Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN, Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh 26 (2010) 21-26

Ti u ha qu trnh x l nc thi sn xut bia

bng phng php k kh
L c Mnh1, Lu Th L Thy2
1

Vin Cng nghip thc phm, 301 Nguyn Tri, H Ni, Vit Nam
2
Phn Vin Cng nghip thc phm ti thnh ph H Ch Minh
Nhn ngy 03 thng 6 nm 2009

Tm tt. X l k kh l phng php c hiu qu nht trong s dng x l nc thi c

nhim hu c cao, c kh nng thu hi nng lng, to ra t bn, kh nng phn hu cht hu c
ti 75%. ng vai tr quyt nh s thnh cng ca qu trnh x l k kh l nhng nhm vi sinh
vt tham gia qu trnh, bao gm cc vi sinh vt ln men axitv vi sinh vt ln men mtan. Cc
nhm ny nhn chung ln men rt chm v b nh hng ca rt nhiu yu t l ho hc trong mi
trng. Trong nghin cu ny, phng php ton hc c p dng ti u ha mt s thng s
qu trnh trong h thng x l nc thi k kh s dng h UASB ci tin. Kt qu cho thy, nng
bn hot tnh 14,2%, thi gian lu thy lc 14,5 gi v t l cht mang 58,3% v/v l gi tr ti
u cho qu trnh x l k kh nc thi sn xut bia.
T kha: Ti u ha, x l nc thi bia, x l k kh, UASB.

1. Gii thiu

nhng mt s khc li khng th iu khin

c [7-12]. Trong phm vi nghin cu ny,
chng
ti
ng
dng
phn
mm
STATGRAPHICS v phng php ton hc
xc nh iu kin ti u ca mt s thng s
nh: nng bn hot tnh, thi gian lu thy
lc, t l cht mang nhm ti u hiu sut x l
theo COD [11-13].

Hin nay c nhiu phng php x l nc

thi. Ph thuc vo tnh cht ca nc thi
la chn cc phng php x l cho ph hp.
Nc thi t cc nh my ch bin thc phm
c t l BOD/COD cao nn rt ph hp cho ng
dng cng ngh sinh hc [1,2]. Cng ngh ti
u l cng ngh x l k kh [1,6]. Trong qu
trnh ny, rt nhiu nhm vi sinh vt ng vai
tr quan trng quyt nh s thnh cng ca h
thng. Trn thc t, cc trm x l nc thi
lm vic trong iu kin khng n nh do dng
thi, nhit , c trng ngun thikhng n
nh. Mt vi yu t c th c kim sot,

2. Vt liu v phng php nghin cu

Nc thi
Ngun nc thi c s dng l nc thi
ca xng bia Vin Cng nghip Thc phm
c tch cn thng qua b lng s b,

_______

Tc gi lin h. T.: 84-4-38584481.

E-mail: manh@firi.ac.vn

21

22

L.. Mnh, L.T.L. Thy / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN, Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh 26 (2010) 21-26

chng c thnh phn ha hc nh sau: COD

2500 3000 (mg/l), BOD5 1500 2000 (mg/l),
DO 1-1,5 (mg/l), TS 2500 -2800 (mg/l), SS
1200 -2500(mg/l), pH 4,5 - 5,5.
Xc nh COD
Theo tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 6491:1999
Qui hoch thc nghim
Qui hoch ho thc nghim theo m hnh
ho bc 2 tm trc giao. nh gi tnh c ngha
ca cc h s hi qui theo chun Student. nh
gi tnh ph hp ca phng trnh hi qui theo
chun Fisher. Phn mm STATGRAPHICS
c s dng tnh ton cc s liu trong qui
hoch v cc gi tr trong bng n hnh.

3. Kt qu v bnh lun
Qui hoch thc nghim
Sau khi kho st s b nh hng ca cc
yu t nh cht mang, pH, lng bn hot tnh,
nhit , ti trng cht hu c, thi gian lu gi
thu lc, cc cht kch thch v c ch ln qu
trnh x l k kh. Chng ti chn 3 yu t c
nh hng chnh ln qu trnh x l l: pH, thi
gian lu tr thu lc v t l cht mang c
dng trong h thng k kh.
nghin cu nh hng ca 3 nhn t ny
ln qu trnh x l k kh, chng ti chn ma
trn thc nghim bc 2 tm trc giao y v
t: X1 l hm lng bn hot tnh trong
khong t 5% - 15% (gi tr m ho: x1); X2 l
thi gian lu tr thu lc xc nh khong t 3
n 18 gi (gi tr m ho: x2); X3 l phn trm
th tch h cht mang trong h thng b k kh
vi khong xc nh t 20 - 60% (gi tr m
ho: x3); Y l gi tr COD (mg/lt) o c sau
qu trnh x l (hm mc tiu).

Gi tr m ho cc mc thc nghim v
khong bin thin ca cc yu t thc nghim
c xc nh theo Bng 1. V mt hnh hc
m hnh l mt hnh lp phng c 8 nh mi
nh ng vi mt thc nghim. tm c cc
s hng bc 2 ta tin hnh thm cc thc
nghim tm (mc gc) v nhng thc nghim
im sao (*) l nhng im nm trn trc to
ca cc nhn t tng ng. Nh vy xc
nh 10 h s ca phng trnh hi qui ta phi
tin hnh 15 thc nghim theo ma trn qui
hoch, trong s th nghim tm n0 =1 v
cnh tay n sao d=1,215 v s hiu chun ho
= 0,7303. Dng ma trn thc nghim m ho
bc 2 tm trc giao y ca 3 nhn t c
dng nh Bng 2. Kt qu thc nghim theo ma
trn c trnh by trong bng 3. Th nghim
th 15 l th nghim tm c tin hnh 4 ln.
Phng sai ti hin c xc nh theo th
nghim b xung tm l S2th= 86,92, lch
chun thu c l Sth = 9,32. Kt qu thc
nghim cho thy, khi ta thay i cc yu t
trong cc khong c chn th gi tr COD
o c bin thin trong khong t 270 n 738
mg/lt, iu ny chng t cc yu t la chn
u c nh hng ln kt qu thc nghim y.
nh gi mc nh hng ca cc yu t
trn ln kt qu thc nghim chng ti tin
hnh xc nh gi tr ca cc h s v nh gi
chun t ca tng h s thu c. Kt qu tnh
ton ca cc h s hi qui bij c trnh by
trong bng 4. nh gi tnh c ngha ca h s
hi qui thu c thng qua chun phn phi
student (t). Tra bng ta c tp(f)= t0,05 (3) = 2,92,
khi chn tin cy thng k P=0,95 v bc t
do ca tp s liu kt qu th nghim f = n-1=2.
Cc gi tr tuyt i ca t23 v t11 < tp(f) nn 2 h
s hi qui thu c ny khng c ngha, do
ta nhn c phng trnh hi qui nh sau :
Y = 32,6 - 5,4x1 -28,7x2 - 13x3 - 7,9x1x2 +
3,4x1x3 + 12x22 + 24,3x32

L.. Mnh, L.T.L. Thy / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN, Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh 26 (2010) 21-26

kim nh s ph hp ca phng trnh

hi qui thu c vi thc nghim trong cc
min bin s chn, chng ti tin hnh thm
8 th nghim trong cc min chn v sau
nh gi s tng thch ca phng trnh qua
chun phn phi Fisher.
S bc t do f1= N-1=7, gi tr phng sai
d thu c l S2 d = 412,6, vi gi tr phng
sai khi lm 4 th nghim b sung tm S2th=
69,2 th chun Fhiser c gi tr Ftnh = 15,6. Gi
tr tra bng ca chun Fisher vi mc ngha p
= 0,95 v cc bc t do f1=7, f2=2 l F bng(f1, f2)
= 19,353. Nh vy gi tr Ftnh< Fbng do
phng trnh hi qui tm c tng thch vi
thc nghim. Khi thay th bin m ho bng
bin tht (Xi) ta c phng trnh hi quy sau:
Y = 27 - 1,6X1 - 12X2 - 2,3X3 - 1,1X1X2 +
0,5X2X3 + 0,34X22 + 0,46X3
Ti u thc nghim
xy dng mt qui trnh cng ngh ti u
chng ta cn xc nh c th gi tr ca tng
nhn t trong khong xc nh chn c.
S dng phng php mng n hnh s cho
php chng ta xc nh nhanh chng gi tr cc
bin s m gi tr COD thu c l thp
nht. Trong khng gian nhn t 3 chiu, n
hnh l mt hnh li c 4 nh, mi nh l mt

t hp 3 iu kin ng vi 3 nhn t nh hng

ln kt qu thc nghim. Ngi ta chng
minh c ta ca 4 nh ca n hnh trong
khng gian R3 l cc to ca 4 vc t hng
ca ma trn X nh trong Bng 6. Bin i t
cc bin m ho (xi) sang cc bin tht (Xi) v
tin hnh th nghim theo n hnh trn cc
min bin s chn: hm lng bn hot tnh
t 5- 15%, thi gian lu tr t 3 n 18 gi, t
l cht mang t 20-60% v/v. Khi ma trn v
kt qu thc nghim ca n hnh vi kch
thc tht thu c trong bng 7. Tin hnh ti
u ho theo mng n hnh ta d dng nhn
thy: khi thc hin lin tip cc n hnh S0,
S1,....S8 th cc n hnh xoay quanh nh thc
nghim th 12 ng vi qu trnh x l k kh o
c c gi tr COD thp nht (542). nh ny
ng vi iu kin thc nghim l: nng bn
hot tnh k kh l 14,2%; thi gian lu gi thu
lc l 14 gi 30 pht; t l cht mang l 58,3%
v/v . kim tra tnh chnh xc ca phng
php chng ti tin hnh 4 thc nghim im
thc nghim ny. Kt qu thc nghim thu
c bng 8 cho thy, gi tr trung bnh ca 4
ln thc nghim l 553, gi tr phng sai thu
c l S2 = 57,15 < S2th=86,92, nh vy kt
qu thc nghim nm trong gii hn tin cy.
iu chng t rng kt qu thc nghim thu
c l chnh xc.

Bng 1. Mc thc nghim v khong bin thin ca cc yu t thc nghim trong qu trnh x l k kh
Mc thc nghim
x1
+
15
5

0
10
5

(K hiu: + : mc cao; : mc thp; 0 :

23

x2
x3
18
60
3
20
10,05
40
7,95
20
mc gc; : khong bin thin )

L.. Mnh, L.T.L. Thy / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN, Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh 26 (2010) 21-26

24

Bng 2. S ma trn thc nghim m ho bc 2 tm trc giao

N
1
2

x0
+
+

3
4

+
+

7
8
9

+
+
+

x1
+

+d

x2
+
+

x3
+
+

x1x2
+

x1x3
+

+
+

x2x3
+
+

x12

x22

x32

x1 -
x12-

x2 -
x22-

x3 -
x32-

Y
y1
y2

x12-
x12-

x22-
x22-

x32-
x32-

y3
y4

+
+

x12-
x12-

x22-
x22-

x32-
x32-

y5

x1 -

x2 -

x3 -

(+d) -
2

x1 -

y6

x2 -

x3 -

y7
y8

y9

10
11

+
+

-d
0

0
+d

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

(-d) -
-

-
(+d)2-

-
-

y10
y11

12
13

+
+

0
0

-d
0

0
+d

0
0

0
0

0
0

-
-

(-d)2-
-

-
(+d)2-

y12
y13

14
15

+
+

0
0

0
0

-d
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

-
-

-
-

(-d)2-
-

y14
y15

Bng 3. Ma trn v kt qu thc nghim qu trnh x l k kh

TN
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
151
152
153
154

Bin s m ho
x1
x2
+
+
+

+
+
+

1,215
0
-1,215
0
0
1,215
0
-1,215
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

x3
+
+
+
+

0
0
0
0
1,215
-1,215
0
0
0
0

Bin s thc
X1
15
5
15
5
15
5
15
5
16,72
3,79
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

X2
18
18
3
3
18
18
3
3
10,05
10,05
19,71
3,9
10,05
10,05
10,05
10,05
10,05
10,05

X3
60
60
60
60
20
20
20
20
40
40
40
40
64,3
15,7
40
40
40
40

Kt qu
Y
313
432
580
672
356
549
613
738
325
515
270
736
341
696
347
336
358
342

L.. Mnh, L.T.L. Thy / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN, Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh 26 (2010) 21-26

Bng 4. Gi tr cc h s ca phng trnh hi qui ca qu trnh x l k kh

H s hi qui
b0
b1
b2
b3
b12
b13
b23
b11
b22
b33

Chun phn phi Student

32,6
-5,4
-28,7
-13
-7,9
3,4
-1,6
0,6
12
24,3

t1
t2
t3
t12
t13
t23
t11
t22
t33

14,63
24,24
12,37
3,60
4,06
2,62
1,54
3,08
5,43

Bng 5. Cc th nghim kim tra s thch ng m hnh ca qu trnh x l k kh

N

Bin s m ho
x1
x2
0,2
+1
-0,2
+1
0,4
0,5
-0,4
0,5
0,6
-0,5
-0,6
-0,5
0,8
-1
-0,8
-1

16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

x3
+1
+1
+1
+1
-1
-1
-1
-1

Bin s thc
X1
X2
11
18
9
18
12
14
8
14
13
6
7
6
14
3
6
3

Kt qu
Ytn
Ytt
347
321,2
371
348,4
326
332,3
403
381,8
584
575,6
650
667,9
714
681,5
822
794,9

X3_
60
60
60
60
20
20
20
20

sai bit
84,9
73
5,6
64
10
45,6
151
104,7

Bng 6. To vc t ca n hnh xut pht

0,5
-0,5
0
0

0,289
0,289
-0,578
0

0,204
0,204
0,204
-0,612

Bng 7. To vc t cc im nh ca n hnh v kt qu tnh ton

S
S0
S13
S21
S32
S44
S56
S66
S78
S810
S99
S1011

nh
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

X1
12,5
7,5
10
10
10
5,8
9,2
7,4
14,6
8,2
13,8
14,2
13,8
6,2

X2
12,35
12,35
5,45
10,05
17.7
14.4
15.8
16.1
8.9
7,5
4,2
14,5
7,2
12,3

X3
44,08
44,08
44,08
27,76
33.2
27.9
34.8
31.8
29.6
48,2
45,0
58,3
35,0
56,0

Ytt
578
813
1052
942
457
1226
585
874
638
884
915
542
815
942

25

L.. Mnh, L.T.L. Thy / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN, Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh 26 (2010) 21-26

26

Bng 8. Kt qu thc nghim kim chng theo

phng php n hnh
TT
1
2
3
4

iu kin thc nghim

X1
X2
X3
14,2
14,5
58,3
14,2
14,5
58,3
14,2
14,5
58,3
14,2
14,5
58,3

Kt qu
Ytt
Ytn
528 542
566 542
548 542
571 542

Sai s
1,63
2,87
0,07
3,67

4. Kt lun
Qua cc kt qu thc nghim thu c khi
x l ngun nc thi ca nh my bia bng
phng php sinh hc. Chng ti nhn thy
ngun nc thi nh my bia c ch s COD
cao ch yu l trong thnh phn nhiu tinh bt
v cc cht hu c x l tt ngun nc
thi ny i hi qu trnh x l k kh phi c
thc hin vi cc yu t nh hng chnh nh
nng bn hot tnh, thi gian lu thy lc v
t l cht mang trong UASB cc gi tr ln
lt l 14,2%; 14 gi 30 pht v 58,3%.
Ti liu tham kho
[1] Th Huyn, Nguyn Xun Nguyn, Phm
Hng Hi, Qun l nc thi thnh ph, 1998.
Tr 246 - 253.

[2] J. Gruller, Cng trnh lm sch nc thi loi

nh. Nh xut bn Xy dng, H Ni, 1985. Tr
50 -115.
[3] Harald Cramen, Phng php ton hc trong
thng k, NXB Khoa hc v K thut, 1970.
[4] J.M. Hicks, Fundamental Concepts in the
Design of Experiments. 3rd ed, Rinehort and
Winston, NY., 1982.
[5] L c Ngc, X l s liu v k hoch ho
thc nghim, 1997.
[6] L Huy Hong, Chuyn nhim nc, i
hc KHTN H Ni, 1991.
[7] Nguyn Vn Uyn, Nguyn Tin Thng, Nhng
kin thc c bn v cng ngh sinh hc, NXB
Gio dc, H Ni, 1999
[8] Trn Hiu Nhu, Lm Minh Trit, X l nc
thi, Trng i hc Xy dng, H Ni.
[9] Trn Th Thanh, Cng ngh vi sinh, NXB Gio
dc, H Ni, 2003
[10] Trn Vn Nhn, Ng Th Nga, Gio trnh Cng
ngh x l nc thi, NXB Khoa hc v K
thut, H Ni, 2002
[11] J. Antharry. M.CH.E. Boonicore, Waste
management Perrys chemical engineers
handbook. 6thed, Anniversary edition, Section
26. p 3 - 74.
[12] M. Arora, Biological Control of Environmental
Pollution, Vol 1, Anmol Publications PVT, Ltd.
New Delhi, India, 1998.
[13] W.W. Ekenfelder, Industrial water pollution
control. Mc, Graw Hill Book Company Inc.
1989. P 117 - 137.

Optimization of factors in wastewater anaerobic treatment

Le Duc Manh1, Luu Thi Le Thuy2
1

Food Industries Research Institute (FIRI), 301 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam
2
Branch of Food Industries Research Institute in Ho Chi Minh city

Anaerobic process is the most effective method for high-organic polluted wastewater treatment. It
was able to generate energy, to cause less activated sludge and to improve treatment yield to 75%
COD based. In this process, acidifying and methanogenic microorganisms plays an important role in
the success of process. These groups, in general, grow slowly and sensitive to chemical-physical
factors. Mathematical method has been used in this study to optimize several factors in anaerobic beer
wastewater treatment. The results shown that the optimal value of activated sludge concentration,
hydrolytic retention time and supporter ratio were 14.2%, 14.5% and 58,3%, respectively.
Keywords: Optimization, beer wastewater treatment, anaerobic process, UASB.