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Th.

S Nguyn Minh Khang I HC BNH DNG

Bi ging:

CNG NGH NUI TRNG NM

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang 1. Nm trng 1.1. Khi qut v nm v hnh thi hc Nm khc vi nhng thc vt xanh: khng c lc lp, khng c s phn ha thnh r, thn, l, khng c hoa, phn ln khng cha cellulose trong thnh t bo, khng c mt chu trnh pht trin chung nh thc vt. Nm ch c th hp thu cht dinh dng cn thit cho c th t c th khc hay t t qua b mt ca t bo h si nm. Chnh v th, tt c h thng phn loi sinh gii hin nay u coi nm l mt gii ring, tng ng vi gii thc vt v ng vt. Nm 1969 nh khoa hc ngi M R.H.Whitaker a ra h thng phn loi 5 gii (Kingdom): Gii khi sinh (Monera): Gm vi khun v to lam Gii nguyn sinh (Protista): Gm mt s to n bo, nm n bo c kh nng di ng nh lng roi (tin mao) v cc ng vt nguyn sinh Gii nm (Fungi hay Mycetalia, Mycota) Gii thc vt (Plantae hay Vegetabilia) Gii ng vt (Animalia) Nm 1973 nh khoa hc A.L.Takhtadjan a ra h thng phn loi nh sau: Gii Mycota: gm vi khun v vi khun lam Gii nm Gii thc vt Gii ng vt Nm 1980, Woese cn c vo trt t nucleotid trong acid ribonucleid (ARN) ca ribosome 16S v 5S tch vi khun ra lm hai gii: Gii vi khun tht (Eubacteria) Gii vi khun c (Archaebacteria) v ng gp nm, thc vt, ng vt thnh mt gii chung gi l sinh vt c nhn tht (Eukaryota). Hin nay, cc nghin cu v nm ngi ta thng da vo h thng phn loi ca R.H.Whitaker (1969) v h thng phn loi ca A.L.Takhtadjan (1973). Kha phn loi nm hin i bao gm cc ngnh v ngnh ph nh sau: (Allexopolous, 1962) - Ngnh nm nhy (Exomycotina): Loi nm ny c c hai tnh cht ng vt v thc vt, chng sinh sn bng bo t, nhng t bo li l khi sinh cht khng c vch ngn bao bc, di chuyn v nut thc n nh ng vt (amib). 1.1.1. Khi qut v nm

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang - Ngnh nm tht (Eumycotina): Chim s lng ln, bao gm cc t bo vi nhn tng i hon chnh. T bo nm c vch bao bc nh t bo thc vt, a s cu to bi chitin. Nhiu t bo nm cn tch tr ng dng glycogen, ging nh ng vt. Mt s loi sinh sn theo li to nhng giao t c lng roi di ng (ng bo t), nhng hp t li pht trin theo 1 kiu chung ca nm. Da theo s sinh sn hu tnh, cc nh phn loi chia chng thnh cc ngnh ph nh sau: Ngnh ph nm tin mao (Mastigomycotina) Ngnh ph nm tip hp (Zygomycotina) Ngnh ph nm ti (Ascomycotina) Ngnh ph nm m (Basidiomycotina) Ngnh ph nm bt ton (Deuteromycotina) 1.1.2. Hnh thi hc si nm Cc nm n thuc ngnh ph nm ti (Ascomycotina) v ngnh ph nm m (Basidiomycotina) u c thnh t bo cu to ch yu bi kitin glucan. i vi nm m c ti 3 cp si nm: Si nm cp mt (s sinh): Lc u khng c vch ngn v c nhiu nhn, dn dn s to vch ngn v phn thnh nhng t bo n nhn trong si nm. Si Nm cp hai (th sinh): To thnh do s phi trn gia hai si nm cp mt. Khi nguyn sinh cht gia hai si nm khc du s trn vi nhau. Hai nhn vn ng ring r lm cho cc t bo c hai nhn, cn gi l si nm song nhn (dicaryolic hyphae). Si nm cp ba (tam sinh): Do si nm cp hai pht trin thnh. Cc si nm lin kt li cht ch vi nhau v to thnh qu th nm. i vi nm ti: Si nm song nhn ch sinh ra trc khi hnh thnh ti. S hnh thnh qu th nm ti l s phi hp gia si nm cp mt v si nm song nhn. Mt s loi nm c hnh thi lin hp dng mc (clamp connection), t bo nh si nm (2 nhn) mc ra mt mu nh, mt trong hai nhn chui vo mu ny. Mi nhn phn ct thnh hai, hai thnh bn nhn, hai nhn gi li nh t bo, mt nhn chui vo mu, mt nhn nm gc t bo. T bo nh ban u xut hin hai vch ngn, chia thnh ba t bo. Sau vch ngn gia mu v t bo gc b khai thng, t bo gc tip nhn nhn t mu chuyn xung v tr thnh t bo song nhn. Nh vy t mt t bo song nhn tr thnh hai t bo song nhn v gia hai t bo cn lu li mt ci mc. 1.1.3. Hnh thi hc ca qu th nm Tn hay c th ca nm l nhng t bo n hay dng si ko di. Phn ln cc si phn nhnh. Khi cc si nm bn li vi nhau to thnh th sinh bo t, gi l qu th hay tai nm. c Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 3

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang trng ca nm ln l c c quan sinh sn bo t kch thc ln, c th nhn thy bng mt thng, do s kt bn ca si nm khi gp iu kin thun li. Thng c hai kiu qu th trong nhm nm ln: - Kiu 1: Bo t thng c sinh ra trong nhng th hnh cu, nh nhng nm thuc Gasteromycetes. - Kiu 2: Bo t sinh ra mt phn ca qu th nm. Nhng nm ny thuc Basidiomycetes. C th bo t phn phin hay khng thuc phin (Aphyllophorales). nhm ny ta thng gp hai kiu qu th nh sau: Qu th lt ngc, phin pha trn hay khng c phin, thng khng c hnh dng nht nh. Chng rt mng, i khi dy nht t 2 mm. Qu th thng ng, gp nhm Basibiomyceteses hay Discomycetes. Cc si nm ph ln nhau mt ngoi hay ch mt phn bn trn. Nhng kiu ny qu th rt khc nhau cc phn chn nm, m nm, phin nm. 1.2. Sinh l v bin dng ca nm Nm c kh nng sn xut enzyme ngoi bo, nhng enzym ngoi bo ny gip cho nm bin i nhng cht hu c phc tp thnh dng ha tan d hp thu. Chnh v th, nm ch c i sng d dng, ly thc n t ngun hu c (ng vt, thc vt). Thc n c hp thu qua mng t bo h si nm. Da vo cch hp thu dinh dng ca nm c th chia lm 3 nhm: Hoi sinh: Thc n l xc b thc vt hay ng vt. nhm nm ny, chng c kh nng bin i nhng cht kh phn hy thnh nhng cht n gin d hp thu, nh h men ngoi bo. K sinh: Ch yu cc loi nm gy bnh, chng sng bm vo c th sinh vt khc ht thc n ca sinh vt ch. Cng sinh: Ly thc n t c th sinh vt ch nhng khng lm tn hi sinh vt ch, ngc li cn gip cho chng pht trin tt hn (nh nm Tuber hay Boletus cng sinh vi cy thng si). 1.2.2. S pht trin ca si nm a. Nhu cu dinh dng cho s pht trin h si nm Ngun cacbon: Ngun cacbon c cung cp t mi trng ngoi tng hp nn cc cht nh: hydratcacbon, amino acid, acid nucleic, lipid cn thit cho s pht trin ca nm. Trong sinh khi nm, cacbon chim na trng lng kh, ng thi ngun cacbon cung cp nng lng cho qu trnh trao i cht. i vi cc loi nm khc nhau th nhu cu cacbon cng khc nhau, nhng hu ht chng dng ngun ng n gin l glucose, vi nng ng l 2%. 1.2.1. Bin dng ca nm

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Trong t nhin, cacbon c cung cp ch yu t cc ngun polysaccharide nh: cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin, Cc cht ny c kch thc ln hn kch thc ca thnh v mng nguyn sinh cht. Mun tiu ha c c cht ny, nm tit ra emzyme ngoi bo phn hy c cht thnh cc cht c kch thc nh hn, c th xm nhp c vo trong thnh v mng t bo. Ngun m (N): m l ngun cn thit cho tt c cc mi trng nui cy, cn cho s pht trin h si nm. H si nm s dng ngun m tng hp cc cht hu c nh: purin, pyrimidin, protein, tng hp chitin cho vch t bo. Ngun m s dng trong cc mi trng dng mui: mui nitrat, mui amon. Trong t bo, ion NH4+ thng gn vi cetoglutamic v nhng amin khc c hnh thnh t nhng phn ng chuyn ha amin. S hin din ca NH4+ trong mi trng nh hng n t s C/N , chng nh gi mc hot ng ca vi sinh vt. Khong: Cn cho s pht trin v tng trng ca nm Ngun sufur: c cung cp vo mi trng t ngun sulfat v cn thit tng hp mt s loi acid amin. Ngun phosphat: Tham gia tng hp ATP, acid nucleic, phospholipid mng. Ngun cung cp phospho thng l t mui phosphat. Ngun kali: ng vai tr lm ng yu t (cofactor), cung cp cho cc loi enzym hot ng. ng thi ng vai tr cn bng khuynh (gradient) bn trong v ngoi t bo. Magi: Cn thit cho s hot ng mt s loi enzym, ngun magi c cung cp t sulfat magi. Vitamin: Nhng phn t hu c ny c dng vi lng rt t, chng khng phi l ngun cung cp nng lng cho t bo. Vitamin cn thit v gi chc nng c bit trong hot ng ca enzym. Hu ht nm hp th ngun vitamin t bn ngoi v ch cn mt lng rt t nhng khng th thiu. Hai ngun vitamin cn thit cho nm l biotin (vitamin H) v thiamin (vitamin B1). Bng 1. Nng mt s dng mui khong cn cho nm trng Tn mui - Phophat kali monobasic - Phosphat kali dibasic - Sulfat Magn - Sulfat Mangan - Sulfat Calxi - Clorua kali - Peroxi phosphat Nng cn thit (o/oo) 12 12 0,2 0,5 0,02 0,1 0,001 0,05 23 23

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang b. nh hng ca cc yu t vt l ln s sinh trng h si nm Cc yu t vt l tc ng ln si nm khc vi tc ng ln s hnh thnh qu th nm. Tc nhn vt l nh hng trc tip ln si nm vi mc khc nhau: mc tc ng thp nht, mc tc ng ti u, mc tc ng ln nht. Nhng yu t tc ng trc tip ln s sinh trng si nm l nhit , nh sng, m v thng kh. Nhit : nh hng trc tip n cc phn ng sinh ha bn trong t bo, kch thch hot ng cc cht sinh trng, cc enzym v chi phi ton b cc hot ng sng ca nm. Mi loi nm c nhu cu nhit cho sinh trng v pht trin khc nhau. Nhit nui h si bao gi cng cao hn so vi khi nm ra qu th vi . Nhit cao hoc thp hn nhit thch hp s lm cho h si nm sinh trng chm li hoc cht hn. nh sng: Khng cn cho qu trnh sinh trng ca nm. Cng nh sng mnh kim ch s sinh trng ca si nm, c trng hp git cht si nm. nh sng c th ph v mt s vitamin v enzym cn thit, nh hng n s sinh trng bnh thng ca si nm. Phng nm khng nn qu ti, s gy tr ngi cho vic pht hin bnh v nht l to iu kin thun li cho nm mc, cn trng pht trin. Trong giai on nui h si to qu th, nh sng c tc dng kch thch h si nm kt hch (n nm). m: Hu ht cc loi nm cn m cao. Mt s loi thuc nm m cn m thch hp cho s sinh trng ti u ca si nm (80 90%). Nhng hu ht cc loi nm cn m sinh trng h si l 50 60% (Flegg, 1962). thng kh: Hm lng O2 v CO2 nh hng trc tip n s sinh trng ca si nm. Oxy cn thit cho vic h hp ca h si nm. Cn nng CO2 tng cao trong khng kh s c ch qu trnh hnh thnh qu th nm. nh hng ca pH: Hu ht cc nhm nm mc trn thc vt hay k sinh th thch hp i vi mi trng pH thp. Cc loi nm mc trn mn b hay trn t th thch hp vi mi trng pH trung tnh hay mi trng kim. Nhng mt s loi nm c kh nng mc c bin pH kh rng. Mt s loi nm c kh nng t iu chnh pH mi trng v pH thch hp cho s sinh trng chnh chng. 1.2.3. Cc giai on pht trin ca si nm 1.2.3.1. Giai on sinh trng Giai on ny thng di, nm giai on ny ch yu l dng si. Si nm (hypha) mng manh v gm 2 nhn, c ngun gc t 2 bo t khc nhau ny mm v phi hp li. H si nm (mycelium), cn gi l h si dinh dng (vegetative mycelium), len li trong c cht rt ly thc n. Thc n mun vo t bo si nm phi thng qua mng t bo. Khi khi si t n mc nht nh v s lng, gp iu kin thch hp, s bn kt li to thnh qu th nm. Trong trng hp bt li, s hnh thnh cc bo t tim sinh hay hu bo t (chlamydospore). Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 6

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang 1.2.3.2. Giai on pht trin Giai on ny thng ngn, lc by gi si nm an vo nhau, hnh thnh 1 dng c bit, gi l qu th nm hay tai nm (fruit body). Qu th thng c kch thc ln v l c quan sinh sn ca nm. Trn qu th c 1 cu trc, ni tp trung cc u ngn si nm, l th tng (hymenium). Chnh y 2 nhn ca t bo s nhp li thnh 1. Sau s chia thnh 4 nhn con hnh thnh cc bo t hu tnh (sexual spore), m bo t (basidiospore) hoc nang bo t (ascospore). Khi tai nm trng thnh, bo t c phng thch, chng ny mm v chu trnh li tip tc . 2.1. Khi qut v nm rm Nm rm (cn gi l nm r, tho c), c tn ting Anh l Paddy Straw mushroom, tn khoa hc l Volvariella volvaceae (Bull exFr). Sing thuc nhm Pluteacea, b Agaricales, lp ph Hymenomycetide, lp Hymenomyceste, ngnh ph Basidiomycotina, ngnh nm tht Eumycota, gii Nm Mycota hay Fungi (CBS Course of mycology, Baarrn-Deft, 1998). Nm rm c ngun gc t vng ma nhiu, c nhit cao khu vc nhit i v nhit i. Ngi dn chu bit dng nm rm lm thc phm t lu i nhng vic ch ng mi trng nui trng nm ch bt u Trung Quc cch nay trn 200 nm. Ngy nay, nm rm c trng nhiu cc nc khc nhau nh Vit Nam, Malaysia, Myanma, Philippine, Thi Lan, Nht Bn, Singapore, Triu Tin, Hn Quc v mt s nc chu Phi nh Madagasca, Nigieria. 2.1.1. Gi tr dinh dng v cng dng ca nm rm Nm rm khng ch l loi thc n ngon m cn c gi tr dinh dng cao. Tnh theo trng lng ti, nm rm cha 2,64 5,05% protein, trong c y 18 loi acid amin theo t l sau Bng 2. Thnh phn v t l cc loi acid amin STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com Acid amin Isoleusin Leusin Tryptophan Lysine Valin Methionin Treonin Phenyl alanin Arginin Acid asparazinic Acid glutamic Glysin % Protein 4,2 5,5 1,8 9,8 6,5 1,6 4,7 4,1 5,3 5,3 17,6 4,5 7

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang 13 14 15 16 17 18

Histidin Prolin Serin Lysine Alanin Xistin

4,1 5,5 4,3 5,7 6,3 +

Trong 19 acid amin ny th 8 loi u l cc acid amin khng thay th. Cc acid amin khng th thay th chim n 38,2% trong tng lng acid amin nm rm. T l ny cao hn so vi tht heo, tht b, sa v trng g. Lng cht bo (lipid) trong nm rm khong 3% trng lng vt cht kh. Trong cht bo bo ha chim 41,2% cha bo ha chim 58,8%. Loi cht bo cha bo ha ch yu1 l tin vitamin D2 (Ergocal ciferol) v Yergosterol. Bng 3. Thnh phn ha hc ca Nm rm (% tnh trn trng lng kh) Nc 90,1 Protein 21,1 Lipid 10,1 Carbonhydriat 58,6 Cellulose 11,1 Khong 10,1

Nm rm cha nhiu loi vitamin nh: B, C, K, A, D, E trong nhiu nht l vitamin B nh B1, B2, acid nicotinic, acid pantotheric. Nm rm cn cung cp rt nhiu cht khong cho c th. Cht khong chm 3,8% trng lng vt cht kh, trong kali chim 45%, ngoi ra nm rm cn c cc khong cht khc nh: P, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, t l tng nguyn t trong tng s mui khong nm rm thay i ty tng giai on pht trin ca qu th nm. Bng 4. T l cc nguyn t khong trong tng giai on pht trin ca qu th nm rm (%) Nguyn t khong P Na K Ca Mg Cu N nm 14,18 3,69 45,98 3,43 1,69 0,063 Dng trng 12,7 4,66 45,76 4,17 1,76 0,058 Dng ko di 12,29 1,80 42,42 3,37 1,60 0,043 Nm n xe 8,18 1,16 42,60 2,59 1,70 0,036 8

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Zn 0,110 Fe 1,120

0,118 0,140

0,081 1,110

0,078 0,0128

(Ngun: Nguyn Ln Dng, 2002) 2.1.2. c im sinh thi hc nm rm Nm rm l loi nm hoi sinh (saprophytic fungi) c i sng d dng, chng s dng cc loi cht hu c khc nhau, gp phn vo vng tun hon nit, cacbon t nhin. Meo ging pht trin dng h si, cc si nm n c dng ng trn, ng knh khong 2 4 m. Cc ng ny u c vch ngn ngang to cc t bo. T bo nm c cu to t bo ca cc sinh vt c nhn tht (Eukaryote) tuy nhin n cng c c trng ring: thnh t bo cu to ch yu l kitin glucan. Si nm c th pht trin t bo t hay t mt on si nm. Bo t ny mm theo cc hng khc nhau, si nm phn nhnh nhiu ln to thnh mt mng si nm dy chng cht v c mu trng. nm rm thuc ngnh ph nm m c ti 3 cp si nm: Si nm s cp (s sinh), si nm cp hai (th sinh) v si nm cp ba (tam sinh). Si nm cp mt lc u khng c vch ngn v phn thnh nhng t bo n trong si nm. Si nm cp hai c to thnh do s phi trn ca hai si nm cp mt. Khi nguyn sinh cht gia hai si nm s trn vo nhau (cht phi plasmogamy). Hai nhn ng ring r lm cho t bo cht c 2 nhn (si nm song nhn dicaryolichyphae). Si nm cp ba l do si nm cp hai pht trin thnh. Cc si nm lin kt li cht ch vi nhau v to thnh qu nm (qu th). Theo S.T. Chang (1978) th meo ging h si (khun ty) khng pht trin nhit ln hn 45oC v nh hn 15oC, khong nhit thch hp l 30 35oC v ti thch l 32oC. Qua thc nghim, S.T. Chang kt lun: vic gi ging (bo qun tt nht) nn thc hin nhit 15 1oC. iu kin ny c th gi c cht lng h si trn 30 ngy, nhit trong giai on sn xut thnh phm ti thch hp l 30 2oC. Nu nhit thp th qu th khng pht trin c. Cn nhit cao (di 45oC) th qu th nm pht trin nhng gim v sn lng chung v cht lng nm n. nhit di 20oC nm khng sinh sn, nn tng nhit 33 35oC trong thi gian 2 3 ngy khi c s m chi nm t h si pht trin thnh qu th. m , pH c cht v m khng kh cng l yu t rt quan trng trong quy trnh nui cy ging cng nh sn xut nm rm. m c cht t 65 75 %, pH = 6,5 7,0, m khng kh 80% l iu kin thch hp cho s sinh trng v pht trin ca nm rm. m tng i ca khng kh c lin quan mt thit n nhit mi trng. Do cn ch n iu ny khi nhit mi trng thay i. Bng 5. m bo ha ca khng kh Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 9

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Nhit (oC) -5 0 5 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 bo ha (g/m ) 3,3 4,8 6,8 9,44 10 10,6 11,3 12 12,8 13,6 14,4 15,3 16,2 17,2
3

Nhit (oC) 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 50 55 60

bo ha (g/m3) 18,2 19,3 20,5 21,6 22,9 24,2 25,6 27,0 28,5 30,1 48,8 90,2 116,7 157,3

2.1.3. Quy trnh nhn ging v phng php ch bin mi trng dinh dng 2.1.3.1. Quy trnh nhn ging tng qut Meo ging nm rm c chia lm 4 loi, c trng cho 4 giai on nhn ging trong qui trnh sn xut meo l: meo thch, meo ht, meo cng v meo gi mi. Meo thch ngoi vic cung cp dinh dng d hp th cho t nm cn tin cho vic quan st cc mm tp nhim. Mi trng ht lm tng v s lng phn b. Mi trng cng l dng trung gian tin li cho vic chuyn ging. Mi trng gi mi gip si t nm thch nghi vi c cht s nui trng.

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang


Qu th T nm Bo t

Nc chit Thch (agar) Cht b sung ng

Phn lp Mi trng thch Ging gc Cy chuyn Meo thch Cy chuyn

La hoc hat ng cc

Mi trng la

Meo ht Cy chuyn

Cng

Mi trng cng

Meo cng Cy chuyn

Rm hoc tru cht b sung

Mi trng gi mi

Meo gi mi

S 1. Quy trnh nhn ging tng qut 2.1.3.2. Phng php ch bin mi trng A. Mi trng thch L mi trng dinh dng tng hp bao gm ba thnh phn c bn: ng Thch hoc rau cu (Agar) Cht b sung

ng s dng cho nm l glucose, nhng cng c th thay bng saccharose. Liu lng cho vo thng t 2 3%. Cht lng b sung rt a dng ty theo tng ngi dng, tuy nhin cng c th chia lm hai nhm chnh sau: nc chit v ha cht. n gin th c cc loi nc chit: khoai ty, c rt, nm rm, la ny mm, u, cm lng s dng l t 15 20%. Nguyn liu s dng c gt v, ra sch, xt lt v nu ly nc chit. Phc tp th dng: nc chit tht, nc chit pepton, nm men ... cc loi ny thng c ch bin thnh dng bt v bo qun trong t lnh. Lng cho vo mi trng l 0,2%. Ha cht b sung vo mi trng nui cy nm ch yu l cc nguyn t khong nh: K, P, Mg cc cht ny thng dng mui nh KH2PO4, K2HPO4, MgSO4, KCl, P2O5 liu lng s dng t 0,1 0,3%. Ngoi ra, gip cho s tng trng ca nm, c th b sung vitamin B1 hay cc acid amin nh asparagin, acid glutamic. Hoc b sung cc acid nhn (acid nucleic) nh Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 11

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang edenosine liu lng cho vo rt nh t 20 50ppm. Mt vi trng hp ngi ta cn b sung mt hoc vi loi khng sinh, ngn chn cc mm bnh (Liu khng sinh dng thng khng nn qu 100 n v).

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang B. Mi trng ht Ph bin l cc loi ng cc. Qui trnh ch bin c tm tt nh sau:

La Ra Loi ht lp ( ny mm) Ra

Go Ra Vo Nu chn

u Loi ht lp Nu chn

Bo bo Thm t nc

Chai ht (ng ht) Kh trng 121oC/30 pht Cy ging S 2. Qui trnh to mi trng ht Cc loi ng cc c ra v loi ht lp. Sau , c th ny mm hoc khng, ri nu cho la chn n. m khong 65 75%, cho vo dng c cha v em kh trng trc khi cy ging. C. Mi trng cng Vit Nam, trong quy trnh nhn ging c thm cng on lm ging cng, nhm gip n gin thao tc cy t meo ht sang mi trng th, nhng quan trng hn l t nm pht trin nhanh v tui meo ng u hn so vi cy ht.

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Quy trnh ch bin meo cng c tm tt nh sau:

Rm r

Thn cy bp Ct khc 10 12 cm Ch i

Thn cy u Ct khc 6 8 cm Ch 2 4

Thn cy khoai m Ct khc 10 12 cm Ch nh

Ct khc 6 8 cm B 3 4 cng

Phi kh Ngm vi 0,5%, 48 gi Vt ra, ra sch Lm ro nc o cm go hoc cm bp Chai cng hoc ti cng Kh trng 121oC/30 pht Cy ging S 3. Quy trnh to mi trng cng Nguyn liu s dng c x l trong nc vi 1%, trong thi gian 48 gi. Vt ra ra sch bng nc, sau b sung cm hoc cm bp. Cc cht b sung ch dng lm o ngoi nguyn liu, trc khi cho vo dng c cha v kh trng 121oC trong 30 pht. C. Mi trng gi mi Meo gi mi l ging c em trng trc tip ngoi ng, kt thc giai on nhn ging. Meo thnh phm nui trn c cht th gn nh nguyn liu s nui trng. Dng rm r ct ngn ngm trong nc vi 1% trong thi gian 36 gi sau ra, vt ro, b sung dinh dng nh cm, bp, bt u, bt khoai vi t l t 5 n 15%. Cho vo bao b, em kh trng nhit 121oC trong 30 pht. 2.1.2. Phng php phn lp, cy chuyn A. Phng php to ging v tm quan trng ca ging gc Khi u qu trnh nhn ging hay lm meo ging l phi c ging gc. ging gc hay ging ban u c th thc hin bng nhiu cch: 1. Thu thp v gy ny mm bo t nm. 2. Tch si nm t cc c cht c nm mc. 3. Phn lp t qu th nm. Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 14

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Mi trng dinh dng nui si t nm thng s dng l mi trng thch tng hp. Sau khi nui cy mi trng dinh dng, t t nm s n lan trn mt thch thnh lp si trng. Nhng si nm ny lan dn ra t bo t hoc t m tht nm cho n khi ph kn cc b mt thch. Ging c dng lm ging gc phi t cc yu cu sau: L ging thun, khng ln tp. T mc khe chia nhnh u. T nm b st mt thch hoc n vng thnh ng nghim, t t kh sinh, t ri bng.

Ging gc l khu quyt nh trong sn xut v nui trng nm v n c nhn ra vi s lng ln v ch bit kt qu sau mt vi thng, ngha l sau khi thu hoc nm. Do s sut khi chn ging gc s dn n thit hi rt ln. B. Quy trnh phn lp tng qut Tai nm Gt sch cht bn bm chn nm Lau cn Tch i Tch tht nm M tht Ra dung dch chlorine 1% Ra nc v trng (3 ln) Gi th c t

t ln giy

Bo t Ngm nc v trng 4 gi Cy chuyn ln mi trng thch nghing hoc thch petri (PDA) Nui nhit phng Kim tra tp nhim Ging gc

Gi ging

Nhn ging cho sn xut

S 4. Quy trnh phn lp tng qut

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang C. Phng php phn lp C nhiu cch phn lp to ging gc nhng hiu qu nht l phn lp t qu th. V y l phng php nhn ging v tnh. Trong khi tch t nm th khng r l c ng l nm rm hay nm mc hoc nm di khc. Cn dng bo t nm cng khng n gin v y l giai on sinh sn hu tnh, nn nm to thnh c th b thay i c tnh. Ngoi ra, phng php phn lp t qu th hn ch c hin tng b ln hay nhim tp cc loi vi sinh vt khc v s dng trc tip cc m tht nm. Nguyn tc ca phng php ny l chn tai nm in hnh v giai on trng thnh, d nh gi cht lng ging. M tht nm tch nhng v tr kn o, t tip xc vi cc ngun bnh nht. D. Cc bin php ging khng b tp K thut v trng: V trng mi trng dinh dng: phng php ph bin hin nay l dng hi nc nng c p sut (121oC, p sut 1at, 30 pht). V trng mu cy: ct gt sch chn nm, dng cn 70o lau nh b ngoi st trng. V trng dng c: v trng bng ngn la n cn, sy nhit 160oC trong thi gian 120 pht i vi cc dng c nui cy. C th s dng tia t ngoi v trng bung cy hoc dng ha cht nh dung dch formaldehyde. V trng ni lm vic: phng cy phi kn gi, khng c nhng ngun bnh, v sinh. V trng trong thao tc: lm gn, kho, trnh th mnh, ni chuyn trong khi lm vic. Bng 6. Nguyn nhn v bin php khc phc nhim tp Hin tng nhim Nguyn nhn Kh trng Nhim hng lot khng t. Ging gc b nhim. Phng cy khng an ton. Nt bng b Nhim vi t l cao t. Thao tc cy cha tt. Ging gc b Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com Hng khc phc Xem li thi gian v nhit kh trng. Xem li vic x l nguyn liu: khch thc, m . Kim tra k ging gc trc khi cy. Xem li v sinh v che chn gi Nn s dng giy bt u. Khi m ni hp, nn ch 10 15 pht, cho hi nng sy kh nt. ng nghip hoc ti c cht, sau khi ly ra khi ni hp khng nn chng cht ln nhau, nt bng mau kh. 16

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang nhim mt phn. Xem li cch cy, khng th mnh, khng ni chuyn, khi m nt bng (ng nghim hoc ti c cht). Kim tra k ging gc trc khi cy. Phng cy khng kn gi Thao tc cy C nhim (t l khng cao) cha tt. Nt bng b t (nhng khng ng lot) Ni khng v sinh E. Cht lng, s lo ha v thoi ha ging Cc ch tiu nh gi cht lng ging Ging thun khit, c hay khng s ln tp cc loi vi sinh vt khc. Trng thi h si nm: ng u v mu sc v hnh thi. H men thy gii (tiu ha). Kt qu nui cy: nng sut, cht lng nm rm thnh phm, hnh thi v mu sc qu th. Bnh thng t nm tng trng n mt mc no , gp iu kin thun li s pht trin thnh qu th. Tuy nhin, trong ng nghim hoc bch phi, khng iu kin cho nm to qu th th t nm ngng tng trng sau tr nn gi dn hay lo ha. T lo ha c cc biu hin nh kt mng, tit nc c mu trng hay mu c, i mu t mu trng sang mu xm hay nu hoc to bo t mu thm. iu kin bnh thng ging nm rm lo ha sau 15 20 ngy. Khng nn s dng ging lo ha v nng sut v cht lng km. Ging c nui cy trn mi trng dinh dng tng hp nhiu ln, lm gim kh nng bin dng, t nm khng mc bnh thng, si nm mng manh. Nguyn nhn l do t nm gim s tng hp cc enzyme thy gii nh amylase, hemicellulose, cellulose, protease Dn n hin tng t nm khng s dng tt cc nguyn liu th nh tinh bt, cht x, cht m. Ging ny khi nui trng khng to c qu th hoc nng sut v cht lng rt thp. Xem li vic che chn. Cn thn trong lc cy ging. Lm nh cch hng dn trn. Xem li ni ging

S lo ha v thoi ha ging

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang 2.1.3. Nguyn liu v x l nguyn liu trng nm rm A. Nguyn liu nui trng nm rm Nguyn liu trng nm rm ch yu l rm r. Ngoi ra, c th s dng cc nguyn liu khc nh bng gn, b ma, lc bnh, c kh Nng sut nm rm c lin quan n hai thnh phn quan trng l Carbon (C) v Nit (N) c trong nguyn liu dng trng nm. T l C/N l 50 gip nm rm pht trin tt nht. Nng sut nm rm c th tng gp 2 n 3 ln khi nguyn liu s dng l rm r c b sung urea t c t l C/N l 50 Bng 7. Thnh phn hu c ca rm r (g/100g mu kh) Hp cht hu c 88,37 Carbon tng hp 51,26 Cellulose 29,68 Hemicellulose 17,11 Lignin 12,17 Nit tng s 0,16 C/N 84,03

Vi rm c t l protein thp (0,16 0,18%). Do , khi trng c th b sung thm mt vi ngun nit nh cm, urea, kh du. Ngoi ra, ngi ta c th s dng nhng ngun nguyn liu khc nh bng vi ph liu, thn ng, li ng, v u, mn ca Mt s cng thc phi trn nguyn liu trn nm rm: 1. Rm r: 60 kg + thn ng: 30kg +cm go: 5kg + vi: 5kg. 2. V ht bng: 60kg + thn ng: 28kg + super ln: 1kg + bt thch cao: 1kg 3. Rm r: 1000kg + amonsulphat: 2kg + cm go: 200kg + thch co: 10kg + urea: 2kg + vi: 10kg. 4. Rm r: 500kg + vi: 10kg + v ht bng: 500kg + thch cao: 10kg. 5. V ht bng: 92% + cm go: 5% + vi: 3%. 6. Bng ph liu: 94% + cm go: 3% + vi: 3%. 7. Bng ph liu: 3000kg + CaCO3: 120kg + cm go: 120kg + bn t: 300kg. 8. B ma: 87% + cm go: 10% + vi: 3%. 9. B ma: 70% + bt kh du: 6% + cm go: 5% + bt rm r: 15% + amonsulphat: 15% + thch cao: 1,5% + vi: 1%. 10. Rm r: 400kg + kh du ht bng: 90kg + urea: 5kg + vi: 5kg. 11. Rm r kh: 60% + bt rm r kh: 30% + cm go: 7% + thch cao: 1,5% + vi: 1% + urea: 0,5%; pH = 7,0 7,4. 12. Rm r kh: 30% + bt c: 47% + kh du: 10% + cm go: 10% + bt thch cao: 1% + vi: 2%; pH = 7,2 13. B ma: 45% + cm go: 35kg + supe ln: 5kg + vi: 2,5kg + thch cao: 5kg. 14. B ma: 400kg + bt rm r: 50kg + cm go: 40kg + thch cao: 5kg + vi: 5kg. Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 18

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang 15. Rm r: 500kg + cm go: 25kg + amonsulphat: 1,0 2,5kg + vi: 7,5kg. 16. Bng ph liu: 500kg + rm r: 250kg + vi: 7,5kg. 17. Rm r: 100kg + tm go: 80kg + u xanh: 40kg + cm go: 100kg. Bng 8. T l C/N ca cc loi nguyn liu Thnh phn C tng cng N tng cng T l C/N Rm r 51,26 0,61 84,03 L chui kh 50,52 1,71 29,54 Bng thi 42,21 1,73 23,82 B ma 49,19 0,69 60,70 Mt ca 42,54 0,57 56,53

B. X l nguyn liu Nguyn liu c x l theo s sau:

Rm r tt

Rm r khng tt (mc, nhim mc, phn, mn) Lm m vi nc hoc nc vi 0,5% ng 10 15 ngy c o trn 2 3 ln

Lm m vi nc hoc nc vi 0,5% ng 5 7 ngy

Ti nc v xp m S 5. Quy trnh x l rm r S hin din ca vi lm mm nhanh nguyn liu, ng thi lm kim ha mi trng, hn ch s pht trin ca vi khun, nm mc. Ngoi ra, vi cn kh c v nh gc Ca2+. T l C/N trong rm r lun cao hn nhu cu ca nm rm. Do , s dng tt c cht, nn b sung nit thch hp. Ngun nit b sung c th l hp cht v c hay hu c. Cc loi phn ha hc c dng nhiu trong sn xut nng nghip nh urea, NPK, DAP Liu s dng khng qu 0,5%, trn u trong nguyn liu trc khi xp m. Ngoi ra, cn lu khi thm urea, nu m cao m pH thp th nm di hay xut hin pht trin nhanh. C. Cc phng php trng nm Phng php trng ngoi tri (phng php xp m) y l cch trng ph bin, n gin nhng c nng sut v cht lng khng cao. Bn cnh phng php ny chu nh hng v ph thuc rt nhiu vo iu kin kh hu. Tuy nhin, n vn c s dng rng ri do u im v k thut d thc hin v vn u t thp. Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 19

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Ging gc Chn a im trng Nguyn liu Lm m ng Meo ging Cy ging Xp m t m, lm o m Nui Theo di nhit Ti n nm Ti nc Thu n nm S 6. Quy trnh trng nm rm ngoi tri D. Chun b nn t trng nm Khi chn ni trng nm, thng phi ch n nh hng gi v nng. Tt nht l trnh ni gi nhiu hoc c bin php che chn, nht l hai bn ca lung nm. M nm nn xp nng sng hoc nng chiu u c th si m hai bn thnh m. Nn t xp m phi cao hn mt bng xung quanh, nht l vo ma ma. Quanh lung m c rnh thot nc m nm khng b ng. Nn t phi c chun b k trc khi xp m. E. Chun b nguyn liu Rm r dng trng nm thng phi kh, tt nht l tr sau mt ma, nhng khng c mc nt hoc mc. Rm r c b thnh tng b c ng knh khong 10 15cm. Sau nhng nc vi 1% lm m. Rm r ca la ngn ngy c ngm lu hn trnh nh hng ca phn bn, thuc tr su. Trng hp rm sut bng my, kh b thnh b th c th lm m bng cch ti ln ng rm hoc nhng tng ni mt. Sau khi lm m, cht rm r thnh tng ng ln, y li bng bt nylon 2 3 ngy, c ni t 7 10 ngy cho nhit tng cao lm rm mm ra. Chun b ging Nguyn liu x l

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang F. Xp m v cy meo Cc b rm c xon li t v tr 1/3 k t chn ln v gp khc. Tun t xp thnh lung to thnh hai hng vi cc u gp hng ra hai bn i xng. Xp thnh ba lp, lp trn tht vo 5cm so vi lp di. Trung bnh mt bch meo ging khong 200g s dng cy cho 1,5 2m lung m. V tr cy meo nh hnh v.
10 cm

* * *

* 20 cm *

* *

Hnh 1. V tr cy meo ln m nm H. t m v cch lm o m M xp xong, thng c phi kh b mt ngoi mt hoc hai nng. Sau ph ln lp rm vn, kh v t. Khi m t phi chun b nc trnh chy lan hoc ngn la chy ngm, nh hng n meo ging. La chy qua dng nc dp ngay. Tro than c qut tp vo hai bn thnh m. t m c tc dng lm v sinh mt ngoi ca m gip gi m v m, ng thi cung cp khong cn thit cho t nm. G. Chm sc v ti n nm Trong thi gian nui t, cn nht l thng xuyn theo di nhit . Nhit ca m khong 35 40oC l t, qu 40oC nn b bt che gim nhit . Ngi dn c phng php kim tra bng tay, a su mt na bn tay vo gi cc lp rm. Nu va t tay vo thy m ln l t, nu thy tay lnh th phi che chn k hn. Tuy nhin, phng php ny c th l nguyn nhn ly nhim cc mm bnh vo m nm. Sau khi t m 3 ngy, bt u ch chm sc thng xuyn cho m nm. Ngoi nhit phi xem xt m . Ngi ta xc nh m ca rm bng cch rt vi cng rm ra xon trn, nu thy c nc rn r ra m khng rt git l t yu cu. Thi gian t ko di t 5 7 ngy, tnh t lc lm o m. Quan st thnh m thy t ging nh mng nhn v c mi tng t meo mc l chun b ti n nm. Ly bt rm vn v tm che thot kh v y l giai on h hp v trao i kh mnh. Dng vi sen hoc phun sng trnh lm hng n nm, thi gian ti tt nht l vo lc x chiu. K. Thu hi nm Nm rm ln rt nhanh. T lc xut hin n nm cho n khi thu hoch ch khong 2 3 ngy. Nm c hi khi ang dng bp hoc chm. C th hi vo bui chiu hoc sng sm

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang tin tiu th. Thi gian thu hoch t 3 4 ngy, nng sut cao nht l ngy th 2 v th 3, ngy u v cui khng ng k. Sau khi thu hi t mt, m c li t 5 6 ngy, cch chm sc nh t mt nm ra t hai. Nng sut t hai thng thp hn nng sut t u. 2.1.4. Phng php trng nm trong nh (phng php thanh trng) y l phng php i hi phi c u t v k thut, thit b v nh trng nn cha tht s ph bin rng ri. Phng php ny cho nng sut gp i so vi trng ngoi tri. Nguyn liu s dng ch yu l rm. Ngoi ra, c th s dng ngun mt ca thi (trng nm mo, nm bo ng ) hoc nhng mt ca g mm hoai. Nm rm c trng theo phng php ny c coi l nm sch c cht lng cao. c bit l nm trng bng nguyn liu rm rt c th trng a chung, c gi thnh cao gp ri so vi nm trng ngoi tri. Theo L Duy Thng v Trn Vn Minh (2001) quy trnh trng nm rm trong nh c th tm tt nh sau: Mt ca thi (sau trng nm mo) Lm ti ra Thm vi 5% ng 2 3 ngy B sung dinh dng Mt ca nguyn (cc loi g mm) Lm m ng 15 20 ngy b sung m bng nc vi 5%

Trn meo ging (200g ging/25 kg mt ca)

ng khi
(khay hay khun) Phi kh b mt khun 2 3 nng. Nui t 7 10 ngy. T ging mng nhn Ti nc Thu hoch qu th S 7. Quy trnh trng nm rm trn mt ca trong nh 2.1.5. Bo qun v ch bin nm rm Nm rm l loi nm d bin i v h hng nhanh so vi cc loi nm trng khc do vic bo qun nm rm ti tng i kh khn hn. Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 22

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Nm rm c thu hoch theo nguyn tc b tng qu th giai on hnh trng hoc hnh cu. c tiu th ch yu dng ti, nm ti c th gi c trong 4 ngy iu kin nhit 10 15oC. Dng c vn chuyn bng thng g hoc st tre c lt li nha. Ngoi ra c th gi nm dng mui. Nm c luc 10 15 pht trong nc. Vt ra lm ngui nhanh bng nc lnh h nhit xung di 30oC. Nc mui c t l 10 nc: 4 mui, un nng cho n khi mui khng tan c na (khong 23oBeume). Thm vo mt t phn chua, lc c nc mui trong c nng bo ha. Sau , iu chnh pH = 3 3,5 ri cho nm vo, nc mui phi ngp mt nm. Thi gian bo qun nh vy c vi thng. Nm rm c th vn chuyn n cc nh my ng hp hoc c th ch bin thnh dng kh bng phng php phi hay sy. Nm c sy nhit 40 45oC trong 8 gi. Nm kh t t l trng lng bng 10% nm ti. 3.1. Gii thiu v nm Bo Ng Hin nay c 10 loi nm bo ng c nui trng ph bin l: Nm bo ng mu hng o (Pink Oyster Mushroom) tn khoa hc l Pleurotus salmoneostamineus L.Vass Nm bo ng hong bch (Branched Oyter Fungus) Pleurotus Cornucopiae (Paul ex Pers) Roll Nm bo ng kim nh (Citrin Pleurotus) Pleurotus citrinopileatus Sing Nm bo ng A nguy (Ferule Mushroom) _ Pleurotus ferulae Lenzi Nm bo ng tm (Oyter Mushroom) _ Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacquin. Fr) Quel Nm bo ng phin hng, pho (Pink Gill Oyter Mushroom) _ Pleurotus rhodophyllus Bres Nm bo ng cung di, nm bo ng mu tro ( long-stalked Pleurotus) _ Pleurotus spodoleucus (Fr) Fr Nm bo ng i Loan, nm a nng (Cystidi ate Pleurotus, Abalone Pleurotus) _ Pleurotus cystidiosus O.K.Miller Nm bo ng vin bo (Angles Wings) _ Pleurotus porrigens ( Pers.Fr) Sing Nm bo ng phng v, nm c vng, nm bo ng Himalaya, nm bo ng n (Phoenix-tail Mushroom) _ Pleurotus sajor caju (Fr) Sing Nm bo ng khng nhng n ngon m cn c gi tr dinh dng rt cao. Trong nm bo ng th, lng cha protein chim hn khong 20%. Trong protein ny c y cc acid amin vi tt c 8 acid amin khng thay th.

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Ch s acid amin khng thay th EAI (essential aminoacid index) c xc nh bng ch so snh vi cc acid amin khng thay th ca trng g. EAI ca nm bo ng phng v l 65,24 ; ca bo ng hong bch l 48,08 ; ca bo ng tm l 47,33. Gi tr sinh hc BV (biological value) theo Oser (1959) c tnh bng cng thc : BV = 1,09*(EAI) 11,70 BV ca nm bo ng phng v l 59,41; ca hong bch l 40,71 ; ca bo ng tm l 39,89. Gi tr dinh dng NI ( nutritional index) theo Crisan v Sandr (1978) c tnh theo cng thc : NI = EAI * T l protein (%) *10-2 NI ca nm bo ng phng v l 17,57 ; cu hong bch l 17,25 ; cua bo ng tm l 12,96. Ngoi ra, nm bo ng cn cha 1 s vitamin Bng 9. Thnh phn mt s Vitamin trong Nm Bo Ng Nm bo ng P.sajor-caju P.floridanus Vitamin (mg/100g nm kh) Vit C 111 113 Vit B1 1,75 1,36 Acid nicotinic 60,0 72,9 Vit B2 6,66 7,88 Acid pantotenic 21,1 29,4 Acid folic 1278 1412

Nm bo ng cn cha 1 lng ng k cc nguyn t vi lng : Bng 10. Thnh phn nguyn t vi lng c trong nm bo Ng Nm ng P.ostreatus P.comucop iae P.porrigen s bo N a 1 1 2 8 8 9 C a 5 5 7 9 Nguyn t vi lng (mg/100g nm kh) M g 17 4 20 9 94 14 06 18 40 98 5 5,0 21, 4 12, 4 P Fe C u 1, 6 1, 0 3, 6 Z n 9, 1 9, 9 7, 8 0,00 13 0,00 10 0,00 14 Mn

Ngoi gi tr dinh dng phong ph, nm bo ng cn c gi tr dc liu. Nhiu nghin cu cho bit nm bo ng c tc dng chng ung th, h huyt p, lm gim lng cholesterol trong mu, c ch s pht trin ca khng t loi vi khun : Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium phlei, Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 24

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang bacillus subtilisc bit vng c ch vi khun nm bo ng non cao hn nm bo ng trng thnh . Vi nhng ch li ca nm, ngy cng c nhiu ngi dng nm nh mt loi thc phm giu dinh dng, t nng lng thay th cho cc ngun thc phm giu nng lng t khc c ngun gc t ng vt. Gi tr dinh dng ca nm bo ng rt thch hp i vi ngi n king, ngi ln tui Bng 11. Gi tr dinh dng ca mt s loi thuc nm bo ng. Protein Loi nm th % % P.ostreatus ti P.ostreatus kh P.sp (An ) 3.2. Phn loi nm bo Ng Nm bo ng l tn dng cho cc loi thuc ging Pleurotus. Trong h thng phn loi nm bo ng thuc nhm sau: Chi: Pleurotus H: Pleurotaceae B: Agaricales Lp ph: Hymenomycetidae Lp: Hymenomycetes Ngnh ph: Basidomycotina Ngnh nm tht: Eumycota Gii nm: Mycota hay Fungi 21.6 7.2 60.5 10.7 351 27.4 1.0 65.0 6.6 356 30.4 2.2 57.6 9.8 345 Lipi d Carbon hydrat % % Tro NL cung cp Kcal

Theo Singer (1975) c tt c 39 loi v chia lm 4 nhm. Trong c hai nhm ln: Nhm a nhit trung bnh (n ho) kt qu th nhit t 10-20C.

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Nhm a nhit kt qu th nhit t 20-30C. y l nm c nhiu loi c nui trng nht Php, c 7 loi (P.cornucopiae, P.ostreatus, P.florida, P.du Qubec, P.columbinus, P.pulmonarius). cc nc chu cn thy c loi P.flabellatus ( Indonesia, n , Philippines), P.sajor-caju (n , Thi Lan v c), P.abalonus (i Loan v Thi Lan), ngoi ra cn c P. fossulatus, P.corticatus, P.eryngii Vit Nam nm bo ng trc y mc ch yu hoang di v c nhiu tn gi : nm s, nm hng trng hay chn di (min Bc), nm dai (min Nam). Vic nui trng loi nm ny bt u khong 20 nm tr li y vi nhiu chng loi : P. florida, P.ostreatus, P.pulmonarius, P.sajorcaju 3.3. c im ca Nm Bo Ng Nm bo ng c c im chung l tai nm dng phu lch, phin mang bo, cung nm gn gc c lp lng nh mn. Tai nm bo ng cn non c mu sc sm hoc ti nhng khi trng thnh mu tr nn sng hn. Chu trnh sng ca nm bo ng cng nh cc loi nm m khc, bt u t m bo t hu tnh, ny mm cho h si t dinh dng (sith cp).Kt thc bng vic hnh thnh c quan sinh sn l tai nm. Tai nm sinh ra cc m bo t v chu trnh li tip tc. C 4 nhn n bi (n), mi nhn n bi v sau s chui vo 1 m v to ra bo t m (basidiospore). Chu trnh sng ca nm bo ng T nm

Bo t ny mm

N nm

m bo t m

Dng di trng Dng phu Dng bn cu lch

Dng l lc bnh (trng thnh)

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Qu th nm bo ng pht trin qua nhiu giai on da theo hnh dng tai nm m c tn gi cho tng giai on . Dng san h: qu th mi to thnh, dng si mnh hnh chm. Dng di trng: m xut hin di dng khi trn, cn cung pht trin c v chiu ngang v chiu di nn ng knh cung v m khng khc nhau bao nhiu. Dng phu: m m rng, trong khi cung cn gia (ging ci phu). Dng bn cu lch: cung ln nhanh mt bn v bt u lch so vi v tr trung tm ca m. Dng l lc bnh: cung ngng tng trng, trong khi m vn tip tc pht trin, ba mp thng n dn sng. T giai on phu sang bn cu lch c s thay i v cht (gi tr dinh dng tng), cn t giai on bn cu lch sang sang dng l c s nhy vt v khi lng ( trng lng tng), sau gim dn. Nm bo ng thuc nhm ph hoi g, sng ch yu hoi sinh, mc d mt s loi c i sng k sinh nh P.ostreatus, P.eryngii(Kreiself,1961). Phn ln c cht dng cho nm pht trin u cha ngun cellulose. Tuy nhin, a s trng hp lng cellulose bao gi cng thp hn 50% con li l lignin, hemicellulose v khong. Nm bo ng l loi c kh nng s dng lignin mnh, nht l thi gian khi u ca vic to qu th. 3.4. nh hng ca iu kin ngoi cnh Ngoi cc cht dinh dng, s sinh trng v pht trin ca nm cn lin quan n nhiu yu t khc ca mi trng nh: nhit , m , pH, nh sng, oxy Nm bo ng mc c bin nhit tng i rng. Trong thc t c cc chng loi nm bo ng thch ng khc nhau vi nhit ca mi trng. Ngi ta chia thnh 6 loi : Loi a lnh : nhit thch hp hnh thnh qu th bin ng trong phm vi khong 515C, nhit thch hp nht 8-13C. Loi chu rt : qu th c th hnh thnh nhit 5-20C, tt nht l 10-18C. Chng thuc loi Pleurotus ostreatus, thng c chu k sn xut ngn . Loi a m : qu th hnh thnh nhit 8-25C, tt nht 12-22C. Phn ln cng thuc loi Pleurotus ostreatus, qu th c mu tro hay mu trng tro, m nm dy. Loi thch nghi kh rng : qu th hnh thnh nhit 8-28C, tt nht l 12-24C , thuc loi Pleurotus floridanus . nhit thp v nh sng qu th c mu nu g, nhit tng i cao qu th c mu trng sa, c tnh khng tp nm, tp khun cao. Si nm c hot tnh cao i vi vic phn gii cht s, g. Loi thch nghi rng : qu th hnh thnh nhit 7-33C, tt nht 15-25C, cng thuc loi Pleurotus ostreatus. Cc chng ny khi nhit cao m nm c mu gn trng, khi nhit thp m nm c mu tro hay mu nu tro. Nhit cng lnh mu cng thm. Qu th kh Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 27

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang ln ,cung di t bo t . nhit thch hp v thong kh cung nm ngn. Khi lnh v km thong kh cung nm di. Loi a nhit ; qu th c hnh thnh nhit 20-30C. Khi nhit cao ln n 35C trong 1 thi gian ngn cng khng nh hng g. Cc chng trong nhm ny thuc v 2 loi : Pleurotus sajor-caju v Pleurotus cystidiosus. Bng 12. Nhit thch hp cho t v ra qu th ca vi loi nm bo ng Loi nm bo ng Nhit thch hp cho tng trng t P.ostreatus P.florida P.sajo-caju P.cortinatus P.cystidiosus P.fabellatus P.eryngii P.tuber-regium P.abalonus P.cornucopiae 20-30C 25-30C 25-30C 27-32C 27-32C 20-28C 20-30C 35C 27-32C 25C Nhit thch hp ra nm 15C 20C 25C 28C 25-28C 20-25C 20-22C 28-30C 25C 15-25C

m cng rt quan trng i vi s pht trin ca qu th. Trong thi k ti n nm, m khng kh khng c di 70%, tt nht 70-95%. m thp hn 70% qu th b vng v kh mp. 50% nm ngng pht trin v cht, dng bn cu lch v dng l b kh mt v chy vng ba mp m nm. Ngc li, m cao (95%) cha hn tt cho nm, tai nm d b nhn v r xung. C cht khi ch bin thng c nhng bin i v pH. i vi nm bo ng kh nng chu ng s dao ng ca pH tng i tt, pH mi trng c th gim xung 4.4 hoc tng ln 9, t nm vn mc c. Tuy nhin pH thch hp i vi hu ht cc loi bo ng trong khong 5.0-6.0, pH thp lm qu th khng hnh thnh c v ngc li pH qu kim tai nm b d hnh. nh sng ch cn thit cho vic to n nm. nh sng tt nht l khong 2000 lux, cng nh sng qu mnh s ngn cn vic hnh thnh n nm, cn nh sng yu lm chn nm di ra, m hp. c bit qu trnh ny mm ca bo t v tng trng ca t nm bo ng c lin quan n nng CO2 cao (22%), nhng khi cn ra nm th nng CO2 phi gim v lng oxy tng ln. Nu khng m nm s hp li trong khi chn di ra, dn n tai nm b d hnh. Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 28

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang 3.5. K thut trng nm Bo Ng 3.5.1. S lc v k thut lm ging Meo ging gc bao gm tt c cc dng trung gian, cha ng sinh khi ca loi nm d nh nui trng. Trong thc t nhiu khi khng c meo ging ngi ta vn thu hi c nm. Ngun ging nh vy c sn trong t nhin, bao gm cc bo t nm, do gi hoc cn trng, k c nc mang n. Ging trong nui trng cn c th do nguyn liu s dng nhim sn t nm. Tuy nhin cch lm trn thng nng tnh may ri v d dn n tht bi. K thut lm meo ging pht trin mnh sau khi phng php nui cy m t bo ra i. Qu trnh lm meo ging c thc hin trong iu kin v trng tng i nghim ngt, gm cc khu: to ging gc, ch bin c cht dinh dng , cy chuyn a. To ging gc Ngun ging phn lp c th l t nm, bo t nm hoc m tht nm. Hin nay, ngi ta thng dng m tht nm hn v thao tc d lm v c tnh ging t b bin i ( nhn v tnh ). Vic phn lp t yu cu khi trn mi trng nui cy ch mc duy nht mt loi t nm nh lm ging, khng hin din mt loi vi sinh vt no khc. b. Ch bin mi trng dinh dng: Mi trng dng nui cy nm phi c thanh trng k cng. Mi mi trng co ngha ring trong cc khu lm ging nh mi trng thch, ht, cng, gi mi nhng u c chung cc c im. Cung cp dinh dng cho nm Khng nh hng n sinh l v bin dng ca nm, nh pH mi trng, s tch ly cc cht c Khng lm thay i c tnh nm nh mau gi, mau lo ha D thc hin v tin dng: ging thch quan st chn la, meo ht gup phn b nhanh ngun ging , meo cng thao tc nhanh trong cy chuyn , meo gi mi gip nm lm quen vi nguyn liu trong mi trng nui cy c. Cy chuyn nhn ging: Qu trnh sn xut meo ging qua rt nhiu giai on , v vy phi qua nhiu ln cy chuyn. Mi ln cy chuyn th s lng li tng ln nn cn uc gi l qu trnh nhn ging . Thao tc v qui trnh thc hin phi c bit ch n vn v trng. ng thi tng giai on phi thng xuyn kim tra ging mc khng b nhim tp. Qui trnh sn xut ging c th tm tt nh sau:

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

Bo t Qu th T nm

Ging gc B su tp ging

Mi trng thch - PGA

Ging sn xut (ging thch) Meo ht : Mi trng cng - La Rm - Bobo Mi trng gi mi - Rm - Tru - Mt ca

Ging cng Ging meo ht

Meo ging (meo gi mi)

Bao b ng ging cc dng: chai thy tinh, chai nha, ti nilon D trn mi trng hay bao b no th cng phi m bo cht lng: Khng nhim bnh: quan st bn ngoi thy nm c mu trng ng nht, si nm mc u t trn xung di, khng c ma l, khng c cc vng loang l C mi thm d chu : nu c mi chua, kh chu l ging b nhim vi khun, nm di Ging khng gi hoc qu non : nu thy c m so hoc cy nm trong chai, mu chai ging chuyn sang vng, nu l ging qu gi. Ging cha n kn ht y bao b l ging cn non. S dng tt nht khi ging n kn ht y bao t 3 -4 ngy. 3.5.2. K thut trng nm bo ng Nm bo ng l loi c th trng trn nhiu loi nguyn liu khc nhau. Ngoi cch trng c in trn g khc, trn mt ca ca nhiu loi cy, nm bo ng cn cho nng sut cao ngay c trn cc loi nguyn liu xp nh rm r, b ma , ci bp, thn v cy u, bng ph thi Ni chung nm c kh nng s dng tt mi ngun hydratcarbon ( hn 70% trong tng s ca c cht), nht l cellulose. Hot ng ny l nh vo h thng enzyme thy gii mnh v a dng nh: Cellulase thy gii cellulose Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 30

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Hemicellulase thy gii hemicellulose Xylanase thy gii Xylan Laccase thy gii lignin Bng 13. Thnh phn hu c mt s nguyn liu trng nm ( g /100g mu kh) Vt liu Hp cht hu c Lng C tng s Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin Lng N tng s C/N Bng thi 71.05 41.21 36.34 6.38 7.90 1.73 23.82 Rm r 88.37 51.26 29.68 17.11 12.17 0.61 84.03 L chui kh 87.09 50.02 10.85 19.85 18.21 1.71 29.54

nm pht trin tt hn th ta cn phi b sung thm ngun m. Tuy nhin, khi trng trn nguyn liu khng kh trng th nhiu tc gi cho rng khng nht thit phi b sung m, chnh cc vi sinh vt c nh m trong khng kh lm tng ngun m cho nm bo ng. T l ngun carbon i vi m ( C/N tt nht l khong 25 - 30 v khng qu 50). i vi ngun khong, ch yu cc mui v c, th tc dng ln s tng trng khng nhiu lm, n lm nm kt qu th sm hn bnh thng. Nm bo ng c th cho qu th sm hn 10 ngy khi cho thm KCl. 3.5.3. K thut trng nm bo ng trn g khc A. Nguyn liu v x l Nm bo ng mc c trn hu ht cc cy l rng (tr cc cy c tinh du nh trm , khuynh dip, du con ri), c bit cc cy nh so a , cao su , sung cho sn lng kh cao. Thng thng cy g mem, t nm n nhanh, nhng thi gian thu hi ngn; cn vi cc cy g cng, thi gian ra nm chm nhng thu hi lu hn. Vic chn nguyn liu ty theo thi k dinh dng ca cy, ngha l trc khi ra hoa hoc sau khi rng l (khong thng 11, 12), cy s dng c ng knh khng di 10cm. Sau khi n, thng cy cn ti s ngn c t nm khng mc c , nhng nu phi cy ngoi nng hoc dng cht kh nh formalin th cy s cht nhanh v cc m b ngp khng th vn chuyn cc cht hu c i ngc v thn . Tt nht l gi cy trong mt t 7 10 ngy , cy cht t t v cac cht dinh dung cng tp trung v thn. B. V meo v nui Meo ging bo ng c lm trn tru, mt ca hoc g ming. Meo thng s dng tt nht khi t n y bch hoc chai 2 ngy. Meo y, t nm s ph trng tot khng c qun thm

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang hoc mu xm ti. Ring P.ostreatus , P.abalonus b mt h si xut hin nhng m en lm tm (l dch nhy cha bo t v tnh). i vi phng php c l: to l trn thn cy, a meo ging vo tng khuc g mt. Ty din tch b mt hay kch thc ca cy m c s l tng ng , nh vy m rt ngn c thi gian nui t nm. Thng thng cc l cch nhau 20cm, do t nm 2 l k tip s giao nhau khong ngy th 15. Ri y np li, trt parafin ln. Theo phng php Hungari th meo c gieo thnh lp , chn gia cc khc g vi nhau (thng 3 4 lp). Cc khc g gi chng ln nhau bng 2 thanh np (ng inh hoc buc) hoc ch dng nhng khc ri. Sau khi giao meo, b mt khuc g c y bng ming g dy. Qu trnh nui t c tin hnh trong cc hm o su di t. Nu cc khc g khng chng ln nhau th ch cn su 40cm, cn ngc li phi o t 1,2 1,5m . Din tch hm ty thuc s lng g s dng. y hm uc rc 1 lp meo ph mt, sau mi xp cy vo. Cy xp st nhau gi m v m.Ming hm ph rm hoc sy , ri ri ln mt lp t. t phi x l dit cn trng v lm m bng nc trc khi em ph ln mt, thi gian thng ko di c nm. C. Chm sc v ti n nm Cc khc cy sau thi gian , c chuyn ra bi trng. Bi trng nn chn di cc thn cy c bng mt v trnh nng chiu gay gt nhng cng khng nn qu rm, che ti nm lc ra tai. Bi cn dn sch v pht quang cho trng tri, o l v t khc g xung su khong 30 cm. Nu ch xp khng bng mt, phi ph thm l hoc rm che cho g. Thi gian u , cng vic ch yu l ti nc. Nc ti nhm gi m cho cy v kch thch t nm ra qu th. 3.5.4. K thut trng nm bo ng trn mt ca Nm bo ng l loi nm ph g nn vic trng trn g hay trn mt ca u c ngha nh nhau. Tuy nhin nui trng trn mt ca c mt s u im sau: Ch bin v b sung dinh dng d dng C th kh trng hn ch nhim Chm sc v thu hi thun tin hn Thi gian thu hi rt ngn li Nguyn liu c ch bin v kh trng cht ch trc khi cy ging ( dng ti) Nguyn liu ch bin n gin v khng kh trng ( dng khi)

Cch trng c th c nhiu kiu khc nhau nhng c 2 phng php chnh:

A. Dng ti Mt ca thng dng l mt ca cao su.Tuy nhin nu khng c , vn c th dng mt ca tp sn xut. Cc loi dinh dng v liu lng cn thit ti a khi b sung vo mt ca nh sau: Mt Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 32

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang ca cao su c trn vi nc vi 1% ng (ln men) t 2 3 ngy. Nu qu thi gian 3 ngy, nhit gim, c cht c nhiu thc n n gin, cc loi nm mc, vi trng s pht trin dnh mt phn dinh dng, kt qu l mt ca bt u i mu, cht lng ca nguyn liu b bin i, dn n nng sut trng nm gim. Mt ca ng vo bch tt nht l kh trng ngay. Nu v l do g khng kp hp, th cng khng nn qu 12 gi v trong sut thi gian ny ng vi y nt bng . Cc nhm vi sinh vt hin din trong bch mt ca s tip tc hot ng v thi ra nhiu kh c nh NH3 hay SO2 cc kh ny khng th thot ra ngoi , b gi li trong ti nn gy c i vi nm. Kt qu l t khng bm c vo c cht. Cch kh trng ph bin hin nay l dng nhit m (hi nc nng ) vi p sut hoc khng p sut. Kh trng vi p sut Thit b kh trng l ni cao p ( autoclave). Ni ny gi p sut do hi nc cung cp v v th s lm nhit nng ln cao, dit bo t ca vi trng, nm mc Vi phng php ny, mi trng c tit trng tng i trit , nhng nhiu thnh phn dinh dng s b hy nhit cao. Hp kh trng khng p sut Cch hp ny khng i hi thit b t tin li c th kh trng s lng ln bch cng 1 lc v quan trng hn l cc cht dinh dng trong nguyn liu khng b ph hy bi nhit . Tuy nhin, kh nng tit trng ch tng i, nht l cc bo t nm s khng b tiu dit hon ton. Nguyn tc chung ca phng php ny l un si nc (cha trong thng phuy hoc cho ca t hp), hi nc nng s i ngang qua bch v tip xc vi thnh bch . Qu trnh trao i nhit lm cho hi nc nng truyn vo trong mt ca, s gia nhit dn khi nguyn liu n nhit cao kh nng dit cc mm bnh c trong ti mt ca. : Bch nm c cy ging chuyn vo phng , t trn gi hoc trc tip trn nn t theo chiu hng nt bng ln trn. Nh cn thong mt, sch s, khng cn nh sng. Thi gian ko di khong 25 -30 ngy. Si nm pht trin, n dn vo nguyn liu to nn mu trng ng nht, bch rn chc l tt. Nu khng n kn nguyn liu hoc khng pht trin c th l do nguyn liu b nhim bnh, nn vt b ngay cc ti . Trng hp nhn thy bch nm mu xanh, en do b nhim nm mc cng nn loi ngay. Rch bch: bch nm sau khi pht trin 25 -30 ngy (k t lc cy ging ), dng dao nhn, sc rch 4 - 6 ng xung quanh. Khong cch gia cc ng rch u nhau, chiu di vt rch t 3 - 4 cm. Sau khi t y bch bt u chuyn sang giai on ti n nm bo ng Bch c th treo thnh xu trong nh trng Bch cng c th xp thnh nhiu lp nm ngang, sao m ming ti n nm, nm s tp trung mt m ra ngoi. Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 33

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Nh trng trong thi gian ny cn phi gi m tt, nht l khi treo bch. Ty lng nm ra nhiu hay t, to hay nh, m khng kh cao hay thp iu chnh s ln ti v lng nc ti trong ngy. Khng trc tip ti nc vo tai nm non v c th lm cht nm (tai mm nhn v r xung). V nguyn tc ti nc di dng phun sng, lng t nhng ko di thi gian ti trong mt ln sao cho nhn b mt m nm lc no cng c mt lp nc ng trn. Trung bnh mt ngy ti 4 -6 ln. Trong giai on ny nm rt cn m, nu thiu nc, cy nm ra cn ci, nh cn, n rt dai. Ngc li, nu ti qu nhiu, nm c mu vng thi ra. Sau khi thu hi ht mt t th ngng vic ti nc, khong 5 -7 ngy sau nm ra tip t 2,3,4, 5 Mi t cch nhau t 7 10 ngy, cng v sau khong cch gia cc t tha dn v tai nm cng nh i. Cc yu t v thng thong v nh sng cng rt quan trng, n khng nhng gip cho nm pht trin m cn c tc dng ngn nga cc mm bnh. B. Dng khi Nguyn liu cng lm m bng nc vi 1.0% nhng khng phi qua ch kh trng cn thn nh cch lm bch. C 2 trng hp: Hp nguyn liu: mt ca sau khi lm m cho vo bao PP, em hp bng thng phuy hoc ni ln. Nhit ni t t 85 950C trong 68 gi. Sau yn trong bao 24 48 gi ch ngui ri mi s dng. Khng hp kh trng: nguyn liu c cht ng ngoi nng v ph ln trn bng lp vi nha (nilong) gia nhit. Thi gian t 2 3 ngy sau trn u trc khi s dng. Tu iu kin, mt bng v kh nng u t ca ngi trng c th c nhiu cch nn khi khc nhau: S dng khun nn: khun hnh thang y ct, nguyn liu c cho vo tng lp dy 5 10cm, xong mi lp li cy ging. Ging ri u trn b mt ca mi lp. Sau khi thm lp mt ca, mt tan b khi c nn cht ri mi rt khun ra (trnh hin tng rn v ca khi mt ca v nn xong). Cch lm ny cn c nh ring bit v tng i v sinh (v d b nhim tp). Ngoi ra cc khi phi c ph nilon gi m trong sut giai on t. u im ca phng php ny l nhanh, t tn km v t nm n lan cng nhanh hn. S dng khay: khay c dng c th l khay g hoc nha. Khay c dng khi ch nht, mt y kn. Chiu cao ca khay nn t 15 20cm cn chiu di cng nh ngang l ty kch thc khay nha sn c hoc thch ca ngi trng sao cho khng qu ln (cng knh) hoc qu nh (mt nhiu cng). Nguyn liu cho vo thnh tng lp, c mi lp (dy 5 10cm) th cy ging v ging cng ri u trn mt lp mt ca. Sau nn mt ca xung nhng va phi, khng qu cht lm t kh n su. Trn mt khay ph nilong gi m. Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 34

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Nhiu khay c th trng ln nhau, nhng nn chm cc khay cch nhau t nht 10cm to s thng thong cho t nm h hp. S dng ti ln: ti dng l ti nha ti sinh, kch thc trung bnh t 40-60cm cha c t 8 -10kg nguyn liu. C th dng ti ln hn nhng li bt tin trong vic di chuyn m kt qu vn khng cao hn. Cc cht cho vo theo tng lp v mi lp dy khong 10cm. Ging c cy xen vo gia cc lp v ri u trn mt mt ca . Mt trn cng ca khi nguyn liu nn gieo mt lp ging trc khi xp ming ti li . Nh lp ny, t nm lan nhanh, hn ch c mm nhim. Kinh nghim cho thy ging nm khi gieo cy tt nht khng nn bp vn m b thnh ming. Ging trn vo nguyn liu chim 8 -10% so vi trng lng c cht. 3.5.5. K thut trng nm bo ng trn rm r v b ma A. Nguyn liu v x l Rm r l nguyn liu ti xp, thch hp cho vic nui trng nm bo ng, gip rt ngn thi gian thu hoch, cho nng sut cao. Rm r tt nht l nn cht vn thnh on 3 5cm, nhng nu qu tn km v kh thc hin th c th ct khc 20 30. Lm m nguyn liu bng cch ngm hoc nhng vo nc vi 1%. Thng rm r mun ngm nc tt cn phi phi cho tht kh v sau khi nhng nc nn ng 3-5 ngy. ng cht cao t 1 -1.5m v ph nilon kn ti t. Nhit bn trong ng c th ln n 60 700C. mt s nc, ngoi rm r (la nc, la m hoc i mch) ngi ta cn b sung thm cc cht dinh dng nhiu m nh bt lng v (Php), thn v ci bp nghin (c), ure 1% (Thi Lan) Rm r c 8 ngy phi m bo cc yu cu sau: m t 65% ( vt cht, ch c nc t vn tay). Nu qu m hoc qu kh phi li 1 -2 ngy sau mi trng. Rm r c mi thm d ch, mu vng sng, mm. Ch : ng phi c khi lng t 300kg rm r kh tr ln mi m bo nhit . i vi b ma cch lm cng tng t nh rm r phi kh nghin nh hoc cht vn ra, ri x l bng nc vi hay xng hi nc nng bt pH, acid v ng tha.

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Qui trnh x l v trng nm bo ng trn b ma: B ma Phi kh, lm m vi nc vi 0.5% b sung ure 3

Ti nguyn liu Trn ging vo ti nui 15 -20 ngy Kh trng, cy ging nui 20 -25oC

Ti phi

Ti phi

M ming Ti nc Qu th b. Cy ging v nui : Nguyn liu sau khi ch bin c nn thnh khi trong cc dng c khc nhau ty theo cch trng mi nc: S dng ti nilon, khay g hoc nha: tng t nh trng bng mt ca (thng p dng H Lan, Php) S dng st tre (n , Thi Lan): nguyn liu trn ging v cho vo st tre, ng knh y 30cm, ming 40cm v cao 40cm. Ly nilon ph li nui . Trng kiu tr (n ): tr gm mt thanh ng lm li gia, y l mt a trn ng knh 30cm v c 3 chn. Rm r dng si di, nh li thnh mt ni qun quanh tr t chn ln nh. Va qun va cy ging. Sau dng nilon qun ton khi li v t n lan. Cn nu rm cht ngn hoc nghin nh th nn vu tr theo kiu khun nn. S dng khay li: khay dng c 2 mt. Mt cnh li c th dng lm ca v mt cnh hng pha trn c th tho lp d dng nht nguyn liu vo. Meo ging cy vo rm r hay b ma chim t l t 5 -6 % v khng nn bp vn. c. Chm sc v thu hi nm Khi t nm lan y, khi c cht c bn cht li , chuyn sang giai on hi n nm. nm bo ng kt qu th v tai nm pht trin tt cn m bo cc yu cu sau: Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 36

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Nhit h (15 200C) t nht l 10 gi m cao (70 95%) nh sng ( thp nht l 150 lux trong nhiu gi) Thng kh ( nng CO2 < 0.1%)

Trng hp cc dng khay c th nm lc hoc dng nghing hay ng ti n nm. Trng hp khay li, tt nht l dng ng v thnh cc hng vi mt hng vo nhau. Trng hp dng khi hay bnh (ti nilon hoc st), c th m ming , ng hoc nm ngang n nm, hoc ly ra thnh, cht ln nhau thnh nhiu tng ri ti n nm. Trung bnh t 10 15 ngy, nm kt tai v ra gn nh ng lot. S t thu hi nm bo ng c th ln n 10 ln. Vic thu hi nm tin hnh giai on nm trng thnh, ngha l lc m nm mng li v cng rng ra, mp hi qum xung ( nu mp cong ln l nm gi). Nm thu giai on ny c dinh dng cao, t b h hng v gi c lu dng ti. Khi hi nm nn hi tng chm, khng nn tch tng tai l. Nm hi xong phi ct gc cho sch ri mi cho vo gi ng, nu khng s ly bn cc c cht bm gc. Nm bo ng c th gi ti t 5 -7 ngy, iu kin 5 -100C bng cch cho vo ti nilon (gi m) nm lu kh v c nhiu l nh to s thng kh, t bo nm khng b ngp cht. Lm kh nm bo ng ch cn dn mng, ni thong gi l nm kh queo li. Nu phi v sy th cng nhanh hn. Tuy nhin khi sy khng nhit cao hn 50 600C trnh lm nm vng hoc chy xm (thm ba mp). Thng nm kh c mi thm c trng nhng khng dn v ngt nh nm toi. T l kh : ti = 1:10 - 11 (ngha l 10 11 kg nm ti mi c 1kg nm kh) 3.5.5. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh trng nm A. Yu t mi trng: ngoi cc tc nhn vt l nh nhit , m , pH, nh sng, nng CO2 nm bo ng cn c bit nhy cm vi cc cc tc nhn gy nhim mi trng nh ha cht, thuc tr su, cc kim loi nng.. c trong nguyn liu cng nh trong khng kh ni nui trng. Tai nm thng s b bin dng hoc ngng to qu th . B. Dch bnh gy hi nm: so vi cc loi nm trng khc th nm bo ng l t bnh nht. Ch yu thng gp 2 loi bnh ph bin l: mc xanh Tricoderma sp. v u trng rui nh. i vi mc xanh ( Tricoderma), ngoi vic tranh ginh thc n, chng cn thay i mi trng sng, to ra nhiu tp cht nh hng n s tng trng v pht trin ca nm. hn ch s pht trin ca loi mc ny, c th c 2 bin php: kh trng tt nguyn liu hoc nng pH. i vi u trng ca rui nh, chng thng chui vo cc khe gia ca phin nm, cn ph lm h nm. Tc sinh sn ca chng li rt nhanh nn gy ra mt thit hi ng k. V Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 37

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang vy nh trng nn c li chn khng cho chng lt vo. Tuy nhin vn chnh vn l v sinh nh tri, khng dch pht sinh. 3.6. BO QUN V CH BIN SN PHM 3.6.1. S bin i ca nm sau thu hoch Mt nc: nm thng ch nhiu nc (85 95%) v lng nc cn thit ny mt rt nhanh do h hp v bc hi. S ha nu: nm c enzyme poliphenoloxidaz (polyphenolase hoc phenolase) xc tc phn ng oxi ha hp cht phenolic khng mu ca nm thnh quinon l cht c mu nu. Cht ny kt hp vi cc chuyn ha cht ca acid amin thnh phc hp mu nu sm. Phn ng xy ra vi O2 v lm nm chuyn sang mu nu. Qu trnh ny xy ra rt chm nhng nm ha nu s lm gim gi tr thng phm. S thi nhn: khi m ca nm qu cao do lm kh cha ti hoc nm kh b ht m tr li s to s nhim vi sinh (nhim trng hoc mc), dn n hin tng thi nhn , hi , to c t. S bin cht: sau 4 ngy bo qun, lng polisaccarid nm s gim t 10% xung di 5%. Trong khi , kitin vch t bo li tng ln 50% lm tai nm tr nn dai chc. Cht bo trong nm cng b bin i, cc acid bo khng no do oxi ho gy mi kh chu, thm ch gy c cho ngi dng. Cc loi nm nhit i c im l h hp nhanh sau khi thu hoch. Cng h hp t l nghch vi thi gian bo qun . 3.6.2. Bo qun nm bo ng Dng ti: ch gi c thi gian ngn, bng cch lm chm s pht trin, gim cng h hp, chng thot nc v bo qun nhit thp. Thi gian bo qun c th ko di hn nu gi nng CO2 cao (trn 25%) trong ti PE hoc kh lnh . Dng kh: lm kh bng cch phi nng hoc sy. Khi sy kh nm c th c c nm. Dng nm mui: nm c luc s trong nc si t bo ngng hot ng, cho thm acid gi pH = 3, thm cht mui. Sau vt ra lm ngui, p mui kh rt nc cha trong nm. Cho nm vo dng c cha v ngm ngp trong nc mui 20 230C. c th bo qun c vi thng. Dng ng hp: gm 6 giai on : lm sch, ty trng, ng hp , kh trng, lm lnh, dn nhn, bao b. 4.1. Nm Linh chi

4.1.1. Khi qut chung Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 38

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Nm Linh chi c xp vo Thng Dc, trong sch Thn nng bn tho cch y khong 2000 nm thi nh Chu v sau c nh dc hc ni ting Trung Quc L Thi Trn phn ra thnh Lc Bo Linh Chi thi nh Minh vi cc khi qut cng dng dc l khc nhau, ng theo tng mu (L Thi Trn, 1590). Theo L Thi Trn th nm Linh chi c 6 mu khc nhau: Xch chi (Linh chi cn gi Hng chi) Hc chi (Linh chi en cn gi Huyn chi) Thanh chi (Linh chi xanh cn gi Long chi) Bch chi (Linh chi trng cn gi Ngc chi) Hong chi (Linh chi vng cn gi Kim chi) T chi (Linh chi tm) Nm Linh chi (Ganoderma lucidum) c nhiu tn gi khc nhau nh Bt lo tho, Vn nin tho, Thn tin tho, Chi linh, on tho, Nm lim,Mi tn gi ca Linh chi gn lin vi mt gi tr dc liu ca n. Tn gi Linh chi bt ngun t Trung Quc, hay theo ting Nht gi l Reishi hoc Mannentake. cc nc Chu , c bit Trung Quc, Nht Bn, Hn Quc, i Loan, vic nghin cu pht trin v s dng Linh chi ang c cng nghip ha vi quy m ln v phn loi, nui trng ch ng, ch bin v bo ch dc phm. ng thi nghin cu ha dc cc hot cht c tc dng dc l v phng php iu tr lm sng. Trong s cc loi Linh chi tm thy cho n nay th xch chi (Ganoderma lucidum) c nghin cu y dc chi tit nht. Loi chun Ganoderma lucidum c thnh phn hot cht sinh hc phong ph v hm lng nhiu nht. 4.1.2. V tr phn loi Nm Linh chi c v tr phn loi c tha nhn rng ri hin nay: Ngnh: Ngnh ph: Lp: Lp ph: B: H: H ph: Chi: Eumycota Basidiomycotina Hymenomycetes Hymenomycetidae Aphyllophorales Ganodermataceae Ganodermoidae Amauroderma

4.1.3. c im hnh thi v chu trnh sng ca nm Linh chi 4.1.3.1. c im hnh thi nm Linh chi

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Nm Linh chi (Ganoderma lucidum) c nui trng ti Phng th nghim, Khoa sinh hc ng dng trc , c hnh dng nh sau :

Hnh 4.1: Hnh thi nm Linh chi Nhn xt: Qu th ca nm Linh chi thu hi c c cung ngn, nh bn, cung nm to (ng knh 2- 3 cm), lp v cung lng, nu. M nm hnh qut, i khi c hnh d dng, mt m nm lng, nu, c vn gn ng tm. Khi cn non, tai nm c mu vng chanh vng cam cho n ti, cng v gi th mu cng sm li. Kch thc t 3 12 cm, dy t 1 3,5 cm. Phn nh cung g ln hoc lm xung. Mt di th qu thng mu trng kem hi vng, c nhiu l nh. y l lp bo tng sinh sn ca nm, chnh nhng l ny l ni phng thch bo t khi qu th trng thnh. Mt l khong 3 5 ng/mm2, ming l gn trn. Khi b i qu th ra th thy y l nhng ng thng, chiu dy t 0,3 1,5 cm. Khi bo t m chn th n c phng thch dc theo ng ny v thot ra ngoi qua ming l ng. Cn phn tht nm trn th c mu vng nu n nu . Phn cch gia phn trn v phn di (tng sinh sn) l kh r rng v phn trn th cc lp tia si hng ln, cn phn di th l ng thng hng xung. 4.1.3.2. Chu trnh sng ca nm Linh chi

Qu th Si nm song nhn

Si nm n nhn m v bo t m

Phi nhn trong m

Hnh 2.2: Chu trnh pht trin ca nm Linh chi


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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang 4.1.4. iu kin sng ca nm Linh chi Linh chi phn b khp ni trn th gii, k sinh v hoi sinh rng khp cc loi cy l rng n l kim, thm ch cc tre trc, da, cau, c da v nho. Nm Linh chi tit ra cc men phn gii mng t bo endopolygalacturonase (endo PG) v endopectin methyl translinase (endo PMTE) c tc dng lm nhn t bo thc vt rt mnh gy nn tnh trng cc loi g v r cy b mn ra. Bng 14. iu kin mi trng cn thit cho s pht trin nm Linh chi Yu t Nhit m pH nh sng Nui t 20 35oC 55 60% 4,5 - 6 Khng cn Ra qu th 25 30oC 90 95% 4,5 - 6 Cn nh sng tn x t mi pha

Nhit khng nn thay i qu ln, nu thay i nm Linh chi kh pht trin thnh tn m dng sng hu, ui g (Trnh Tam Kit, 1983). 4.2. Nguyn liu trng nm Linh chi l loi nm ph g mnh, c kh nng s dng trc tip ngun cellulose. Do , nguyn liu no c cellulose th nm Linh chi c th sng v pht trin. Ti i Loan, Linh chi c trng trn g h Long no iu tr ung th, khi u. Nhiu ni khc dng mn ca ti, mn ca kh ca cc loi g mm, khng c tinh du v c t. Ngoi ra c th trng Linh chi trn rm, r, b ma,Vit Nam nm trong vng kh hu nhit i gi ma, giu ph liu cellulose c bit l mn ca cy cao su, to iu kin cho ngh trng nm pht trin mnh.

Bng 15. Hm lng cc cht c trong mn ca Thnh phn Protein th Lipid th Celulose v lignin Hydrat cacbon ha tan Hm lng (%) 1,5 1,1 71,2 25,4

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Cc loi bt cm ng cc, bt bnh du c xem l ngun dinh dng c bn cho nm, hm lng b sung ca chng kh cao, t 15 20% so vi tng lng c cht [10]. y l ngun cung cp vitamine v m hu c quan trng cho nm Linh chi loi nm i hi t l C/N nh, nht l trong nhng giai on u ca qu trnh sinh trng (Trnh Tam Kitm, 1983; L Kin, 1992). Trong sn xut ngi ta b sung thm vo c cht ch yu l m v khong. Ty tng loi nm, m cho vo phi cn i vi cacbon th nm mi pht trin tt. Mi lin h gia ngun m (N) v cacbon (C) c biu th bng t l C/N. Thng t l C/N trong giai on nui t l 25/1 v trong thi k ra qu th l 30/1 40/1. Khuynh hng hin nay ngi ta thch s dng phn ha hc, do hm lng m cao. Ur (CO(NH2)2), c cha 42 46% nit Ammn sunphat ((NH4)2SO4), c cha 20 21% nit Vic s dng phn bn ha hc lm tng lng m ng k nh s dng cc amon c cha nit. Khi nit c nm bin dng th thnh phn cn li ca hp cht b bin i v lm thay i pH ca c cht. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn trn cm go hoc cm bp cha 1,18% nit. Bng 16. Thnh phn dinh dng trong cm Hm lng (%) Thnh phn Cm go Protein th Lipid th Cellulose th Hyrat cacbon c th ha tan 10,88 11,7 11,5 45 Bt bp 9,6 5,6 3,9 69,6

Mt trong nhng thnh phn khng th thiu l khong: P, K Na, Mg, Ca, Mo, Zn,vi lng rt t. Vic b sung mui khong s lm thay i pH hoc gy cc tc dng ngc khc v lm tng gi thnh sn phm. Cc mui khong c s dng: Supe ln (Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O + CaSO4), c cha 14 20% P2O5 Canxi cacbonat (CaCO3) Magi sunphat (MgSO4.7H2O) 4.3. Thnh phn ho hc v c tnh dc l ca nm Linh chi (Ganoderma lucidum) Cc phn tch ca G-Bing Lin chng minh cc thnh phn ha dc tng qut ca nm Linh chi nh sau: Nc: Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 12 13% 42

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Cellulose: Lignine: Lipid: Monosaccharide: Polysaccharide:

54 56% 13 14% 1.9 2.0% 4.5 5.0% 1.0 1.2% (chng hot ng khi u, tng sc khng v h min dch cho c th)

Sterol: Protein: Thnh phn khc:

0.14 0.16% 0.08 0.12% K, Zn, Ca, Mn, Na, khong thit yu, nhiu vitamin, amino acid, enzyme v hp cht alcaloid.

T nhng nm 1980 n nay, bng cc phng php hin i: ph k UV (t ngoi), IR (hng ngoi), ph k khi lng - sc k kh (GC MS), ph cng hng t ht nhn v c bit l k thut sc k lng cao p (HPLC) cng ph k plasma (ICP), xc nh chnh xc gn 100 hot cht v dn xut trong nm Linh chi. Bng 17: Cc hot cht sinh hc v dn xut trong nm Linh chi (Ganoderma lucidum) Thnh phn hot cht Nhm cht Hot tnh dc l Kch thch h min dch Chng virt B tim c ch khi u Tng s lu thng mu Th gin c, gim au Chng khi u Beta D - glucans Polysaccharide Kch thch h min dch Gim lng ng huyt B tim Chng d ng Ganoderic Acids Triterpenoid Bo v gan c ch tng hp cholesterol Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 43 Qu th Qu th Loi m nm Bo t Qu th Qu th Qu th

ARN **(Khng xc nh)

Nucleic acid

Alkaloid

** Adenosine

Glycoprotein

Nucleotide

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Ganodermadiol Triterpenoid Gim huyt p c ch ACE Tng s lu thng mu Th gin c, Gim au Chng khi u Beta D -glucans Polysaccharide Kch thch h min dch Tng sn sut khng th Uridine, Uracil Cyclooctasulpher Nucleoside Phc hi s do dai Chng d ng Chng d ng quang ph iu ho huyt p Bo v gan Bo v gan c ch tng hp cholesterol Chng d ng H si nm H si nm H si nm Qu th

Adenosine

Nucleotide

H si nm

Ling Zhi 8

Protein

H si nm

Ganodosterone Ganoderic Acids Ganodermic Acid T O Oleic Acid

Steroid Triterpenoid Triterpenoid Acid bo

H si nm H si nm H si nm H si nm

Nm 2001, Masao Hattori ly trch c 10 triterpene mi, bao gm lucidumol A v B, cc ganoderic acid: A, B, E, F, H, K, Y v R. Trong kiu Lanostane triterpene c thnh phn chnh l lipophilic. C khong 130 hp cht c ly trch t qu th, h si v bo t nm Linh chi. Thnh phn v hm lng triterpene ph thuc vo ngun ging, yu t mi trng. Vai tr ca triterpene c ngha quan trng trong phng chng cn bnh HIV. Hng lot cc nghin cu ca Shufeng Zhou chng minh rng polysaccharide v triterpene ca nm Linh chi c kh nng cha tr bnh vim gan mn tnh. Ganopoly c ch qu trnh dch m ca ADN polymerase ca virt gy bnh HBV, ngn chn s hot ng ca virt. Ngoi ra polysaccharide v triterpene tc ng hu hiu trong vic iu tr bnh i ng loi 2 (type II diabetes mellitus) cho cc bnh nhn. Nm 1994, Lin Zhibin v Lei Lin Sheng xc nh c trng lng phn t ca Polysaccharide t G.lucidum l khong 7.100 9.300. Nhng tng kt v vai tr sinh dc hc ca

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang nhm polysaccharide cc loi nm Linh chi c gii thiu ti Hi tho Bc Kinh vi cc bo co ca cc tc gi i Loan, Trung Quc, Hoa k: He, Y. et al (1992) kho cu cc BN3B - gm 4 polycaccharide ng nht c hot tnh tng min dch. Trong BN3B1 c xc nh l glucan (ch cha glucose) v BN3B3 l mt arabinogalactan mang cc lin kt glycoside. Hikino, H.et al t 1985 n 1989 chng minh hot lc h ng huyt ca nhiu polysaccharide. l cc heteroglycan c c hot tnh chng ung th. Cc ganoderan B c tc dng lm tng mc insuline trong huyt tng, gim sinh tng hp glycogen v gim hm lng glycogen trong gan. y chnh l c s tr liu trn cc bnh nhn i tho ng. Cc phc hp polysaccharide protein c hot tnh chng khi u v tng tnh min dch. Nm 1994, Byong Kak Kim tin hnh lai h si nm bng phng php dung hp Protoplast gia chng G.lucidum vi G.applanatum, thm ch vi c nm hng (Lentinus edodes), qua tng cng hot tnh chng khi u sarcom 180 ca cc phc polysaccharide protein ln ng k. Lei L.S v Lin L.B (1993) chng minh tc dng tng sinh tng hp IL 2 (Interleukine-2) v hot tnh ADN polymerase chut gi tui bi polysaccharide, cng soi sng thm kh nng tr ha, tng tui th ca cc nm Linh chi. Nhng nghin cu v polysaccharide khng tan trong nc cng chng t hiu lc chng khi u rt r, thm ch lm tan khi u vi t l cc loi G.lucidum v G.applanatum (Takashi, 1985; Liu G.T, 1993). C l a dng nht v c tc dng dc l mnh nht l nhm Saponine, triterpenoide v cc acid ganoderic. Vai tr ca cc cht ny ch yu l c ch gii phng histamine, c ch Angiotensine Conversino emzyme (ACE), c ch sinh tng hp Cholesterol v h huyt p. 4.4. Kh nng cha bnh ca nm linh chi Linh chi c dng nh mt thng dc khong t 4000 nm nay Trung Quc v ngi ta cha thy tc dng xu hay c tnh ca Linh chi. a s cc loi Linh chi iu c v ng, tnh bnh, khng c, tng tr nh, dng tim, cha tr tc ngc, b gan kh, an thn,.. Theo cch din t truyn thng ca ngi phng ng, cc tc dng ln ca nm Linh chi nh sau: - Kin no (lm sng sut, minh mn) - Bo can (bo v gan) - Cng tm (thm sc cho tim) - Kin v (cng c d dy v h tiu ho) - Cng ph (thm sc cho phi, h h hp) - Gii c (gii ta trng thi d cm) - Trng sinh (tng tui th) Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 45

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Bng 18. Lc bo Linh chi v tc dng tr liu (L Thi Trn, 1590) Tn gi Thanh chi Hng chi Hong chi Bch chi Hc chi Mu sc Xanh Vng Trng en c tnh dc l V chua, tnh bnh, khng c ch tr sng mt, b gan kh an thn, tng tr nh. V ng, tnh bnh, khng c, tng tr nh, dng tim, b trung, cha tr tc ngc. V ngt, tnh bnh, khng c, an thn ch t kh. V cay, tnh bnh, khng c, ch phi, thng mi, an thn, cha ho nghch. V mn, tnh bnh, khng c, tr chng b tiu

Qua phn tch cc hot cht v mt dc l v s dng nm Linh chi, ngi ta thy Linh chi c tc dng vi mt s bnh: i vi cc bnh tim mch: Hng lot cc hot cht ca Linh chi c chng t c tc dng km hm sinh tng hp cholesterol, km hm qu trnh kt t tiu cu. Cc nghin cu ny c cng c c kt qu tr liu cho cc bnh nhn cao huyt p, nhim m x mch, bnh mch vnh tim,....Hu ht cc bnh nhn c chuyn bin tt sau mt vi tun, huyt p n nh dn, khng xy ra cc tc dng ph nh cc loi thuc tn dc (Bi Ch Hiu, 1993; Wang Chi, 1994). Nhiu nghin cu pht hin ra vai tr ca cc nguyn t khong vt him. Vanadium (V) c tc dng chng tch ng cholesterol trn thnh mch. Germanium gip lu thng kh huyt, tng cng vn chuyn oxy vo m. Hin nay, ch s Ge trong cc dc phm Linh chi c xem nh l mt ch tiu quan trng, c gi tr trong iu tr tim mch v gim au trong tr liu ung th. Hiu qu chng ung th: Bng vic kt hp cc phng php x tr, ho tr, gii phu vi tr liu nm trn cc bnh nhn ung th phi, ung th v v ung th d dy c th ko di thi gian sng trn 5 nm cao hn nhm khng dng nm. Nhiu thng tin i Loan cho bit nu dng nm Linh chi trng trn g long no iu tr cho cc bnh nhn ung th c t cung t kt qu tt - khi u tiu bin hon ton. Cng trnh ca Zhibin Lin (1994) ch ra nguyn l hiu dng l tng khi phc h min dch, nh cc phc tr liu: x tr, ha tr, gii phu t kt qu cao hn. i vi cc bnh v h hp: Nm Linh chi em li kt qu tt, nht l nhng ca iu tr vim ph qun d ng hen ph qun ti 80%, c tc dng lm gim v nh bnh theo hng khi hn. Kh nng khng HIV: kho st kh nng khng HIV ca cc hp cht trong nm Ganoderma lucidum, ngi ta s dng dch chit t qu th trong th nghim khng virt HIV 1 trn cc t bo lympho T ngi. S nhn ln ca virt c xc nh qua hot ng phin m Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 46

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang ngc trn b mt cc t bo lympho T c gy nhim HIV 1. Kt qu cho thy c s c ch mnh m hot ng sinh sn ca loi virt ny (Gau J.P, 1990; Kim, 1996). Do , nhiu quc gia a Linh chi vo phc iu tr tm thi, nhm tng cng kh nng min dch v nng th trng cho cc bnh nhn trong khi AZT, DDI, DDC, cn him v rt t. Cc nghin cu ti Nht Bn chng minh cc hot cht t nm Linh chi c tc dng nh sau:(Masao Hattori, 2001) Ganoderiol F v ganodermanontirol c hot tnh chng HIV 1 Ganoderderic acid B v lucidumol B c tc ng c ch hu hiu protease HIV 1 Ganodermanondiol v lucidumol A c ch pht trin t bo Meth A (mouse sarcoma) v LLC (mouse lung carcinoma). Ngoi ra cc ganoderma alcohol l lanostane triterpene vi nhm hydroxol (-OH) v tr C25 c kh nng chng HIV 1, Meth A v LLC chut. Kh nng antioxydant: Nhiu thc nghim ch ra vai tr ca cc saponine v triterpenoid, m trong Ganoderic acid c coi l hiu qu nht (Wang C.H, 1985). Nhng nghin cu gn y ang y mnh theo hng lm giu Selenium - mt yu t khong c hot tnh antioxydant rt mnh vo nm Linh chi. Chnh v vy con ngi c th ch i vo mt dc phm tng tui th, tr ho t nm Linh chi ni chung v Linh chi Vit Nam ni ring. Cc hot cht sinh hc trong nm Linh chi c kh nng kh mt s gc t do sinh ra trong qu trnh lo ha c th hay sau khi b nhim x. Chng lm phc hi cc t chc b tn thng v khng gy hiu ng ph no cho c th. Ngoi ra nm Linh chi cn c tc dng cha tr chng b tiu, b thn kh cha tr au nhc khp xng, gn ct, Bng 19. Mt s bi thuc cha bnh ca nm Linh chi Tc dng iu tr Suy nhc thn kinh, nhc u chng mt, nga ban m Vim gan mn tnh, suyn ph qun, vim thn Pha ch Linh Chi 1 3 gam Cch dng Sc ung mi ngy 3 ln Nghin bt ung mi ln 1 1,5 gam, ngy ung 3 ln Nghin bt 9 15 gam ung vi nc si, ngy ung 3 ln Sc ung mi ngy 3 ln ung 2 ln, mi ln 15 ml

Linh Chi 50 gam

Bnh tim di

Bt Linh Chi 30 gam, bt u 90 gam

Cao huyt p, vim gan mn tnh au d dy

Linh Chi 10 gam

Linh Chi 30 gam, Ngm ru 14 ngy, ngy ru vang 250 gam

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47

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

SN XUT MEO CNG

1. Chun b cy cng m: Chn cy khoai m trng thnh, dng dao gt b lp v bn ngoi v cht thnh tng khc khong 10 12 cm. em cc khc m phi tht kh v bo qun dng cho sn xut meo. Cho tt c cc khc m kh vo thng phuy cha nc vi 1%, ngm trong thi gian 24 gi.

2. Sau 24 gi, vt cc khc khoai m ra v cho ro nc.

3. B sung cm bp 5% hoc cm go 5%, ri trn tht u. Xp ton b khc m vo trong cc bch PP. (Lu : xp tht cht)

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

4. Chun b lm nt bng

5. Hp kh trng nguyn liu

6. Sau khi hp nguyn cy ging

liu xong, ngui v chun b

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

Meo ging trn thch agar

Meo ging ht

Meo ging cng

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Bc 5. SN XUT BCH MN CA 1. Chun b nguyn vt liu.


Bao nylong PP (polypropylene 7 x 12.5) Nt c giy hoc nha (ng knh khong 4 cm) Mn ca cy cao su Cm go hoc cm bp Calcium sulfate ( CaSO4) Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) Magnesium sulfate ( MgSO4) N P K 20-20-15 Ln Amonium sulphate ( NH4)2SO4 (SA)

Lu : nguyn liu s nui trng nm l mn ca cy g khng cha tinh du. Ngoi ra, c th phi trn thm 1 s ph liu t sn sn xut nng nghip: V lc, v c ph, b ma, rm r, .. vi t l t 5% 30% ty tng loi nm khc nhau. Mt ca c s dng lm mi trng gi th v chng c hm lung cacbon rt cao. Tuy nhin, mt ca l nguyn liu ngho cht dinh dng. Do nng cao hiu sut nui trng nm cng nh rt ngn thi gian nui trng th cn thit phi trn thm nhiu cht b sung. Cht b sung ch yu thng l cm go, cm bp, bt khoai, Cc nguyn liu ny s cung cp vitamin hay acid amin cho h si nm sinh trng nhanh. Ngoi ra, cc loi phn ha hc nh: Ur, DAP, NPK, cng c s dng rt nhiu trong nui trng. Thc t cho thy khi b sung ngun nit vi hm lng rt thp nhng li c tc dng tt r rt i vi s pht trin ca nm.

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

Mt ca cao su - Ry (sng) b dm bo - Trn nc vi 0,25% - ng qua m - Thm dinh dng C cht trng nm - Vo ti mng mng PP - Thanh trng 100oC trong 5 gi Bch mt ca kh trng Cy ging

ng thch ging - Bo qun ging: Khi h si nm y ng nghim, tin hnh cy chuyn ging qua ng thch mi. - Cy mt t h si nm sang mi trng la to mt lng ging ln cho giai on trng trn c cht mt ca. Chai la ging (meo ht)

-Nui cho h si nm y bch Bch phi - Tho nt bng - Chuyn sang nh ti, duy tr m 85 95% - Nhit 26 35oC - nh sng tn x (700 800 lux) Qu th nm -Ct gc thu tai nm

Nm thnh phm

2. Chun b c cht trng nm. Mn ca cy cao su va mi c mua v, nn ng t nhin khong 1 n 2 tun mi s dng c. Nguyn liu mn ca nn ni kh ro v cch ly vi khu sn xut.

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

3. X l c cht 100 kg 5 kg 0,1 kg 1 kg 0,2 kg 0,1 kg Mn ca cy cao su, c th thm vo cc thnh phn sau: Cm go hoc cm bp N P -K Vi MgSO4 SA 4. Dng cn ng h cn ha cht.

5. X l vi bng 2 phng php + Phng php 1: Nguyn liu mn ca c c trn vi bt vi t l nht nh ( 0,5 1%), sau b sung nc t m khong 40 45%. Dng my sn/ry, sn khi nguyn liu loi b cc dm bo c kch thc ln v tin hnh ng qua m. Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 53

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang + Phng php 2: Thay v s dng vi bt, ta s dng vi cc. Cn 1 lng vi nht nh cho vo thng nc, dng nc vi ti ln khi nguyn liu n khi m khi nguyn liu t 40 45% v tin hnh ng qua m.

6. Sau 24 gi qua m, ko tm ph ra v tin hnh x l: Cn cc thnh phn dinh dng v cho vo nc, khuy u cho cc mui, NPK, DAP,tan hon ton ri ti u ln khi c cht.

7. Nu m cha t, pha thm nc v trn tht u m t n gi tr 5565%

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

8. Dng my ry nguyn liu

9. Cho c cht mn ca vo cc bao nylong chu nhit.

10. Dng tay hoc khc g, v u ln thnh bch cho khi c cht nn cht xung.

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

Hoc S dng my nn bch

11. Dng giy cng, ct thnh tng on: 2cm x 15cm v cun trn li thnh tng nt nh c ng knh khong 2 3cm.

12. Tm cht u bch mn ca v xoay tht u khi nguyn liu.

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

13. eo nt vng c vo bch mn ca v ko cng bch nylong v pha di bch.

13. Dng dy qun, ct cht nt c giy.

14. To l cha ging: Dng cy nhn, ng knh 1,5 2 cm, chiu di khong 15 20 cm, mt u vt nhn, cn u kia tay cm. a cy nhn, m vo c bch tht su, su ca l bng 2/3 chiu di ca bch mn ca.

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

15. Kim tra trng lng ca khi nguyn liu ( Thng thng 1 bch nguyn liu t 1,2 1,5 kg l va)

16. To nt bng: Dng bng khng thm, qun thnh tng nt, phn nt tip gip vi khi nguyn liu mn ca nn to tht trn, u v t sn si.

17. Dng np nha hoc giy bo chp u nt gn v ct bng dy thung li.

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

18. Chuyn tt c cc bch nm vo khung st, mi khung cha khong 9 bch mn ca. Chuyn cc bch mn ca vo ni hp thanh trng.

Bc 6: GIAI ON THANH TRNG BCH NGUYN LIU MN CA Thit b thanh trng t ch Thit b thanh trng c dung tch ln

THANH TRNG BNG THIT B T CH 1. Chun b thit b Dng thng 200 lt hoc thit b thanh trng c xy bng gch chu nhit G ph liu hoc than S dng v hp bng tre hoc bng st.

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2. V sinh thit b thit b hp thanh trng v cho vo 1 lng nc nht nh, chiu cao mc nc l 30 40 cm.

3. t v st hoc v tre cao hn mc nc khong 1 2cm v mt trong thit b c bao ph bi 1 lp vi cch nhit.

4. Cho cc bch mn ca ng vo trong thit b hp thanh trng. (Thng 200 lt cha khong 80 100 bch)

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

5. Ph ln trn b mt ca thit b bng 1 tm vi dy hoc bng bao vi b dy.

6. y thm 1 bao nilong nha ln b mt thit b v ct cht.

7. t la bng ci hot than , tip tc duy tr nhit trong khong thi gian 6 7 gi, k t nhit ln n 90 - 95oC. y cng l khong thi gian hi nc bc hi lin tc. Quan trng: Nhit phi lun lun c duy tr n nh v lng bn trong thng phi m bo .

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang 8. Sau khi hp thanh trng xong, ly ci ra khi l.

9. Ly tt c cc bao ph bn ngoi cho cc bch ngui v chun b ly cc bch mn ra ngoi.

10. Chuyn cc ti mn ca ra khu vc cy ging.

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang THIT B THANH TRNG C DUNG TCH LN. 1. Lm sch b cha nc bn trong thit b hp thanh trng bng cch tho vi nc pha di y thit b. Sau , dung vi lau sch b cha nc.

2. Cho nc mi vo b cha nc nm bn trong thit b hp thanh trng. Mc nc cho vo lun lun cch v hp khong 1 2cm.

3. Chuyn tng khung cha nguyn liu vo thit b hp n khi ni hp y hon ton.

4. ng ca ni hp li v kim tra li thit b o nhit bn ngoi. Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 63

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

5. Gia nhit ln n 90oC - 95oC trong 6 7 gi. C 2 phng php thanh trng: + Phng php un trc tip: B nc t pha di ni hp, khi ta ch cn t ci hi nc bc hi. Thi gian hi nc bc hi l 2 gi v tip tc ko di thm 6 7 gi na. Tng lng thi gian thanh trng 1 ni hp ln ( 5m3) l 8 9 gi. + Phng php un gin tip: Hi nc c un trong mt thit b b kn, hi bc ra c dn vo trong ni hp thanh trng. Thi gian hp cng ko di t 5 6 gi v phi m bo hi nc lun lun c cung cp, duy tr 90oC - 95oC.

6. M van v dn hi nc n ni cha nguyn liu l cc bch mn ca ( Phng php hp gin tip). Trong qu trnh hp, phi m bo, tt c lng khng kh bn trong ni hp phi c y ra ngoi. lm c u ny, ta tin hnh nh sau: Kha tt c cc van ca ni hp, khi hi dn vo ni hp t n nhit > 900C, tin hnh m van v x ton b lng hn trong ni hp. Sau , kha van li v bt u tnh thi gian hp khi nhit ln trn 90oC.

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7. Chuyn tt c cc bch mn ca n ni cy ging.

Bc 7. CY GING MEO HT SANG MI TRNG MN CA Lu : Phng cy ging phi lu lun c gi v sinh sch s v bt k mm bnh no. Trnh nh sng mt tri chiu vo khu vc phng cy ny, tt nht phng cy nn c h thng my u ha nhit . 1. Chun b nguyn liu.

n cn Nhp gp, que cy mc, mung mt ging Ht qut Giy c cng Meo ging Nguyn liu mn ca kh trng

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2. Lm sch phng cy bng chi qut hay my ht bi v sau lau li bng cht st khun.

3. Mang tt c cc ti mn ca kh trng vo khu vc cy v sinh trc .

4. t n cn.

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang 5. Kh trng ty v b mt chai meo ht bng cn 70oC.

6. Ly tt c cc chai meo ht em ra ngoi khu vc cy ( Nhng cai meo ht c mu trng u)

7. H la vng quanh c chai, t chai meo ht gn ngn la khng cho khng kh bn ngoi trn vo bn trong chai.

8. Cho vo bch mn ca 1 mung ging meo ht, thao tc cy ging phi nhanh v tht cn thn.

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

9. Sau , dng bng ng ti li nhanh chng. Cc ti cn li cy tng t nh ln trc.

10. Thao tc ly meo ging cy cho cc bch tip theo cng nh ln trc. Tho nt bng ra v h u qunh ming c chai, lun chai gn ngn la cho n khi cy n bch cui cng.

11. Theo di v quan st qu trnh cc bch mn ca cy ging. Dng giy bo ct thnh tng mnh nh v dng dy qun ct ln u nt bng ca bch mn ca.

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13. Mang tt c cc ti i vo phng

Bc 8. THEO DI CC TI 1. Thng xuyn lm v sinh bn trong v ngoi khu vc phng . Thng xuyn kim tra cc bch mn ca cy ging trc khi em vo phng .

2. Sau khi cy ging, chuyn tt c cc bch c cht n phng .

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

3. t cc bao ln k .

4. Qa trnh Cc bch nm c th c t theo chiu ngang hoc chiu dc, tit kim din tch. Lu : Khi mi bt u, trong phng nn u chnh mt t thng gi v nh sng. Sau khong 10 ngy, ch thng gi v nhit nn cn chnh 1 ch cn thit: phng khng qu ti v cng khng qu sng. Sau 25 25 ngy, phng nn c thng gi tt v cng nh sng trong phng phi m bo nhm pht hin, loi b nhng bch nm khng t ra khi khu vc .

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang 5. Thng xuyn theo di s pht trin ca si nm v pht hin nhng nhng yu t bt thng si nm: Trn si nm c mu sc en, nu, xm, cam, ,y l nhng biu hin ca nhng bch nm b nhim. T , tm ra nguyn nhn gy nn nhng bt thng trn si nm Do ging b nhim, u kin cy ging cha tt. iu kin hp nguyn liu cha t Nhng tc nhn gy hi: chut, b, cc mn bnh khc

6. Chuyn cc bch phi ra nh trng nm

7. Tch nhng bch mn ca b nhim v em i kh trng li Hoc Tch cc bao b nhim, x bao nha ra v s dng li ngun mn ca cho ln ng bch t sau. Hoc S dng cc bch b nhim lm phn bn hu c, bng cch vi 1 s chng vi sinh: Ch phm EM, chng nm Trichoderma sp., Asp.niger,lm phn bn cho cy trng. Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 71

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

8. Quan st v theo di s pht trin ca nm: ghi chp s liu. Cn phn l khu vc nm trng theo tng t.

Bc 9. RCH BCH PHI NM 1. Lm sch khu vc nh nm

2. Chuyn tt c cc bch phi ( khi cc si nm lan ton b khi c cht) n nh trng bng xe y, chun b cho giai on kt nm. t cc nm ln k ng. Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 72

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

3. M nt bng ra khi bch nm ( ty thuc vo tng loi nm m thi gian tho nt bng s khc nhau) 1. M nt bng ra khi bch nm

2. Dng dao bn, to vt ct trn b mt ca bch phi. Ct thnh 4 ng, trn mi ng c 4 vt ct. Lu : khng c ct chm su vo bn trong s nm, m ch ct rch ti nha thnh 1 vt ct tht nh.

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Bc 10. DUY TR v KIM SOT 1. Kim sot nhit nh trng nm bng cch phun nc. Khng phun trc tip nc ln cc bch nm, m ch phun sng v mi ln phun nc khng nn phun qu nhiu. m lun lun di tr, sao cho 75%< w < 90%.

3. Trong nh trng nm, nn gng nhit k theo di nhit ca nh trng. Khi nhit tng cao th tin hnh ti nc to m. M hoc ng cc ca trong nh trng nm u chnh lng nh sng tn x v mc thng gi cho nh trng nm. Nu nhit trong phng tng qua 1cao, kt hp vic phun nc v m ca nh trng nm n khi nhit h xung mc mong mun.

3. Kim tra s pht trin ca mm nm v loi b nhng tc nhn gy hi nm: cn trng, su bt nht 2 ln trong 1 tun.

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4. Nhn dng cc tc nhn gy hi nm v a ra phng php x l

5. Gi cc bch nm lun lun sch v m bo cc iu kin v thng thong, m , nh sng tht tt.

6. Gim st v thng xuyn theo di cc ng vt gy hi.

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang 7. Nhn dng v loi b nhng bch nm b nhim bnh. a cc bch b nhim ra khu vc cch ly v x l sau.

8. Thu dn v x l cc bch hng Thu gm tt c cc bch nm b nhim v hp li tiu dit mm bnh.

9. Ghi nhn sn phm nm thu c l tt hay khng tt.

Bc 11. THU HOCH 1. Thu hi nhng tai nm trng thnh Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 76

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Tai nm c thu hi sau 2 3 ngy k t khi mm nm xut hin. Nh nm nh nhng bng cch nm cht cung nm v dt ra t t.

Lu : Nm phi c thu hi giai on trng thnh ( nm c mu ng nht, khng qu gi, kch thc ng u). Nu nm qu nh, chng s khng th bn li c. Nu qu ln, nm s khng ngt v ngon. Mt ngy nn thu hoch nm lm 2 ln: + Ln 1: Bui sng sm, sau khi ti nc nh trng nm th tin hnh thu hi nm ( t 7 8 gi sng) + Ln 2: Bui chiu ti vo lc 5 6 gi. 2. t nm vo r cng x, khong 8 10 kg nm trn mi r. Khng nn cht nm qu nhiu vo r, lm nm b dp v gy hng tai nm. Dng dao gt ta chn nm, gip cho nm sch hn ri cho vo 1 r khc.

3. Cn khi lng nm c thu hi v ghi nhn s kg.

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Lu : Xp nm vo cc ti nilong dy, mi ti c trng lng t 100g n 500gam hoc 1000gam, ty thuc vo nhu cu t hng ca khch hng. Nm sau khi xp vo bch, dng my p, p cht ming bch v cho vo t mt bo qun nu khng kp i giao hng. Bc 12. TRNG NM RM TRN PH LIU TRNG NM Nm rm c nui cy theo cc bc sau: 1. Cuc t ln hay xi 1 lp t mng lm t ti xp v thong kh. Cho thm 1 lp vi ln b mt ca t nhm kh trng t.

2. Ri phn bn nhm cung cp dinh dng cho t.

3. Ti nc bng bnh ti hay bng vi, lm tng m cho t.

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4. Chun b cc khung g v t vo ni chun b lm nm.

5. S dng cc bch nm b nhim hoc cc bch nm sau khi trng qua 1 t nm. X tt c cc bch nilong v cho c cht vo 1 ni v tin hnh x l nh sau:

6. X l 2 3 % vi, m khi c cht l 40 45%. Dng tm nilong dy kn khi trong thi gian 1 tun. Trong khong thi gian t 3 4 ngy u, nn o trn 1 ln, sau tip tc khi n ht ngy th 7. Khi qu trnh kt thc, tin hnh phi trn thm dinh dng: NPK 3%, DAP 5%, SA 1%. Cc cht dinh dng c cho vo nc, khuy cho tan tht u vo trn vo trong khi . Tip tc b sung nc n khi m ca khi ln n 60% th dng li.

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7. Cho khi c cht vo khung g chun b trc . 1 lp c cht dy 10cm th cho 1 lp ging xung quang v tr tip gip bn ngoi khung g. Tip tc c nh th n khi no khi c cht y khung g.

20 cm
10 cm

* * *

* *

9. Cc khung cn li c tin hnh lp li v cc khung t cch nhau 20 cm.

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

10. Lm kh cc bnh ( khung cha c cht) trnh d tha nc.

11. t vi mu g ln ph u ca mi bnh to dc.

12. Ph ln trn cc bnh 1 tm nilong, nhm gi nhit lun mc 37 38oC, trong sut qu trnh .

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang 13. Tip tc ph ln trn 1 lp rm duy tr m, chng nng v duy tr nhit trong khung. B tr vng khung pha di tm ph, tng thong kh.

14. Tip tc theo di s pht trin ca nm v ch ngay thu hoch.

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

Phn 3.

PHNG V TR BNH NM

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang 1. PHNG V TR BNH TRONG TRNG NM 1.1. CC BNH TRONG QU TRNH TRNG NM Tng t nh bt k vt nui hay cy trng khc, nm cng c th b rt nhiu bnh. Trong , thng gp l bnh lm gim sn lng v cht lng nm, nghim trng hn l gy tht thu cho ngi trng nm. Thng nhng ni mi trng hoc trng gia nh mc nh, bnh cha phi l vn ln. Nhng i vi nhng c s nui trng v sn xut c qui m ln, cn ch n vic phng bnh.. Bnh c th xy ra bt k giai on no ca qu trnh nui trng nm v gm ch yu c hai dng: bnh sinh l v bnh nhim. 1.1.1. Bnh sinh l Si t nm rt mng manh v yu t. Do , si nm rt d b tc ng bi cc yu t ngoi cnh nh: nhit , nh sng, pH, nng CO2, oxy, m ca mi trng. iu kin nui cy khng thch hp, t nm mc chm li, t tha v ri li nh bng hoc thnh nhiu lp, m lt khc nhau. Thng t yu dn n sc khng gim, d b nhim bnh v t nm dn dn cht i. i vi qu th nm, khi pht trin trong iu kin khng thun li s c nhng biu hin bt thng: qu th nm c dng bng ci, teo u ( nm rm, nm mo), Cung nm di v m nm nh li ( nm mo, nm ng c,) hoc tht nm b mm nhn, tr vng d h thi ( nm bo ng, nm ng c, nm rm,) hoc cung nm chia thnh nhiu nhnh, thng to chum, tai nm nh ( nm bo ng). c bit l tai nm c tnh trng cht non, cht lng gim, gy thit hi cho ngi trng. Thnh phn dinh dng trong mi trng gi th trng nm nh hng trc tip n cht lng nm. Dinh dng km, t nm mc tha hoc lo ha sm ( t chy nc vng, tit sc t, chuyn mu,.). Qa th s kh to thnh hoc nu c th qu th s nh v t nm pht trin rt tha, thng thng th tai nm s d dng. Bnh sinh l khng km theo mm nhim v xy ra thng xuyn trong qu trnh nui trng t nhin. 1.1.2. Bnh nhim Yu t gy bnh rt a dng, ch yu l cc nhm vi sinh vt nh: vi khun, nm mc, nm nhy, nm di. Cc tc nhn gy bnh ny, nh hng gin tip ln sinh trng v pht trin ca nm, bng cch cnh tranh ngun thc n v thay i pH ca mi trng. y l nguyn nhn lm cho t nm mc chm li, tha, thm ch ngng pht trin. Qa th khng to thnh hoc b d dng, nng sut gim hn. Nhiu khi t nm b vng hoc thi ra hoc mt tng lm. Qa th ngng pht trin, h hng hoc b bng t gc ln cung. Trong trng hp ny, ngoi yu t mm bnh ( vi sinh vt gy hi) cn c s tham gia ca cn trng. Chung1ta61n cng trc tip ln t nm hoc qu th, ng

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84

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang thi lm ly nhim cc mm bnh khc. Thng bnh lan trn rt nhanh v nh hng mnh n sn lng hoc phm cht ca sn phm nm. i vi bnh nhim th vic pht hin mm bnh khng phi l kh, nhng tr bnh li l vn khng n gin. Do , ngi trng nm cn hiu bit v cc nguyn nhn gy bnh v tm bin php phng nga l cch lm tch cc nht. 2. CC NGUYN NHN LM PHT SINH BNH Trong giai on nui h si nm, ngi trng nm cng pht hin 1 s trng hp t nm mc xu, mc yu,Nhng tm nguyn nhn, th t ai c iu kin thc hin. Ngi trng nm ch lo lng khi nguyn liu b nhim trng, nhim mc, nht l khi t khng mc c s nh hng trc tip n vic ra nm. Vn cn li l: nm pht trin ra th no? t hay khng t?... mi l vn chnh m mi ngi trng nm ang quan tm. Nu chng ta loi tr tt c cc yu t ging v dinh dng c trong nguyn liu nui trng th vic sinh trng v pht trin nm khn gbinh2 thng c th bao gm cc nguyn nhn ch yu sau y: 2.1. Yu t mi trng v iu kin nui trng 2.1.1. Nhit Nhit chi nh hng trc tip n qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca nm. Mc d, khong dao ng nhit i vn nm rt rng: Nhit thp, t mc chm li, c bit l cc loi nm nhit i. T nm rm, di 12oC trong 48 gi, khng c kh nng ti sinh khi cy chuyn sang mi trng mi. Nhit cn nh hng n kh nng kt qu th, nhit khng thch hp t nm s khng kt n c. Khi n nm hnh thnh, m nhit thay i cng c th gy bt li cho nm, nm c th cht non hoc bin dng. Nm mo b lnh t ngt, tai nm s kh cng ba mp, khng th tip tc pht trin. Nm ng c thng cho m nm nh li v cung nm di ra nhit trn 16oC. Nm rm s cht hng lot khi nhit tng ln 35 36oC giai on n. 2.1.2. nh sng Khng cn cho qu trnh sinh trng ca nm. Cng nh sng mnh kim ch s sinh trng ca si nm, c trng hp git cht si nm. nh sng c th ph v mt s vitamin v enzym cn thit, nh hng n s sinh trng bnh thng ca si nm. Phng nm khng nn qu ti, s gy tr ngi cho vic pht hin bnh v nht l to iu kin thun li cho nm mc, cn trng pht trin. Trong giai on nui h si to qu th, nh sng c tc dng kch thch h si nm kt hch (n nm). Tip xc vi nh sng ( 50 lux) lin tc trong thi gian t, nm ng c s khng to c qu th. 2.1.3. thong kh Hm lng O2 v CO2 nh hng trc tip n s sinh trng ca si nm. Oxy cn thit cho vic h hp ca h si nm. Cn nng CO2 tng cao trong khng kh s c ch qu trnh hnh thnh qu th nm. nng than kh (CO2) cao trn 0,06% nh hng r rt ln s ko di cung Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 85

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang ca nhiu loi nm nh: nm mo, nm bo ng, nm rm,a s trng hp cung nm ko di ra, chia nhnh m v mnh, ng thi m nm nh li. c bit, nm ng c, nng than kh cao, c ch s pht trin m nm. 2.1.4. pH Hu ht cc nhm nm mc trn thc vt hay k sinh th thch hp i vi mi trng pH thp. Cc loi nm mc trn mn b hay trn t th thch hp vi mi trng pH trung tnh hay mi trng kim. Nhng mt s loi nm c kh nng mc c bin pH kh rng. Mt s loi nm c kh nng t iu chnh pH mi trng v pH thch hp cho s sinh trng chnh chng. Khi mi trng trng nm c ph thp ( acid), t nm mc tha, u si t nm cong li v chuyn sang mu vng ( nm rm) hoc tit sc t ( nm mo). Nu tai nm c to thnh th cng b bin dng (mt ngoi tai nm sn si hoc dng bng ci, tai ln th b vng,). ph cao ( kim), t mc chm hoc tha, tai nm rm c mu trng, teo u v nt gc. 2.1.5. m Hu ht cc loi nm cn m cao. Mt s loi thuc nm m cn m thch hp cho s sinh trng ti u ca si nm (80 90%). Nhng hu ht cc loi nm cn m sinh trng h si l 50 60%. m nh hng trc tip ln giai on pht trin ca qu th. Nu m khng kh xung thp, tai nm khng hnh thnh hoc cht non ( nm rm s teo u, nm mo kh mp, nm bo ng ba mp kh v cun li, chuyn sang mu vng.) Trong nhiu trng hp, m cao cha hn l tt i vi cc loi nm, tai nm bo ng mm nhn v r xung, tht nm ng c cng mm, d h thi, khi phi c mu en, lm phm cht tai nm xu i. Nm rm trong thi k kt n, gp ma ln, n s bin mt. Nu tai nm ang trong giai on pht trin s mm nhn v thng b nhim trng lm nhy nht. Nui trng nm bng g khc, m cao qu th thi gian thu hi cng b rt ngn li. 2.2. Thnh phn c cht Nguyn liu b nhim tp trc, ngoi thnh phn dinh dng c th mt i trong khi c cht v trong nguyn liu s cha nhiu c t gy hi trung gian c tit ra t nm mc, vi khun,Cc cht ny c th lm thay i ph mi trng tng hoc gim, nhiu khi gy c hi cho nm. Mt s trng hp khc nh khi s dng rm r b nhim phn hoc mn, c bit l s dng thuc tr su, l nguyn nhn dn n kt qu xu trong trng nm. T trong trng hp ny khng mc hoc mc tha, si t mu trng b i sang mu vng hoc nu xm, nhiu t kh sinh, t ri ni nh bng. Qa th khng to thnh hoc to tai nh, m nm d dng, mo m,. 2.3. Nhim tp C cht dng nui cy hoc trng nm cng c th l thc n cho nhiu loi vi sinh vt khc. Trong , vi khun v nm mc c tc sinh sn rt nhanh, bo t nm mc pht tn rng nn kh Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 86

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang nng ly nhim ca chng l u c th xy ra. a s s nhiu trng hp ghi nhn c, nm trng c kh nng c ch mt phn mm bnh, thm ch c ch hon ton nm bnh, m vn cho tai nm pht trin bnh thng. Tuy nhin, sn lng nm s gim st so vi nm khng b bnh. Nu trng hp nhim km theo m nguyn liu cao hoc ph acid ( chua) c th c ch t nm n lan v bnh pht trin gy h hng ton b c cht. Hoc nhy nht ( nhim khun) hoc i m tng vng n u khp ( nm mc), lc t nm khng mc v d nhin cng khng to c qu th. STT 1 Tn nm mc Cephalosporium sp. (Bnh gn c im biu hin Biu hin trn tai nm T nm mu hung xut Tai nm bnh khng b bin th r cc git nc mu chuyn sang en, cht lng nu. i khi thnh lp gim. mng mng bao ly phin nm. Bo t sinh ra gom trong cc dch nhy. Sng k sinh hoc hoi sinh. 2 Dactylium dendroides (Bnh mng nhn) T ph ln qu th nh Phin nm b mm nhn, i mng nhn, ban u mu khi li tr nn cng. Tht trng, sau chuyn sang nm chuyn sang nu. hi hng ri vng. nh bo t hnh trng v sinh theo dng chm. Mt s k sinh trn nm ln. 3 Monilia spp. (Neurospora spp) (bnh mc cam) T mc dy, mu trng c ch s tng trng ca t chuyn sang vng hoc nm, lm t khng mc cam. Cu trc sinh sn c. Nguyn liu ph trng, dng khi mu cam ( c sau chuyn sang vng v khi c thng c ti nha cam. chui ra ngoi) y l nm hoi sinh. 4 Mycogone permiciosa (bnh nt rui) T nn cun u, mu Qa th cht non, tai nm trng quanh tai nm. Hu mm nhn v chuyn sang bo t hnh thnh sau vi mu kem. B mt tai nm c ngy, mu sm ( lm vt nhng git mu nu do bnh c mu nu). Bnh nhim trng, to mi hi kh lan truyn bng nh bo chu. Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 87

song hin vi ngy, sau khi qu dng nhng ni vt bnh

mu hung)

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang t. L loi k sinh trn nm ln. 5 Pennicilium spp. (Bnh mc xanh) T mnh, mc st c cht c ch s tng trng ca v co cm li. Vt bnh t, nht l bo ng. Lm lc u c mu trng gim sn lng nm chuyn sang mu lc ti. Nm sng hoi sinh. 6 Trichoderma spp. ( Bnh mc xanh) T mnh, mc st c cht. c ch mnh ln s tng Vt bnh tri rng nhanh, trng ca t bo t thnh d, mn, lc u c mu trng ri chuyn sang lc lam. Nm sng hoi sinh, mt s k sinh trn nm ln. Bnh ly lan do bo t. 7 Verticillium fungicola T pht trin trn b mt Tai nm bin dng v ngng tai nm, to thnh tng trng, phm cht km. lo64hanh v cc vt nt. Hin tng bnh khc vi vi khun l khng nhy nht v hi thi. Sng k sinh trn nm ln, bnh ly lan do rui v ngi hi nm. i khi nm mc mc trn tai nm cn ti, nhng n ch lm gim mt phn cht lng ch khng nh hng n sn lng nm ( khi thu hoch c th ra loi tr). Phn ln, nm mc v vi khun l tc nhn gy hi, lm bin i mi trng, to ra nhiu sn phm bt li i vi nm trng. Tc nhn gy bnh khc c th gp trong nui trng l nm nhy. Nm nhy thng thy nhng ni m t. V sinh km, nh trng hoc dn k bng g, trn cc ngun nguyn liu l mt ca hoc g khc,...Bnh biu hin di dng cc vt c sa hoc bt trng, nhng ph bin vn l cc vt lan hnh mng vi vn trng hoc vng nh r tre. Th sinh sn l cc ti nang bo t, nh nhng cng ru tua ta mu nu en ( Stemonitis hay nm ru) hoc nhng bc nh, nh qu c

Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com

88

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang tm, mu vng n cam ( Arcyria),...Bnh lm gim cht lng nm v cnh tranh mt phn thc n, nhng nm vn c th to tai v pht trin bnh thng. Trong nui trng, nhiu khi xut hin nhng loi nm ngoi mun, gi l nm di. Nm di thc ra l mt trong nhng loi nm ln. Chng hin din sn trong nguyn liu, do chng ta khng kh trng hoc kh trng khng k, bo t tn ti v pht trin trn c cht trng nm. Bo t nm di cng c th xm nhp vo qui trnh trng nm mt giai on no . Chng pht trin v cnh tranh thc n vi nm trng. Kt qu, sn lng nm gim v i khi cn tr s pht sinh qu th ca nm trng. Thng gp nht l Corrinus ( nm u). Qa th nm tng t nm rm, tai nm lc non dng bp, khi trng thnh c dng d, nhng mau tn, m nhanh chng chy ra ra thnh dch nc en, nn cn c tn gi l nm gi, nm mc hoc hc th,....Nm pht trin tt trn c cht c ph thp v m cao, l mt trong nhng i tng cnh tranh vi nm rm v mt s loi nm trng khc. Ngoi Coprius, nhiu loi nm ph g khc nh: Schizophyllum commun, Trametes versicolor, Poria sp., Hypoxylon sp., ...Cc loi nm ny, ch yu cnh tranh thc n vi nm trng v thng xut hin khi trng vi g khc ( v g khc khng kh trng nh mt ca).

Hnh. Nm gi ( nm u, hc th,...)

Hnh. Nhn ph hoi nm ( Mites)

2.4.

Cn trng gy hi 89

Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Vn gp phi ca cc nh trng nm hin nay, ca nhng ngi trng nm l phng nga cn trng hi nm. Chng khng nhng cn ph tai nm, n t nm m cn l tc nhn gin tip gy nhim trng, nhim mc trn gi th trng nm. Cn trng y bao gm: rui, bm , b nhy, kin, cun chiu, d, gin, tuyn trng,....Ngoi ra, c th l mites ( thuc lp nhn). c im ca cng trng l sinh sn nhanh v di chuyn rng, nn rt kh phng tr. 2.4.1. i vi b nhy v rui. y l nhng i tng ph hoi m nm rt d. Chng c khot m nm, c khot chn nm, m nm trng. c bit, u trng ca rui ( con di) thng mu trng, nhng cng c loi mu vng cam (nh Mycophila sp.), chng n t, lm ri lon sinh trng ca nm, gy cht hng lot nm non. STT Ngun bnh Rui (flies) Rui (Sciaridae) bng ti c im hnh thi v sinh Hu qu gy hi trn nm sn Nh, mu nu - u trng n t nm ( en, c vi di. Bay rt xa, hu ht cc loi nm nhng phn ln chng nhy trng). Chng mang bo n gin. u t nm mc, y l trng nguyn nhn l nhim

khong 5mm, mu trng, bnh nm trng. u c mu en sng. Chu trnh sng mt thng v khong 300 trng. Rui lng g (Cecidomycidae) Rt nh mu u trng en, lng c bu. Bay km, nhng chy nhanh v chn khe, kch thc 0,5mm. u trng khng u, di 3 5 mm, mu vng n trng ( ty loi). Sinh sn nhanh v sng k sinh. Rui n (Ceceidomyidae) Nh, thn u trng mng manh, cnh di v c m hng. Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com n t nm ( hu ht cc loi nm 90 n t nm ( hu ht cc loi nm trng) Chng thng xuyn c khot qu th Mang bo t nm mc.

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang u trng ch trng) qu th Mang bo t nm mc (Bnh biu hin tng t tuyn trng) c khot bng na con trng thnh, mu vng cam n trng ( ty loi). c bit ca nhm u trng ny l c th tip tc sinh sn cho t 20 -30 u trng con ( khng phi qua rui m). Chu k sinh sn ny ch cn 8 ngy. Nn s lng u trng con nng ln rt ln. B nhy (Springtails) Lepidocyrtus spp. - Rt nh ( 12mm), khng - n t v mt phn tai c cnh v c 3 chn. Pha nm ( gp hu ht cc sau bng c b phn co dn loi nm trng ngoi tri) mnh gip c th bn i xa. - c l tai nm ( dng t Thn mu xm sng ( v c ong) trng. hnh ty) Tuyn trng (nematodes) 1. 2. Dictylenchus sp. Rhabdites sp. C th trong Mang mm sut, di 0,8 1mm, Da theo c im dinh dng ta chia lm 2 loi: + Ming nhn, sng k sinh, ph hoi trc tip ln m nm. bnh nhim trng lm m nm tr nn nhy nha. + n t v c khot qu th non. + c khot qu th v m nm

+ Sng t do, ph hoi To iu kin cho rui gin tip ln nm, n c bng ti pht trin. cht mi trng. Nhn nm (mites) 1. Nhn hng ( ) Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com C 8 chn v c i, trng chung: Cn rt nh. Lan chuyn ph t nm, mang tuyn bi rui. Sinh sn trng, trng rui v nm 91

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang (Tarsonemus sp.) 2. rm (Pyrophangus sp.) 3. pygmy (Pygmacophorus sp.) Nhn Nhn

dng bc. Chu k sinh mc ly nhim m nm. sn nhanh ( 8 -10 ngy). 1. Mu hng ( v 2.n t nm v c khot tai nm 3. n t nm, i khi tp trung s lng ln to vt d trn tai nm. N, mu trng c hnh). Sinh sn nhanh v dy c m nm. t ph hoi t nm nhng nhim m nm. 2. ng, lng v chn c nhiu lng di. C ni m cao. n t nm sng. 3. Ph hoi hu ht cc loi nm

2.4.2. i vi tuyn trng Mc d kch rt nh (khng qu 1mm), nhng thit hi do tuyn trng gy ra khng nh. Ngoi vic c ph m nm, chng cn n t, chui vo cung lm h hng tai nm. Tai nm mo d rng, nm rm v cc loi nm khc th b nhn t trong cung ra. C cht thng b nhy nht v chuyn sang mu vng nu (do ly nhim thm vi khun). 2.4.3. i vi mites (Nhn nm) Mites l ng vt 8 chn v ch c u v bng nn c xp vo lp nhn. c im ca chng l ph hoi trc tip t nm, gy nhim trng v nhim mc. Tai nm thng cht non. Nm mo chuyn sang mu en sm. Mites sinh sn nhanh v vng i ngn (17 24 ngy). Do , chng cng l i tng nguy him cho nm. 2.4.4. Cc cng trng cn li: Kin, d, gin, bm, cun chiu,... Cc loi ny gy hi cho nm hoc n t nm hoc cn ph tai nm. Nhng mc khng ng k so vi 3 nhm trn. Thit hi chnh do chng gy nn l vic ly nhim mm bnh ( nhim trng hoc mc). Nhiu trng hp cho thy s hin din ca kin lm gim hn bnh mites. Nn c th nhn v mt s cn trng nh l thc n cho kin. 3. IU TR MT S BNH NM TRNG Thng bnh xy ra t c phng php no iu tr tht hiu qu. Ch yu lm gim bt tc hi ca n v nht l ngn chn ngun bnh ly lan khng ch trong mt t nui trng nm m c Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 92

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang th nhiu t tip theo. Ty theo biu hin ca bnh m c phng n khc phc khc nhau. Vic s dng thuc khng phi l bin php ti u, khi s dng thuc s dn n cc hu qu xu nh: Gy c cho ngi tip xc trc tip vi thuc nh hng n nm trng, lm t yu d nhim bnh hn. Trong nhiu trng hp t Gim cht lng sn phm: nm c th tch ly cc cht c ca thuc v sn phm Lm mt cn bng sinh thi: thuc dit mm bnh nhng ng thi cng dit c cc

b cht hoc ngng tng trng. ca n hoc tai nm tr nn c cho ngi s dng. sinh vt c li, bao gm nhng thin dch ca i tng gy bnh hay nhng k th ca chng. V vy, khi bnh pht trin tr li, th lan trn rt nhanh v hu qu nghim trng hn gp nhiu ln. S ln thuc: vic s dng thng xuyn thuc dit khun, dit cn trng, nht l tnh hnh lm dng thuc trong trng nm hin nay c th dn n hu qu l vi khun, nm mc hoc cn trng quen dn vi thuc ( ln thuc). n khi dch bnh pht trin kh chn ng. Tuy nhin, thuc vn l cch tr nhanh v hu hiu nht. Nn trong trng nm vn phi dng mt s thuc iu tr cc bnh nm. 4. MT S BIN PHP PHNG BNH TRONG TRNG NM. Bin php tch cc nht nhm trnh nhng tn tht do dch hi gy ra l t chc phng nga. Vic nga bnh bao gm nhiu vn : 4.1. Chn a im. Ni trng nm nn xa ngun bnh nh: Cng rnh, rc ri, l cy mc, ph liu nng nghip, chung trai chn nui,....Ngoi ra, cng nn trnh cc ni c nhiu bi nh: nh my xay xt, ch bin nng sn, ca x g,... 4.2. Hp l ha qui trnh sn xut Vic b tr kho nguyn liu, ni d tr sn phm ( nm kh), phng cy, phng v Ngi chm sc khng nn i t phng ny sang phng khc, nht l sau khi i vo Phng cn thong kh v nh sng va phi, bch phi khng chng cht ln nhau Nh trng nn ti tp trung, trnh lm theo kiu gi u thnh nhiu t, bnh t ni nui trng cn tnh ton khng ly nhim ln nhau. nh trng nm. trnh nm mc, cn trng c iu kin n nu v pht trin. trc c th ly lan sang t sau. Mt s biu hin bnh trong trng nm v bin php khc phc STT Hin tng Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com Nguyn nhn Bin php khc phc 93

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang 1 T khng mc hoc khng bm vo c cht -

qu m

Nguyn liu

Xem li Kim tra

m ban u Nguyn nguyn liu v qu trnh ch bin Kim tra ngun ging v thay bng ging tt hn

liu b ng c do mt ca c cht du, cht thm. B sung m khng ng cch, nng amoniac (NH4) caotrong cao nht, Nhim tp trc khi cy ging. Ging yu, qu gi hoc cht Nhit khng thch hp ( nng lnh) 2 T mc chm v tha hoc ri ni. Mt s trng hp ngng na chng. Nguyn liu hoc

Che ph nu lnh),

thng thong ( nu nng)

Kim tra

khng t yu cu (PH acid ( chua) hoc kim, m cao, ng nc y. i khi cng do hi kh). Nguyn liu Ging thoi b nhim khun ha ( t xy ra so vi 2 l do trn)

khu ch bin nguyn liu. Xem li khu kh trng nguyn liu. Thay ging tt.

T mc u, nhng khng ra nm

ha -

ging thoi

Thay

ging tt hn Nhit nhit Theo di , to

khng thch hp ( cao qa hoc i khi thp qu). Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com T chua

iu kin cho nm kt n. thm 94

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang trng nm) m khng hc hi kh. thong. Thiu thng thnh (ra 1 thi gian ( sau khi t nm y), ri mi em ra ngoi nh trng. gi Lun m

hko6ng kh trn 85%, bng cch phun nc. Xem li iu nh trng: nh sng, m , thong kh,...

Qa th kt n, nhng khng ln hoc cht non

ha -

ging thoi

Thay Tng B sung dinh Hn ch

ging mi Nguyn liu -

b ( rm) hoc nn (mt ca hay c cht khc) khng cht. Tai nm d b mt r gc v tn li dng Nhiu nm tranh vi dinh nm di xut hin v cnh dng trng 5 Tai nm d dng (bng ci, teo u, kh cng, cht non,....) Nhim bnh Thiu dinh

nn cho m thm dng s tai nm pht trin cng mt lc ( rch hoc m phn) ti mt

Xc

( nm mc, cn trng, nhn nm,...) Nc ti

nh bnh, cch ly mm bnh v l l thuc 95

Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang b phn, mn m khng kh hi kh Nhit thay i t ngt (lnh qu hoc Kim tra o tra pH nc ti bng giy (kim

phn) hoc cm quan mn. Che chn thch hp nht l ni c s dao ng nhit gia ngy v m

nng qu)

Tai nm b nhn trc khi thu hi

Nhim bnh nm mc, vi cn Ti nc

Cch ly

ngun bnh, s dng thuc tr Trnh ti thnh git ln tai nm.

khun, trng,...) -

trc tip v qu mnh ln tai nm ( nht l nm rm v bo ng) 7 Cung nm di v nh, m nm khng pht trin Ni nui

thng kh,

To

trng nm b ngp ( nng thn kh CO2 cao) sng Thiu nh

thong nht

chn nh trng Cung cp nh sng cho nm (nh sng tn) khuch B sung

Sn lng nm km

cht

thiu dinh dng Nhim bnh Ging yu

dinh dng y V sinh

hoc thoi ha Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com

mi trng k 96

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Thi tit hn trc sau mi v t tht thng, nhit thay i t ngt Thu hi khng ng cch (tch tai nm hay hi khng cn thn lm nh hng n cc tai nm bnh cnh hoc tha gc gy nhim cho nm t 2 hoc t 3,...) Bng. Mt vi loi thuc c dng tr bnh trong nui trng nm STT 1 Tn thuc c tr Cch dng a Lu bch v kim. c cho ngi v gia sc. - Ri trn t trc v - D b hy bi nhit khi phivvo ti - Pha vi nc theo ch dn trn nhn chai, phun trong phng v ni c ngun bnh 3 Formalin (Formol, Nm mc, vi khun, Phun gia hai t Hi c, nh hng qua trng nm vi h hp, trnh ht th trc nng 0,2 0,3 tip. % Xng hi: i vi nhng phng c th ng kn li. S cho dng th
3

nui trng Thay ging tt hn Che chn thch hp Xem li

cch thu hi

Furadan dng Tuyn bt

trng, cn sau trng

Endosulfat (thiodan)

Rui, mites

Formaldehyde) tuyn trng

100ml tch

khong 500m

Tm giy bo ph ln m nm bnh. Nng 0,5% ( hai ln) Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 97

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang 4 Mancozeb Nm mc (Dithane, Maneb)

Pha nc hoc ri 1 Vn cc khi gp nng gam cho 1 m2 , gia v la, phn hy mi hai t nui trng ( trng kim. ngay sau khi thu hi xong)

Azodrin 50DD

Cn trng Pha vi nc, nng Thuc rt c vi ngi mites nhn nm) ( 1% phu trc v sau v gia sc. n mn kim cc t nui trng nm loi. Phun thuc hoc tm g dng trong trng nm. Nng s dng 2% ( nn thm soda. Nm mc Thm sulfate ng cho Thuc khng dit trit n khi bo ha trong v i tr. nc vi 1%. Qut ln vt bnh ( lu : thuc pha xong dng ngay, khng qua m) Nm mc Pha 12g/10 lt nc Thng dit mc trong phun cho 10m2 t ( t ph nm m)

Pentachloro Nm mc phenolate (Santobritc) Na

Bordeaux (Sulfate ng)

Bennomyl (Benlate_C)

4.3. X l mi trng v nguyn liu Trc v sau mi t nui trng nm cn v sinh k nh trng: nn t, dn k hoc ct ko. Vic x l nn tin hnh cng lc v trc khi nui trng t nht l hai ngy nh phun thuc dit cn trng trn vch, ri thuc dit tuyn trng trn nn (nn t hoc nn ct), qut vi cng mui hoc nht cn ln cc dn ct ( g, tm vng). Thu dn nguyn liu ri vi, khng qut tp vo mt gc no , lu ngy s gy nhim. C cht khng kh trng th thi, cn li phi hp tht k, v bn trong c nhiu thnh

phn thch hp cho mm bnh mc nhanh hn bnh thng. 4.4. Ngn chn bnh ly lan Trng hp bnh xy ra ( bnh ly lan) phi c lp ngay khu vc bnh nh: cch ly ngun bnh v phun thuc dit. Phun nga khu vc xung quanh, theo di kim tra thng xuyn hn.

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Bnh thng cha thy bnh xy ra cng phi c k hoch hm sc nh k c th pht hin sm mm bnh, kp thi ngn chn trc khi ly lan. Nh trng nm, nh hay c s trng nm khc, cng t ngi l vo cng tt. c MT S LU I VI NGI TRNG Bn cnh vn phng bnh cho nm, ngi tham gia vo sn xut nm cng cn quan tm n vic bo v sc khe cho mnh v mi ngi xung quanh, bao gm: 5.1. Bo t v nm bnh Ngoi bo t ca nm trng v nhiu loi bo t nm mc gy hi khc. Ngi trng nm c th ht phi cc loi bo t ny v lu ngy s nh hng n ng h hp ( suy h hp vim nhim). Bo t bo ng c xem l nguy him nht v gy d ng ng h hp. Ngi bnh mt mi, triu chng ging nh lao phi. Bo t mt s nm mc nh Aspergilus niger c th k sinh trong phi ngi,....Do , cn cn thn khi chm sc nm cng nh tip xc vi cc ngun nhim mc. Tt nht nn c mt n che mt ( loi phng chng hi c) hoc khu trang. Cc loi nm mc l cng khng km nguy him, chng c th l nhng nhm k sinh da, mng tay, mng chn,...rt kh tr. Thng khi phi tip xc vi cc ngun c th gy bnh, nn mang bao tay cao su hoc giy ng. 5.2. Thuc dit cn trng Tm hiu k tnh nng ca thuc v liu lng dng. Thi gian phn hy v kh nng gy c cho ngi. Trnh tip xc trc tip vi thuc, tt nht nn mang khu trang khi phun thuc. Hn ch vic s dng thuc trc tip ln nm ( c t v qu th) Phn ln thuc dit cn trng u c hi, nhiu hay t. Do , cn cn thn khi s dng: bit l em ging l vo nui trng s gy nh hng n ging ang sn xut. 5.

6. PHNG TR SU BNH HI NM N X hi pht trin, nhu cu nm n tng nn sn xut nm n ang ngy cng pht trin mnh. Su bnh hi nm n l mt vn cn c gii quyt, chng lm gim sn lng, cht lng, thm ch cn khng cho thu hoch. Trong c qu trnh sinh trng pht trin cho nm n c quan h vi mi trng xung quanh bao gm ng thc vt v vi sinh vt, trong c su bnh hi. Mi trng sng ca nm n c quan h mt thit vi su bnh hi . * Dinh dng: phn ln nm n sng hoi sinh cn ngun dinh dng gi th, nguyn liu ca gi th l phn chung, rm r, v ht bng, b ma, bng thi, cm, tru, chng c nhiu prtin, ng v vitamin. Nhng cht cng l thnh phn dinh dng ca cc nm bnh v su, nn trong qu trnh nui trng nm n thng thng xut hin mt s loi nm tp v su hi * Nc: nm n c hm lng nc rt cao, trong qu trnh sinh trng pht trin nm n hp thu nhiu nc. Trong iu kin m t nm tp v su hi lun c iu kin pht sinh gy nguy hi. Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 99

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang nhit : nhit thch hp i vi nm n thng l 25-350C, th qu pht trin vo khong 7320C. Trong phm vi nhit cng thch hp cho nm tp v su hi nm n. * Khng kh: trong qu trnh h hp, nm n thng thi CO2 hp thu O2, nn trong qu trnh nui dng ta phi lun cung cp oxy v do nm tp v su hi cng c iu kin sinh si ny n. * pH: phn ln nm n a iu kin hi chua, gn trung tnh v trong qu trnh trao i cht chng sn sinh ra cht c tnh chua lm tng thm tnh chua ca cht dinh dng, mi trng chua rt thch hp cho cc loi nm tp pht sinh * nh sng: mt s nm n trong qu trnh sinh trng pht trin yu cu nh sng tn x, mt s loi ch trong iu kin ti mi pht trin bnh thng. Trong iu kin thiu nh sng trc x lu di thng to iu kin cho nm tp pht trin. Tt c nhng iu kin thun li cho su bnh pht sinh pht trin trn gy ra nhng kh khn cho vic phng tr. Bi v chng ta kh tch chng ra m p dng mt bin php phng tr n c. ng thi nm n thng d b su bnh hn nm tp. Mi ln su bnh hi nm n pht sinh li kh phng tr bng thuc ha hc gy c hi cho nm v cho con ngi. Sau y l mt s su bnh hi nm thng gp. 6.1. Nm tp, bnh hi nm n v bin php phng tr. Cn c vo ngun ly bnh, triu chng v mi trng sinh trng ngi ta chia ra bnh k sinh- trc tip xm nhim si nm v th qu nm n; bnh gy nhiu- nm bnh tit ra cht c c ch si nm v th qu; bnh cnh tranh - chim v tr v tranh ginh dinh dng ca nm. Cn c vo phn loi vt gy bnh ngi ta chia ra bnh do nm, bnh do vi khun, bnh do virus, nm tp cnh tranh v bnh sinh l. a) Bnh do nm v Bnh thi nu

Bnh thi nu cn gi l bnh mc nu, thng gp trnh nm s v nm rm, ch xm nhim vo th qu. Th qu bin mu nu, ri thi nhn. (Hnh Nm mc vng), bnh thi nu nm v Bin php phng tr Vt liu phi c ln men ht, t lp phi c x l. Dng topsin hoc benlat 0.2% phun Gim nhit xung 13oC c th trnh bnh ny. Bnh mc vng.

Bnh mc vng cn gi l mc vng chanh. Si nm lc u mu trng v sau bin thnh cc ht bt mu vng chanh. Nhit thch hp cho nm ny pht trin l 25oC. Bin php phng tr: Lm tt v sinh mi trng phng nui cy. 100

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Vt liu nui phi c kh trng. Gim nhit v m trong phng, tng cng thong kh. trn vi thuc benlat 0.1 %. Nu bnh thng c nm mc dng vi mn tm nc thuc tm 0.1% bc v liu

li mang ra khi phng v vi lp ngay. v Bnh m nu. Bnh m nu do nm cung vng gy ra, ch yu trn nm m. Ban u xut hin trn tn nm cc m nu nh, ri lan rng dn thnh m lm xung mu xm. Trn l nhng bo t nm mc cung vng. Ni chung ngi ta cho rng si nm ca nm m khng b xm nhim, nhng nm mc c th lan rng trn b nm ca nhng nm m t chng gy bnh. Nm m b bnh thng do b nm kh nt ra, thay i hnh dng, tn nm un cong. T khi b nhim bnh n khi xut hin bo t nm bnh khong 14 ngy. Bnh m nu, nm cc dng thch cao Ly lan thng qua nc t ln, rui, nhn, con ngi, cng c hoc nh gi, t ly lan. m cao l iu kin thun li cho bnh m nu pht trin, t ph ln qu m d b bnh Bin php phng tr: Ngn chn rui, nhn vo phng nm. Kh trng dng c bng 4% formalin Phun vo ch b bnh thuc benlat 0.2%. v Bnh nm cc dng thch cao. Ch yu gy hi nm m. nhit , m cao, iu kin thong gi km thng hay pht sinh. Ban u si nm mu trng, v sau thnh khi mu trng hoc vng nhc nh khi thch cao. Bin php phng tr bnh thi nu. v Bnh mc xanh v mc . Nm mc xanh v mc thng xut hin trn lung trng nm. Trn th qu xut hin bt mu xanh hoc mu . Nm mc xanh, nm mc v Bin php phng tr: Khng ch nhi trong phng, nhit d trn 25oC c th gim bnh. Dng nc amoniac kh trng bung c, cc dng c ngm thuc tm 0.1% bnh m nu mu vng Triu chng :

b) Bnh do vi khun

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Mt tn nm hnh thnh m nu, to thnh mng nhy mu vng, m lan rng dn, xm nhp vo m nm lm cho qu th cht bin thnh mu nu en, ri thi ra. Thi gian t khi c m n khi nm cht ch 3-5 ngy, bnh ly lan nhanh bng con ngi v dng c thu hi. iu kin b bnh: nhit thch hp cho vi khun sinh sn l 21-25oC Bin php phng tr: v Bnh thi kh Dng thc khng sinh streptomycin, penici;in phun ln lung hn ch ly lan. Triu chng: iu kin pht bnh: Phng php phng tr: Cch ly lung nm b bnh Kh trng t bng pcnb 4% + naoh 1% Nu bnh lin tc cn phi thay ging nm.

Nm bin dng, mu nu nht, tn lch, Nm khng thi ra ra m cht kh. Bnh b nng trn lung t, c th lin quan vi nm

C) Bnh do virus. Virus c th xm nhim vo cc loi nm m, nm hng, nm bo ng, nm ngn nh,. Nm m b bnh thng b gim sn lng, cht lng thm ch mt thu hoch. triu chng: Cung di, tn nh, lch li dn m cht. Th qu cha nhiu nc mm nhn v bin mu nu Con ng ly lan. Thng qua cn trung, cng c ly lan, c th thng qua s ni si nm trong t ly lan hoc thng qua khuych tn bo t. Bnh li nm do virus Phng php phng tr Cn kh trng trit phng nm v gi nui nm. S khuch tn bo t c th ly bnh nn tm cch hn ch s khuch tn bo t. Phn lp ging nm khng c bnh Kh trng dng c hi nm. Kh trng t gi nui bng formalin hoc nhit cao 750C Chn loi nm chng chu bnh.

d) Mt s bnh sinh l ca nm Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 102

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Trong qu trnh sinhb trng pht trin ca nm n, nu gp iu kin thun li cho si nm sinh trng v khng tho mn nhu cu sinh sn, si nm s khng th kt thnh th qu c gi l si nm ko di. Khi sn xut ging nm nu nm thuc kiu kh sinh, lc cy chuyn li c chn th nm kh sinh cy ln mi trng c hm lng nc nhiu, sau khi si nm mc kn, nhit trn 22oC, khng thong gi, si nm lun lun mc nhanh, dy. lung trng nh vy s mc nhiu si. Nu khng kp x l s khng hnh thnh th qu. Dng mn ca cy nm hng giai on kt hp si nm, si nm mc trng cc git nc bin vng, khng kp thi ct tm che, thay i khng kh, si nm tip tc mc, c ch s hnh thnh n nm v khng hnh thnh th qu. Bin php ngn chn si nm ko di. Khi cy chuyn ging gc nu c si kh sinh nn chn si nm n kh sinh na trong mi trng cy chuyn. Nn phun nc ln t ph vo lcx tri mt sng sm hoc bui ti, ng thi tng lng thng gi gim bt m khng kh Sau khi si nm kh sinh mc di nn kp thi dng dao co bt si di; tng lng thng thong phng nm, phun nc xc tin nm hnh thnh th qu Sau khi si nm hng thnh khi, b mt c si trng v c nc vng, nn kp thi d b tm ni long trn lung v thng gi gim nhit nm bin dng. v Nm mn Khi nm mi mc c th mc ni thp th qu di, dng nm khng trn. Tn nm thng ph t lm gim cht lng nm. Nguynbnhn ca hin tng ny l Gi th qu m hoc ln bn, thng gi km Ph t qu mun, nc ti qu nhiu, thng gi km thng kt nm sm. Ging nm loi si trong gc thng mc chm hn loi si kh sinh, d kt nm, nu qun l km d b bin dng. v Nm mc thnh chm Qu trnh mc nm kh phc tp l kt qu ca cc nhn t ho hc v sinh vt. Nu m khng kh cao, thng thong km, thiu oxy, thng phn ha nh t hnh thnh mt lp chm th qu, nh v yu. ngn chn tnh trng ny phi to iu kin thng thong gi v Nm c cung di tn nh

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Khi ph t qu to, cht t qu cng, th qu mc khng u lm tn thng c gii; khi nm mc khng thng thong. Trong phn c nhiu CO2 trn 0.3%. Vo ma ng dung than si cng d lm cung di tn nh Th qu nm bin dng thnh dng san h v khng c gai: nguyn nhn hin tng ny l do nng CO2 qu cao, khi hm lng CO2 vt qu 0.1% s lm cho nm khng ngng phn nhnh c ch s hnh thnh tn v xut hin dng san h Qun l nc khng hp l thng ch hnh thnh tn m khng c gai, khi nhi cao 24 oC m thp thng xut hin hin tng ny. Khi pha ch mi trng cn trnh dng cc loi mn ca c tinh du. Nhit cao cn ch khng ch lngf nc m bo cho m trn 90%; nhng khi nhit thp 140C , th qu thng bin mu hng. Ngoi ra khi qut gi cn trnh thi trc tip vo th qu. Ngoi ra nm m cn xut hin mt s hin tng nh dng san h, cung di, nhn nheo, bin mu xanh. Nguyn nhn ca cc hin tng ny trn l do thiu oxy. nh snh chiu mun, khng thong gi, m hi cao v khng ch khng hp l lm cho nm b trng c va bin mu v Gy cht nm Do iu kin mi trng khng thch hp, trn lung nm thng c hin tng nm nh, bin vng ri cht. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny l do phng nm c nhit c qu cao lin tc my ngy, khng thong gi, thiu oxy nhiu CO2, nhit lng sinh ra trong qu trnh trao i cht b phn tn, nhiu nm nh s cht. Nhit cao s thch hp cho si nm sinh trng dinh dng hnh thnh chuyn vo si nm kt qu nm mc ra s b cht Ph t trc lc nm mc si, nm thng mc rt nhanh, th qu mc vng, b mt xut hin th qu mc dy, dinh dng khng nm s cht. Sau khi th qu hnh thnh nu phun nhiu nc, thng thong km, lng nc tch li nhiu s lm cho nm b cht. Trong t 1;2 nm mc qu dy, khi thu hi nm phi cn thn trnh lm tn thng nm nh v lm cho nm cht Dng thuc tr su hay dit nm qu nhiu cng gy nm cht, hn ch hin tng trn cn ch iu chnh nhit theo yu cu ca tng loi nm, trnh nhit qu cao. Giai on iu chnh nc t ph cn trnh dng dng thuc tr su v Tht si nm Sau khi gieo ging nm do nhit cao hoc gi th nui qu kh, si nm s tht li m khng ny chi. Gieo ging si nm mc c th mc tt nhng khng mc trn mi trng dinh dng, thi gian qu lu s lm cho si nm khng ln ln. Nguyn nhn l do mi trng qu kh hoc qu m, trong mi trng c kh amoniac v chua qu ln.

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Nc trong t qu ln, t do cch ly vi khng kh, nc ngm vo cht dinh dng, si nm thiu oxy m tht li. Trong khi iu tit nc nhit gim, c gi kh n n t ngt si nm bin vng tht li m cht. Bin php ngn chn hin tng ny l t cn c m, sau khi gieo t thng gi, trc lc gieo t khng qu kh hoc qu m. Nu vt nui nm qu kh nn b sung t nc; nu c amonic nn phun 1% acid methylic hoc 5-10% nc vi trung ho. Nu t m c th rc bt vi iu chnh pH = 9 l va. Nu khi ra nm t nhiu nc nn chia ra 2-3 ngy phun mt t, mi t 3-4 ln, ng thi phi thng gi. Ngoi ra cn xut hin mt s hin tng khc nh rng rut, m g st, gc , v mng, xo tn sm... tt c hin tng trn l do iu kin mi trng gy ra( nc, m khng kh, thng gi, nhit , tr s pH). 7 . CC LOI SU HI NM N V BIN PHP PHNG TR a) Nhin ( cn gi l rn, mite) Ch yu gy hi trn nm m, ngn nh, mc nh, nm rm, nm hng. Chng sinh sn rt nhanh, n si nm l ch yu, nu nng c th n ht si nm nh hng n sn lng nm, nht l nm mc nh, ngn nh. Ngun gc rn n nm l do thc n t c,, v ht bng, thc n ca g do rui mang n bung nm. Bin php phng tr : Bung nui nm nn cch ly kho thc n v chung g thng xuyn kim tra ging nm nu pht hin rn dng thuc xong hi nc DDVP tm bng. Sau khi gieo ging nm mt tun, trn mt nguyn liu nui nm phi ph tm nilng, sau 1-2 pht pht hin c rn cn phi dit ngay trc lc ph lung. Thng thng dng DDVP 0.5%, phun 5kg/m2. Bung nm cn c xong hi bng DDVP c 100 m2 dng mt Kg xng hi trong 18 gi trng nm rm cng thngc rn phn, cn ch phi rm kh, pht hin thy rn , phun thuc xng hi DDVP 0.50% b) Rui, mui hi nm Chng thng n th qu, c th lm gy nm Bin php phng tr : Lm tt v sinh mi trng, ca bung nm phic he vi mn, treo thuc DDVP, trnh tui mui bay vo phng. Lung c rui cn phi phun thuc dipterex 0.1% Trc khi trng nm phi xng khi bng pht pht km 6-15 g/m3, gi nhit 21-25oC, xng khi trong 24 gi. c) Tuyn trng ( Nematoda) Ch yu gy hi nm m, nm rm, nm hng, mc nh, ngn nh. Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 105

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Tuyn trng l loi giun tron di di 1mm, dng si hai u nhn,. sinh sn nhan ch sau 23 ngy l thnh thc trng v n ra tuyn trng non sau khi tuyn trng xm nhim nguyn liu nui nm bin thnh mu nu en, m t, si nm co tht li, n nm bin vng mm nhn iu kin b bnh Trong iu kin oi bc, khng thng thong, thng pht sinh hng lot. Trong iu kin nhit khng cao, m cao, nhy, thi hay c tuyn trng, nguyn liu nui nm , t ph v nc l 3 iu kin cho tuyn trng xm nhim. Bin php phng tr : Tng nhit ng nguyn liu , phng nguyn liu nui nm qu m. khi ln men ln hai tng nhit ln 60oC c th tiu dit tuyn trng. Sau khi nm rm c tuyn trng phun KI 0.1% Trong phng nui nm c th xng hi nng 60oC Gi nui nm c th phun dung dch cn ethylic 0.5-1%, hoc dng 10 ml dung dch formalin + DDVP xng hi. d) B nhy ( horn) B nhy thng trong ng rm v phn, n hi si nm v qu th, khi nhiu thng tp trung n hi n nm v tn nm lm cho nm cht kh Bin php phng tr: Phun DDVP 0.2 % tiu dit, dng bt nc vi qut quanh tng. e) Sn hi nm ( slugs) Sn gy hi nhiu loi nm n, thng xut hin ban m. Bin php phng tr: Phun nc mui 1 % phng tr Bui ti 9-10 gi bt sn. Xung quanh lung phun nc vi, mui n cch ly. Dng dung dch b ch phun. Ngoi ra cn x c sn ( Snail ), mi ( Termite ) v chut hi ( rat). T cn ch gi v sinh mi trng.

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

Phng Nng Nghip Huyn Th i Hc Nng Lm Tp.HCM Vin Cng Ngh Sinh Hc

CNG HO X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM C LP - T DO - HNH PHC

CHUYN GIAO CNG NGH TRNG NM RM


(V/v Chuyn giao cng ngh sn xut ging v k thut trng nm ) 1. KHI QUT V NM RM Nm rm c tn khoa hc l Volvariella gm nhiu loi khc nhau: c loi mu xm trng, xm, xm en. Kch thc ng knh ca nm rm ln nh tu thuc tng loi nm rm. Nm rm c cha hm lng cht dinh dng cao: protein, cc acid amin, cht khong v vitamin.Vic tn dng ngun rm, r nhng vng trng la sau ma gt pht trin ngh trng nm rm, nhm em li hiu qu kinh t cao v tng thu nhp cho nng dn vng trng la. gip ngi nng dn trong vng trng la c thm kin thc v nm vng k thut trng nm rm, tng nng sut nm Phng Nng Nghip Huyn Th chuyn giao k thut trng nm cho nng dn. 2. K THUT TRNG NM RM 2.1. THI V TRNG NM RM Nu mi trng nm ln u th nn trng vo ma kh, ch ng vic ti nc. Trng vo ma ma, m c thch hp hn, nhng khi ma lin tip lm lnh m nm, t kh pht trin hoc lm n nm d ng.Nu nm vng k thut trng nm rm th c th trng vo ma ma. 2.2. VT LIU Rm, r ca la di ngy Meo ging Tm dy v vi 2.2.1. NGUYN LIU

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Chn rm r tt, em phi kh: rm la np, rm la ma trng ra nm tt hn rm r thn nng. Rm r b mc, b nhim thuc tr su - ry, rm la b bnh mt ma, trng nm nhiu khi khng ln hoc c nm th nng sut rt thp. Rm cn xanh khng th trng nm c. Do , rm r sau khi thu hoch v phi c phi kh, nh ng, bo qun tt. 2.2.2. MEO Mun trng nm c nng sut cao, nn t meo ni c tn nhim. Khng ly meo nhiu ngun khng r ngun gc. Meo tt phi m bo cc ch tiu sau: + Khng b nhim bnh: Chai meo ht hoc bch meo cng c cc si nm mc u t trn xung di, khng c khoan, m en, xanh, vng m ch c mu trng ca t hoc c lm mmu nu , nu hng ca hu bo t. + Gng c mi thm d chu: Nu c mi chua kh chu l ging b nhim vi khun, nm di. + Gng khng qu gi hoc qu non: Lc chun b cy meo phai coi ngy cy ghi trn chai. Nu qu 2 tun l meo hi gi, meo gi c m so hay cy nm mc trong chai. Mu chai ging chuyn sang vng, nu en l ging qu gi. Nu ging cha n kn y chai hoc bch nylong l ging cn non. Nn s dng ging n kn ht y chai/ti sau 3 4 ngy. Mun lu phi bo qun nhit lnh 4 8 ko di 30 50 ngy. + Vn chuyn ging: Vn chuyn ging phi nh nhnh, trnh va chm mnh, dng ng chai ging 9nt bng quay ln pha trn). V nh khng meo ni qu nng hoc qu nng, khng lm tut nt bng ra ngoi. Ngoi ra khng meo ni c nhiu thuc BVTV, nn ni sch s, thong mt. Sau khi ging mang v phi 2 ngy cho ging n nh mi em i cy ging. 2.3. X L NGUYN LIU * Rm, r c nhng vo nc vi pha vi t l 3 kg vi cho 100 lt nc ngm rm va ngp. Mc ch dit nm tp, ty ra cht phn, cht mn trong rm r. * Thi gian ngm trong nc vi t 20-30 pht, sau vt ra ro nc, cht thnh ng vi chiu rng 1,5-2 m, chiu di 4-8 m cn dm nh cho d, ly nylon, rm hoc l chui t quanh gi m v gi nhit. * Thi gian 5-6 ngy: trong thi gian u sau khi cht ng 2-3 ngy tr rm mt ln. Nu rm qu t cn gim bt dng c y bn ngoi, nu rm b kh cn b
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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

sung thm nc vi vi t l 3 kg vi cho 100 lt nc, ti va . * n ngy th 5-6 kim tra li ng rm, rm t khi vt vi cng thy c nc nh vi git l tt nht. Ch : rm iu kin cht nm phi t yu cu: - Rm r mm hn. - C mu vng ti. - C mi thm c trng ca rm r khi ln men. 3. CC PHNG PHP TRNG NM RM 3.1. TRNG NGOI TRI Nm rm c th trng trn t rung, t ct, t st, thm ch c trn nn xi mng. Trng ch c nng hay ch mt u c. Nhng nu trng v tr thng xuyn c gi th phi chn gi. Khng nn trng ni ng nc, ni d bn, trng gn ngun nc tin lm m nguyn liu v nc ti. 3.1.1. XP M Khi xp m, cho cc phn ca gc r quay ra ngoa ba m, b n ngc u vi b kia. Xp m tht v trong cch lung ba khong 1 tc. Cy mt lp ging vin quanh cch mp 3 5 cm tu theo v. Mi lp ging cy xong dng tay n cht, ly rm chn dc theo lung ri mi xp lp tip theo v tip tc lm nh vy 3 lp. Lp trn cng ging tri rng u khp trn b mt, mi chai meo 1 lt xp c 4 5 m m. ng m nm ngoi tri thng b cc t ma ln hay nng nng lm h hng, cn che ph thm 1 lp rm r kh trn b mt m nm. Lp rm r ny cn tt. Xp theo 1 chiu, ph theo kiu lp mi nh, chiu dy 4 5 cm. Tt c cc b mt ca nhng m mp ngoi khu vc trng nm cng cn che ph bng lp rm ph o. 3.1.2. T M V TI Sau khi xp m 2 ngy th t m, bng cch rc mt lp rm ri ln m ri t. Khi la chy phng n u th dp tt dn , tro bi qut tp ln m cho kn mt m tro gi hi m v lm cho m thm cht khong, ri nh lp nc v che m li cho tro khng b bay ra. Nhit m nm trong nhng ngy u khong 38 40 l tt nht. Sau 3 5 ngy ti nh mt lp nc na bng bnh vi sen trn thnh o cho m m. Nu trng vo nhng thng tri nng nhng lnh cn phi che chn gi m m v m khng b kh.

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109

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

Trong nhng ngy u nui t nm, ta phi iu chnh nhit , m khng kh khu vc trng va phi. Ban m tri lnh cn phi che y chn m li, ngy 5 6 c th pha thm ure 0.1% ti. n ngy th 7 8 bt u xut hin nm con (giai on ra qu th) c th ti nhiu ln, mi ln 1 t, khng c ti t m ti phun sng. Ngy th 9 10 nu thy m nm kh th ti thm nc. Khi ti cn quan st m nm, rt vi cng rm ra vt thy nc va a ra l t. Nu nc chy rng rng l m qu m phi d bt ra cho thong. Khi ti nm phi ch cho bn trong m khng ng nc v bn ngoi mt m khng kh. Mun vy phi ti trn o m.Nu nhng ngy ny m cha c n nm th phi coi li ging nm v iu kin ngoi cnh c ch chm sc thch hp (lnh qu phi gi m, cn nng qu phi phun sng trn lp o ngoi cng) Ti nc tt nht vo 8 9 gi sng, lc 4 5 gi chiu. Mun ti gia tra th titrn o m khng c ti trn lip m.

3.1.3. CHM SC T ngy 2 3 ngy m thy t nm mu trng c mc y m th khng phi l t nm rm. T nm rm rt trong v trng, si t rt nh v mn. Khi vch m nm ra t ko di mnh mai nh mng nhn. Trng ngoi tri t khi t t mc thnh chm nh trong phng nn nu thy t mc nh bng gn, mc sm th c th pha nc vi ti cho dp cht t di di hoc vo ngy 7,8,9 m thy nhng nm l lc u mu trng vi ngi sau chuyn sang mu vng, y chnh l n nm di (nm trng c) phi rc vi kh nm l. Nh vy, t ngy 1 n ngy 6 l giai on nui t nm, giai on ny rt quan trng. B con cn phi ch cc thng s v nhit cng nh v gi, nng, m (>80%)Ngy 8, 9 tr i m nm cn hi m, cn thong kh nhng khng a gi, khng a ti nc trc tip.
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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

CH : Trong qua 1trnh trng nm, giai on meo cho t pht trin khng cn nh sng. Giai on ny ch cn m v m thch hp. nhng lc ra n nm nu thiu nh sng d lm n nm b bnh. Trng hp nh sng chiu trc tip vo m nm cng khng tt, hng ngy vo bui chiu d tm che trong chc lt va thong m va thm nh sng cho m nm Vo ma nng, ban ngy m thng b thiu do nng nng, i khi v m trong nhng ngy nm ra n, ngi ta cn d o m ra ly hi sng cho m nm bn ngoi c m. V th, khng nn lm nm trong ma ma v c th nhng cn ma m s lm h ht n nm v cng khng nn lm lc tri qu lnh. 4. TRNG TRONG NH 4.1. NG KHUN + Khun nh: 0.5m x 1.5m x 0.4m + Khun ln: Tu 4.2. NG M CY GING Sau khi xp khun vo nh, tri mt lp r vo khun dy 10 12cm. Cy mt lp ging vin quanh mp khun 4 5cm. Tip tc lm nh vy 3 lp. Lp trn cng tri u khp trn b mt (lp th 4), lng ging s dng cho 1 m l 300 350g. 4.3. CHM SC Sau 3 5 ngy u khng cn ti nc, nhng ngy tip theo quan st b mt m nm thy rm r kh, cn phun nh nc trc tip xung quanh hoc85c to m di sn. Ch phi ti nc kho, nu ti mnh (ht nc ln) d lm si nm tn thng, nh hng n nng sut v lc ny si nm pht trin ra tn pha ngoi thnh m. n ngy th 7 8 bt u xut hin nm con (giai on ra qu th), 3 4 ngy sau nm ln rt nhanh to bng qu to thm vi gi c th nm s n d.
Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 111

ng khun theo din tch

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

Nm ra mt dy, kch thc ln cn ti 2 3 lt nc/ngy. Lng nc ti 1 ln rt t (100ml 200ml nc cho 1 m/ngy) Nu nc ti qu nhiu nm d b thi chn v cht ngay t lc cn nh.

4.4.

THU HOCH

Chu k sinh trng v pht trin ca nm rm rt nhanh chng. T lc trng n lc thu hoch ch sau 10 12 ngy. Nhng ngy u chng nh nh ht tm c mu trng (giai on inh ghim), 2 3 ngy sau ln rt nhanh bng qu to. Lc trng thnh ging nh chic d. Thu hgoch nm bn khi nm cn nh v trong qu trnh vn chuyn v tiu th nm vn n. Thu hoch nmdng tay nm u nm v xoay trn. Nm ra r vo ngy th 12 15. 7 8 ngy sau s ra tip t hai v hi trong 3 4 ngy th kt thc 1 t nui trng (thi gian l 25 30 ngy). Dn v sinhsch s ti nc vi 3 4 ngy ri trng v khc.
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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

Nng sut nm dao ng 10 20% so vi khi nguyn liu kh (1 tn rm r cho thu hoch khong 120 200kg nm ti). Nng sut nm cao hay thp tu thuc vo cht lng ging nm, k thut nui trng v yu t kh hu ng vai tr quyt nh s thnh bi trong trng nm. 5. CCH PHNG CHNG SU HI Trong qu trnh trng nm rm thng xut hin mt s vn v dch hi: Nm di (nm mc): do m nguyn liu qu cao. Loi nm ny khng gy hi nhng chng cnh tranh dinh dng ca nm rm, cn u chnh Ph v iu chnh m nguyn liu lc em trng, hn ch ti nc khi chm sc. Cc loi nm mc (mc xanh, mc vng, en): Loi ny nguy him nh hng n nng sut nm rm. Nguyn nhn b nhim mc do qu trnh x l nguyn liu khng t, khu vc nui trng b nhim mc t trc. Khi b bnh cn loi b nhng m b bnh ra khi khu vc trng nm. Vic s dng ho cht t hiu qu m tt nht l phng tr bnh t trc khi bt u trng nm. Cn trng ph hoi (chut, gin, kin, mi) chng nhm si nm v cy nm, o hang, n ging nm va cy xong Bin php phng tr l dng cc loi thuc phun xt ngoi ra khu vc trng nm (ch l khng c phun bt k loi ho cht g ln m nm).

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113

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

TH NG
Knh gi: BAN LNH O QU C QUAN CNG TY TNHH TM DV SX MKNGVIT chng ti chuyn t vn, cung cp vt t, thit b khoa hc k thut, thit b kim tra vt liu xy dng, trang thit b cho phng th nghim, thit b y t cho khch hng trong cc lnh vc sau: v Cc phng th nghim sn xut thc phm, ho m phm, nng thy sn, y dc, xng du, vt liu xy dng, du kh, sn, cao su, gch men . v Cc phng th nghim sn xut thc phm, ho m phm, nng thy sn, y dc, xng du, vt liu xy dng, du kh, sn, cao su, gch men . v Cc trng i hc, cao ng, bnh vin, vin nghin cu, trung tm kim nghim, trung tm bo v mi trng, chi cc bo v thc vt, chi cc th y v v Cc d n trong nc v quc t Cc cng ty, ca hng bn l thit b khoa hc k thut, thit b y t

Mc ch chnh ca cng ty chng ti l cung cp cho khch hng nhng thit b k thut cao c uy tn trn th trng quc t vi mc gi c ph hp vi tnh hnh kinh t Vit Nam. n vi chng ti, Qu khch hng c th yn tm v gi c, cht lng, phc v v tm thy cc dng c, thit b th nghim ca nhiu hng sn xut ni ting trn th gii. Ch hu mi tt nht do cc chuyn vin k thut c nhiu kinh nghim v nng lc m trch vi s gip ca cc hng sn xut. Cng ty chng ti cam kt p ng cao nht cc yu cu ca khch hng v cc dch v bo hnh, bo tr, lp rp vi cc gii php k thut c tiu chun ha v thit k sn, qua chng ti hy vng rng trong tng lai gn y s l mt trong nhng n v nng cp v xy dng cc phng th nghim ca Qu v. Mi chi tit xin vui lng lin h: Vn phng Cng Ty: 290/198, N Trang long, P.12, Q. Bnh Thnh, Tp. HCM Nguyn Vn Hi Triu HP: 0908893195 - 0908598982 Email:mekongviet.ltd@gmail.com

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114

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

Chng ti trn trng gi ti Qu c quan sn phm dch v bo tr sa cha thit b sau:


Bo tr, lau chi, cn chnh h thng quang hc, c hc, sa cha knh hin vi cc loi (knh hin vi 2 mt, 3 mt, nhiu ngi soi), knh hin vi soi ni cc loi cng nhng h thng lin quan nh Camera, chp nh .v.v. Bo tr, sa cha, thay th linh ph kin cho cc thit b nhit nh : t m, t sy b cch thy iu nhit, l nung, ni hp tit trng cc loi, cc lai t mt, t lnh, t lnh m su Bo tr, sa cha t ht kh c, t cy vi sinh, my ly tm thng, ly tm mu, ly tm lnh, cc lai cn k thut, cn phn tch 3 s, 4 s l H thng bm ht, cc loi my khuy, mc lc, cc loi my quang ph UV-VIS, my ct nc TN THIT B C TNH K THUT + My o nhit bng hng ngoi Model: 42530 Hng sn xut: Extech M (sn xut ti i Loan) SL 4 USD SL 5 USD (hng c sn)

STT 1

Thng s K thut: - Khong o nhit : -50OC 538OC - chnh xc nhit : 2% hoc 2OC - lp li: 1OC - pht x: 0,95 - Lu d liu max Hold, min Hold - T ng tt ngun khi khng s dng my - Kch thc: 211 x 89 x 38mm - Chng nhn: CE Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com

115

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang - Khi lng: 200g Cung cp bao gm: + My o nhit bng hng ngoi model: 42530 + Cung cp CO, CQ ca hng sn xut + pin 9v + Bao ng my + Hng dn s dng my 2 + My o m v nhit hin s treo tng hoc bn Model: 445703 Hng sn xut: Extech M (sn xut ti i Loan)

Thng s K thut: - Khong o m: 10% n 99% RH - chnh xc: 5% RH - - - - Khong o nhit : -10 n +600C (14 n 1400F) - chnh xc: 10C (1.80F) - Kch thc: 4.3" x 3.9" x 0.78" - Mn hnh hin th ng thi kt qu o m v nhit rng (3.1x2.4") Cung cp bao gm: + My o m v nhit model: 445703 + Cung cp CO, CQ ca hng sn xut + Pin v mc treo tng + Hng dn s dng my + My o rung in t hin s Model: 407860 Hng sn xut: Extech M (SX ti i Loan)

Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com

116

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

Thng s k thut: - Di o : + Gia tc : 200 m/s2 + Vn tc : 200 mm/s + dch chuyn : 2 mm - phn gii : 0.5 m/s2 , 0.5 mm/s v 0.005 mm - Chnh xc : (5%+2 digits) - Tn s : 10Hz 1kHz Ch o RMS hoc Peak - C ch Hold v t ng tt khi khng s dng - Chc nng lu tr d liu Max/Min cho recall - Giao din RS 232 kt ni PC - Ngun : pin 9V hoc AC Adapter - Kch thc : 180 x 72 x 32 mm Cung cp bao gm: + My o rung model 407860 +u o, phn mm + Pin 9V, Adaptor + Hp ng my + Hng dn s dng + My o cng nh sng in t hin s Model: 401025 Hng sn xut: Extech M (sn xut ti i Loan)

Thng s K thut: Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 117

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang - Khong o Foot Candles: 0 5000 Fc trong 3 khong: 0 200, 0 2000, 0 5000 - phn gii: 0.1 Fc - Khong o Lux: 0 50.000 Lux trong 3 khong: 0 2000, 0 20.000, 0 50.000 - phn gii: 1 Lux - C th chn kt qu o nhanh fast hoc chm slow - Thi gian o nhanh: 1 giy, thi gian o chm: 2 giy - Mn hnh hin s kt qu o bng LCD rng 13 mm Kch thc: 163 x 70 x 30 mm - Trng lng: 220 gam in: 1 pin 9V Cung cp bao gm: + My o cng nh sng model: 401025 + Cung cp CO, CQ ca hng sn xut + Pin 9V + Ti ng my + Hng dn s dng my 5 + My o tc gi/nhit bng tia hng ngoi in t hin s Model: AN200 Hng sn xut: Extech M (sn xut ti i Loan)

(hng c sn)

Thng s K thut: - Khong o tc gi: 80 5900 ft/pht 0.4 30 m/giy 1.4 108.0 km/gi 0.9 67.0 MPH 0.8 58.0 knots - Khong o nhit : -10 600C - Khong o nhit bng tia hng ngoi: -50 260OC - chnh xc: 10C - Mn hnh hin s kt qu o bng LCD - Khong o th tch dng kh: 0 9999 CFM (CFM=ft3/pht) - Khong o th tch dng kh: 0 9999 CMM (VMM=m3/pht) - chnh xc: 3%; 1OC - Kch thc my: 178 x 74 x 33 mm - Trng lng: 700 gam - in: 1 pin 9V Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 118

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang - Chng nhn: CE Cung cp bao gm: + My o tc gi/nhit model 451112 + Pin 9V + Ti mang + Hng dn s dng 6 + Bt o pH Model PH50 Hng sn xut: Extech M (sn xut ti i Loan)

(hng c sn)

c im: - D s dng - Chng v nc - D hiu chun, t ng nhn dung dch chun pH 4, pH 7, pH 10 - C chc nng hold khi pin yu - T ng tt khi khng s dng tit kim pin Thng s k thut: - Khong o pH: 2.0 12.0 pH - lp li: 0.1pH - chnh xc: 0.3pH - Khong o nhit : 0 50OC (32 122OF) - lp li: 0,1OC - Chng nhn: CE - Kch thc: 152 x 37 x 24 mm - Khi lng: 65g Cung cp bao gm: + My o pH model PH50 + Hng dn s dng + Bt o pH/ nhit Model PH60 Hng sn xut: Extech M (sn xut ti i Loan)

(hng c sn)

Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com

119

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

c im: - D s dng - Chng v nc - D hiu chun, t ng nhn dung dch chun pH 4, pH 7, pH 10 - C chc nng hold khi pin yu - T ng tt khi khng s dng tit kim pin Thng s k thut: - Khong o pH: 2.0 12.0 pH - lp li: 0.1pH - chnh xc: 0.3pH - T ng b tr nhit - Khong o nhit : 0 50OC (32 122OF) - lp li: 0,1OC - Chng nhn: CE - Kch thc: 152 x 37 x 24 mm - Khi lng: 65g Cung cp bao gm: + My o pH/nhit model PH60 + Hng dn s dng + My o pH/nhit Model PH100 Hng sn xut: Extech M (sn xut ti i Loan)

(hng c sn)

c im: Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 120

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang - D s dng - Chng v nc theo IP57 - D hiu chun, t ng nhn dung dch chun pH 4, pH 7, pH 10 - T ng tt khi khng s dng tit kim pin Thng s k thut: - Khong o pH: 0.00 14.00 pH - lp li: 0.01pH - chnh xc: 0.01pH - T ng b tr nhit - Khong o nhit : -5 90OC (23 194OF) - lp li: 0,1OC - Chng nhn: CE - Kch thc: 35,6 x 172,7 x 40,6 mm - Khi lng: 110g Cung cp bao gm: + My o pH/nhit model PH100 + 4 pin 3V CR2032 + in cc + Dung dch chun pH + Hng dn s dng 9 + My o Chlorine/nhit Model CL200 Hng sn xut: Extech M (sn xut ti i Loan)

(hng c sn)

c im: - D s dng - Chng v nc theo IP57 - T ng tt khi khng s dng tit kim pin Thng s k thut: - Khong o Chlorine: 0.01 10.00 ppm - lp li: 0.01ppm - chnh xc: 10%rdg 0.01ppm - Khong o nhit : -5 90OC (23 194OF) - lp li: 0,1OC - Chng nhn: CE - Kch thc: 35,6 x 172,7 x 40,6 mm - Khi lng: 110g Cung cp bao gm: Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 121

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang + My o Chlorine/nhit model CL200 + 4 pin 3V CR2032 + in cc + 10 v thuc th (1 v 50 tests) + Hng dn s dng 10 + My o dn/TDS/ mn/nhit Model EC400 Hng sn xut: Extech M (sn xut ti i Loan)

11

c im: - Chng v nc theo IP57 - chnh xc cao Thng s k thut: - Khong o dn: 0 199.9S, 200 1999 S, 2.00 19.99mS - Khong o TDS/ mn: 0 99.9ppm (mg/L); 100 999ppm (mg/L); 1.00 9.99ppt (g/L) - Khong o nhit : 0 65OC (32 194OF) - T ng b tr nhit - lp li max: 0.1 S; 0.1ppm; 0.1OC - chnh xc: 2%FS; 1.8OF/OC - Chng nhn: CE - Kch thc: 36 x 173 x 41 mm - Khi lng: 41g Cung cp bao gm: + My o dn/TDS/ mn/nhit model EC400 + 4 pin 3V CR2032 + in cc + Hng dn s dng + My o pH/ dn/TDS/ mn/nhit Model EC500 Hng sn xut: Extech M (sn xut ti i Loan)

Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com

122

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

12

c im: - Chng v nc theo IP57 - D s dng - B nh lu tr n 25 gi tr o - T ng tt khi khng s dng tit kim pin - Thang o t ng vi 8 n v o: pH, S, mS, ppm, ppt, mg/L, g/L, oC v oF Thng s k thut: - Khong o pH: 0.00 14.00pH - Khong o dn: 0 199.9S, 200 1999 S, 2.00 19.99mS - Khong o TDS/ mn: 0 99.9ppm (mg/L); 100 999ppm (mg/L); 1.00 9.99ppt (g/L) - Khong o nhit : -5 90OC - T ng b tr nhit - lp li max: 0.1 S; 0.1ppm; 0.01pH; 0.1OC - chnh xc: 2%FS; 0.01pH; 1.8OF/OC - Chng nhn: CE - Kch thc: 36 x 186 x 41 mm - Khi lng: 110g Cung cp bao gm: + My o pH/ dn/TDS/ mn/nhit model EC500 + 4 pin 3V CR2032 + in cc + Hng dn s dng + My o Oxy ho tan (DO)/nhit Model DO600 Hng sn xut: Extech M (sn xut ti i Loan)

Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com

123

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

13

c im: - Chng v nc theo IP57 - D s dng - B nh lu tr n 25 gi tr o - T ng tt khi khng s dng tit kim pin Thng s k thut: - Khong o Oxy ho tan: 0 20000 ppm (mg/lt) - Khong o Oxy bo ho: 0 200.0% - Khong o nhit : 0 50OC - T ng b tr nhit - lp li max: 0.1%; 0.01ppm; 0.01OF/OC - chnh xc: 2%FS; 0.4ppm (mg/lt); 1.8OF/OC - Chng nhn: CE - Kch thc: 36 x 176 x 41 mm - Khi lng: 110g - in: pin 3V CR2032 Cung cp bao gm: + My o DO/nhit model DO600 + 4 pin 3V CR2032 + in cc do DO + Hng dn s dng + NHIT K O NHIT Model 39240 Hng sn xut: Extech M (sn xut ti i Loan)

Thng s k thut: - Thang o nhit : - 40 n 392oF (-40 n 200oC) - chnh xc: 2oF/1oC - lp li: 0.1o/1o - u d lm bng thp khng g di 70mm - Lu tr d liu v t ng tt ngun tit kim pin - Kch thc: 150 x 20 x 18 mm - Khi lng: 20 g Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com 124

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang - Ngun s dng: pin Cung cp bao gm: - Nhit k o nhit model 39240 - Pin: LR44 - Hng dn s dng 14 + MY O N Model 407730 Hng sn xut: Extech M (sn xut ti i Loan)

368

350 (hng c sn)

15

Thng s k thut: - Thang o: 40 n 130 dB - chnh xc: 2 dB - lp li: 0.1dB - Analog u ra: AC - Microphone: 12.7 mm - Thi gian p ng: nhanh/chm - Ghi cc gi tr max/min - Ngun s dng: 4 pin AAA - Khi lng: 160g - t chng ch: CE - Kch thc: 230 x 57 x 44 mm Cung cp bao gm: - My o n model 407730 - 04 pin AAA - Hng dn s dng + MY O pH/mV/nhit Model 407228 Hng sn xut: Extech M (sn xut ti i Loan)

Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com

125

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

Thng s k thut: - Thang o: + pH: 0.00 n 14.00pH + mV: 0 n 1999mV + nhit : 32o n 149oF ( 0 n 65oC) - lp li: 0.01pH, 1mV, 0.1o - chnh xc: 0.03pH, 0.5%mV, 1.8oF/1oC - Hin th ng thi pH hoc mV v nhit (oC/oF) - Hin th: LCD - B tr nhit bng tay v t ng s dng u d nhit - C chc nng hin th pin yu - Hiu chun 2 im pH 7 v pH 4 hoc pH 10 - Gi d liu min/max/trung bnh v t ng tt khi khng s dng - Kch thc: 178 x 74x 33 mm - Khi lng: 388g Cung cp bao gm: - My o pH/mV/nhit model 407228 - Adaptor: AC (optional) - Valy ng my - Hng dn s dng

Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com

126

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

DANH MC THIT B PHNG TH NGHIM

MANUFACTURER

PRODUCTS Universal Testing Machine Pendulum Impact Tester Melt flow indexer Water Test Kit Water Analyzer UV-Visible Spectrophotometer Portable Turbidimeter Universal Testing Machine Pendulum Impact Tester Melt flow indexer Kjeldahl nitrogen Steam generation

SN PHM

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Korea

China

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B.O.D C.O.D ... Analytial balance Mouisture balance pH/Conductivity/TDS/D.O Dissolution Tester Disintegration Tester Friability Tester Tablet Hardness Tester Lab Fermentator Pilot Fermentator Flame photometer Chloride analyzer (Salt) Colorimeter Analytial balance Mouisture balance pH/Conductivity/TDS/D.O Spray dryer Rotary Evaportor Universal / incubator ovens Vacuum drying Freeze dryer Autoclave/Sterilizer

USA

U.K U.K

U.K

USA

My kim tra vt liu vn nng o bn va p My o ch s chy Test Kit chuyn dng cho nc My quang ph chuyn dng cho ngnh nc My quang ph UV-Vis My o c My kim tra vt liu vn nng o bn va p My o ch s chy H thng xc nh hm lng m bo, x H thng cc thit b v mi tr H thng xc nh B.O.D H thng xc nh C.O.D Cc thit b trong ngnh phn tch thc phm Cn phn tch Cn phn tch m pH/ dn/TDS/oxy ha tan My o ho tan My o tan r My o mi mn My o cng H thng ln men th nghim H thng ln men th nghim Quang k ngn la Phn tch chloride Quang ph so mu Cn phn tch Cn phn tch m pH/ dn/TDS/oxy ha tan My sy phun C quay chn khng T sy / m T sy chn khng Thit b sy ng kh Ni hp tit trng 127

Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang Japan Japan

Japan

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Germany

Germany

UNIEQUIP Germany

Germany

USA

Water purifiers Water Bath Shaker Horizontal / Vertical rotary shakings Stirrer Magnetic Stirrers Plasma unit Autoclaves & dryer o Vertical type o Horizontal type UV-VIS Spectrophotometer FT-IR Spectrometer FT-IR Microscope Fluorescence spectrophotometer Polarimeter High performance liquid chromatograph Supercritical Fluid Extraction Shakers and Rotating shaker Shaking water bath Water baths Shaking incubators Tissue float bath Hybridization incubator Water stills Universal centrifuge Cooled centrifuge Haematocrit SpectraAlyzer - NIR analyser For routine NIR analysis in the food, feed and chemical industry Thermal cycle Vacuum concentrator centrifuge Freeze Dryers Electrophoresis Chambers Hybridization equipment CO2 Incubator Digi-Gel System Laboratory muffle furnace Tube \ Chamber furnaces Gradient furnaces High temperature furnaces High performance liquid chromatograph Gas chromatograph Atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) Atomic Flourescence Spectrophotometer UV-VIS Spectrophotometer FT-IR Spectrometer

Particle Size Analyzers


Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com

My lc nc siu sch B iu nhit My lc thng My lc quay ngang - ng My khuy a My khuy t Thit b phun ph plasma Ni hp tit trng v sy kh o Loi ng o Loi ngang Quang ph t ngoi kh kin Quang ph hng ngoi Knh hin vi hng ngoi Quang ph hunh quang My o phn cc t ng Sc k lng hiu nng cao HPLC Trch ly cht lng siu hng My lc v lc quay B iu nhit lc B iu nhit My lc nhit B cy m T lai ging Thit b ct nc My ly tm thng dng My ly tm lnh My ly tm mu Ph hng ngoi NIR phn tch nhanh cho thc phm, thc n gia sc My lun nhit C t chn khng Sy ng kh Bung in di Thit b lai ging T m CO2 H thng c gel L nung phng th nghim L nung dng hp L nung a trng nhit L nung nhit cao Sc k lng hiu nng cao HPLC Sc k kh GC Quang ph hp thu nguyn t Quang ph hunh quang nguyn t Quang ph t ngoi kh kin Quang ph hng ngoi My phn tch kch thc ht My ng ho 128

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang


Italy

Homogenizers Real time PCR Fermentor Plant Growth Chambers Climatic Chambers
Protein Nitrogen analyzer CNHS-O analyzers Class I-II Biohazard safety cabinet Laminar flow cabinet Safe hood Contact angle measuring instruments Dynamic contact angle measuring instruments and tensiometers

My PCR H thng ln men lin tc Bung pht trin thc vt T vi kh hu My phn tch nhanh nitrogen My phn tch 5 nguyn t T an ton sinh hc Class I-II T cy v trng T ht x l kh c Thit b o gc tip xc Thit b o gc tip xc v cng My p thy lc My th un My nghin bi My o gin n nhit My m kghun lc My o vng v khun My dp mu vi sinh My pha long mu My nhum khun gram My thu mu kh Thit b o gin n nhit Phn tch nhit ng thi Phn tch nhit vi sai

Singapore

Germany

Italy

Spain

Germany
Hesse Instruments

Germany

Hydraulic Press Machines for Flexural Tests Rapid Laboratory Mills Dilatometer Colony counter Zone Reader Paddle Blender Smart Dilutor Gram stainer Air sampler Dilatometer Simultaneous Thermal Analyzer Thermal analysis (DTA, TGA, DSC, DMA) High temperature microscopes, Optical Dilatometer Particle size analyzers Particle characterization system Tension and compresion solutions Torque Testing Torque gauges X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer X-ray Diffractometer FT-IR Spectrometer PH Meter Conductivity Meter Automatic Potential Titrator Stirres, Mixer, Shanker Microscope Balance Viscometer Polarimeter

Knh hin vi phn tch hnh nh nhit cao

France

UK

Germany

China

Phn tch kch thc ht H thng phn tch t tnh ht Ko nn vn nng My o lc momen xon ng h o lc Ph hunh quang tia X Ph nhiu x tia X Quang ph hng ngoi My o pH My o dn My chuan in th My lc, my khuy, my khuy t gia nhit Knh hin vi Cn k thut, cn phn tch My o nht Phn cc k 129

Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

Abbe Refractometer Melting Pointe Apparatus Spectrophometer Centrifuge

Kc x k My o im chy My quang ph My ly tm Cc thit b c bn khc trong Phng Th Nghim

Mail: khang.biomekong@gmail.com

130

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