Ha hc thc phm

LI M U
C st c l mt mn n lm t c, c chua thng c s dng di hnh thc ng hp hoc n trong gia nh. C hp st c t lu tr thnh mt mn n c ng o ngi tiu dng c u chung trn th trng bi chng va ngon, r, v nht l gi tr dinh dng ca c rt tt cho c th. Vi ngun nguyn liu r, ch ng, sn phm ny ang dn tr thnh mt hng ch lc trong cc cng ty sn xut hp Trong cc sn phm c hp st c hin nay trong nc, C hp st c Ba C Gi, mt sn phm hp tc gia Thi Lan v Vit Nam, c th c xem l sn phm cht lng nht vi mi v, mu sc u rt c trng. Bn cnh l mt quy trnh sn xut hin i. Trong cc bin i, qu trnh bin i ha hc ca nguyn liu qua cc cng on l rt quan trng, v n nh hng ti cht lng v dinh dng ca sn phm. V vy Nhm 13 chng em xin trnh by cc bin i ha hc ca sn phm c st c. Bi bo co gm cc phn sau
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Tng quan v sn phm v nguyn liu Quy trnh sn xut c st c Nhng bin i ca nguyn liu trong qu trnh sn xut Kt lun

Bi bo co s c nhiu im thiu st, ton th nhm mong c s gp c th hon thin hn

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Ha hc thc phm

CHNG 1

TNG QUAN V SN PHM V NGUYN LIU

1.1. Tng quan v sn phm - C l mn n quen thuc ca tt c mi ngi dn Vit Nam, n c thng xuyn c nhiu c hi lm tng tui th, tng cng sc khng cho sc khe chng ta.C nc l mt trong s cc loi c bin c khai thc quanh nm. Tht c ngt thm, bo v c th ch bin c nhiu mn ngon, c nc st c rt thm ngon, mi v hp dn, c th n cng vi bnh m, m tm hoc n trong ba cm m cng hng ngy - Tn sn phm: C nc st c - Ba C Gi - Trng lng tnh: 155g, dng thnh phm: Hp thic - Hn s dng: 4 nm k t ngy sn xut - Cch bo qun: Bo qun ni kh ro, thong mt. Sn phm m np ch dng trong 24 gi hoc c th bo qun lnh. - Sn phm t cht lng v sinh an ton thc phm - Sn xut ti Vit Nam - Cch ch bin: n ngay hoc lm nng sn phm trong vng 5 pht trc khi n, dng nng s ngon hn. 1.2. Cc thnh phn nguyn liu. Trong sn phm c st c c cc nguyn liu sau y: C Nc ti, c chua, ng, mui, bt ngt, hnh tm, tinh bt bin tnh, nc nguyn cht sch, ht mu iu, du n, cht chng oxy ha 1.2.1 C Nc Thnh phn ca C bao gm cc thnh phn ha hc chnh sau y:

Thnh phn ch tiu

Nc

Protein
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Lipid

Mui v c

Ha hc thc phm

Tht c Trng c Gan c Da c 1.2.1.1. Nc:

48 85,1 60 - 70 40 - 75 60 - 70

10,3 24,4 20 - 30 8 - 18 7 - 15

0,1 5,4 1 11 35 5 10

0,5 5,6 12 0,5 1,5 13

Nc ng vai tr v chc nng quan trng trong i sng, cht lng ca c. Nc tham gia vo phn ng sinh ha, vo cc qu trnh khuch tn trong c to iu kin cho vi sinh vt pht trin, ngai ra cn lin kt vi cc cht protein. V nh nc to nn gi tr cm quan gip c thm ngon hn. Nc trong C thng tn ti di 2 hnh thc: tn ti vi ht thn nc v cht thn nc Ht thn nc: tn ti di dng nc khuch tn, nc t do, nc hp ph + Nc hp ph: l lp nc bn trong, kt hp vi cc ht thn nc bng lc phn t trn b mt hoc 1 gc nht nh no + Nc khuch tn: l lp nc gia, khng kt hp vi cc ht thn nc, dy lp nc khuch tn dy hn lp nc hp ph rt nhiu Cht thn nc: tn ti di 2 hnh thc nc kt hp v nc t do. + Nc kt hp vi protein dng keo c tc nc do protein dng keo c hp th + Nc kt hp protein keo tan: l nc kt hp v protein trng thi ha tan, mui v c v cc cht trng thi keo ha tan khc, nc ny l nc do keo ha tan hp th. + Nc t do: gm nc c nh, nc c kt cu t do v nc dnh t. Nc c nh: l nc cha rt nghim ngt trong kt cu hnh li, n l mt dng keo c nc ny rt kh p ra. Nc kt cu t do: tn ti nhng l nh v khe h ca ktcu hnh

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Ha hc thc phm

li ca mng si c hoc nhng t chc xp nhiu l rng ca m lin kt, nc ny d p ra. Nc dnh t: rt mng, thng dnh st trn b mt ca c tht c. 1.2.1.2. Lipid: C s dng cht bo nh l ngun nng lng d tr duy tr s sng trong nhng thng ma ng, khi ngun thc n khan him. Lipid trong c loi c xng c chia thnh 2 nhm chnh: phospholipid v triglycerit. Phospholipid to nn cu trc ca mng t bo, v vy chng c gi l lipid cu trc. Triglycerit l lipid d tr nng lng c trong cc ni d tr cht bo, thng trong t bo m c bit c bao quanh bng mt mng phospholiqid v mng li collagen mng hn. Triglycerit thng c gi l lipid d tr. Mt s loi c c cha cc este dng sp nh mt phn ca cc lipid d tr. Kho lipid c mt khp cu trc c tht. S tp trung cc t bo m nhiu nht vch c v vng gia c tht mu sng v c tht mu sm. C tht mu sm c cha mt s triglycerid bn trong t bo c, ngay c i vi c gy, v c tht ny, lipid c th chuyn ha trc tip cung cp nng lng cho c. Cc t bo c tht mu sng s dng glycogen nh mt ngun nng lng cho qu trnh chuyn ha yu kh. Trong c tht mu sm, cc ngun d tr nng lng c d ha han tan to thnh CO2 v H2O trong khi c tht mu sng li hnh thnh acid lactic. Nng lng to ra trong c tht mu sng nhanh hn trong c tht mu sm nhng do s hnh thnh acid lactic nn gy ra mt mi, lm cho c khng c kh nng lm vic vi tc c i trong thi gian di. Lipid ca c khc vi lipid ca ng vt c v, ch yu do lipid ca c c ti 40 % acid bo mch di (14 - 22 nguyn t cacbon) v mc khng no cao. Trong lipid ca ng vt c v, t khi c acid bo vi 2 ni kp tr ln trong khi lipid ca cc c nhiu acid bo vi 5 hoc 6 ni kp. 1.2.1.3. Protein C th chia protein ca m c ra thnh ba nhm sau: - Protein cu trc: Gm cc si myosin, actin, actomiosin v tropomyosin, chim khong 70 % n 80 % tng lng protein (so vi 40 % cc loi ng vt c v ). Cc protein ny ha tan trong dung dch mui trung tnh c nng ion kh cao (>0.5M). Cc protein cu trc c chc nng co rt m nhn cc hot ng ca c . - Protein tng c: Gm myoalbumin, globulin v cc enzym, chim khong 25 -30% tng lng protein. Cc protein ny ha tan trong nc, trong dung dch mui trung
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Ha hc thc phm

tnh c nng ion thp (<0.15M). a s protein tng c l cc enzym tham gia vo s trao i cht ca t bo nh s chuyn ha nng lng trong iu kin ym kh t glycogen thnh ATP. Protein tng c c kh nng ha tan cao trong nc, l nguyn nhn lm mt gi tr dinh dng do mt lng protein ng k thot ra khi ra, p mui, tan gi,V vy cn ch duy tr gi tr dinh dng v mi v ca sn phm. Protein m lin kt: Bao gm cc si collagen. Chim khong 3% tng lng protein trong c xng v khong 10% trong c sn (so vi 17% trong cc loi ng vt c v ). C trong mng li ngoi bo khng tan trong nc, dung dch kim hoc dung dch mui c nng ion cao. Protein ca c c thnh phn acid amin gn ging protein trong c tht ca ng vt c v, mc d c tnh vt l c th khc nhau i cht. im ng in (pI) ca protein c vo khong pH t 4.5-5.5. Ti gi tr pH ny, protein c ha tan thp nht. Ging nh protein trong sa, trng v tht ca ng vt c v, protein trong c c tt c cc acid amin ch yu v c gi tr sinh hc rt cao. Acid amin Lysine Trytophan Histidine Phenylalanine Luecine Isoleucine Threonine Methionine- cystine Valine C 8.8 1.0 2.0 3.9 8.4 6.0 4.6 4.0 6.0

- Trimethylamin oxyt (TMAO): TMAO l thnh phn c trng v quan trng ca nhm cht cha nit phi protein. TMAO c ch yu trong cc loi c nc mn v t c tm thy trong cc loi c nc ngt. Hm lng TMAO trong c khc nhau ty theo loi, iu kin sinh sng, kch c. C hot ng bi li nhiu, kch c ln cha nhiu TMAO hn c nh, t bi li trong nc. Hm lng TMAO cha cao nht trong cc loi c sn (c nhm) v mc, chim khong 75-250 mgN/100g, c tuyt cha t hn (60-120 mgN/100g). Theo Tokunaga (1970), hm lng TMAO c ni nh c trch, c nc, c

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Ha hc thc phm

thu, c ng tp trung cao nht trong c tht sm (vng ti), trong khi cc loi c y tht trng c hm lng TMAO cao hn nhiu trong c tht mu sng. TMAO c vai tr iu ha p sut thm thu ca c, v vy gip c chng li p sut thm thu gy ra do s chnh lch nng mui trong nc bin. - Cc axit amin t do: Cc axit amin t do chim khong 0,5-2% trng lng c tht, chng gp phn to nn mi v thm ngon c trng ca nguyn liu. Hm lng axit amin t do cng nhiu th vi khun gy h hng pht trin cng nhanh v sinh ra mi ammoniac. Cc loi c c c tht sm v thng vn ng nh c ng, c nc, c thu c hm lng histidine cao. C tht sm cha histidin nhiu hn c tht trng. Trong thi gian bo qun, histidine b vi sinh vt kh nhm carboxyl hnh thnh c t histamine.

Hnh: S to thnh histamine - Ur : c ph bin trong tt c c tht c, nhng ni chung c t hn 0,05% trong c tht ca c xng, cc loi c sn bin c cha mt lng ln ur (1-2,5%). Trong qu trnh bo qun, ur phn hu thnh NH3 v CO2 di tc dng ca enzym urease ca vi sinh vt. Do ur ho tan trong nc v thm qua mng t bo nn n d c tch ra khi chng. - Amoniac: Amoniac c mi c trng (mi khai). Trong c tht ca c ti c mt lng nh amoniac. Trong c xng, lng amoniac thp nhng khi b h hng do vi sinh vt th lng amoniac tng nhanh. Khi s h hng tin trin, pH ca c tht chuyn sang mi trng kim do lng amoniac tng ln v to nn mi n thi ca c. - Creatine: L thnh phn chnh ca hp cht phi protein. C trng thi ngh ngi creatine tn ti di dng mch vng phospho v cung cp nng lng cho qu trnh co c. 1.2.1.4. Glucid:
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Ha hc thc phm

Hm lng glucid trong c tht c rt thp, thng di 0,5%, tn ti di dng nng lng d tr glycogen. Tuy nhin, hm lng glycogen cc loi nhuyn th chim khong 3%.C va trng lng glucid d tr rt thp. Sau khi cht, glycogen c tht chuyn thnh axit lactic, lm gim pH ca c tht, mt kh nng gi nc ca c tht. S bin i ca pH c tht sau khi c cht c ngha cng ngh rt ln. 1.2.1.5. Vitamin v khong cht: C l ngun cung cp chnh vitamin nhm B (thiamin, riboflavin v B12), vitanin A v D c ch yu trong cc loi c bo. Vitamin A v D tch ly ch yu trong gan, vitamin nhm B c ch yu trong c tht c. Vitamin rt nhy cm vi oxy, nh sng, nhit . Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh ch bin (sn xut hp, tan gi, p mui, ...) nh hng ln n thnh phn vitamin. V vy, cn phi ch trnh tn tht vitamin trong qu trnh ch bin. Cht khong ca c phn b ch yu trong m xng, c bit trong xng sng. Canxi v phospho l 2 nguyn t chim nhiu nht trong xng c. Tht c l ngun giu st, ng, lu hunh v it. Ngoi ra cn c niken, coban, ch, asen, km. Hm lng cht st trong tht c nhiu hn ng vt trn cn, c bin nhiu hn c nc ngt, c tht c mu sm nhiu hn tht c mu trng. Sunfua (S) c ph bin trong tht cc loi hi sn, chim khong 1% cht kh ca tht. Sunfua trong tht c phn ln tn ti dng hp cht hu c sunfua ha tan. Hm lng sunfua nhiu hay t c nh hng ln n mu sc ca sn phm. Hm lng ng trong c t hn so vi ng vt thy sn khng xng sng. Hm lng iod trong tht c t hn so vi ng vt hi sn khng xng sng. C bin c hm lng iod cao hn c nc ngt. Hm lng iod ca ng vt hi sn ni chung nhiu gp 10 - 50 ln so vi ng vt trn cn. Tht c c nhiu m th hm lng iod c xu hng tng ln. 1.2.2 C Chua C chua l mt loi rau qu lm thc phm. Qu ban u c mu xanh, chn ng mu t vng n . C chua c v hi chua v l mt loi thc phm b dng, giu vitamin
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Ha hc thc phm

Thnh Phn Nc Protein Glucid Cellulose Canxi Photpho Fe Tro Gam 95 0.6 4.2 0.8 12 mg 26mg 1.4mg 0.4 Bng: Thnh phn ho hc ca c chua trong 100g 1.2.2.1. Nc: Nc trong c chua chim 95%, bao gm nc t do, nc lin kt. - Nc t do c trong dch bo (a s), gian bo v l dung mi ha tan cht kh nh ng, khong, vitamin, mu, mi - Nc lin kt: tn ti mng t bo, lin kt vi pectin. Protopectin, hemicecellulose, cellulose, c trong cht nguyn sinh ch yu dng keo ho nc vi protein, tinh bt, ng. 1.2.2.2. Protein. - Protein trong c chua ch chim 0.6% tng lng cht kh. - l loi protein khng hon ho, thiu cc axit amin khng thay th. V vy c chua c dng trong y hc cho bin php chng bo ph, gim cn. - Qu c chua chn v gn chn u cha cc aminoacid ch yu, tr tryptophan; qu cha chn cha narcotin.

1.2.2.3. Glucid: - ng trong c chua bao gm cc loi ng sau:. glucose v fructose v mt t sucrose v mt keto-heptose, ng 2 dng: fructoza v glucoza, d dng hp th trc tip vo c th. V ngt ca c chua ph thuc vo thi gian chn ca c. - ng trong c chua chim 4,2%, v d tan trong nc nng. Trong tinh bt ca c chua th khng c Amilose pectin. - Trong c chua thnh phn cellulose chim 0.8%, c nhim v to cng cho cu trc tri c chua, tp trung ch yu thnh t bo.

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Ha hc thc phm

1.2.2.4. Cht mu, vitamin v khong cht. - Trong c chua c cc khong cht v vitamin nh: B2, B6, C, PP, E, K. Vitamin A: 400 g/100g, Vitamin B1: 40 g/100g, Vitamin cc acid hu c nh acid citric malic, oxalic, nhiu nguyn t vi lng, cc vitamin A, B1B2: 7 g/100g, Vitamin C: 15-30 g/100g. Ngoi ra, trong c chua c mt thnh phn quan trng khc l Lycopenne. y l mt cht mu t nhin ng thi cng l mt cht chng oxi ho .Nh vo kh nng hp th cc tt cc gc t do nn chng c xem l mt cht chng oxi ho mnh. - N cung cp cht st v kali cho nhu cu hng ngy, cung cp vi lng cobalt c chc nng xc tc to hng cu. c bit, do cha t Natri nn c khuyn khch s dng thng xuyn cho ngi mc bnh tng huyt p cao. Ngoi ra, do cha axit hu c (1%) v cht x (0.6%) nn cng c th dng cha tr bnh to bn ngi gi. - Vitamin: c chua c nhiu vitamin C v A, gip tmg trng v bi b t bo nim mc mt, phng nga chng kh gip mc, vim gic mc cn thit cho c th tng sc khng. => C chua to cho sn phm c hp mu sc, mi, v c trng v lm tng gi tr dinh dng ca hp. C chua dng n dng ti, mui chua hay dm dm, v l nguyn liu ca cng nghip hp. - Trong cng nghip sn xut c st c i khi ngi ta s dng ch phm Pure C chua. N l loi ph gia ph bin nht trong sn phm c ng hp. Pur c chua c to ra bng cch ly c chua ra sch chn trong nc si, vt ra bc b v, ch qua li 0.71mm ri ly bt. Pur c chua c kh khong 12,15,20%(khc vi bt c chua c kh 88-95%). 1.2.3. Mui n - Thnh phn chnh ca mui l NaCl, H2O, cc hot cht ha tan v khng tan Mui c d tr trn 5 thng. Cc cht ha tan gm c: calciphosphat (CaSO4), magiesunfat: (Mg S04) magieclorua (MgCl), calcioxit (CaO), manganoxit (MnO)
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Ha hc thc phm

- Cc tp cht khng tan gm c: bn, , si, ct

Bng: Thnh phn ha hc ca cc mui ( s gam trong 100g mui) Mui cng ln nhiu tp cht th mu cng ng, i khi c mu en. Nc trong mui n l mt thnh phn rt d thay i v mui n c c tnh hp th nhiu nc trong khng kh nu lng nc trong mui cn ph thuc vo to nh ca ht mui, ht to c hm lng nc t hn ht nh. Do cn phi kim tra cn thn trc khi s dng. Vic phn loi cht lng mui n, ngoi phng php ha hc ra cn dng cc phng php cm quan nh cn c vo cm gic ca tay, mt, ming. Cp bc Mui cp 1 Mui cp 2 NaCl 92,62 89,98 Nc 5,11 6.45 Cht v c Cht v c khng tan 0,0928 0,0416 tan 2,2284 3,4972

V cht ca mui l do trong mui c MgCl2, CaCl2. Trong mui thng tn ti K+, nu n phi lng t th b au cung hng, nu n phi lng nhiu th gy au u, nn ma. Theo ti liu nghin cu ca S Ng Nghip Hi Dng Lin X, nu nng ca Ca2+, Mg2+ trong dung dch nc mui nu t 0,6% s c v cht. => Mui c tnh xc khun rt cao nn c s dng xc trng loi b mt phn vi sinh vt, ngoi ra cn gip iu v cho sn phm. 1.2.4. ng ng saccharose thng c gii l ng n, d b kt tinh, khng mu , c v ngt, v d tan trong nc. c xem l mt cht to ngt ch yu trong ngnh thc phm

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Ha hc thc phm

Cu tao ho hc: L mt disaccharise c cu to bi hai ng n l glucose v fructose: -glucopyranose v fructofuranose lin kt , -1_2. Cc vng khng th m ra, thiu gc lactol nn khng c tnh kh, kh nng to cc dng anomer, cc phn ng c trng vi cc gc amine v alcohol. B thy phn d dng, xut hin nhiu trong cc nguyn liu l ma, c ci ng. ng saccharose b thy phn trong mi trng acid, tuy nhin chng kh bn vi mi trng kim. Chng cng b thy phn di tc dng ca enzyme to ra cc ng n, Hot ng ca cc enzyme thy phn cc lin kt glycoside c trng bi cu hnh hoc ca gc glycoside, trong khi gc aglycone th nh hng trong gii hn t hn. Di tc dng ca acid v nhit trong qu trnh ch bin th saccharose d b thu phn to ra 2 ng n l glucose v fructose ( c gi l ng o).Sn phm to c ngt cao v du hn, ng thi tng hm lng cht kh

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Ha hc thc phm

=> ng c gi tr dinh dng cao, to nng lng cho c th. Ngoi ra khi them ng vo sn phm c st c nhm to ngt cho sn phm, gip sn phm ngon hn v d n. 1.2.4. Tinh Bt Bin Tnh. - Tinh bt l polysaccaride bn kt tinh gm 2 loi amylosa v amylopectin. Amylosa l polymer mch thng, cho tinh bt c kt tinh. Do c n, nhiu loi tinh bt khng tan trong nc nn mun s dng cn phi qua thy phn loi bt amylose thy phn ct mch phn t nh hn. Do tnh cht chu mi trng km do tnh phn cc cao nn tinh bt c ghp thm mt s nhm chc mch thng alkyl. Ty theo ng dng, vic bin tnh tinh bt s gip cho tinh bt p ng cc yu cu ha l ( tan, trng n, thm ht, do, nht) - Tinh bt bin tnh l mt sn phm c bin i bng cc phng php nh vt l, ho hc, enzyme t tinh bt, amylase cng nh amylase pectin c th c ci thin ph hp hn vi nhng ng dng ring bit trong cc sn phm. - Tinh bt bin tnh c s dng trong cng ngh c st c l tinh bt bp sp (giu amylopectin), v c sn xut bng cch un nng tinh bt vi este hoc cc acid, mui hay cc dn xut ca chng. Tinh bt ny c nht rt cao, c tnh lm c tt, paste tinh bt c trong cao, v vy chng c s dng rng ri lm cht to c v l cht n nh trong nc st. Tng Amylose (%) Protein (%) Phosphorut (mg/100g) Lipid(mg/100g)
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25.0 0.3 14.2 0.07

Ha hc thc phm

Lipid t do(g/100g) 0.07 Lipit lin kt(g/100g) 0.03 Lng tro(g/100g) 0.2 m (%) 9.5 Bng: thnh phn ha hc ca tinh bt bin tnh bp. 1.2.6. Bt ngt (Monosodium glutamate) Bt ngt (hay m chnh) l mui natri ca axit glutamic, mt trong hn 20 loi axit amin kin to nn protein c th, cn thit cho s tng trng, chuyn ha thn kinh v chc nng ca no b con ngi., Trong protein thc phm, axt glutamic chim t l hn hn cc axt amin khc, thy tm quan trng ca n i vi vt th sng Tn ha hc: + Theo ting Vit l Natri glutamat. + Theo ting Anh l Monosodium glutamate monohydrate, vit tt l MSG. + Cc tn IUPAC: 2-aminopentanedioic acid, 2-aminoglutaric acid,1aminopropane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid Tn quc t v cng ng chu u: INS 621, EEC 621 (thng gi l cht iu v. Cng thc phn t l: C5H8NO4Na. Trng lng phn t: 187,13.

Cng thc cu to ca axit glutamic l:

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Ha hc thc phm

Cng thc cu to ca natri glutamat l:

Bt ngt l mui natri ca acid amin v khi axt glutamic cng cc axt amin khc kt hp thnh protein v n n trong phn t protein, khng th kch thch v gic cm nhn v ngon, nhng mt khi n c gii phng t protein thnh axt amin t do v tn ti cng vi ion Natri trong mui n s to ra c v ngon c bit. l pht hin quan trng t gn mt th k trc y ca gio s Ikeda, v cng l l do ti sao bt ngt ngy nay phi ch to thnh tinh th Natri glutamat. Bt ngt tn ti di 2 dng: + Bt ngt t nhin: Theo Hi khoa hc k thut an ton v sinh thc phm Vit Nam th: bt ngt c sn trong cc thc phm t nhin nh trong tht, c, sa (k c trong sa m) v trong rau qu nh c rt, u, ng... Trong khong 100g c chua hin hu 0,14g bt ngt; 0,044g/100g tht g; 0,043g/100g tm. C th con ngi cn nng t 60kg n 70kg, th lng protein chim t 14 n 17% trong c khong 1/5 l bt ngt. + Bt ngt sn xut: Bt ngt c sn xut thng qua qu trnh ln men (tng t nh ln men bia, gim, nc chm...) t cc nguyn liu t nhin nh mt ma ng, tinh bt ng cc. Ngi ta thng dng cc loi nh ma, khoai m, sn, ... lm nguyn liu ch bin bt ngt. S dng bt ngt trong cng ngh sn xut c st c nhm b sung gi tr dinh dng v iu v cho sn phm, tuy nhin cng nn s dng theo ng quy nh v nhn hiu uy tn 1.2.7. Ht iu. iu nhum hay cn gi l iu mu, c ri (danh php khoa hc: Bixa orellana) l mt loi cy bi hay cy g nh thuc h iu nhum (Bixaceae), c ngun gc t khu vc nhit i ca

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Ha hc thc phm

chu M. Trong ting Nahuatl tn gi ca n l achiotl, ngha l cy bi. Trong ting Tupi tn gi ca n l urucu. N c trng ti khu vc ny v ti khu vc ng Nam , do ngi Ty Ban Nha a ti y trong th k 17. N l ngun cung cp chnh cho mt loi cht mu t nhin, gi l annatto c mu vng , sn xut t qu. iu nhum c hoa mu hng v qu c gai mu ti, cha cc ht mu . Qu kh v cng thnh dng
C ti

qu nang mu nu. - Cc nh khoa hc trn th gii chng minh c cht mu chit t ht iu nhum khng gy c hi vi sc khe con ngi. CODEX a cht mu chit t ht iu vo danh mc cc loi phm mu t nhin c s dng an ton cho thc phm v dc phm. Cht mu ly c t ht iu nhum c mu v vng. Cht mu ch yu trong phn cm ht iu nhum l bixin thnh phn chnh ca annatto c mu chim hn 80% phn cm ht iu ngoi bixin, trong ht iu mu cn c cht nor-bixin l cht
C to ra mu vng. chua Ra Chn Ngm nc mui Ra li ro Ht iu Ct khc X l c hc Ra

Qu cha Xay vitamin A (khong 3,2 g cho mi 100 g qu), C, D.. l cc vitamin nhiu Xp hp tan trong du, nn khi cho vo du n s cho ra mu vng n cam ty thuc vo nhit
Ch qua ry Hp . Ngoi ra cn c nhiu selenium, magi, canxi. Phi ch Dc b nc tanh Rt dung dch st Ghp np Tit trng Lm ngui -15Sn phm Cho vo du nng Gn, lc

=> Ht iu mu b sung mu sc nhng khng gy hi cho sc khe con ngi cho sn phm c hp st c. CHNG 2
un nng

QUY TRNH SN XUT C HP ST C

Ra, sy

2.1. S quy trnh:

Hp, np

Ha hc thc phm

2.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh: 2.2.1 X l s b: Ra, ct ui, nh vy, nh vy, ct u m bng, moi ht ni tng. Nu c ln (1 con > 100g) th ct i, nh th nguyn -> Dng nc ra s b lai tr nht c, tp cht c hc nh t ct, bi, v mt phn vi sinh vt trn c th c.To kch thc c ph hp cho cc giai on tip theo v ph hp vi ngi tiu dng. 2.2.2. Ngm nc mui:
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Ha hc thc phm

Pha dung dch mui c nng 15 % cho c vo ngm 20 pht nhit phng Tng tnh cht bo qun, c ch hot ca vi sinh vt, trnh hng c. Lm kt cu c c vng chc, lm cho sn phm c ng hp t b v nt. Lm cho c c v ngon hn. 2.2.3. Ra li: C sau khi p mui xong th vt ra, dng nc sch ra c, nhm lm cho c c v mn u. 2.2.4. ro: Nhm gim lng nc mui c trnh lm long khi xp hp. 2.2.5. Xp hp: To hnh thc gn , p mt, n nh cc khc c xp trong hp nhm chun b tt cho qu trnh hp cng nh qu trnh rt nc st vo trong hp. 2.2.6. Hp: Thc hin qu trnh hp bng hi nhit nhit 100 oC trong 15 pht. Sau khi hp xong, em dc b ton b nc tanh c trong lon. Trong cng nghip, ngi ta s dng cc loi thit b hp c th lm vic lin tc hoc gin on, p sut thng hoc p sut cao, hoc p sut chn khng c cu to loi hai v hay loi ng (n , kp , rut g) ->Ngng qu trnh sinh ha, tiu dit mt phn vi sinh vt, ch yu l vi sinh vt bm trn b mt ca nguyn liu 2.2.7. Chun b dung dch st c chua X l: Ra c trong nc sch nhm loi b tp cht, t, ct. Loi b nhng qu b thi khng tiu chun ch bin. Chn: Mc ch v hot enzyme pectinase gi cho sn phm khng b tch nc. Bn cnh , enzyme oxy ha cng b v hot ng thi chn lm cho cu trc mm hn nhm tng hiu sut thu hi dch qu. Nhit chn : 85oC , chn t 2 5 pht. p, ch: Nhm tch v, ht v lm nh tht c trong t bo nguyn liu thu hi pure. To mu iu: Bc ni ln bp cho nng sau cho du n vo, tt bp. yn cho lng sau gn ly du trong to mu iu kt hp cng mu t nhin ca c chua to nn mu sc hi ha, hp dn cho hp c st c.
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Ha hc thc phm

Phi trn: Cn cc ph gia to mi, tinh bt bin tnh theo khu v ri cho vo pure v nu si thnh dch st. 2.2.8. Rt nc st Dung dch c rt vo hp c hp cch mp khong 0,2 mm. 2.2.9. Ghp m Bi kh: Bi kh: l qu trnh ui bt cht kh ra khi khong khng nh hp nhm trnh to ra p sut cao khi thanh trng gy bung v np hp. Ghp m: l mt qu trnh quan trng nhm lm cho thc phm cch ly hon ton vi mi trng khng kh v vi sinh vt bn ngoi, gip bo qun thc phm lu hn vi cht lng tt. Np hp phi c ghp tht kn v tht chc m bo khi thanh trng khng b bt np hay h mi ghp. 2.2.10. Thanh trng: Nhit thanh trng 112oC trong khong thi gian t 40 105 pht, p sut cho qu trnh thanh trng ch ny 1.3 bar; di y l bng quy nh thi gian thanh trng vi mt s loi hp c kch c khc nhau: Kch c hp Thi gian thanh trng 202 x 308 100 pht 401 x 411 160 pht 603 x 408 200 pht 603 x 700 240 pht 2.2.11. Lm ngui Sau khi thanh trng hp s c lm lnh nhanh trong ni thanh trng n nhit trung tm hp t t 40 45oC. Sau khi lm ngui xong, hp s c chuyn ra ngoi nhng vn cn c yn trong xe trong vng 24 gi trng thi c n nh. Giai on ny trnh chm tay vo hp cho n khi ngui hn. 2.2.12. Bo n: Sau khi n nh 24 gi hp s c xp thnh cy v c bao bc bng nilon trong 10 ngy ch kt qu vi sinh. Sau em ra dn nhn v ng thng.
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Ha hc thc phm

2.2.13. Dn nhn - ng thng: Hp trc khi dn nhn phi c lau sch, ch st v qut vecni. Nhn c dn chc phng ngay ngn, ghi y thng tin: tn x nghip, tn sn phm, hn s dng, a ch, khi lng thnh phn sau hp c chuyn sang giai on in m s: ngy sn xut v hn s dng. Sau c ng thng carton. 2.2.14. Bo qun: Cc thng sn phm c bo qun trong cc kho iu kin bnh thng v c phn phi ti ni tiu th.

CHNG 3

NHNG BIN I CA NGUYN LIU TRONG QU TRNH CH BIN

3.1. Bin i ca c Tht c trong qu trnh ngm mui, y l mt qu trnh c cho l gip sn phm c ngon hn. Do trong qu trnh ny, do khi ngm mui, cc phn t mui l mt cht

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Ha hc thc phm

c kh nng ht nc mnh.Chng cnh tranh nc trong c, do lm gim hm lng nc t do trong tht c, dn n lin kt gia protein v protein tr nn cht ch hn. ng thi do nng mui bn ngoi dung dch cao hn, nn c s tch nc ra khi c. Lm cho c tr nn sn chc hn, khng b r trong cc qu trnh sau. Sau c s i qua qu trnh hp. Protein c s b bin tnh, lm cu trc phn t ca protein s b gin mch. Ti y di tc dng ca nhit , lin kt hydro, lin kt k nc v lc Van Der Walls s b ph hu. Lin kt disunfit s khng b ph hu. Tuy nhin cc lin kt ny s n nh li khi nhit thp. Do cc cu trc bc 2, 3, 4 s b tc ng. Cn cu trc bc mt s cha b nh hng bi tc nhn nhit .

Hnh: Bin tnh nhit c xem l bin tnh thun nghch ca protein ng thi trong qu trnh hp mt hm lng m s c gia tng trong c. Ngoi nh hng ca nhit , vic gia tng hm lng m s thc y qu trnh bin tnh ca protein lm cho b mt phn t protein gim, ng thi l ra cc gc k nc dn n protein s gim kh nng ha tan, ng thi mt i kh nng gi nc, do mt hm lng nc s c tch ra ngoi v li cun theo mt hm lng cht kh. Chnh v vy sau qu trnh hp s c 1 cng on loi b nc tanh ra khi c. giai on tit trng nhit c gia tng cao hn 121oC, protein c s tip tc c bin tnh cp mnh m hn. Ti nhit do ny cng xy ra phn ng maillard, l cc phn ng phc tap gia ng kh v cc acid amin thng qua phn ng N-Glycoside, to ra mt sn phm l hp cht mu nu, c gii l melanoidin. ng thi cng to mt cht hng v cho sn phm. Tuy nhin phn ng ny di tc dng ca nhit v cc thnh phn nguyn liu c trn li sau qu trnh phi trn, do phn ng ny s lun xy ra trong qu trnh ch bin. 3.2. C chua:

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Ha hc thc phm

Trong c chua trong qu trnh chn, tng t vi nguyn liu tht c. Mt hm lng m c gia tng trong c. ng thi nhit cao mt phn tinh bt trong qu c chua s b h ho. ng thi qu c chua s mm hn bi protopectin di tc dng nhit do s b thu phn thnh pectin.Do khi gia tng nhit enzyme pectinase c kch hot phn ng to iu kin cho phn ng xy ra. iu ny l quan trng, bi n s quyt nh n nht ca dch st c, nhm p ng yu cu sn phm. Protopectin (Khng tan) + H2O Pectin (tan) Tuy nhin do hm lng tinh bt trong sn phm c chua l khng ng k. Do to st tt cho sn phm ngi ta s dung tinh bt bin tnh. Cc si tinh bt ny c ct ngn bt. Do s gim c hin tng thoi ho, ngn chn c hin tng tch lp ca cc sn phm nc st khi trong qu trnh bo qun. Tinh bt tng tc vi protein thng qua lin kt hydro v lc Van der Waals, c protein v tinh bt u sp xp li phn t to thnh gel, ni cch khc tinh bt ng to gel vi protein lm tng n hi, cng, kh nng gi nc ca khi gel. Mt phn ng khc ca c chua trong cc qu trnh nhit l s gim hm lng lycopene. y l mt phn ng oc ch bi gia tng nhit cao th hm lng lycopene s gim ng k, bi lycopene c xem l mt cht mu t nhin trong c chua. Hm lng lycopene c th mt trong qu trnh ch bin l t 4-50%. V y l iu khng mong mun trong qua trnh sn xut 3.3. Bin i ca tinh bt bin tnh: Tinh bt s c h ha giai on un nng (80oC) Cc ht tinh bt s trng phng do hp th nc bi cc gc hydroxyl t do. Khi nht ca dch s tng ln. nht tng s gip gim hin tng hp git ca cht bo. Trnh s tch bo. ng thi cc si tinh bt c xu hng sp xp an cho nhau to thnh mng li v nht pha lng (nc, lipid, cht tan vo bn trong mng li S to phc tinh bt vi lipid xy ra ch yu i vi amylose. Cc ui acid bo s i vo vng xon Helix ca amylose to thnh phc amylose lipid. Phc ny s gip cho cu trc vng xon n nh. Trnh s thoi ha ca tinh bt. ng thi trnh s tch bo ra khi dch st.
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Ha hc thc phm

3.5. Cc cht to mi Cc cht mi thng hin din trong nguyn liu l cc hp cht ester d bay hi. V vy, mi v gim mt t sau khi chn, hp. 3.6. Cc phn ng ha hc khc - Phn ng thy phn: Protein b phn hy thnh cc peptid v acid amin; Cht bo b thy phn to ra acid bo v glyceride, - Mt s vitamine b phn hy. - Phn ng Maillard hnh thnh nhm cht Melanoidine to mu cho sn phm. 3.6. Cc bin i ha sinh - S thay i hot tnh enzyme v tc cc phn ng ha sinh: Trong thi gian nng nhit cc enzyme thy phn, oxy ha, c hot ha; khi nhit c nng ln cao th cc enzyme ny b v hot. Do lm thay i tc cc phn ng ha sinh. Ngoi ra cc phn ng ha sinh cng chu nh hng trc tip bi nhit . 3.7. Cc phn ng khng mong mun - Phn ng khng mong mun trong qu trnh bo qun. V lin kt hidro rt linh ng c xu hng b ph v nhit cao v bn nhit thp. Cc acid amin, dipeptide c xu hng lin kt li vi nhau lm cho phn nc st b tch lp. - Do trong qu trnh tit trng, protein ca c s gy ph hy mt phn cc gc Cystein hnh thnh nn H2S, dimetylsulfua, axit Cyteic v cc hp cht bay hi khc. Do sinh ra H2S nn lm phng hp => Cn c qu trnh bo n pht hin cc sn phm b phng hp do thiu lp vecni. CHNG 4

NHNG H HNG V NGUYN NHN H HNG SN PHM

4.1. H hng do vi sinh vt Hin tng h hng do vi sinh vt rt ph bin. Cc vi sinh vt pht trin, phn hy cc cht hu c ca thc phm, to ra kh CO2, H2S, NH3...hay tit ra cc c t. C loi vi sinh vt pht trin khng sinh ra cht kh. V vy h hng do vi sinh vt c th gy phng hp hay khng gy phng hp nn kh pht hin.
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Ha hc thc phm

Cc nguyn nhn gy h hng do vi sinh vt : - Do tit trng khng ch : tc l cha nhit v thi gian thanh trng cn thit. Cc vi sinh vt cn sng, pht trin lm sn phm b chua, b mt phm cht c th to thnh cc cht kh lm phng hp. C mt s sn phm do b nhim trng qu nhiu do thit b v do cc qu trnh ch bin trc khi thanh trng gy ra, ta khng pht hin c m vn tin hnh thanh trng theo cng thc qui nh, cng coi nh thanh trng khng ch . - Do lm ngui khng thch hp: cc vi sinh vt a nhit lm hng hp, pht trin nhanh chng nhit khong 49 - 71oC. V vy nu khng lm ngui nhanh hp n nhit thp di khong nhit , th cc vi sinh vt c th pht trin lm h hng. - Do mi ghp b h: hin tng ny cng xy ra kh ph bin, c th do my ghp np lm vic khng ng qui tc, hay cc mi hn dc ca bao b khng c kn. Khi tit trng do p sut trong hp tng ln qu mc, lm h cc mi ghp, vi sinh vt nhim vo (ngun nhim vi sinh vt ch yu vo hp b h l nc dng lm ngui) pht trin lm hng hp. - Do nhim vi sinh vt gy h hng trc khi tit trng: hin tng ny xy ra khi thc hin khng ng qui trnh k thut v ch v sinh thc phm, lm cho vi sinh vt xm nhp v pht trin thc phm trong thi gian ch bin. Thi gian t lc vo hp n lc ghp kn v mang i tit trng qu lu. nhit khng cao lm , l iu kin thch hp cho cc vi sinh vt pht trin lm hng hp trc khi thanh trng. 4.2. H hng do cc hin tng ha hc B hng do cc hin tng ha hc xy ra c th do cc phn ng gia cc thnh phn ca thc phm vi nhau hay gia cc thnh phn thc phm vi bao b. Cc phn ng ha hc ny, phn ln lm cho thc phm c mu sc, hng v gim i nhiu. Trong thi gian bo qun thnh phm, ta thng thy cc hp ng trong bao b st ty, b n mn kim loi mt bn trong ca bao b, lp trng thic b n mn. Kim loi nhim vo sn phm. Hin tng ny thng thy nhiu cc hp c acid cao. Lng kim
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Ha hc thc phm

loi nng nhim vo sn phm, c th gy bin i mu sc, mi v ca sn phm, v gy c i vi c th. Qu trnh n mn, kh hydro thot ra lm cho hp b phng. Nhit cng cao, s n mn kim loi cng xy ra nhanh. Ty thuc acid ca sn phm, phm cht ca bao b, m hm lng kim loi nng tch t trong sn phm nhiu hay t. 4.3. H hng do cc nh hng c l Xy ra trong qu trnh tit trng, bo qun v vn chuyn. - H hng do sai thao tc thit b tit trng: trong giai on cui ca qu trnh tit trng, nu gim p sut hi qu nhanh, th to thnh hin tng cng phng hp, c th b bin dng, h mi ghp. Do p sut trong hp c to ra chnh lch vi p sut bn ngoi qu nhiu. - H hng do bi kh khng : trong qu trnh tit trng bng nhit, cc hp bi kh cn li s dn n gy cng phng hp. V hnh dng bn ngoi cc hp ny sau khi bo qun, thng thy b phng nh, np hp c th n ln xung c. - H hng do xp hp qu y: khi sn phm xp trong hp qu y, sn phm s dn n th tch khi tit trng bng nhit, lm cho hp b phng, hin tng ny d xy ra hn khi cho sn phm vo hp lc ngui, tit trng sn phm cng b dn n nhiu.

CHNG 5

KT LUN
5.1 Trng thi ca sn phm: Nc st sn phm c st n nh - Gii thch: Tinh bt tng tc vi protein thng qua lin kt hydro v lc Van der Waals, c protein v tinh bt u sp xp li phn t to thnh gel, ni cch khc tinh

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Ha hc thc phm

bt ng to gel vi protein lm tng n hi, cng, kh nng gi nc ca khi gel. C mm thch hp - Gii thch: Protein c b bin tnh, lm cu trc phn t ca protein s b gin mch. Ti y di tc dng ca nhit , lin kt hydro, lin kt k nc v lc Van Der Walls s b ph hu. Lin kt disunfit s khng b ph hu. Tuy nhin cc lin kt ny s n nh li khi nhit thp. Do cc cu trc bc 2, 3, 4 s b tc ng. Cn cu trc bc mt s cha b nh hng bi tc nhn nhit . 5.2. Mu sc ca sn phm: Mu sc sn phm l mu c trng. y l mu sc do b sung thm cht to mu t ht iu. Cht mu ly c t ht iu nhum c mu v vng. Cht mu ch yu trong phn cm ht iu nhum l bixin thnh phn chnh ca annatto c mu chim hn 80% phn cm ht iu ngoi bixin, trong ht iu mu cn c cht nor-bixin l cht to ra mu vng. Bn cnh phn ng Maillard hnh thnh nhm cht Melanoidine to mu cho sn phm. 5.3. Mi v sn phm: Sn phm c mi v c trng ca c v c chua. Do cc cht mi thng hin din trong nguyn liu l cc hp cht ester d bay hi. V vy, mi v gim mt t sau khi chn, hp. 5.4. Nhng phn ng nh hng xu n sn phm: - Phn ng khng mong mun trong qu trnh bo qun. V lin kt hidro rt linh ng c xu hng b ph v nhit cao v bn nhit thp.Chnh v vy cc acid amin, dipeptide c xu hng lin kt li vi nhau lm cho phn nc st b tch lp. - Do trong qu trnh tit trng, protein ca c s gy ph hy mt phn cc gc Cystein hnh thnh nn H2S, dimetylsulfua, axit Cyteic v cc hp cht bay hi khc.Do sinh ra H2S nn lm phng hp => Cn c qu trnh bo n pht hin cc sn phm b phng hp do thiu lp vecni.

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Ha hc thc phm

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Sch Ha Hc Thc Phm L Kim Anh Nh xut bn Khoa Hc V K Thut H Ni [2] Sch Ha Sinh Cng Nghip L Ngc T Nh xut bn Khoa Hc V K Thut H Ni

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Ha hc thc phm

[3] Bi Ging Ha Hc Thc Phm trng i hc K Thut Cng Ngh Thnh Ph H Ch Minh [4] Gio trnh Cng ngh ch bin thc phm ng hp Trng i hc Cn Th [5] Th nghim Cng Ngh Thc Phm trng i hc K Thut Cng Ngh Thnh Ph H Ch Minh [6] Th nghim Cng Ngh Thc Phm trng i hc Bch Khoa [7] Bi Ging Cng Ngh Ch Bin Tht, Thy Sn trng i hc K Thut Cng Ngh Thnh Ph H Ch Minh [8] - http://news.forvn.com/show/ [9] - http://vietbao.vn/ [10] - http://vietbao.vn/Suc-khoe/ [11] - www.ducbao.marofin.com/gioi_thieu.html [12] - www.evitco.com/webplus/viewer.print.asp?aid=486&l=VN [13] - www.hoavien.vn/aboutus/home.php [14] - www.vnnavi.com [15] www.ebook.edu.vn [16] www.chilinhkgcc.forumotion.net

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