DB2400 HANDOUT DB2/400 Objective To make the participants familiar with the DB2/400 concepts which includes creation

of Physical Files, data entry using DFU, creation of views and interactive SQL/400 sessions. Features of DB2/400 DB2/400 is an RDBMS which comes installed along with the system. The whole of the DB2/400 component is an integral part of the LIC. DB2/400 supports upto 11 CODD rules and thus is a very strong RDBMS. There are primarily two types of files that can be created on the AS/400. They are : 1) Physical Files and 2) Logical Files These files can be comfortably accessed from any of the High Level Languages used on the AS/400 like RPG/400, CL/400, COBOL/400, C/400, etc. The data integrity is maintained through various database constraints and triggers. Data Types in DB2/400 The following are the prime data types supported by DB2/400. They can be represented by a single character assigned for each data type in the column of data type in the DDS. A alphanumeric 32766 characters P packed decimal 31 digits, 30 decimal positions S zoned decimal - 31 digits, 30 decimal positions L Long date 4 bytes Z Time stamp 10 bytes T Time 6 bytes F Floating point 1 9 digits in single precision & 1 17 digits in double precision H Hexadecimal 32766 bytes Physical Files A physical file is an AS/400 object with the object type *FILE and the attribute PF. A physical file is composed of three components, namely, 1) Record Format 2) Access Path 3) Data Members 1) Record Format It comprises of the formal definition of the fields and their respective attributes within the file. It is normally coded using the DDS keywords through the SEU. 2) Access Path It defines the path as to how the records in the Physical File would be accessed. 3) Data Members It is this segment of the Physical File which stores data physically. One PF can have many data members, each data member in turn having many records in it. However, all the data members share the same record format and the access path.

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This architecture can be represented pictorially as follows:

RECORD FORMAT

ACCESS PATH

DATA MEMBER

The maximum length of the record format cannot exceed 32766 bytes. A physical file can have maximum of 120 key fields. It can have a maximum of 32766 members. The maximum no. of fields that a PF allows is 8000. The record format can be described using the SEU and the DDS keywords. A physical file can be created using the command CRTPF (FILE/LIBRARY) This creates an object of the type *FILE and with the special attribute as PF-DTA. Such a PF has the default no. of members as 1 and the maximum no. of records as 10000 and an extended capacity of 1000 incremented thrice (that is, 13000 records). However, by pressing F4, we can change the options and specify the desired values. The members can be added by using the command ADDPFM. Change to the members can be made by CHGPFM. Deletion of a member is possible through RMVM. Data entry into a PF can be made in three ways, viz., 1) DFU Data file utility The command is STRDFU. This supports insert, update delete of the records, but only one at a time. 2) IDDU Interactive Data Definition Utility The command is STRIDD. 3) Interactive SQL STRSQL is the command to start an SQL session and using the DML commands, data manipulation can be achieved. The records can be viewed using the RUNQRY command RUNQRY QRYFILE(LIBRARY/FILE) Suppose, a change in the PF structure is required after data entry, we can change it through the SEU and re-compile it but the entire data is lost in this case as the object is deleted and recreated.
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DB2400 HANDOUT So, an alternative for this is the command CHGPF where in the options for mapping and dropping the fields can be specified. This however retains the data to the maximum possible extent and any data entry made thereafter is appended to the previous data. To copy the PF object the command used is CPYF which has got various options for specifying the source and the destination files and also to create/replace the file and its members and also to map/drop the fields. The other commands related to the PFs are : CLRPFM Clears the PF member. DLTF Deletes the PF object. DSPPFM Displays the records in physical file member. DSPFFD Displays the file field information. DSPDBR Displays the data base relation with other files.

Physical File Keywords The keywords define the special attributes of every field and are entered in the function column in the DDS. There are 4 levels of keywords that can be defined in the PF, viz., 1. File Level 2. Record Level 3. Field Level 4. Key field Level

1) File Level Keywords entered at the file level, i.e., before any other line of code in a PF, are known as file level keywords. The file level keywords are : UNIQUE Defines the key field entry as unique, i.e., no duplicate key values could exist in the PF. FIFO First In First Out The records within the group of repetitive key field data retrieved in the order they were ordered.. LIFO Last In First Out The records within the group of repetitive key field data are accessed in the reverse order of their entry. REF Gives the reference to some other Physical File which can be used to refer to the fields individually for their attributes. 2) Record Level Keywords entered at the Record Format Level. The record level keywords are : FORMAT When you want to refer to the entire format of a pre-existing PF we use this keyword. However the record format name can be changed, and also the key

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DB2400 HANDOUT field can be changed provided it is one of the existing fields. Defining any fields while using this keyword will result in a compile time error. TEXT Is used to provide some documention/description to the file.

3) Field Level These keywords are provided at the respective field level. COLHDG Column Heading Once specified, can be used in reports and screens. COLHDG(Employee Code) The column heading Employee Code Will appear in report and screens. COLHDG(Employee Code) the heading will appear in two lines.

COMP Compares the value entered with that specified along with this keyword. Data entered in the field must satisfy condition specified in COMP keyword otherwise system restricts and gives error. COMP(GT 6000) value in this field must be greater than 6000. The operators like GT are LT = Less Than EQ= Equal NE=Not Equal LE=Less than equal GE=Greater than or equal

VALUES Allows data entry of only the specified values. RANGE Allows data entry between the specified range of values only. CHECK Checks for mandatory entry or mandatory fill or both for a given field. This keyword can be specified only against character type of field. CHECK(ME) stands for mandatory entry. That means this field can not be left with null. CHECK(MF) stands for mandatory fill. User must enter data full of this field.

DFT Specifies a default value for a field when a value has not been entered. REFFLD Allows to specify the reference of a given field from an external file other than the one specified at the REF. TEXT A description for the field can be specified here. ALIAS Allows the entry of an alternative name for a field. 4) Key-field Level These keywords are specified at the key-field level. DESCEND Processes the records in the descending order of the key value.
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ABSVAL Allows only absolute value entry into the key field. DIGIT Sorts the records based on the numeric value in the alphanumeric key field. SIGNED Sorts the records based on the signed value of the key field value.

Columns . . . : 1 71 Edit STDLIB/MANSAM MASTERT SEU==> FMT PF .....A..........T.Name++++++RLen++TDpB......Functions++++++++++++++++++ *************** Beginning of data ************************************* 0001.00 A UNIQUE 0002.00 A R MASTREC TEXT(MASTER FILE) 0003.00 A ACCNO 5P 0 0004.00 A ACCTYPE 1A VALUES('R' 'S') 0005.00 A ACCNM 20A COLHDG(CUSTOMER NAME) 0006.00 A ACCADD 40A 0007.00 A ACCBAL 10P 2 0008.00 A OPENBAL 10P 2 0009.00 A ACCOPDATE L 0010.00 A ACCSTATUS 1A VALUES('O' 'C') 0011.00 A DURATION 3P 0 VALUES(12 24 36) 0012.00 A K ACCNO DESCEND ****************** End of data ****************************************

Constraints A PF can be applied with various constraints which can be added by the command ADDPFCST. There are four kinds of constraints which can be applied to a PF. They are: 1) 2) 3) 4) Primary Key specified by *PRIKEY option Reference (Foreign key) specified by *REFCST option Check Constraint specified by *CHKCST Unique Key specified by *UNQCST option

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Columns . . . : 1 71 Edit STDLIB/MANSAM SEU==> TRANST FMT PF .....A..........T.Name++++++RLen++TDpB......Functions++++++++++++++++++ *************** Beginning of data ************************************* 0001.00 A UNIQUE FIFO 0002.00 A R TRANREC TEXT(TRANSACTION FILE) 0003.00 A TACCNO 5P 0 0004.00 A TRANTYPE 1A VALUES('D' 'W') 0005.00 A TRANAMT 10P 2 CHECK(ME) 0006.00 A DATEOFTRAN L DATFMT(*EUR) 0007.00 A K ACCNO ****************** End of data ****************************************

Logical Files A logical file is a database file used to view data stored in one or more physical files in the desired manner. It is an AS/400 object of the type *FILE and attribute LF. The features of logical files are : 1) They dont physically contain data. 2) Access path can be changed as per the requirement. 3) A PF can be processed by multiple LFs. 4) Two or more LFs may share the same access path. 5) Records could be selected or omitted from the PF in a specified criteria. 6) LFs can have more than one record format but each record format must relate to one or more PFs and include at least one key field. The record format lengths may vary. 7) An LF with multiple record format may process the data from more than one PF treating them as data from a single file. 8) The PF fields attributes may be changed in an LF but the data in the PF is not affected. 9) A maximum of 32 PFs can be joined or unionized using these files. There are two broad categories of Logical Files, viz., a) Non-Join Logical Files and

b) Join Logical Files

Non-Join Logical Files

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A non-join logical file processes each record individually from one or more physical files. A non-join logical file can have from 1 to 32 record formats. It can be used for record update in case it is referring to just one PF. In addition to the 4 levels of keywords used in PF, there is one select/omit level keyword in non-join logical files. 1) File level Apart from that used in the PF an additional keywords DYNSLT and ACCPTH are used. DYNSLT is used to specify the dynamic selection and omission criteria. ACCPTH is used to refer to the access path from some other PF. 2) Record level PFILE is used to specify which PF/PFs the LF is referring to. A maximum of 32 PFs could be referred to in a LF. 3) Field level CONCAT used to concatenate two or more fields. SST used to substring a field. RENAME used to rename an existing field of PF. 4) Key-Field level They are the same as applicable for a PF. 5) Select/Omit level When the DYNSLT is used at the FILE level, the S or O options are specified at the select/omit level to specify the dynamic selection/omission criteria of records from the PF. However, the S should always follow the occurance of O. Two consecutive O or S or a combination of them implies an OR condition, whereas, one O or S followed by another condition is an AND condition. Union Records from multiple PFs having a common record format accessed together in a non-join logical file is called a Union. This can be put in three different ways : 1) All the PFs involved should have exactly the same record format. 2) The record format of one PF is a part of the record format of another PF. 3) Both the files may be having totally different record format but the common fields are put together in the UNION.

Columns . . . : 1 71 Edit STDLIB/MANSAM SEU==> TRALF FMT LF .....A..........T.Name++++++RLen++TDpB......Functions++++++++++++++++++ *************** Beginning of data ************************************* 0001.00 A R TRANREC PFILE(STDLIB/TRANST) 0002.00 A K DATEOFTRAN ****************** End of data ****************************************

Note : This will create a non-join logical file on a single PF and includes all fields from the record format of TRANST.

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Columns . . . : 1 71 Edit STDLIB/MANSAM SEU==> TRALF FMT LF .....A..........T.Name++++++RLen++TDpB......Functions++++++++++++++++++ *************** Beginning of data ************************************* 0001.00 A R TRANREC PFILE(STDLIB/TRANST) 0002.00 A ACCNO RENAME(TACCNO) 0003.00 A DATEOFTRAN 0004.00 A K DATEOFTRAN ****************** End of data ****************************************

Note : This will create a non-join logical file on a single PF and includes only the named fields from the record format of TRANST.
Columns . . . : 1 71 Edit STDLIB/MANSAM SEU==> TRALF FMT LF .....A..........T.Name++++++RLen++TDpB......Functions++++++++++++++++++ *************** Beginning of data ************************************* 0001.00 A R TRANREC PFILE(TRANST1 TRANST2) 0002.00 A FORMAT(TRANST1) 0003.00 A K TACCNO ****************** End of data ****************************************

Note : This will create a non-join logical file on a multiple PFs (assuming TRANST1 TRANST2) and includes the record format from TRANST1. This is also a type of a UNION.

Join Logical Files Fields from multiple PFs put together to form a record format based on a common field which may have same or different name but common attributes is known as a Join Logical File. Such files are read-only files. There can be only one record format for a join logical file. The levels of keywords in the join logical file are file level, record level, join level, field level, and key field level keywords. 1) File Level Same as PF. JDFTVAL Used to create a special type of Join Logical File discussed later. 2) Record Level In addition to that used in the PF, we use, JFILE Used to join the different files. Maximum 32. 3) Join Level JOIN Used to specify the join in between any two files used in the JFILE. JFLD Used to specify the field on which the files are being joined. JDUPSEQ Used to process the records from PF that have duplicate join fields.
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4) Field Level JREF It is used to refer to the definition of a field defined in one of the PFs involved in the join. 5) Key Field level Same as PF.

There are two types of Join Logical files, viz., Intersection and Left Outer Join. Intersection By default, the Join Logical file is an intersection. Left Outer Join By specifying the keyword, JDFTVAL at the file level, we achieve a left outer join. In this case, the records of the primary file which do not have a secondary match are also included in the join and the fields are padded with default values.

DEPARTMENT : ---------------0001.00 A 0002.00 A 0003.00 A 0004.00 A 0005.00 A 0006.00 A EMPLOYEE1 : ----------------0001.00 A 0002.00 A 0003.00 A 0004.00 A 0005.00 A 0006.00 A 0007.00 A 0008.00 A 0009.00 A 0010.00 A DYNSLT CONCEPT : ---------------------0001.00 A 0002.00 A 0003.00 A

UNIQUE R DEPTREC DEPTNO DEPTNAME LOCT K DEPTNO 2P 0 10A 10A

UNIQUE R EMPREC EMPCD EMPNM DEPT BASIC DA SEX K EMPCD K DEPT 5P 20A 2P 7P 7P 1A 0 0 2 2 COLHDG('DEPARTMENT')

VALUES('M' 'F') DESCEND

R JOINREC J

DYNSLT JFILE(DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEE1) JOIN(DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEE1)

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0004.00 A 0005.00 A DEPTNO 0006.00 A DEPTNAME 0007.00 A LOCT 0008.00 A EMPCD 0009.00 A EMPNM 0010.00 A TEMP 1 I 0011.00 A SEX 0012.00 A K DEPTNO 0013.00 A* K EMPCD **NOTE:2 KEY FIELDS NOT TO BE SPECIFIED** 0014.00 A S DEPTNO 0015.00 A S TEMP *************************************************** JDUPLICATE SEQUENCE : ----------------------------0001.00 A 0002.00 A R JOINREC 0003.00 A J 0004.00 0005.00 0006.00 A DEPTNO 0007.00 A DEPTNAME 0008.00 A LOCT 0009.00 A EMPCD 0010.00 A EMPNM 0011.00 A TEMP 0012.00 A SEX 0013.00 A K DEPTNO 0015.00 A S DEPTNO 0017.00 A S TEMP JFLD(DEPTNO DEPT)

SST(EMPNM 1 1)

COMP(EQ 10) VALUES('M')

DYNSLT JFILE(DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEE1) JOIN(DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEE1) JFLD(DEPTNO DEPT) JDUPSEQ(EMPCD *DESCEND)

SST(LOCT 1 7)

COMP(EQ 10) VALUES('UNIT112')

JDFTVAL : 0001.00 A JDFTVAL 0002.00 A DYNSLT 0003.00 A R JOINREC JFILE(DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEE1) 0004.00 A J JOIN(DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEE1) 0005.00 JFLD(DEPTNO DEPT) 0006.00 JDUPSEQ(EMPCD *DESCEND) 0007.00 A DEPTNO 0008.00 A DEPTNAME 0009.00 A LOCT 0010.00 A EMPCD 0011.00 A EMPNM 0012.00 A TEMP 7 I SST(LOCT 1 7) 0013.00 A TEMP1 1 I SST(EMPNM 1 1) 0014.00 A SEX 0015.00 A K DEPTNO 0017.00 A O TEMP1 VALUES('S') 0018.00 A S DEPTNO COMP(GT 10) 0019.00 A S TEMP VALUES('UNIT112') ******************************************************************************* SELFJOIN : A Join is formed on the same PF. 0001.00 0002.00 0003.00 0004.00 A A A R JOINREC J EMPCD JFILE(SELFPF SELFPF) JOIN(1 2) JFLD(MGRCD EMPCD) JREF(1)

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0005.00 0006.00 0008.00 0009.00 0010.00 SELFPF : INPUT FILE : EMPCD 1 2 3 4 5 50 60 70 EMPNM MANISH RAJESH YOGESH RAJ UNMESH BARU RAJU BHARAT DEPARTMENT 10 20 10 30 20 40 40 50 BASIC 141.34 992.92 992.82 2,511.12 992.02 70,000.00 45,456.55 99,999.99 MGRCD 50 50 60 60 50 70 70 70 A A A A A DEPT EMPNM MGRCD MGRNM K EMPCD JREF(1) JREF(1) JREF(1) JREF(2) RENAME(EMPNM)

OUTPUT RESULT : EMPCD 1 2 3 4 5 50 60 70 EMPNM MANISH RAJESH YOGESH RAJ UNMESH BARU RAJU BHARAT DEPARTMENT 10 20 10 30 20 40 40 50 BASIC 141.34 992.92 992.82 2,511.12 992.02 70,000.00 45,456.55 99,999.99 MGRCD 50 50 60 60 50 70 70 70 MGR NAME BARU BARU RAJU RAJU BARU BHARAT BHARAT BHARAT

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