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Lu hnh ni b

iu chnh, b sung nm 2011

GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

MC LC
CNG THC LNG GIC .................................................................... 4
1. v radian .......................................................................................... 4
2. Cc h thc c bn ................................................................................. 4
3. Cc h qu cn nh ................................................................................ 4
4. Cc cung lin kt ................................................................................... 5
5. Cc cng thc bin i ........................................................................... 6
HM S LNG GIC ............................................................................ 8
1. Cc hm s lng gic ........................................................................... 8
2. Tp xc nh ca hm s ........................................................................ 9
3. Tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca hm s ..................................... 9
4. Xt tnh chn, l ca hm s ................................................................... 9
PHNG TRNH LNG GIC ........................................................... 10
1. Phng trnh lng gic c bn............................................................ 10
2. Phng trnh bc hai i vi mt hm s lng gic ............................ 12
3. Phng trnh bc nht i vi sinx v cosx ........................................... 12
4. Phng trnh ng cp bc hai i vi sinx v cosx .............................. 13
5. Phng trnh i xng, phn i xng ................................................. 13
6. Phng trnh lng gic khc............................................................... 13
I S T HP ....................................................................................... 14
1. Php m ............................................................................................. 14
2. Hon v ................................................................................................ 14
3. Chnh hp ............................................................................................ 14
4. T hp ................................................................................................. 15
5. Cch phn bit t hp v chnh hp ...................................................... 15
NH THC NEWTON .............................................................................. 15
1. Khai trin nh thc Newton .................................................................. 15
2. Tam gic Pascal ................................................................................... 15
3. Gii phng trnh................................................................................. 16
XC SUT................................................................................................. 16
DY S...................................................................................................... 17
1. Tnh n iu ca dy s ..................................................................... 17
2. Tnh b chn ca dy s ........................................................................ 17
CP S CNG.......................................................................................... 18
1. nh ngha ........................................................................................... 18
2. Tnh cht.............................................................................................. 18
3. Tng n s hng u tin ca cp s cng .............................................. 18
CP S NHN .......................................................................................... 18
1. nh ngha ........................................................................................... 18
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GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

2. Tnh cht.............................................................................................. 18
3. Tng n s hng u tin ....................................................................... 18
GII HN CA DY S ......................................................................... 19
1. nh ngha ........................................................................................... 19
2. Tnh cht.............................................................................................. 19
3. Mt s gii hn c bn ......................................................................... 19
4. Cch tm gii hn ................................................................................. 19
GII HN CA HM S ........................................................................ 20
HM S LIN TC ................................................................................. 22
1. Xt tnh lin tc ca hm s y f ( x ) ti x0 ........................................ 22
2. Tm m hm s y f ( x ) lin tc ti im ch ra .......................... 22
3. Chng minh phng trnh c nghim ................................................... 22
O HM CA HM S........................................................................ 22
1. Bng cc o hm ................................................................................ 22
2. Cc qui tc tnh o hm ...................................................................... 23
3. o hm cp cao.................................................................................. 23
TIP TUYN CA NG CONG........................................................ 23
CC PHP BIN HNH TRONG MT PHNG.................................... 26
I. Cc php bin hnh ............................................................................... 26
II. V nh ca mt hnh qua php bin hnh ............................................. 27
III. Tm phng trnh ca nh .................................................................. 27
NG THNG V MT PHNG........................................................ 28
1. Tm giao tuyn ca hai mt phng ........................................................ 28
2. Tm giao im ca ng thng d v mt phng (P) ............................. 28
3. Chng minh 3 im thng hng............................................................ 28
4. Tm thit din ...................................................................................... 29
QUAN H SONG SONG ........................................................................... 29
I. Cc nh ngha...................................................................................... 29
II. Cc tnh cht ....................................................................................... 29
III. Chng minh hai ng thng song song ............................................. 30
IV. Chng minh ng thng song song mt phng ................................. 30
V. Chng minh hai mt phng song song ................................................. 31
VI. Chng minh hai ng thng cho nhau ............................................ 31
QUAN H VUNG GC.......................................................................... 31
I. Chng minh hai ng thng vung gc ............................................... 31
II. Chng minh ng thng vung gc mt phng .................................. 32
III. Chng minh hai mt phng vung gc ............................................... 32
GC ........................................................................................................... 33
1. Gc gia hai ng thng a, b ......................................................... 33
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GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

2. Gc gia ng thng a v mt phng (P)........................................ 33


3. Gc gia hai mt phng (P) v (Q)................................................... 33
KHONG CCH ...................................................................................... 33
1. Khong cch t im O n ng thng a .......................................... 33
2. Khong cch t im O n mt phng (P)........................................... 33
3. Khong cch gia ng thng a // (P) ................................................. 34
4. Khong cch gia hai mt phng (P) // (Q) ........................................... 34
5. Khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau ...................................... 34
H THC LNG TRONG TAM GIC ............................................... 34
1. nh l c sin ....................................................................................... 34
2. nh l sin ............................................................................................ 35
3. Cng thc tnh din tch tam gic ......................................................... 35
4. Cc h thc lng trong tam gic vung .............................................. 36

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GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

CNG THC LNG GIC


1. v radian:

180

(rad ) ;

180

1
(rad); 1(rad )

180

2. Cc h thc c bn:
sin
cos 0 ;
cos
* sin 2 cos2 1, ;

* tan

* 1 tan 2

1
cos2

* cot

cos
sin

sin 0

k , k Z
2

1
( k , k Z)
sin 2

k
* tan .cot 1
, k Z .
2

3. Cc h qu cn nh:

* 1 cot 2

sin( k 2 ) sin ;
tan( k ) tan ;

cos( k 2 ) cos
cot( k ) cot

k , k Z
2
cot xc nh khi k , k Z
1 sin 1
1 cos 1
tan xc nh khi

1
* sin 4 x cos4 x 1 sin 2 2 x
2
3
* sin 6 x cos6 x 1 sin 2 2 x
4

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GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

Du cc gi tr lng gic:
Gc phn t
GTLG
sin
cos
tan
cot
4. Cc cung lin kt:

II

III

IV

+
+
+
+

+
+

a. Cung i: v
cos( ) cos ;
tan( ) tan ;

sin( ) sin
cot( ) cot

b. Cung b: v
sin( ) sin ;
tan( ) tan ;

c. Cung ph: v

cos( ) cos
cot( ) cot

sin cos ;
2

tan cot ;
2

cos sin
2

cot tan
2

d. Cung hn km nhau : v
tan( ) tan ;

cot( ) cot

sin( ) sin ;

cos( ) cos

e. Cung hn km nhau

: v
2
2

sin cos ;
2

tan cot ;
2

GV: NGUYN THANH NHN

cos sin
2

cot tan
2

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GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

5. Cc cng thc bin i:


a. Cng thc cng:

sin(a b) = sina cosb cosa sinb

cos(a b) = cosa cosb sina sinb

tan(a b) =

tan a tan b
1 tan a tan b

cot(a b) =

1 tan a tan b
tan a tan b

b. Cng thc nhn i:

sin2a = 2 sina.cosa
cos2a = cos2a sin2a = 2cos2a 1 = 1 2sin2a

tan2a =

2 tan a
1 tan 2 a

* Cng thc tnh theo t tan


tan x

cot2a =

cot 2 a 1
2 cot a

x
2

2t
2t
1 t2
;sin
x

;cos
x

1 t2
1 t2
1 t2

c. Cng thc h bc:


cos2a =

1 cos2 a
;
2

sin2a =

1 cos2a
;
2

tan2a =

1 cos2 a
1 cos2 a

Lu :
x
2
x
* 1 cos x 2sin 2
2
d. Cng thc bin i tch v tng:

* 1 cos x 2 cos2

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GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

1
[sin(a b) sin(a b)]
2
1
cosa.cosb = [cos(a b) cos(a b)]
2
1
sina.sinb = [cos(a b) cos(a b)]
2

sina.cosb =

e. Cng thc bin i tng v tch:

sinA + sinB = 2sin

AB
AB
cos
2
2

sinA sinB= 2cos

AB
AB
sin
2
2

cosA + cosB = 2cos

AB
AB
cos
2
2

cosA cosB = 2sin

AB
AB
sin
2
2

tan tan =

sin( )

; k , k Z
cos .cos
2

Ch :

* sin x cos x 2 sin x 2 cos x


4
4

* sin x cos x 2 sin x 2 cos x


4
4

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GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

f. Gi tr lng gic ca cc cung c bit:


00
Gc

sin

cos

tan

cot

||

300

6
1
2

450

600

900

1200
2
3

1350
3
4

2
2

3
2

3
2

3
2

2
2

1
2

2
2

||

1
3

1
2

1
3

1500
5
6
1
2
3
2

2
2

1
3

1800

0
||

HM S LNG GIC
1. Cc hm s lng gic:
y cos x

y sin x
- TX: D=
- L hm s l
- Hm tun hon vi chu k 2
- Tp gi tr: T 1;1

- TX: D=
- L hm s chn
- Hm tun hon vi chu k 2
- Tp gi tr: T 1;1

- Hm s ng bin trong

k 2 ; k 2
2
2

- Hm s nghch bin trong

3
k 2
k 2 ;
2
2

- Hm s ng bin trong
k 2 ; k 2

GV: NGUYN THANH NHN

- Hm s nghch bin trong


k 2 ; k 2

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GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

y tan x

y cot x

- TX: D= \ k
2

- L hm s l
- Hm tun hon vi chu k
- Tp gi tr: T
- Hm s ng bin trong

k ; k
2
2

- C cc ng tim cn x

- TX: D= \ k
2

- L hm s l
- Hm tun hon vi chu k
- Tp gi tr: T
- Hm s nghch bin trong
k ; k

k
2

- C cc ng tim cn x k

2. Tp xc nh ca hm s:
a) y

Px
Q x

xc nh khi Q x 0

b) y P x xc nh khi P x 0
c) y

Px
Q x

xc nh khi Q x 0

d) y sin f x ; y cos f x xc nh khi f x xc nh.

k
2
f) y cot f x xc nh khi f x k
e) y tan f x xc nh khi f x

3. Tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca hm s:
a) p dng cc tnh cht ca bt ng thc, v vi mi x ta c:
1 sin x 1; 1 cos x 1; 0 sin 2 x 1; 0 cos2 x 1
b) Gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca hm s y a sin x b cos x c
x ta c a 2 b2 ainx b cos x a2 b2

c a2 b2 a sin x b cos x c c a2 b 2
4. Xt tnh chn, l ca hm s:

Cho hm s y = f(x) xc nh trn D.


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GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

x D x D
* Hm s y = f(x) c gi l hm s chn nu
f ( x ) f ( x )
x D x D
* Hm s y = f(x) c gi l hm s l nu
f ( x ) f ( x )

PHNG TRNH LNG GIC


1. Phng trnh lng gic c bn:
a) Phng trnh sin x m
* iu kin c nghim: m 1
* Tm gc a sao cho sin a m (s dng MTCT: a sin 1 m ). Ta
c: sin x sin a v p dng cng thc:
u v k 2
sin u sin v
u v k 2 k
u v k 3600
Hay
nu trong phng trnh c cho .

0
0
u 180 v k 360
* Trng hp c bit:
sin u 0 u k

sin u 1 u k 2
2

sin u 1 u k 2
2
* Nu khng phi l gi tr c bit th c th s dng cng thc:
u arcsin m k 2

sin u m
arcsin m
2
u arcsin m k 2 2

* sin u sin u ; cos u sin u ; cos u sin u


2
2

b) Phng trnh cos x m


* iu kin c nghim: m 1

* Tm gc a sao cho cos a m (s dng MTCT: a cos1 m ). Ta


c: cos x cos a v p dng cng thc:
GV: NGUYN THANH NHN

10

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GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

u v k 2
cos u cos v
u v k 2

u v k 360 0
nu trong phng trnh c cho .

0
u v k 360
* Trng hp c bit:

cos u 0 u k
2
cos u 1 u k 2
cos u 1 u k 2
* Nu khng phi l gi tr c bit th c th s dng cng thc:
u arccos m k 2

cos u m
arcsin m
2
u arccos m k 2 2

Hay

* cos u cos u ; sin u cos u ; sin u cos u


2
2

c) Phng trnh tan x m x k


2

* Tm gc a sao cho tan a m (s dng MTCT: a tan 1 m )


Ta c: tan x tan a v p dng cng thc
tan u tan v u v k
Hay
u v k180 0 nu trong phng trnh c .
* c bit:
tan u 0 u k

k
4
* Nu m khng phi l gi tr c bit c th s dng cng thc:

tan u m u arctan m k arctan m


2
2
tan u 1 u

* tan u tan u ; cot u tan u ; cot u tan u


2

d) Phng trnh cot x m x k


1
* Tm gc a sao cho cot a m (s dng MTCT: a tan 1 )
m

GV: NGUYN THANH NHN

11

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GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

Ta c: cot x cot a v p dng cng thc


cot u cot v u v k
Hay
u v k180 0 nu trong phng trnh c .
* c bit:

cot u 0 u k
2

tan u 1 u k
4
* Nu m khng phi l gi tr c bit c th s dng cng thc:
cot u m u arccot m k 0 arccot m

* cot u cot u ; tan u cot u ; tan u cot u


2

2. Phng trnh bc hai i vi mt hm s lng gic:

Dng

iu kin

asin x b sin x c 0

t
t = sinx

a cos2 x b cos x c 0

t = cosx

1 t 1

a tan 2 x b tan x c 0

t = tanx

a cot 2 x b cot x c 0

t = cotx

1 t 1

k ( k Z )
2
x k ( k Z )

Gii ly nghim t thch hp sau p dng phng trnh c bn.


Ch :
cos 2 x 2 cos2 x 1 1 2sin 2 x
sin 2 x 1 cos2 x

cos2 x 1 sin 2 x
3. Phng trnh bc nht i vi sinx v cosx:
a) Dng phng trnh: a sin x b cos x c
b) iu kin c nghim: a2 b2 c2
c) Phng php gii:
Chia hai v ca phng trnh cho a2 b2
a
b
c
Ta c phng trnh:
sin x
cos x
a 2 b2
a2 b2
a2 b2
GV: NGUYN THANH NHN

12

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GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

t cos

a
2

a b

sin

sin x cos sin cos x

a b2

c
2

. Ta c phng trnh:

sin x

a b
(*) l phng trnh dng c bn.
4. Phng trnh ng cp bc hai i vi sinx v cosx

c
2

a b2

(*)

a) Dng: a.sin 2 x b.sinx .cosx c.cos2 x d 1


b) Phng php gii:
* Kim tra cosx = 0 c tho mn hay khng?

Lu : cosx = 0 x k sin 2 x 1 sin x 1.


2
* Khi cos x 0 , chia hai v phng trnh (1) cho cos2 x 0 ta c:
a.tan 2 x b.tan x c d (1 tan 2 x)
* t: t = tanx, a v phng trnh bc hai theo t:
(a d )t 2 b.t c d 0
5. Phng trnh i xng, phn i xng:

a) Dng: a.(sinx cosx ) b.sinx.cosx c 0


b) Phng php gii:

* t: t cos x sin x 2.cos x ; t 2.

4
1
t 2 1 2sin x.cos x sin x.cos x (t 2 1).
2
* Thay vo phng trnh cho, ta c phng trnh bc hai theo t.
Gii phng trnh ny tm t tha t 2. Suy ra x.
Ch :

* cos x sin x 2 cos x 2 sin x

* cos x sin x 2 cos x 2 sin x

4
6. Phng trnh lng gic khc:
gii mt phng trnh lng gic cha phi l cc dng quen thuc
ta cn s dng cc php bin i lng gic a phng trnh v dng quen
GV: NGUYN THANH NHN

13

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GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

thuc, c th phn tch phng trnh cho v dng phng trnh tch hoc p
dng tnh cht bt ng thc a v h phng trnh gii.
Cc phng php gii phng trnh lng gic thng s dng:
* Bin i phng trnh cho v mt trong cc dng phng trnh c bn
bit (a v cng mt cung hoc cng mt hm s lng gic,...).
A 0
* Bin i phng trnh cho v dng tch: A.B 0
B 0
* Bin i phng trnh v dng c th t n s ph (i xng, t
x
t tan ,)
2

I S T HP
1. Php m:
a) Qui tc cng:
Gi s hon thnh hnh ng (H) ta c th thc hin qua cc trng
hp A hoc B hoc C ... (mi trng hp u hon thnh cng vic)
Nu A c m cch, B c n cch, C c p cch th c m n p ... cch
hon thnh (H).
b) Qui tc nhn:
Gi s hon thnh hnh ng (H) ta phi qua nhiu cng on (bc)
A, B, C lin tip nhau.
Cng on A c m cch, cng on B c n cch, cng on C c p
cch... Khi hon thnh (H) th c m.n. p ... cch
2. Hon v:
a) Hon v:
Cho tp A c n phn t, mi cch sp th t n phn t ca A gi l mt
hon v.
b) S cc hon v n phn t: Pn n!
Ch : Giai tha
* n! n. n 1 ...3.2.1
* Qui c: 0! 1
3. Chnh hp:
a) Chnh hp:

GV: NGUYN THANH NHN

14

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GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

Cho tp A c n phn t, mi b sp th t gm k phn t ly trong n


phn t ca A ( k ,0 k n ) gi l mt chnh hp chp k ca n.
b) S cc chnh hp chp k ca n:
n!
Ank
n. n 1 ... n k 1
n k !
4. T hp:
a) T hp:
Cho tp A c n phn t, mi tp hp con gm k phn t ca A
( k ,0 k n ) gi l mt t hp chp k ca n.
n!
b) S cc t hp chp k ca n: Cnk
k ! n k !
c) Tnh cht: Cn0 Cnn 1
Cnk Cnn k
5. Cch phn bit t hp v chnh hp:

Cnk Cnk 1 Cnk11

* Chnh hp c tnh n th t ca k phn t.


* T hp khng tnh n th t ca k phn t.

NH THC NEWTON
1. Khai trin nh thc Newton:

a b

Cn0 a b Cn1a n 1b Cn2 a n 2 b2 ... Cnk a n k bk ... Cnn 1ab n 1 Cnn bn S

hng tng qut th k+1 ca khai trin: Tk 1 Cnk a n k b k


2. Tam gic Pascal: (cho bit gi tr ca Cnk )
n\k
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Mun tm Cnk

0
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
3
1
1
4
6
4
1
5
10
10
1
6
15
20
ta tm s dng n, ct k. V d: C63

GV: NGUYN THANH NHN

15

1
5
1
15
6
1
20 (dng 6, ct 3)

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GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

3. Gii phng trnh:


gii phng trnh ta cn t iu kin cho n s v p dng cng thc
hon v, t hp, chnh hp a v phng trnh i s gii.
Ch ch ly nhng nghim tha mn iu kin.

XC SUT
1. Tp hp tt c cc kt qu c th xy ra ca php th c gi l khng
gian mu.
a) Gieo n con sc sc th 6 n
b) Gieo n ng tin th 2 n
c) Ly k vin bi trong hp c n vin bi th Cnk
d) Hp 1 c m vin bi, hp 2 c n vin bi. Ly k vin hp 1 v h vin
hp 2 th Cmk Cnh
2. Mt bin c A lin quan ti php th T l A . Bin c A xy ra khi
v ch khi kt qu ca T thuc A . Mi phn t ca A gi l kt qu thun
li cho A.
3. Hai bin c A, B gi l xung khc nu A, B khng ng thi xy ra.
4. Hai bin c A, B gi l c lp nu vic xy ra hay khng xy ra ca bi c
nay khng nh hng n xc sut xy ra ca bin c kia.
A
5. Xc sut ca A l P A

6. A1 , A2 ,..., Ak l cc bin c i mt xung khc th


P A1 A2 ... Ak P A1 P A2 ... P Ak

7. A1 , A2 ,..., Ak l cc bin c c lp th
P A1 A2 ...Ak P A1 P A2 ...P Ak

8. A l bin c i ca bin c A th: P A 1 P A


9. X l bin ngu nhin ri rc vi tp gi tr l x1 , x 2 ,..., xn
n

a) K vng ca X l E X xi pi vi pi P X xi , i 1,2,3,..., n
i 1

GV: NGUYN THANH NHN

16

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GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11


n

b) Phng sai ca X l V X xi pi hay


i 1

V X x 2 pi 2 trong pi P X xi , i 1,2,..., n v E X
i 1

c) lch chun: X E X

DY S
1. Tnh n iu ca dy s:
a) nh ngha: Cho dy s un nu n * ta c:
* un un 1 th dy s un l dy s tng.
* un un 1 th dy s un l dy s gim.
* Mt dy tng (hay gim) gi l dy s n iu.
b) Cch xt tnh n iu ca dy s:
xt tnh n iu ca mt dy s ta c th p dng tnh cht bt ng
thc suy trc tip. Hoc xt hiu T un 1 un
* Nu T 0, n * th un l dy s tng.
* Nu T 0, n * th un l dy s gim.
Nu un 0, n ta c th xt

un
un 1

un
1 th un l dy s gim.
un 1

un
1 th un l dy s tng.
un 1

2. Tnh b chn ca dy s:
a) nh ngha: Cho dy s un nu n * ta c:
* M : un M th dy s un b chn trn.
* m : un m th dy s un b chn di.
* Dy s va b chn trn va b chn di gi l dy s b chn.
GV: NGUYN THANH NHN

17

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GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

CP S CNG
1. nh ngha:

u l mt cp s cng nu n * tn ti s d sao cho u

n 1

un d

d: cng sai
un : s hng tng qut th n.
2. Tnh cht:
a) S hng tng qut th n: un u1 n 1 d
b) un l cp s cng un 1 un 1 2un , n 1
3. Tng n s hng u tin ca cp s cng:
Sn

n u1 un
2

n 2u1 n 1 d

2

CP S NHN
1. nh ngha:

u l mt cp s nhn nu n * tn ti s q sao cho u

n 1

un .q

q: cng bi
un : s hng tng qut th n.
2. Tnh cht:
a) S hng tng qut: un u1 .qn 1
2

b) un l cp s nhn un 1 .un 1 un , n 1
3. Tng n s hng u tin:
* q 1 th Sn n.u1
* q 1 th Sn u1 .

qn 1
q 1

* CSN li v hn l CSN c cng bi q 1 c tng S

u1
1 q

GV: NGUYN THANH NHN

18

: 0987. 503.911

GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

GII HN CA DY S
1. nh ngha:
a) lim un 0 n, un nh hn mt s dng cho trc nh ty k t
mt s hng no tr i.
b) lim un L lim un L 0
c) lim un n, un ln hn mt s dng cho trc ty k t mt
s hng no tr i.
d) lim un n, un nh hn mt s dng cho trc ty k t mt
s hng no tr i.
2. Tnh cht:
a) lim un vn lim un lim vn

b) lim un .vn lim un .lim vn

c) lim k .un k .lim un

d) lim

un lim un

lim vn 0
vn lim vn

e) lim un L lim 3 un 3 L ;lim un L (L 0)


un vn
lim un 0
lim vn 0
3. Mt s gii hn c bn:

f)

1
0
n
0,
q 1
c) lim q n
q 1
,
4. Cch tm gii hn:

a) lim

b) lim n *
e) lim

1
3

a) t tha s chung n ly tha cao nht trong c t s v mu s, sau


n gin tha s chung ri p dng cc tnh cht v cc gii hn c bn
tnh.
b) Khi trong gii hn c cn thc ta c th nhn chia cho biu thc lin
hp.

GV: NGUYN THANH NHN

19

: 0987. 503.911

GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

GII HN CA HM S
1. lim u v lim u lim v
xa

xa

x a

2. lim u.v lim u .lim v


xa

xa

x a

u lim u
3. lim x a lim v 0
xa v
v xa
lim
xa

4. lim u
xa

lim u lim u 0
xa

xa

g( x ) f ( x) h( x)
5.
lim f ( x ) L
xa
g( x ) lim h( x ) L
lim
xa
x a
1
6. lim f ( x ) lim
0
xa
xa f ( x )
7. Qui tc tnh gii hn:
lim f ( x )
xa
lim f ( x ).g( x ) ( ) (ty theo du ca lim f ( x )

x a
xa
g( x ) L
lim
xa
v L .
8. Hm s lin tc:
Hm s y f ( x ) lin tc ti a lim f ( x ) f (a)
xa

9. Hm s y f ( x ) lin tc trong (a; b) v f (a). f (b) 0 th phng trnh


f ( x ) 0 c nghim trong (a; b) .
10. Gii hn mt bn:
a) lim f ( x ) x a;
lim f ( x ) x a
xa

xa

b) Gii hn v cc:
f ( x)
f ( x)
f ( x)
lim
khi f (a) 0, g(a) 0 . Phn tch

.
x a g( x )
g( x ) ( x a).g1 ( x )
f (a )
f ( x)
. Ta c: lim
M .()
x

a
g( a )
g( x )
11. Mt s dng v nh:
0
a) Dng v nh
0

Tnh M

GV: NGUYN THANH NHN

20

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GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

f (x)
m f (a) g(a) 0
g( x )
Phn tch t s v mu s thnh cc tha s trong c cha ( x a)
sau n gin t v mu cho ( x a) .
Ch :
* Phng trnh ax 2 bx c 0 c nghim x0 th

Phng php: Tm lim


xa

c
ax 2 bx c x x 0 ax

x0

* Cng c th thc hin php chia a thc cho ( x x0 )


* Khi trong gii hn c cn thc ta c th nhn chia cho biu thc lin

hp.

Phng php: p dng cc cng thc

b) Dng v nh

* lim x *
x

1
0
x x

* lim

neu n chan
* lim x n
x
neu n le
* Nu tnh gii hn dng hu t ta t nhn t x ly tha cao nht c
t s v mu s, n gin v p dng cc cng thc trn.
Ch :

b c
x. a 2 khi x
x x

Nu a 0 th ax 2 bx c
b c

x. a x x 2 khi x

c) Dng v nh v 0.
0

Phng php: Thc hin php bin i a v dng


hoc
0

GV: NGUYN THANH NHN

21

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GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

HM S LIN TC
1. Xt tnh lin tc ca hm s y f ( x ) ti x0
* Tnh f ( x 0 ) (nu f ( x 0 ) khng tn ti th hm s khng lin tc)
* Tm lim f ( x ) , khi cn c th tnh gii hn 1 bn.
x x0

* So snh f ( x 0 ) v lim f ( x ) kt lun.


x x0

2. Tm m hm s y f ( x ) lin tc ti im ch ra
Phng php:
* Tnh f (a) v tm lim f ( x )
xa

* Hm s lin tc ti x a lim f ( x ) f (a) . T iu kin ny tm m,


xa

khi cn c th tm gii hn 1 bn.


3. Chng minh phng trnh c nghim:
Phng php:
* t f ( x ) l v tri ca phng trnh, f ( x ) lin tc trong D.
* Tm hai s a, b D sao cho f (a). f (b) 0 th phng trnh c nghim
x (a; b)

O HM CA HM S
1. Bng cc o hm:
Hm s y f ( x )
(C )' 0 C: hng s

Hm s hp y f (u), u g( x )
y / x y / u .u / x

( x )/ 1

1
2 x

1
1
2
x
x

.x 1

GV: NGUYN THANH NHN

2u 'u
/

1
u'
2
u
u

.u 1 .u '

22

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GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

Hm s y f ( x )

Hm s hp y f (u), u g( x )

sin x cos x
cos x sin x

sin u u '.cos u
cos u u '.sin u

1
1 tan 2 x
2
cos x
/
cot x sin12 x
2. Cc qui tc tnh o hm:

tan u

tan x

u'
cos2 u
/
cot u sinu2 'u

Cho cc hm s u, v, w ln lt c o hm u / , v / , w/ . Ta c:
/

a) u v w u/ v / w/
/

b) u.v u / v uv / H qu: C.u C .u/ (C: hng s)


/

u u / v uv /
c)
v2
v
d) u u( x ) c o hm theo x l ux/ , y f (u) c o hm theo u l yu/ th

hm s y f [u( x )] c o hm theo x l y x/ yu/ .ux/


3. o hm cp cao:
* o hm ca y / gi l o hm cp 2, k hiu y / /
* o hm ca y / / gi l o hm cp 3, k hiu y / / /
* o hm ca o hm cp n 1 gi l o hm cp n, k hiu y ( n )
4. ngha hnh hc ca o hm:
- o hm ca hm s y f x ti im x0 l h s gc ca tip tuyn
ca th hm s ti im M 0 x0 ; y0 .
- Nu hm s y f x c o hm ti im x0 th tip tuyn ca th
hm s ti im M 0 x0 ; y0 c phng trnh l:
y y0 f ' x 0 x x 0

GV: NGUYN THANH NHN

23

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GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

TIP TUYN CA NG CONG


Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi th (C) ca hm s y f x :
C 7 dng sau:
Dng 1: Tip tuyn ti im M x0 ; y0 C (vi y0 f x 0 )
Phng trnh tip tuyn c dng: y y0 f ' x 0 x x 0
Dng 2: Tip tuyn ti im c honh x x0 thuc (C)
-

Tm y0 f x 0 v f ' x 0

Vit phng trnh tip tuyn dng: y y0 f ' x 0 x x 0

Ch : Nu bi ton yu cu vit phng trnh tip tuyn ti giao im ca


(C) v trc tung th x0 0
Dng 3: Tip tuyn ti im c tung y y0 thuc (C)
-

Gii phng trnh f x y0 tm x x0

Tm f ' x 0

Vit phng trnh tip tuyn dng: y y0 f ' x 0 x x 0

Ch : Nu bi ton yu cu vit phng trnh tip tuyn ti giao im ca


(C) v trc honh th y0 0
Dng 4: Tip tuyn c h s gc k cho trc
- Tnh y ' f ' x . Gii phng trnh f ' x k tm nghim x x0
-

Tnh y0 f x 0

Vit phng trnh tip tuyn dng: y y0 f ' x 0 x x 0

Dng 5: Tip tuyn song song vi ng thng d: y ax b


- Do tip tuyn song song vi ng thng d nn h s gc k ca tip
tuyn bng a (tc l ktt a , vit nh dng 4)
Dng 6: Tip tuyn vung gc vi ng thng d: y ax b
-

Do tip tuyn vung gc vi ng thng d nn ktt .a 1 ktt

1
a

(vit nh dng 4)
Dng 7: Tip tuyn to vi ng thng d: y ax b mt gc
, 0 90
GV: NGUYN THANH NHN

24

: 0987. 503.911

GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

Gi , ln lt l gc hp bi tip tuyn (d), ng thng ( ) vi


chiu dng trc honh. Gi k l h s gc ca tip tuyn, khi ta
c: suy ra:

tan tan
k a

(1)
1 tan tan
1 ak
- Gii phng trnh (1) tm c h s gc k ca tip tuyn (nh dng 4)
tan tan tan

GV: NGUYN THANH NHN

25

: 0987. 503.911

GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

CC PHP BIN HNH TRONG MT PHNG


I. Cc php bin hnh:

1. Php tnh tin theo vect v :


a) nh ngha v k hiu: Tv (M ) M / MM / v

b) Biu thc ta : M ( x; y ), M / ( x '; y '), v ( a; b) . Ta c:

x ' x a
Tv ( M ) M /
y ' y b
2. Php i xng trc d:
a) nh ngha v k hiu: d (M ) M / d l ng trung trc ca

MM / .
b) Biu thc ta :
x ' x
* M ( x; y ), M / ( x '; y ') qua php i xng trc Ox:
y ' y
x ' x
* M ( x; y ), M / ( x '; y ') qua php i xng trc Oy:
y ' y
3. Php i xng tm I:
a) nh ngha v k hiu: I (M ) M / I l trung im ca MM /

b) Biu thc ta : M ( x; y ), M / ( x '; y '), I (a; b) . Ta c:


x ' 2a x
I (M ) M /
y ' 2b y
4. Php quay tm O, gc quay :
nh ngha v k hiu:
Q(O , ) ( M ) M / (OM ,OM / ) ( l gc nh hng)

5. Php v t tm I, t s k:
a) nh ngha v k hiu:

V( I ,k ) ( M ) M / IM / kIM
b) Biu thc ta : M ( x; y ), M / ( x '; y '), I (a; b) . Ta c:
GV: NGUYN THANH NHN

26

: 0987. 503.911

GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

x ' a k ( x a)
V( I ,k ) ( M ) M /
y ' b k ( y b)
Ch :
F
M
M/

F
(H / ) M / (H / )
(H )
M (H )

II. V nh ca mt hnh qua php bin hnh:

1. V nh ca mt im:


a) Qua php tnh tin: Ly M / sao cho MM / v

b) Qua php i xng trc d: Ly M / sao cho d l ng trung trc ca


MM /
c) Qua php i xng tm I: Ly M / sao cho I l trung im MM /
d) Qua php V t V( I ,k ) : Trn ng thng IM ly M / sao cho on
IM / k .OM

* M , M / cng pha i vi I nu k 0
* M , M / khc pha i vi I nu k 0
2. V nh ca tam gic: Ln lt v nh ca cc nh.
3. V nh ca ng thng d: Trn d ly hai im A, B; v nh A / , B /
ca A,B. nh ca d l ng thng A / B /
4. V nh ca mt ng trn:
* V I / l nh ca tm I qua php bin hnh.
* V ng trn tm I / c bn knh bng R (nu l php tnh tin, php
i xng trc, i xng tm, php quay), bn knh bng k .R (nu l php
v t)
III. Tm phng trnh ca nh:
Phng php:
Cho hnh (H) c phng trnh f ( x; y) 0 , vit phng trnh (H / ) l nh
x ' u( x )
ca (H) qua php bin hnh F c biu thc ta
y ' v( y )
Cch gii:
* Gi M ( x; y ), M / ( x '; y ') F ( M )

GV: NGUYN THANH NHN

27

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GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

x ' u( x )
* Khi :
tnh x theo x, y theo y
y ' v( y )
* M ( x; y) ( H ) f ( x; y) 0 thay x,y va tm c vo phng trnh

f ( x; y) 0 ta c phng trnh g( x '; y ') 0 . M / ( x '; y ') (H / ) nn phng


trnh ca (H / ) l g( x '; y ') 0 .

NG THNG V MT PHNG
1. Tm giao tuyn ca hai mt phng:
a) Cch 1: tm giao tuyn ca 2 mt phng (P) v (Q) ta tm hai im
chung phn bit A,B. Giao tuyn l ng thng AB.
* A (P ), A (Q) A l im chung th nht.
* B (P ), B (Q) A l im chung th hai.
Vy (P ) (Q ) AB
b) Cch 2: (Khi hc xong chng quan h song song)
* Tm mt im chung S ca (P) v (Q) (P ) (Q) Sx
* Chng minh Sx song song vi 1 ng thng cho trc.
A (d ),(d ) (P ) A ( P )

A (d ) (a) A (d ) va A (a)
Ch :
A (d ) ( P ) A (d ) va A (P )
(d ) (P ) (Q) (d ) (P ) va (d ) (Q)
2. Tm giao im ca ng thng d v mt phng (P):
a) Cch 1:
* Tm mt mt phng ph (Q) cha d
* Tm giao tuyn a ca (P) v (Q).
* Trong mt phng (Q) tm M a d . Suy ra M d (P )
b) Cch 2: Tm trong mt phng (P) ng thng a m a d M
M a, M (P )

M d (P )
M d
3. Chng minh 3 im thng hng:
Ta chng minh 3 im cng thuc 2 mt phng phn bit no .

GV: NGUYN THANH NHN

28

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GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

A (P ), A (Q )

B (P ), B (Q) A, B, C thng hng.


C (P ),C (Q)

4. Tm thit din:
tm thit din to bi mt mt phng vi mt khi a din ta tm cc
giao im ca mt phng vi cc cnh ca khi a din (nu c). Cc giao
im chnh l nh ca thit din. Ta cng c th tm cc on giao tuyn
ca mt phng vi cc mt ca a din.

QUAN H SONG SONG


I. Cc nh ngha:
1. Hai ng thng song song: a // b a, b cng nm trong mt mt
phng v khng c im chung.
2. ng thng song song vi mt phng: a // ( P ) a ( P )
3. Hai mt phng song song: (P ) // (Q) ( P ) (Q)
II. Cc tnh cht:
a c
1.
ab
b c
a c;(P ) (Q ) b
2.
abc
a (P ); c (Q)
3. Ba mt phng ct nhau theo 3 giao tuyn phn bit th 3 giao tuyn
song song hoc ng qui.
a b; a (P )
4.
a (P )
b (P )
a (P ); a (Q )
5.
ab
(P ) (Q ) b
a (P ), a (Q)
6.
ab
(P ) (Q ) b
a (Q )
7.
a (P )
(Q) (P )

GV: NGUYN THANH NHN

29

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GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

8. Trong mt phng (P) c hai ng thng a, b ct nhau cng song song


mt phng (Q) th (P ) (Q)
(P ) ( R )
9.
( P ) (Q)
(Q) ( R)
(P ) (Q )

10. (P ) (R ) a a b
(Q) ( R) b

III. Chng minh hai ng thng song song:


chng minh hai ng thng a, b song song ta c th p dng mt trong
cc phng php sau:
a c
1.
a b
b c
a (P ), a (Q )
2.
ab
(P ) (Q) b
a (P ), c (Q)
3.
ab
a c,(P ) (Q) b
a (P ), a (Q)
4.
ab
(P ) (Q ) b
(P ) (Q )

5. (P ) (R ) a a b
(Q) ( R) b

6. Chng minh ba mt phng ct nhau theo 3 giao tuyn phn bit v 3giao
tuyn khng ng qui th chng song song nhau.
7. S dng cc tnh cht hnh hc phng: ng trung bnh, nh l Ta lt,
tnh cht hnh bnh hnh,..
a (P )
8. Chng minh
ab
b (P )
IV. Chng minh ng thng song song mt phng:
a b
1.
a (P )
b (P )

GV: NGUYN THANH NHN

30

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GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

a (Q )
2.
a (P )
(Q) (P )
a b

3. b (P ) a (P )
a (P )

a (Q )

4. (P ) (Q) a (P )
a (Q )

V. Chng minh hai mt phng song song:


a, b (P ), a b I
1.
(P ) (Q)
a (Q ).b (Q)
(P ) ( R )
2.
( P ) (Q)
(Q) ( R)
(P ) a
3.
(P ) (Q )
(Q) a
VI. Chng minh hai ng thng cho nhau:

Chng minh bng phng php phn chng:


Gi s a, b khng cho nhau suy ra a v b cng nm trong mt phng. T
cc iu kin cho dn n iu tri vi gi thit.

QUAN H VUNG GC
I. Chng minh hai ng thng vung gc:
1. S dng cc phng php ca Hnh hc phng: Gc nt tip, nh l
Pitago
2. a b gc gia 2 ng thng a, b bng 90 0

3. a b a .b 0
a c
4.
ab
b c

GV: NGUYN THANH NHN

31

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GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

a (P )
5.
ab
b ( P )
a (P )
6.
ab
b (P )
7. p dng nh l 3 ng vung gc: a/ l hnh chiu ca a ln (P ) ,
b (P ), a b b a /
II. Chng minh ng thng vung gc mt phng:

a b, a c

1. b, c (P ) a (P )
b c I

(Q) (P )

2. ( R) (P )
a (P )
(Q) ( R) a

(P ) (Q)

3. (P ) (Q ) b a (P )
a (Q), a b

a b
4.
a (P )
b (P )
a (Q )
5.
a (P )
(Q) (P )
III. Chng minh hai mt phng vung gc:
a (P )
1.
( P ) (Q)
a (Q)
a (P )

2. b (Q) ( P ) (Q)
a b

3. Chng minh gc gia (P) v (Q) bng 90 0 .

GV: NGUYN THANH NHN

32

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GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

GC
1. Gc gia hai ng thng a, b:
T mt im O ty dng a / a, b / b (thng chn O trn a hoc b) th

bng gc gia hai ng thng a/ v b/ .


2. Gc gia ng thng a v mt phng (P):
* Nu a vung gc vi (P) th 90 0
* Nu a khng vung gc vi (P) th gc gia a v a/ ; trong a/ l
hnh chiu ca a ln (P) (Tm M a ( P ) , trn a ly im A khc M, H l
)
hnh chiu ca A ln (P) th AMH
3. Gc gia hai mt phng (P) v (Q):
a (P )
a)
gc gia hai ng thng a, b.
b (Q )
(P ) (Q)
b)
00
(
P
)

(
Q
)

c) Khi ( P ) (Q ) d , trong (P) dng a d , trong (Q) dng b d th =


gc gia hai ng thng a, b.
Ch :
* Vi l gc gia a v b, a v (P), (P) v (Q) th 0 0 90 0
* Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c SH l ng cao th ta c:
l gc gia cnh bn SA vi (ABCD).
- SAH
l gc gia
- M l hnh chiu ca S ln AB ta c MH AB nn SMH
(SAB) v (ABCD).

KHONG CCH
1. Khong cch t im O n ng thng a:
H l hnh chiu ca O ln ng thng a th d (O, a) OH
2. Khong cch t im O n mt phng (P):
H l hnh chiu ca O ln mt phng (P) th d (O,(P )) OH
GV: NGUYN THANH NHN

33

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GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

3. Khong cch gia ng thng a v mt phng (P) song song nhau:


a (P )
d a,(P ) d O,(P )

O a
4. Khong cch gia hai mt phng (P), (Q) song song nhau:
(P ) (Q)
d ( P ),(Q ) d O,(P )

O (Q)
5. Khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau:

a) ng vung gc chung: ca hai ng thng a, b l ng thng c


vung gc vi a, b v ct a, b ti hai im A, B. AB gi l on vung gc
chung ca a, b. d a, b AB .
b) Cch dng:
* Dng (P) cha b v (P) song song a.
* Dng a/ l hnh chiu ca a ln (P).
* Dng B b a / . Qua B dng c vung gc vi (P), c ct a ti A.
Ch : d a, b d a,(P )
c bit: Khi a b
* Qua b dng (P ) a , dng A a (P ) , trong (P) dng c qua A v
c b , c ct b ti B.

H THC LNG TRONG TAM GIC


A

b
ma

1. nh l c sin:
Trong tam gic ABC bt k vi BC a, CA b, AB c , ta c:

GV: NGUYN THANH NHN

34

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GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

a2 b 2 c2 2b.c.cos A

b2 a 2 c2 2a.c.cos B

c2 a 2 b2 2a.b.cos C

H qu:
b 2 c 2 a2
a2 c 2 b 2
a2 b 2 c 2
cos A
; cos B
; cos C
2bc
2 ac
2 ab
@ p dng: Tnh di ng trung tuyn ca tam gic.
Cho tam gic ABC c cc cnh BC=a, CA=b, AB=c. Gi ma , mb , mc ln
lt l di cc ng trung tuyn ln lt v t cc nh A, B, C ca tam
gic. Ta c:

ma2

2(b2 c 2 ) a2
4

mb2

2(a2 c 2 ) b2
4

mc2

2(a2 b 2 ) c 2
4

2. nh l sin: Trong tam gic ABC bt k vi BC=a, CA=b, AB=c v R l


a
b
c
bn knh ng trn ngoi tip, ta c:

2R
sin A sin B sin C
3. Cng thc tnh din tch tam gic:

1
1
1
S a.ha b.hb c.hc
2
2
2
1
1
1
S ab sin C bc sin A ca sin B
2
2
2
abc
S
4R
S pr

vi p

GV: NGUYN THANH NHN

p( p a)( p b)( p c ) (H rng)

abc
2

35

: 0987. 503.911

GIO KHOA & PP GII TON 11

4. Cc h thc lng trong tam gic vung


A

* Cc h thc lng gic:


AC
AB
sin B cos C
cos B sin C
BC
BC
AC
AB
tan B cot C
cot C tan C
AB
AC
* Cc h thc v cnh, ng cao, hnh chiu:
AB 2 AC 2 BC 2 (Pi ta go)
AB.AC BC.AH 2.S ABC
1
1
1

2
2
AB
AC
AH 2
AC 2 CH .BC

AB 2 BH .BC
AH 2 HB.HC

MA MB MC R

GV: NGUYN THANH NHN

36

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