SQL File

How to open a SQL:
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2|Page
ASSIGNMENT - 1
Use of Create Command
Creating a table employee1 having fields name as
name,fathername,address,phone number,salary,date of birth,job.
SQL> create table employee1(name varchar2(15),fathername
varchar2(15),address varchar2(30),sal numbe
r(10),phoneno number(10),d_o_b date,job varchar2(15)
2 );
Table created.
Describe Command
SQL> desc employee1
Name
Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------NAME
VARCHAR2 (15)
FATHERNAME
VARCHAR2 (15)
ADDRESS
VARCHAR2 (30)
SAL
NUMBER (10)
PHONENO
NUMBER (10)
D_O_B
DATE
JOB
VARCHAR2 (15)
3|Page
Use of insert command

Inserting one record at a time:SQL> desc student1;
Name
Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- --------------------ST_ID
NUMBER (4)
ST_NAME
VARCHAR2 (10)
ADDRESS
VARCHAR2 (10)
CONTACT_NO
NUMBER (10)
SQL> insert into student1 values (12,'vinit','surajkund',999999999);
1 row created.
Inserting multiple values at a time:Output:SQL> insert into
employee1(name,fathername,address,sal,phoneno,d_o_b,job)
values('&name','&fathernam
e','&address',&sal,&phoneno,'&d_o_b','&job');
Enter value for name: ashish
Enter value for fathername: vinit
Enter value for address: nit
Enter value for sal: 10000
Enter value for phoneno: 9711111111
Enter value for d_o_b: 30-jun-89
Enter value for job: clerk
old 1: insert into
values('&name','&fathe
new 1: insert into
values('ashish','vinit
1 row created.
4|Page
SQL> /
Enter value for name: monu
Enter value for fathername: vijay
Enter value for address: Delhi
Enter value for d_o_b: 17-jul-90
Enter value for job: manager
Old 1: insert into
new 1: insert into
values('monu','vijay',
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: vinit
Enter value for fathername: shyamlal
Enter value for address: surajkund
Enter value for d_o_b: 30-jun-90
Enter value for job: manager
old 1: insert into
new 1: insert into
values('vinit','shyaml
1 row created.
SQL> select * from employee1;

5|Page
NAME
FATHERNAME
ADDRESS
--------------- --------------- ------------------------------ ---------PHONENO D_O_B JOB
---------- --------- --------------ashish
vinit
nit
10000
9711111111 30-JUN-89 clerk
monu
vijay
delhi
9210045823 17-JUL-90 manager
SAL
20000
vinit
shyamlal
surajkund
9786997865 30-JUN-90 manager
30000
Use of tab
To show all the existing tables in the sql :Output:SQL> select * from tab;
TNAME
TABTYPE CLUSTERID
------------------------------ ------- ---------STUDENT1
TABLE
STUDENT2
TABLE
EMPLOYEE2
TABLE
STUDENT5
TABLE
CUSTOMER4
TABLE
EMPLOYEE
TABLE
STUDENT6
TABLE
BIN
TABLE
DEPT
TABLE
EMP
TABLE
BONUS
TABLE
TNAME
TABTYPE CLUSTERID
------------------------------ ------- ---------SALGRADE
TABLE
NV
TABLE
6|Page
BIN$swhHVDtZRD+H5AwM2Q2nuA==$0 TABLE
STUDENT
TABLE
Use of Set line size command

To set the line size of the table:Output;SQL> set line size 999;
SQL> select * from employee1;
NAME
FATHERNAME
ADDRESS
SAL
PHONENO D_O_B JOB
--------------- --------------- ------------------------------ ---------- ------------------ ----ashish
vinit
nit
10000 9711111111 30-JUN89 clerk
monu
vijay
delhi
20000 9210045823 17JUL-90 manager
vinit
shyamlal
surajkund
30000 9786997865 30JUN-90 manager
vikas
rajbir
surajkund
15000 9711811651 27DEC-89 peon
7|Page
ASSIGNMENT - 2
Use of where clause

To show the records of the employee whose name starts with v:Output;SQL> select * from employee1 where name like 'v%';
NAME
FATHERNAME
ADDRESS
SAL
PHONENO D_O_B JOB
--------------- --------------- ------------------------------ ---------- ------------------ ----vinit
shyamlal
surajkund
30000 9786997865 30JUN-90 manager
vikas
rajbir
surajkund
15000 9711811651 27DEC-89 peon
Use of distinct command
To remove the duplicate in the table:SQL> select distinct * from employee1;
NAME
FATHERNAME
ADDRESS
SAL
PHONENO D_O_B JOB
--------------- --------------- ------------------------------ ---------- ---------- -------vinit
shyamlal
surajkund
30000 9786997865 30JUN-90 manager
vikas
rajbir
surajkund
15000 9711811651 27DEC-89 peon
ashish
vinit
nit
10000 9711111111 30-JUN89 clerk
monu
vijay
delhi
20000 9210045823 17JUL-90 manager
SQL> select distinct address from employee1;
8|Page
ADDRESS
-----------------------------surajkund
nit
delhi
Use of rename command

To show the renaming of table name from employee1 to employee2 :Output:SQL> rename employee1 to employee2;
Table renamed.
NAME
FATHERNAME
ADDRESS
SAL
PHONENO D_O_B JOB
--------------- --------------- ------------------------------ ---------- ------------------ ----ashish
vinit
nit
10000 9711111111 30-JUN89 clerk
monu
vijay
delhi
20000 9210045823 17JUL-90
manager
vinit
shyamlal
surajkund
30000 9786997865 30JUN-90 manager
vikas
rajbir
surajkund
15000 9711811651 27DEC-89 peon
9|Page
Use of order by clause

To show the table order by name and sal :Output:SQL> select * from employee2 order by name;
NAME
FATHERNAME
ADDRESS
SAL
PHONENO D_O_B JOB
--------------- --------------- ------------------------------ ---------- ------------------ ----ashish
vinit
nit
10000 9711111111 30-JUN89 clerk
monu
vijay
delhi
20000 9210045823 17JUL-90 manager
vikas
rajbir
surajkund
15000 9711811651 27DEC-89 peon
vinit
shyamlal
surajkund
30000 9786997865 30JUN-90 manager
SQL> select * from employee2 order by sal;
NAME
FATHERNAME
ADDRESS
SAL
PHONENO D_O_B JOB
--------------- --------------- ------------------------------ ---------- ------------------ ----ashish
vinit
nit
10000 9711111111 30-JUN89 clerk
vikas
rajbir
surajkund
15000 9711811651 27DEC-89 peon
monu
vijay
delhi
20000 9210045823 17JUL-90 manager
vinit
shyamlal
surajkund
30000 9786997865 30JUN-90 manager
10 | P a g e
ASSIGNMENT - 3
Use of between operator
To show the sal between 10000 to 20000:Output:
SQL> select * from employee2 where sal between 10000 and 20000;
NAME
FATHERNAME
ADDRESS
SAL
PHONENO D_O_B JOB
--------------- --------------- ------------------------------ ---------- ------------------ ----ashish
vinit
nit
10000 9711111111 30-JUN89 clerk
monu
vijay
delhi
20000 9210045823 17JUL-90 manager
vikas
rajbir
surajkund
15000 9711811651 27DEC-89 peon
Use of like operator

To show the records of job starts with m :Output:
SQL> select * from employee2 where job like 'm%';
NAME
FATHERNAME
ADDRESS
SAL
PHONENO D_O_B JOB
--------------- --------------- ------------------------------ ---------- ------------------ ----monu
vijay
delhi
20000 9210045823 17JUL-90 manager
vinit
shyamlal
surajkund
30000 9786997865 30JUN-90 manager
11 | P a g e
Use of Delete command

To delete the contents of a table.
SQL> Delete from employee1;
10 rows deleted.
SQL> Delete from employee1 where job = Manager;
5 rows deleted.
Use of truncate command

To remove the data type from the table :Output :SQL> truncate table employee2;
Table truncated.
Use of drop command
To delete the whole table from sql :SQL> drop table employee2
2;
Table dropped.
SQL> desc employee2;
ERROR:
ORA-04043: object employee2 does not exist
12 | P a g e
ASSIGNMENT 4
Use of update command:Updating the job and hiredate of employee where empno =7499.
Output :
SQL> update EMP set job =clerk, hiredate ='20-mar-81' where empno
=7499;
1 row updated.
SQL> select * from emp;
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
MGR HIREDATE
SAL
COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------7369 SMITH CLERK
7902 17-DEC-80
800
20
7499 ALLEN clerk
7698 20-MAR-81
1600
300
30
7521 WARD
SALESMAN
7698 22-FEB-81
1250
500
30
7566 JONES
MANAGER
7839 02-APR-81
2975
20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN
7698 28-SEP-81
1250
1400
30
7698 BLAKE
MANAGER
7839 01-MAY-81
2850
30
7782 CLARK
MANAGER
7839 09-JUN-81
2450
10
7788 SCOTT
ANALYST
7566 19-APR-87
3000
20
7839 KING
PRESIDENT
17-NOV-81
5000
10
7844 TURNER SALESMAN
7698 08-SEP-81
1500
0
30
7876 ADAMS
CLERK
7788 23-MAY-87
1100
20
EMPNO ENAME
COMM DEPTNO
JOB
MGR HIREDATE
SAL
13 | P a g e
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------7900 JAMES

CLERK
7698 03-DEC-81
950
30
7902 FORD
ANALYST
7566 03-DEC-81
3000
20
7934 MILLER CLERK
7782 23-JAN-82
1300
10
14 rows selected.
Use of logical operator:Select the employee where job =clerk and hiredate =20-mar-81.
Output:
SQL> select * from emp where job ='clerk' and hiredate ='20-mar-81';
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
MGR HIREDATE
SAL
COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------7499 ALLEN clerk
7698 20-MAR-81
1600
300
30
Select the employee where job is not manager
Output:
SQL> select * from emp where not job='MANAGER';
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
MGR HIREDATE
SAL
COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------7369 SMITH CLERK
7902 17-DEC-80
1200
20
7499 ALLEN clerk
7698 20-MAR-81
2400
300
30
7521 WARD
SALESMAN
7698 22-FEB-81
1875
500
30
7698 28-SEP-81
1875
1400
30
14 | P a g e
7788 SCOTT
ANALYST
7566 19-APR-87
PRESIDENT
17-NOV-81
4500
20
7839 KING
7500
10
7844 TURNER
SALESMAN
7876 ADAMS
CLERK
7698 08-SEP-81
2250
30
7788 23-MAY-87
1650
20
7900 JAMES
CLERK
7902 FORD
ANALYST
7698 03-DEC-81
1425
30
7566 03-DEC-81
4500
20
7934 MILLER
CLERK
7782 23-JAN-82
1950
10
Use of arithmetic operator :Incrementing the employee salary by 50%.
Output:
SQL> update emp set sal =sal + ((sal*50)/100);
14 rows updated.
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
MGR HIREDATE
SAL
COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------7369 SMITH CLERK
7902 17-DEC-80
1200
20
7499 ALLEN clerk
7698 20-MAR-81
2400
300
30
7521 WARD
SALESMAN
7698 22-FEB-81
1875
500
30
7566 JONES
MANAGER
7839 02-APR-81 4462.5
20
7698 28-SEP-81
1875
1400
30
15 | P a g e
7698 BLAKE
MANAGER
7839 01-MAY-81
7782 CLARK
MANAGER
7839 09-JUN-81
7788 SCOTT
ANALYST
7566 19-APR-87
PRESIDENT
17-NOV-81
4275
30
3675
10
4500
20
7839 KING
7500
10
7844 TURNER
SALESMAN
7876 ADAMS
CLERK
7698 08-SEP-81
2250
30
7788 23-MAY-87
1650
20
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
MGR HIREDATE
SAL
COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------7900 JAMES
CLERK
7698 03-DEC-81
1425
30
7902 FORD
ANALYST
7566 03-DEC-81
4500
20
7934 MILLER CLERK
7782 23-JAN-82
1950
10
14 rows selected..8
Use of relational operator:Select the employee whose salary is greater than 2000.
Output:
SQL> select * from emp where sal>2000;
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
MGR HIREDATE
SAL
COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------7499 ALLEN clerk
7698 20-MAR-81
2400
300
30
7566 JONES
MANAGER
7839 02-APR-81 4462.5
20
16 | P a g e
7698 BLAKE
MANAGER
7839 01-MAY-81
7782 CLARK
MANAGER
7839 09-JUN-81
7788 SCOTT
ANALYST
7566 19-APR-87
PRESIDENT
17-NOV-81
4275
30
3675
10
4500
20
7839 KING
7500
10
7844 TURNER
SALESMAN
7698 08-SEP-81
2250
30
7902 FORD
ANALYST
7566 03-DEC-81
4500
20
8 rows selected.
Select the employee whose salary is less than 1500.
Output:
SQL> select * from emp where sal <1500;
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
MGR HIREDATE
SAL
COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------7369 SMITH CLERK
7902 17-DEC-80
1200
20
7900 JAMES
CLERK
7698 03-DEC-81
1425
30
Select the employee where salary is not equal to 5000
Output:
SQL> select * from emp where sal<>5000;
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
MGR HIREDATE
SAL
COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------7369 SMITH CLERK
7902 17-DEC-80
1200
20
17 | P a g e
7499 ALLEN
clerk
7698 20-MAR-81
7521 WARD
SALESMAN
2400
300
30
7698 22-FEB-81
1875
7839 02-APR-81
4462.5
500
30
7566 JONES
MANAGER
20
7654 MARTIN
SALESMAN
7698 28-SEP-81
1875
4275
1400
30
7698 BLAKE
MANAGER
7839 01-MAY-81
7782 CLARK
MANAGER
7839 09-JUN-81
7788 SCOTT
ANALYST
7566 19-APR-87
PRESIDENT
17-NOV-81
30
3675
10
4500
20
7839 KING
7500
10
7844 TURNER
SALESMAN
7876 ADAMS
CLERK
7698 08-SEP-81
2250
30
7788 23-MAY-87
1650
20
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
MGR HIREDATE
SAL
COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------7900 JAMES
CLERK
7698 03-DEC-81
1425
30
7902 FORD
ANALYST
7566 03-DEC-81
4500
20
7934 MILLER CLERK
7782 23-JAN-82
1950
10
14 rows selected.
18 | P a g e
Use of alter command

To add a new column into the table.
Adding a column location into the table:SQL> alter table student2

2 add (location varchar2 (10));
Table altered.
Output
RNO NAME
ADDRESS DOB
AGE LOCATION
---------- ---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------2 ajay
3-h-124 09-JUN-85
20
To delete an existing column
Deleting a column age from the table:SQL> alter table student2

2 drop column age;
Table altered.
SQL> select * from student2;
Output
RNO NAME
ADDRESS DOB
LOCATION
---------- ---------- ---------- --------- ---------2 ajay
3-h-124
09-JUN-85
To modify the data type or size in a table.
19 | P a g e
Modify the column of name:SQL> desc student2;

Name
Null?
Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------RNO
NUMBER (4)
NAME
VARCHAR2 (10)
ADDRESS
VARCHAR2 (10)
DOB
DATE
LOCATION
VARCHAR2 (10)
SQL> alter table student2

2 modify (name varchar (22));
Table altered.
SQL> desc student2;
Output
Name
Null?
Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------RNO
NUMBER (4)
NAME
VARCHAR2 (22)
ADDRESS
VARCHAR2 (10)
DOB
DATE
LOCATION
VARCHAR2 (10)
20 | P a g e
ASSIGNMENT 5
Use of in and not in operator
Showing the ename from table emp using in and not in operator
Output:
In operator:
SQL> select * from emp where ename
in('SMITH','JONES','SCOTT','MARTIN');
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
MGR HIREDATE
SAL
COMM DEPTNO
AGE
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ------------------7369 SMITH CLERK
7902 17-DEC-80
800
20
7566 JONES
MANAGER
7839 02-APR-81
2975
20
7698 28-SEP-81
1250
1400
30
7788 SCOTT
ANALYST
7566 19-APR-87
3000
20
21 | P a g e
Not in operator:
Output:
SQL> select * from emp where ename not
in('ALLEN','WARD','JONES','KING');
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
MGR HIREDATE
SAL
COMM DEPTNO
AGE
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ------------------7369 SMITH CLERK
7902 17-DEC-80
800
20
7698 28-SEP-81
1250
1400
30
7698 BLAKE
MANAGER
7839 01-MAY-81
2850
30
7782 CLARK
MANAGER
7839 09-JUN-81
2450
10
7788 SCOTT
ANALYST
7566 19-APR-87
3000
20
7844 TURNER SALESMAN
7698 08-SEP-81
1500
0
30
7876 ADAMS
CLERK
7788 23-MAY-87
1100
20
7900 JAMES
CLERK
7698 03-DEC-81
950
30
7902 FORD
ANALYST
7566 03-DEC-81
3000
20
22 | P a g e
Use of dual table

Showing the arithmetic operations using dual table
Output:
SQL> desc dual;
Name
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------DUMMY
SQL> select 2*2 "MULTIPLY" from dual;
MULTIPLY
---------4
SQL> select 500/25 "DIVIDE" FROM DUAL;
DIVIDE
---------20
SQL> Select 300-257 "SUBSTRACTION" from dual;
SUBSTRACTION
-----------43
Use of Sysdate Column

SQL> select sysdate from dual;
SYSDATE
----------------24-OCT-09
23 | P a g e
Use of group functions

Showing the average function:
SQL> select avg(sal) from emp;
Output:
AVG (SAL)
---------2073.21429
Showing the sum function

SQL> select sum (sal) from emp;
Output:
SUM (SAL)
---------29025
Showing the minimum function

SQL> select min (sal) from emp;
Output:
MIN (SAL)
---------800
24 | P a g e
Showing the count function

SQL> select count (sal) from emp;
Output:
COUNT (SAL)
---------14
25 | P a g e
ASSIGNMENT 6
Numeric Functions
Showing the various numeric functions:
*Absolute function:
SQL> select abs (-7) from dual;
Output:
ABS (-7)
---------7
*Power function:
SQL> select power (4,8) from dual;

Output:
POWER(4,8)
---------65536
*Mode function:
SQL> select mod (3,5) from dual;
Output:
26 | P a g e
MOD (3,5)
---------3
*Greatest function:
SQL> select greatest (3,7,5) from dual;

Output:
GREATEST (3,7,5)
--------------7
*Least function:
SQL> select least (5,1,9) from dual;
Output:
LEAST (5,1,9)
-----------1
*Floor function:
SQL> select floor (32.6) from dual;

Output:
FLOOR (32.6)
----------27 | P a g e
32
*Ceil function:
SQL> select ceil (34.6) from dual;
Output:
CEIL (34.6)
---------35
*Round function:
SQL> select round (25.567) from dual;

Output:
ROUND (25.567)
------------26
*Square root function:
SQL> select sqrt (25) "square" from dual;

Output:
Square
28 | P a g e
---------5
*Extract function:
SQL> select extract (month from date '2009-07-06') "month" from

dual;
Output:
month
---------7
*Truncate function:
SQL> select trunc(24.67) "truncate" from dual;
Output:
truncate
---------24
*Exponent function:
SQL> select exp (5) "exponent" from dual;

Output:
exponent
---------29 | P a g e
148.413159
String functions
Showing the various string functions which are as follows:
*Lower function:
SQL> select lower ('COMPUTER') "COMPUTER" FROM DUAL;
Output:
COMPUTER
-------Computer
*Upper function:
SQL> select upper ('computer') "computer" from dual;
Output:
Computer
-------COMPUTER
30 | P a g e
*Inticap function:
SQL> select initcap ('vinit chauhan') "vinit chauhan" from dual;
Output:
vinit chauhan
------------Vinit Chauhan
*Length function:
SQL> select length ('character') from dual;
Output:
LENGTH ('CHARACTER')
------------------9
*Ltrim function:
SQL> select ltrim('xcomputer','x') "xcomputer" from dual;
Output:
Xcompute
-------Computer
31 | P a g e
*Rtrim function:
SQL> select rtrim('characterx','x') "characterx" from dual;
Output:
Character
--------Character
*Trim function:
In trim function the trim is done through three different methods like
leading, trailing &both:
Trim leading:
SQL> select trim (leading'x' from 'xcomputer') "xcomputer" from dual;
Output:
Xcompute
-------Computer
Trim trailing:
SQL> select trim (trailing'x' from 'computerx') "computerx" from dual;
Output:
Computer
-------32 | P a g e
Computer
Trim both:
SQL> select trim (both'x' from 'xcomputerx') "xcomputerx" from dual;
Output:
Xcompute
-------Computer
*Substring function:
SQL> select substr ('vinit',1,(3)) "vinit" from dual;
Output:
vin
--Vin
*Instring function:
SQL> select instr ('vinit','n',(2),(1)) "vinit" from dual;
Output:
vinit
---------3
33 | P a g e
*Lpad function:
SQL> select lpad ('computer',10,('x')) "computer" from dual;
Output:
Computer
---------Xxcomputer
*Rpad function:
SQL> select rpad ('computer',10,('x')) "computer" from dual;
Output:
Computer
---------Computerxx
*Translate function:
SQL> select translate ('rihit','ri','vi') "rihit" from dual;
Output:
rihit
----34 | P a g e
Vihit
*Ascii function:
SQL> select ascii ('a') from dual;
Output:
ASCII ('A')
---------97
ASSIGNMENT 7
Conversion functions
Showing the various conversion functions:
*To number function
Output:
SQL> select to_number('25') "number" from dual;
number
---------25
35 | P a g e
*To char function

For convert data type
SQL> select to_char (245600,('$099,999')) "datatype" from dual;
Output:
datatype
--------$245,600
*To_char function:
For sysdate
SQL> select to_char (sysdate,('month-dd-yyyy')) "sysdate" from dual;
Output:
Sysdate
----------------October -27-2009
*To date function:
For date format
SQL> select to_date('27-10-2009','dd-mm-yyyy') "date" from dual;
Output:
date
--------27-OCT-09
36 | P a g e
Date functions
Showing the various date functions:
*Add_month function:
SQL> select add_months ('26-oct-2009',2) "date" from dual;
Output:
date
--------26-DEC-09
*Last_day function:
SQL> select last_day ('26-oct-2009') "date" from dual;
Output:
date
--------31-OCT-09
*Next _day function:

SQL> select next_day ('26-oct-2009','monday') "date" from dual;
37 | P a g e
Output:
Date
--------02-NOV-09
*Months_between function:
SQL> select months_between ('27-oct-2009','27-aug-2009') "months" from
dual;
Output:
months
---------2
ASSIGNMENT 8
38 | P a g e
CONSTRAINTS
CONSTRAINTS are the rules which are enforced on data being stored in a table.
TYPES OF CONSTRAINTS:
Data Constraints
PRIMARY KEY
NOT NULL
UNIQUE
Business Constraints
CHECK
REFERENCES
DEFAULT
PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT

FEATURES OF PRIMARY KEY:
1. Record should be unique.
2. It will not allow duplicate values,
3. It does not support null values.
To create teacher table
SQL> create table teacher2(tno number (5) primary key, tname
varchar2(10), t_add number(5));
Table created.
39 | P a g e
To insert the values

SQL> insert into teacher2(tno, tname, t_add) values(1001, 'mohit', 358/7) ;
I row created.
SQL> insert into teacher2 (tno, tname, t_add) values (1001, 'sonia', 567/7);
insert into teacher2(tno, tname, t_add) values(1001, 'sonia', 567/7)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (SCOTT.SYS_C005469) violated
SQL> insert into teacher2(tname, t_add) values('ajay', 667/4);
insert into teacher2(tname, t_add) values('ajay', 667/4)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into ("SCOTT"."TEACHER2"."TNO")
SQL> select * from teacher2;
TNO TNAME
T_ADD
---------- ---------- ---------1001 mohit
51
SQL> insert into teacher2(tno, tname, t_add) values(1006, 'rohit', 345);

1 row created.
40 | P a g e
FOREIGN KEY / REFERENCE KEY:

It represents relationship between tables. It is a column or a group of column
whose value are derive from primary key of some other table.
The table in which foreign key is defined is called DETALED TABLE,
FOREIGN TABLE, CHILD TABLE OR JUNCTION TABLE.
.
SQL> create table stud_acadmic5(id number (5) primary key, name

varchar2(10));
Table created.
SQL> insert into stud_acadmic5 values(&id, '&name');
Enter value for id: 10001
Enter value for name: rahul
old 1: insert into stud_acadmic5 values(&id, '&name')
new 1: insert into stud_acadmic5 values(10001, 'rahul')
1 row created.
SQL> create table stud_personal8(id number(5) references

stud_acadmic5(id)on delete cascade,c_no nu
mber(10));
Table created.
SQL> insert into stud_personal8 values(&id,&c_no);

Enter value for id: 10001
Enter value for c_no: 987654321
old 1: insert into stud_personal8 values(&id,&c_no)
new 1: insert into stud_personal8 values(10001,987654321)
1 row created.
41 | P a g e
SQL> select * from stud_personal8;

ID
C_NO
---------- ---------10001 987654321
SQL> select * from stud_acadmic5;

ID NAME
---------- ---------10001 rahul
SQL> delete from stud_acadmic5 where id=10001;

1 row deleted.
SQL> select * from stud_personal8;

no rows selected
UNIQUE CONSTRAINT
FEATURE OF UNIQUE CONSTRAINT:
1.
It will not allow duplicate values.
2. Index is created automatically.

3. It supports not null.
SQL> create table student1 (name varchar (11), age number(2), address
varchar(4)unique);
Table created.
42 | P a g e
SQL> /
Enter value for name: mohit
Enter value for age: 20
Enter value for address: 56/7
old 1: insert into student1 values('&name', &age, '&address')
new 1: insert into student1 values('mohit', 20, '56/7')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: rahul
Enter value for age: 22
old 1: insert into student1 values('&name', &age, '&address')
new 1: insert into student1 values('rahul', 22, '56/7')
insert into student1 values('rahul', 22, '56/7')
*ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (SCOTT.SYS_C005470) violated
SQL> insert into student1(name, age) values('harsh', 22);

1 row created.
SQL> select * from student1;

mohit
20 56/7
rahul
23
harsh
22
43 | P a g e
BUSINESS CONSTRAINTS
NOT NULL CONSTRAINT
IT ensures that table column cannot be left empty. IT means that column
becomes a mandatory column.
FEATURES OF NOT NULL CONSTRAINTS:
1.
Repetition can be done.
2.
Column cannot be kept empty.
SQL> create table stud(rno number(5) not null, name varchar2(10), address
varchar2(10));
Table created.
SQL> insert into stud values(&rno, '&name', '&address');
Enter value for rno: 1001
Enter value for name: raj
old 1: insert into stud values(&rno, '&name', '&address')
new 1: insert into stud values(1001, 'raj', '543/9')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: mohit
old 1: insert into stud values(&rno, '&name', '&address')
new 1: insert into stud values(1002, 'mohit', '432/8')
1 row created.
44 | P a g e
SQL> insert into stud (name, address) values ('sakshi', '675/8');

Insert into stud (name, address) values ('sakshi', '675/8')
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into ("SCOTT"."STUD"."RNO")
SQL> select * from stud;
RNO NAME
ADDRESS
---------- ---------- ---------1001 raj
543/9
1002 mohit
432/8
CHECK CONSTRAINT
It checks the logical expression, i.e. true or false.
SQL> create table stud2 (id number (5), name varchar2(10) check(name =
upper(name)) , fees number (7,2),
gender char(1) check(gender in (M,F) );
Table created.
45 | P a g e
DEFAULT CONSTRAINT
At the time of table creation default value can be assign to a column when
a record is loaded into a table & column is left empty, the oracle engine will
default value specified. Data type of default value should match data type of
column.
SQL> create table stud2 (id number(5), name varchar2(10) , fees number
(7,2) default 2000);
Table created.
SQL> insert into stud2 values(&rno,'&name', &fees);
Enter value for name: ankkur
Enter value for fees: 5000
old 1: insert into stud2 values(&rno,'&name', &fees)
new 1: insert into stud2 values(1001,'ankkur', 5000)
1 row created.
SQL> insert into stud2(rno, name) values(1002, 'naveen');
1 row created.
SQL> select * from stud2;

RNO NAME
FEES
---------- -------- ---------1001 ankkur
5000
1002 naveen
1000
46 | P a g e
ASSIGNMENT - 9
Use of commit command
To commit the data into the table :Output:SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
Rollback command:
Rollback command undoes any changes made during the transaction.
SQL> update emp set ename ='ashish' where empno=7902;
1 row updated.
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
MGR HIREDATE
SAL
COMM
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------DEPTNO
AGE
---------- ---------7902 ashish ANALYST
7566 03-DEC-81
3000
20
7934 MILLER CLERK
7782 23-JAN-82
1300
10
2 rows selected.
SQL> rollback;
Rollback complete.
47 | P a g e
Output:
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
MGR HIREDATE
SAL
COMM
DEPTNO
AGE
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ------------------7902 FORD
ANALYST
7566 03-DEC-81
3000
20
7934 MILLER CLERK
7782 23-JAN-82
1300
10
2 rows selected.
Rollback with savepoint
Savepoint marks and saves the current point in the processing of a
transaction. When it is used with a rollback statement, parts of a
transaction can be undone.
SQL> update emp set ename='hello' where empno=7902;
1 row updated.
1 row updated.
SQL> savepoint s1;
Savepoint created.
1 row updated.
SQL> rollback to savepoint s1;
Rollback complete.
Output:
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
MGR HIREDATE
SAL
COMM
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------DEPTNO
AGE
---------- ---------7876 ADAMS
CLERK
7788 23-MAY-87
1100
48 | P a g e
20
7900 JAMES
CLERK
30
7902 hello ANALYST
20
7934 hello
CLERK
10
7698 03-DEC-81
950
7566 03-DEC-81
3000
7782 23-JAN-82
1300
4 rows selected.
49 | P a g e

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How to open a SQL:

Use of insert command

SQL> select * from employee1;

Use of Set line size command

Use of where clause

Use of rename command

Use of order by clause

Use of like operator

Use of Delete command

Use of truncate command

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------7900 JAMES

Use of alter command

Adding a column location into the table:SQL> alter table student2

To delete an existing column

Deleting a column age from the table:SQL> alter table student2

To modify the data type or size in a table.

Modify the column of name:SQL> desc student2;

----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------RNO

SQL> alter table student2

----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------RNO

Use of dual table

Use of Sysdate Column

Use of group functions

Showing the sum function

Showing the minimum function

Showing the count function

SQL> select power (4,8) from dual;

SQL> select greatest (3,7,5) from dual;

SQL> select floor (32.6) from dual;

SQL> select round (25.567) from dual;

*Square root function:

SQL> select sqrt (25) "square" from dual;

SQL> select extract (month from date '2009-07-06') "month" from

SQL> select exp (5) "exponent" from dual;

*To char function

*Next _day function:

PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT

To insert the values

SQL> insert into teacher2(tno, tname, t_add) values(1006, 'rohit', 345);

FOREIGN KEY / REFERENCE KEY:

SQL> create table stud_acadmic5(id number (5) primary key, name

SQL> create table stud_personal8(id number(5) references

SQL> insert into stud_personal8 values(&id,&c_no);

SQL> select * from stud_personal8;

SQL> select * from stud_acadmic5;

SQL> delete from stud_acadmic5 where id=10001;

SQL> select * from stud_personal8;

It will not allow duplicate values.

2. Index is created automatically.

SQL> insert into student1(name, age) values('harsh', 22);

SQL> select * from student1;

Repetition can be done.

Column cannot be kept empty.

SQL> insert into stud (name, address) values ('sakshi', '675/8');

SQL> select * from stud2;

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