

Sng kin kinh nghim

2012

Ti liu tham kho

.[1-5]

[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]

Nghim Xun Nng,Lm Quang Thip (1996), Trc nghim v o lng

c bn trong gio dc. H Ni.
Phm Xun Thanh (2011), L thuyt o lng v nh gi. Bi ging
CHL&G.
Phm Xun Thanh (2011), M hnh Rasch v Phn tch d liu bng phn
mm QUEST. Bi ging CHL&G.
Phm Xun Thanh (2011), Tiu n Phn tch cu hi thi ca cc thi
trc nghim khch quan. Cc kho th.
Lm Quang Thip (2011), o lng trong gio dc - l thuyt v ng
dng. NXB HQG H Ni.

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27

Nguyn Vn Nghim

Sng kin kinh nghim

2012

PH LC
Biu mu 1. Phiu nh gi s tng hp gia cu hi thi kim tra v mc
ch ca k thi kim tra:
PHIU NH GI
S tng hp gia cu hi thi kim tra v mc ch ca k thi kim tra
H v tn ngi nh gi: ...................................................................................
Hng dn: c cc mc ch ca k thi kim tra. Sau , c cu hi thi kim
tra th nht trong thi kim tra. Xem xt cn thn mc tng hp ca cu
hi thi kim tra vi mc ch ca k thi kim tra. c lng s tng hp
theo 3 mc di y:
C = Mc tng hp cao
TB = Mc tng hp trung bnh
T = Mc tng hp thp.
Nu c cc kin v s tng hp ca cu hi thi kim tra, ghi chng vo phn
dnh ring bn phi.
Mc ch 1 ca k thi kim tra:
.............................................................................................................................
c lng mc
tng hp

kin/ l do

Cu 1

........................

.........................................................

Cu 2

........................

.........................................................

Cu 3

........................

.........................................................

Cu 4

........................

.........................................................

Cu 6

........................

.........................................................

Cu 9

........................

.........................................................

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Nguyn Vn Nghim

Sng kin kinh nghim

2012

Mc ch 2 ca k thi kim tra: ............................................................................

.............................................................................................................................
c lng
mc tng
hp

kin/ l do

Cu 5

........................

.........................................................

Cu 8

........................

.........................................................

Cu 10

........................

.........................................................

Cu 11

........................

.........................................................

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Nguyn Vn Nghim

Sng kin kinh nghim

2012

Biu mu 2. Tng hp kin ca chuyn gia v s tng hp gia cu hi thi

kim tra v mc ch ca k thi kim tra:

PHIU NH GI
kin ca chuyn gia v s tng hp gia cu hi thi kim tra v mc ch
ca k thi kim tra

Ngi nh gi:.......................................

Ngy: .........................................

Lnh vc: .............................................................................................................

Trc ht, ng / b hy c cn thn cc mc ch ca k thi kim tra.
Cc mc ch ca k thi kim tra

S th t
1.

.........................................................

2.

.........................................................

3.

.........................................................

4.

.........................................................

ngh c k cc cu hi thi kim tra. Sau ch ra cc cu hi thi kim

tra c th s dng nhm t c tng mc ch. Bn cnh tng mc ch ca
k thi kim tra, vit s th t ca cc cu hi m ng / b cho rng chng ph
hp vi mc ch . C th c nhng cu hi thi kim tra m ng / b cho rng
chng khng ph hp vi bt k mc ch no ca k thi kim tra. Hy vit
chng xung hng cui cng.
Mc ch ca k thi
kim tra

Nhng cu hi thi kim tra ph hp vi

mc ch ca k thi kim tra

.........................................................

.........................................................

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Nguyn Vn Nghim

Sng kin kinh nghim

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Khng ph hp vi
cc mc ch trn

2012

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Nguyn Vn Nghim

Sng kin kinh nghim

2012

Nhn xt ca hi ng khoa hc
NHN XT CA T CHUYN MN:
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Ngy.thngnm 2012

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NHN XT CA HI NG KHOA HC TRNG:
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Ngy.thngnm 2012

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NHN XT CA HI NG KHOA HC S GD-T:
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Ngy.thngnm 2012

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