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CNG THC LNG GIC .................................................................... 4
1. v radian .......................................................................................... 4
2. Cc h thc c bn ................................................................................. 4
3. Cc h qu cn nh ................................................................................ 4
4. Cc cung lin kt ................................................................................... 5
5. Cc cng thc bin i ........................................................................... 6
HM S LNG GIC ............................................................................ 8
1. Cc hm s lng gic ........................................................................... 8
2. Tp xc nh ca hm s ........................................................................ 9
3. Tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca hm s ..................................... 9
4. Xt tnh chn, l ca hm s ................................................................... 9
PHNG TRNH LNG GIC ........................................................... 10
1. Phng trnh lng gic c bn............................................................ 10
2. Phng trnh bc hai i vi mt hm s lng gic ............................ 12
3. Phng trnh bc nht i vi sinx v cosx ........................................... 12
4. Phng trnh ng cp bc hai i vi sinx v cosx .............................. 13
5. Phng trnh i xng, phn i xng ................................................. 13
6. Phng trnh lng gic khc............................................................... 13
I S T HP ....................................................................................... 14
1. Php m ............................................................................................. 14
2. Hon v ................................................................................................ 14
3. Chnh hp ............................................................................................ 14
4. T hp ................................................................................................. 15
5. Cch phn bit t hp v chnh hp ...................................................... 15
NH THC NEWTON .............................................................................. 15
1. Khai trin nh thc Newton .................................................................. 15
2. Tam gic Pascal ................................................................................... 15
3. Gii phng trnh................................................................................. 16
XC SUT................................................................................................. 16
DY S...................................................................................................... 17
1. Tnh n iu ca dy s ..................................................................... 17
2. Tnh b chn ca dy s ........................................................................ 17
CP S CNG.......................................................................................... 18
1. nh ngha ........................................................................................... 18
2. Tnh cht.............................................................................................. 18
3. Tng n s hng u tin ca cp s cng .............................................. 18
CP S NHN .......................................................................................... 18
1. nh ngha ........................................................................................... 18
GV: NGUYN THANH NHN
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2. Tnh cht.............................................................................................. 18
3. Tng n s hng u tin ....................................................................... 18
GII HN CA DY S ......................................................................... 19
1. nh ngha ........................................................................................... 19
2. Tnh cht.............................................................................................. 19
3. Mt s gii hn c bn ......................................................................... 19
4. Cch tm gii hn ................................................................................. 19
GII HN CA HM S ........................................................................ 20
HM S LIN TC ................................................................................. 22
1. Xt tnh lin tc ca hm s y f ( x ) ti x0 ........................................ 22
2. Tm m hm s y f ( x ) lin tc ti im ch ra .......................... 22
3. Chng minh phng trnh c nghim ................................................... 22
O HM CA HM S........................................................................ 22
1. Bng cc o hm ................................................................................ 22
2. Cc qui tc tnh o hm ...................................................................... 23
3. o hm cp cao.................................................................................. 23
TIP TUYN CA NG CONG........................................................ 23
CC PHP BIN HNH TRONG MT PHNG.................................... 26
I. Cc php bin hnh ............................................................................... 26
II. V nh ca mt hnh qua php bin hnh ............................................. 27
III. Tm phng trnh ca nh .................................................................. 27
NG THNG V MT PHNG........................................................ 28
1. Tm giao tuyn ca hai mt phng ........................................................ 28
2. Tm giao im ca ng thng d v mt phng (P) ............................. 28
3. Chng minh 3 im thng hng............................................................ 28
4. Tm thit din ...................................................................................... 29
QUAN H SONG SONG ........................................................................... 29
I. Cc nh ngha...................................................................................... 29
II. Cc tnh cht ....................................................................................... 29
III. Chng minh hai ng thng song song ............................................. 30
IV. Chng minh ng thng song song mt phng ................................. 30
V. Chng minh hai mt phng song song ................................................. 31
VI. Chng minh hai ng thng cho nhau ............................................ 31
QUAN H VUNG GC.......................................................................... 31
I. Chng minh hai ng thng vung gc ............................................... 31
II. Chng minh ng thng vung gc mt phng .................................. 32
III. Chng minh hai mt phng vung gc ............................................... 32
GC ........................................................................................................... 33
1. Gc gia hai ng thng a, b ......................................................... 33
GV: NGUYN THANH NHN
: 0987. 503.911
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180
(rad ) ;
180
1
(rad); 1(rad )
180
2. Cc h thc c bn:
sin
cos 0 ;
cos
* sin 2 cos2 1, ;
* tan
* 1 tan 2
1
cos2
* cot
cos
sin
sin 0
k , k Z
2
1
( k , k Z)
sin 2
k
* tan .cot 1
, k Z .
2
3. Cc h qu cn nh:
* 1 cot 2
sin( k 2 ) sin ;
tan( k ) tan ;
cos( k 2 ) cos
cot( k ) cot
k , k Z
2
cot xc nh khi k , k Z
1 sin 1
1 cos 1
tan xc nh khi
1
* sin 4 x cos4 x 1 sin 2 2 x
2
3
* sin 6 x cos6 x 1 sin 2 2 x
4
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Du cc gi tr lng gic:
Gc phn t
GTLG
sin
cos
tan
cot
4. Cc cung lin kt:
II
III
IV
+
+
+
+
+
+
a. Cung i: v
cos( ) cos ;
tan( ) tan ;
sin( ) sin
cot( ) cot
b. Cung b: v
sin( ) sin ;
tan( ) tan ;
c. Cung ph: v
cos( ) cos
cot( ) cot
sin cos ;
2
tan cot ;
2
cos sin
2
cot tan
2
d. Cung hn km nhau : v
tan( ) tan ;
cot( ) cot
sin( ) sin ;
cos( ) cos
e. Cung hn km nhau
: v
2
2
sin cos ;
2
tan cot ;
2
cos sin
2
cot tan
2
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tan(a b) =
tan a tan b
1 tan a tan b
cot(a b) =
1 tan a tan b
tan a tan b
sin2a = 2 sina.cosa
cos2a = cos2a sin2a = 2cos2a 1 = 1 2sin2a
tan2a =
2 tan a
1 tan 2 a
cot2a =
cot 2 a 1
2 cot a
x
2
2t
2t
1 t2
;sin
x
;cos
x
1 t2
1 t2
1 t2
1 cos2 a
;
2
sin2a =
1 cos2a
;
2
tan2a =
1 cos2 a
1 cos2 a
Lu :
x
2
x
* 1 cos x 2sin 2
2
d. Cng thc bin i tch v tng:
* 1 cos x 2 cos2
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1
[sin(a b) sin(a b)]
2
1
cosa.cosb = [cos(a b) cos(a b)]
2
1
sina.sinb = [cos(a b) cos(a b)]
2
sina.cosb =
AB
AB
cos
2
2
AB
AB
sin
2
2
AB
AB
cos
2
2
AB
AB
sin
2
2
tan tan =
sin( )
; k , k Z
cos .cos
2
Ch :
: 0987. 503.911
sin
cos
tan
cot
||
300
6
1
2
450
600
900
1200
2
3
1350
3
4
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
||
1
3
1
2
1
3
1500
5
6
1
2
3
2
2
2
1
3
1800
0
||
HM S LNG GIC
1. Cc hm s lng gic:
y cos x
y sin x
- TX: D=
- L hm s l
- Hm tun hon vi chu k 2
- Tp gi tr: T 1;1
- TX: D=
- L hm s chn
- Hm tun hon vi chu k 2
- Tp gi tr: T 1;1
- Hm s ng bin trong
k 2 ; k 2
2
2
3
k 2
k 2 ;
2
2
- Hm s ng bin trong
k 2 ; k 2
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y tan x
y cot x
- TX: D= \ k
2
- L hm s l
- Hm tun hon vi chu k
- Tp gi tr: T
- Hm s ng bin trong
k ; k
2
2
- C cc ng tim cn x
- TX: D= \ k
2
- L hm s l
- Hm tun hon vi chu k
- Tp gi tr: T
- Hm s nghch bin trong
k ; k
k
2
- C cc ng tim cn x k
2. Tp xc nh ca hm s:
a) y
Px
Q x
xc nh khi Q x 0
b) y P x xc nh khi P x 0
c) y
Px
Q x
xc nh khi Q x 0
k
2
f) y cot f x xc nh khi f x k
e) y tan f x xc nh khi f x
3. Tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca hm s:
a) p dng cc tnh cht ca bt ng thc, v vi mi x ta c:
1 sin x 1; 1 cos x 1; 0 sin 2 x 1; 0 cos2 x 1
b) Gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca hm s y a sin x b cos x c
x ta c a 2 b2 ainx b cos x a2 b2
c a2 b2 a sin x b cos x c c a2 b 2
4. Xt tnh chn, l ca hm s:
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x D x D
* Hm s y = f(x) c gi l hm s chn nu
f ( x ) f ( x )
x D x D
* Hm s y = f(x) c gi l hm s l nu
f ( x ) f ( x )
0
0
u 180 v k 360
* Trng hp c bit:
sin u 0 u k
sin u 1 u k 2
2
sin u 1 u k 2
2
* Nu khng phi l gi tr c bit th c th s dng cng thc:
u arcsin m k 2
sin u m
arcsin m
2
u arcsin m k 2 2
10
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u v k 2
cos u cos v
u v k 2
u v k 360 0
nu trong phng trnh c cho .
0
u v k 360
* Trng hp c bit:
cos u 0 u k
2
cos u 1 u k 2
cos u 1 u k 2
* Nu khng phi l gi tr c bit th c th s dng cng thc:
u arccos m k 2
cos u m
arcsin m
2
u arccos m k 2 2
Hay
k
4
* Nu m khng phi l gi tr c bit c th s dng cng thc:
11
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cot u 0 u k
2
tan u 1 u k
4
* Nu m khng phi l gi tr c bit c th s dng cng thc:
cot u m u arccot m k 0 arccot m
Dng
iu kin
asin x b sin x c 0
t
t = sinx
a cos2 x b cos x c 0
t = cosx
1 t 1
a tan 2 x b tan x c 0
t = tanx
a cot 2 x b cot x c 0
t = cotx
1 t 1
k ( k Z )
2
x k ( k Z )
cos2 x 1 sin 2 x
3. Phng trnh bc nht i vi sinx v cosx:
a) Dng phng trnh: a sin x b cos x c
b) iu kin c nghim: a2 b2 c2
c) Phng php gii:
Chia hai v ca phng trnh cho a2 b2
a
b
c
Ta c phng trnh:
sin x
cos x
a 2 b2
a2 b2
a2 b2
GV: NGUYN THANH NHN
12
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t cos
a
2
a b
sin
a b2
c
2
. Ta c phng trnh:
sin x
a b
(*) l phng trnh dng c bn.
4. Phng trnh ng cp bc hai i vi sinx v cosx
c
2
a b2
(*)
4
1
t 2 1 2sin x.cos x sin x.cos x (t 2 1).
2
* Thay vo phng trnh cho, ta c phng trnh bc hai theo t.
Gii phng trnh ny tm t tha t 2. Suy ra x.
Ch :
4
6. Phng trnh lng gic khc:
gii mt phng trnh lng gic cha phi l cc dng quen thuc
ta cn s dng cc php bin i lng gic a phng trnh v dng quen
GV: NGUYN THANH NHN
13
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thuc, c th phn tch phng trnh cho v dng phng trnh tch hoc p
dng tnh cht bt ng thc a v h phng trnh gii.
Cc phng php gii phng trnh lng gic thng s dng:
* Bin i phng trnh cho v mt trong cc dng phng trnh c bn
bit (a v cng mt cung hoc cng mt hm s lng gic,...).
A 0
* Bin i phng trnh cho v dng tch: A.B 0
B 0
* Bin i phng trnh v dng c th t n s ph (i xng, t
x
t tan ,)
2
I S T HP
1. Php m:
a) Qui tc cng:
Gi s hon thnh hnh ng (H) ta c th thc hin qua cc trng
hp A hoc B hoc C ... (mi trng hp u hon thnh cng vic)
Nu A c m cch, B c n cch, C c p cch th c m n p ... cch
hon thnh (H).
b) Qui tc nhn:
Gi s hon thnh hnh ng (H) ta phi qua nhiu cng on (bc)
A, B, C lin tip nhau.
Cng on A c m cch, cng on B c n cch, cng on C c p
cch... Khi hon thnh (H) th c m.n. p ... cch
2. Hon v:
a) Hon v:
Cho tp A c n phn t, mi cch sp th t n phn t ca A gi l mt
hon v.
b) S cc hon v n phn t: Pn n!
Ch : Giai tha
* n! n. n 1 ...3.2.1
* Qui c: 0! 1
3. Chnh hp:
a) Chnh hp:
14
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NH THC NEWTON
1. Khai trin nh thc Newton:
a b
0
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
3
1
1
4
6
4
1
5
10
10
1
6
15
20
ta tm s dng n, ct k. V d: C63
15
1
5
1
15
6
1
20 (dng 6, ct 3)
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XC SUT
1. Tp hp tt c cc kt qu c th xy ra ca php th c gi l khng
gian mu.
a) Gieo n con sc sc th 6 n
b) Gieo n ng tin th 2 n
c) Ly k vin bi trong hp c n vin bi th Cnk
d) Hp 1 c m vin bi, hp 2 c n vin bi. Ly k vin hp 1 v h vin
hp 2 th Cmk Cnh
2. Mt bin c A lin quan ti php th T l A . Bin c A xy ra khi
v ch khi kt qu ca T thuc A . Mi phn t ca A gi l kt qu thun
li cho A.
3. Hai bin c A, B gi l xung khc nu A, B khng ng thi xy ra.
4. Hai bin c A, B gi l c lp nu vic xy ra hay khng xy ra ca bi c
nay khng nh hng n xc sut xy ra ca bin c kia.
A
5. Xc sut ca A l P A
7. A1 , A2 ,..., Ak l cc bin c c lp th
P A1 A2 ...Ak P A1 P A2 ...P Ak
a) K vng ca X l E X xi pi vi pi P X xi , i 1,2,3,..., n
i 1
16
: 0987. 503.911
V X x 2 pi 2 trong pi P X xi , i 1,2,..., n v E X
i 1
c) lch chun: X E X
DY S
1. Tnh n iu ca dy s:
a) nh ngha: Cho dy s un nu n * ta c:
* un un 1 th dy s un l dy s tng.
* un un 1 th dy s un l dy s gim.
* Mt dy tng (hay gim) gi l dy s n iu.
b) Cch xt tnh n iu ca dy s:
xt tnh n iu ca mt dy s ta c th p dng tnh cht bt ng
thc suy trc tip. Hoc xt hiu T un 1 un
* Nu T 0, n * th un l dy s tng.
* Nu T 0, n * th un l dy s gim.
Nu un 0, n ta c th xt
un
un 1
un
1 th un l dy s gim.
un 1
un
1 th un l dy s tng.
un 1
2. Tnh b chn ca dy s:
a) nh ngha: Cho dy s un nu n * ta c:
* M : un M th dy s un b chn trn.
* m : un m th dy s un b chn di.
* Dy s va b chn trn va b chn di gi l dy s b chn.
GV: NGUYN THANH NHN
17
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CP S CNG
1. nh ngha:
n 1
un d
d: cng sai
un : s hng tng qut th n.
2. Tnh cht:
a) S hng tng qut th n: un u1 n 1 d
b) un l cp s cng un 1 un 1 2un , n 1
3. Tng n s hng u tin ca cp s cng:
Sn
n u1 un
2
n 2u1 n 1 d
2
CP S NHN
1. nh ngha:
n 1
un .q
q: cng bi
un : s hng tng qut th n.
2. Tnh cht:
a) S hng tng qut: un u1 .qn 1
2
b) un l cp s nhn un 1 .un 1 un , n 1
3. Tng n s hng u tin:
* q 1 th Sn n.u1
* q 1 th Sn u1 .
qn 1
q 1
u1
1 q
18
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GII HN CA DY S
1. nh ngha:
a) lim un 0 n, un nh hn mt s dng cho trc nh ty k t
mt s hng no tr i.
b) lim un L lim un L 0
c) lim un n, un ln hn mt s dng cho trc ty k t mt
s hng no tr i.
d) lim un n, un nh hn mt s dng cho trc ty k t mt
s hng no tr i.
2. Tnh cht:
a) lim un vn lim un lim vn
d) lim
un lim un
lim vn 0
vn lim vn
f)
1
0
n
0,
q 1
c) lim q n
q 1
,
4. Cch tm gii hn:
a) lim
b) lim n *
e) lim
1
3
19
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GII HN CA HM S
1. lim u v lim u lim v
xa
xa
x a
xa
x a
u lim u
3. lim x a lim v 0
xa v
v xa
lim
xa
4. lim u
xa
lim u lim u 0
xa
xa
g( x ) f ( x) h( x)
5.
lim f ( x ) L
xa
g( x ) lim h( x ) L
lim
xa
x a
1
6. lim f ( x ) lim
0
xa
xa f ( x )
7. Qui tc tnh gii hn:
lim f ( x )
xa
lim f ( x ).g( x ) ( ) (ty theo du ca lim f ( x )
x a
xa
g( x ) L
lim
xa
v L .
8. Hm s lin tc:
Hm s y f ( x ) lin tc ti a lim f ( x ) f (a)
xa
xa
b) Gii hn v cc:
f ( x)
f ( x)
f ( x)
lim
khi f (a) 0, g(a) 0 . Phn tch
.
x a g( x )
g( x ) ( x a).g1 ( x )
f (a )
f ( x)
. Ta c: lim
M .()
x
a
g( a )
g( x )
11. Mt s dng v nh:
0
a) Dng v nh
0
Tnh M
20
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f (x)
m f (a) g(a) 0
g( x )
Phn tch t s v mu s thnh cc tha s trong c cha ( x a)
sau n gin t v mu cho ( x a) .
Ch :
* Phng trnh ax 2 bx c 0 c nghim x0 th
c
ax 2 bx c x x 0 ax
x0
hp.
b) Dng v nh
* lim x *
x
1
0
x x
* lim
neu n chan
* lim x n
x
neu n le
* Nu tnh gii hn dng hu t ta t nhn t x ly tha cao nht c
t s v mu s, n gin v p dng cc cng thc trn.
Ch :
b c
x. a 2 khi x
x x
Nu a 0 th ax 2 bx c
b c
x. a x x 2 khi x
c) Dng v nh v 0.
0
21
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HM S LIN TC
1. Xt tnh lin tc ca hm s y f ( x ) ti x0
* Tnh f ( x 0 ) (nu f ( x 0 ) khng tn ti th hm s khng lin tc)
* Tm lim f ( x ) , khi cn c th tnh gii hn 1 bn.
x x0
2. Tm m hm s y f ( x ) lin tc ti im ch ra
Phng php:
* Tnh f (a) v tm lim f ( x )
xa
O HM CA HM S
1. Bng cc o hm:
Hm s y f ( x )
(C )' 0 C: hng s
Hm s hp y f (u), u g( x )
y / x y / u .u / x
( x )/ 1
1
2 x
1
1
2
x
x
.x 1
2u 'u
/
1
u'
2
u
u
.u 1 .u '
22
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Hm s y f ( x )
Hm s hp y f (u), u g( x )
sin x cos x
cos x sin x
sin u u '.cos u
cos u u '.sin u
1
1 tan 2 x
2
cos x
/
cot x sin12 x
2. Cc qui tc tnh o hm:
tan u
tan x
u'
cos2 u
/
cot u sinu2 'u
Cho cc hm s u, v, w ln lt c o hm u / , v / , w/ . Ta c:
/
a) u v w u/ v / w/
/
u u / v uv /
c)
v2
v
d) u u( x ) c o hm theo x l ux/ , y f (u) c o hm theo u l yu/ th
23
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Tm y0 f x 0 v f ' x 0
Tm f ' x 0
Tnh y0 f x 0
1
a
(vit nh dng 4)
Dng 7: Tip tuyn to vi ng thng d: y ax b mt gc
, 0 90
GV: NGUYN THANH NHN
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tan tan
k a
(1)
1 tan tan
1 ak
- Gii phng trnh (1) tm c h s gc k ca tip tuyn (nh dng 4)
tan tan tan
25
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a) nh ngha v k hiu: Tv (M ) M / MM / v
x ' x a
Tv ( M ) M /
y ' y b
2. Php i xng trc d:
a) nh ngha v k hiu: d (M ) M / d l ng trung trc ca
MM / .
b) Biu thc ta :
x ' x
* M ( x; y ), M / ( x '; y ') qua php i xng trc Ox:
y ' y
x ' x
* M ( x; y ), M / ( x '; y ') qua php i xng trc Oy:
y ' y
3. Php i xng tm I:
a) nh ngha v k hiu: I (M ) M / I l trung im ca MM /
5. Php v t tm I, t s k:
a) nh ngha v k hiu:
V( I ,k ) ( M ) M / IM / kIM
b) Biu thc ta : M ( x; y ), M / ( x '; y '), I (a; b) . Ta c:
GV: NGUYN THANH NHN
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x ' a k ( x a)
V( I ,k ) ( M ) M /
y ' b k ( y b)
Ch :
F
M
M/
F
(H / ) M / (H / )
(H )
M (H )
1. V nh ca mt im:
a) Qua php tnh tin: Ly M / sao cho MM / v
* M , M / cng pha i vi I nu k 0
* M , M / khc pha i vi I nu k 0
2. V nh ca tam gic: Ln lt v nh ca cc nh.
3. V nh ca ng thng d: Trn d ly hai im A, B; v nh A / , B /
ca A,B. nh ca d l ng thng A / B /
4. V nh ca mt ng trn:
* V I / l nh ca tm I qua php bin hnh.
* V ng trn tm I / c bn knh bng R (nu l php tnh tin, php
i xng trc, i xng tm, php quay), bn knh bng k .R (nu l php
v t)
III. Tm phng trnh ca nh:
Phng php:
Cho hnh (H) c phng trnh f ( x; y) 0 , vit phng trnh (H / ) l nh
x ' u( x )
ca (H) qua php bin hnh F c biu thc ta
y ' v( y )
Cch gii:
* Gi M ( x; y ), M / ( x '; y ') F ( M )
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x ' u( x )
* Khi :
tnh x theo x, y theo y
y ' v( y )
* M ( x; y) ( H ) f ( x; y) 0 thay x,y va tm c vo phng trnh
NG THNG V MT PHNG
1. Tm giao tuyn ca hai mt phng:
a) Cch 1: tm giao tuyn ca 2 mt phng (P) v (Q) ta tm hai im
chung phn bit A,B. Giao tuyn l ng thng AB.
* A (P ), A (Q) A l im chung th nht.
* B (P ), B (Q) A l im chung th hai.
Vy (P ) (Q ) AB
b) Cch 2: (Khi hc xong chng quan h song song)
* Tm mt im chung S ca (P) v (Q) (P ) (Q) Sx
* Chng minh Sx song song vi 1 ng thng cho trc.
A (d ),(d ) (P ) A ( P )
A (d ) (a) A (d ) va A (a)
Ch :
A (d ) ( P ) A (d ) va A (P )
(d ) (P ) (Q) (d ) (P ) va (d ) (Q)
2. Tm giao im ca ng thng d v mt phng (P):
a) Cch 1:
* Tm mt mt phng ph (Q) cha d
* Tm giao tuyn a ca (P) v (Q).
* Trong mt phng (Q) tm M a d . Suy ra M d (P )
b) Cch 2: Tm trong mt phng (P) ng thng a m a d M
M a, M (P )
M d (P )
M d
3. Chng minh 3 im thng hng:
Ta chng minh 3 im cng thuc 2 mt phng phn bit no .
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A (P ), A (Q )
4. Tm thit din:
tm thit din to bi mt mt phng vi mt khi a din ta tm cc
giao im ca mt phng vi cc cnh ca khi a din (nu c). Cc giao
im chnh l nh ca thit din. Ta cng c th tm cc on giao tuyn
ca mt phng vi cc mt ca a din.
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10. (P ) (R ) a a b
(Q) ( R) b
5. (P ) (R ) a a b
(Q) ( R) b
6. Chng minh ba mt phng ct nhau theo 3 giao tuyn phn bit v 3giao
tuyn khng ng qui th chng song song nhau.
7. S dng cc tnh cht hnh hc phng: ng trung bnh, nh l Ta lt,
tnh cht hnh bnh hnh,..
a (P )
8. Chng minh
ab
b (P )
IV. Chng minh ng thng song song mt phng:
a b
1.
a (P )
b (P )
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a (Q )
2.
a (P )
(Q) (P )
a b
3. b (P ) a (P )
a (P )
a (Q )
4. (P ) (Q) a (P )
a (Q )
QUAN H VUNG GC
I. Chng minh hai ng thng vung gc:
1. S dng cc phng php ca Hnh hc phng: Gc nt tip, nh l
Pitago
2. a b gc gia 2 ng thng a, b bng 90 0
3. a b a .b 0
a c
4.
ab
b c
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a (P )
5.
ab
b ( P )
a (P )
6.
ab
b (P )
7. p dng nh l 3 ng vung gc: a/ l hnh chiu ca a ln (P ) ,
b (P ), a b b a /
II. Chng minh ng thng vung gc mt phng:
a b, a c
1. b, c (P ) a (P )
b c I
(Q) (P )
2. ( R) (P )
a (P )
(Q) ( R) a
(P ) (Q)
3. (P ) (Q ) b a (P )
a (Q), a b
a b
4.
a (P )
b (P )
a (Q )
5.
a (P )
(Q) (P )
III. Chng minh hai mt phng vung gc:
a (P )
1.
( P ) (Q)
a (Q)
a (P )
2. b (Q) ( P ) (Q)
a b
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GC
1. Gc gia hai ng thng a, b:
T mt im O ty dng a / a, b / b (thng chn O trn a hoc b) th
(
Q
)
KHONG CCH
1. Khong cch t im O n ng thng a:
H l hnh chiu ca O ln ng thng a th d (O, a) OH
2. Khong cch t im O n mt phng (P):
H l hnh chiu ca O ln mt phng (P) th d (O,(P )) OH
GV: NGUYN THANH NHN
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O a
4. Khong cch gia hai mt phng (P), (Q) song song nhau:
(P ) (Q)
d ( P ),(Q ) d O,(P )
O (Q)
5. Khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau:
b
ma
1. nh l c sin:
Trong tam gic ABC bt k vi BC a, CA b, AB c , ta c:
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a2 b 2 c2 2b.c.cos A
b2 a 2 c2 2a.c.cos B
c2 a 2 b2 2a.b.cos C
H qu:
b 2 c 2 a2
a2 c 2 b 2
a2 b 2 c 2
cos A
; cos B
; cos C
2bc
2 ac
2 ab
@ p dng: Tnh di ng trung tuyn ca tam gic.
Cho tam gic ABC c cc cnh BC=a, CA=b, AB=c. Gi ma , mb , mc ln
lt l di cc ng trung tuyn ln lt v t cc nh A, B, C ca tam
gic. Ta c:
ma2
2(b2 c 2 ) a2
4
mb2
2(a2 c 2 ) b2
4
mc2
2(a2 b 2 ) c 2
4
2R
sin A sin B sin C
3. Cng thc tnh din tch tam gic:
1
1
1
S a.ha b.hb c.hc
2
2
2
1
1
1
S ab sin C bc sin A ca sin B
2
2
2
abc
S
4R
S pr
vi p
abc
2
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2
2
AB
AC
AH 2
AC 2 CH .BC
AB 2 BH .BC
AH 2 HB.HC
MA MB MC R
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