You are on page 1of 13

D3H

H NG D N T

H H C HA H C 10

Ti liu c cung cp bi tp ch dy v hc ha hc Xin vui lng ghi r ngun bi vit khi pht hnh http://ngocbinh.dayhoahoc.com

D3H

H NG D N T

H H C HA H C 10

Chng 1

Nguyn t
I. Kin thc trng tm
1. Thnh phn nguyn t

nguyn t Ht nhn Ht K hiu in tch Khi lng proton p 1+ tv (+ 1,602.10 1u


19

Lp v ntron n 0 1u electron e 1 tv ( 1,602.10 5,5.104 u


19

C)

C)

Ch : tv = in tch n v
2. Cu trc lp v electron ca nguyn t

Nguyn l vng bn. Trt t cc mc nng lng (quy tc Klescopski). a) S phn b electron Nguyn l Pau-li. Quy tc Hun.

b) Cc electron trong lp v c sp xp vo cc lp, phn lp v cc obitan nguyn t theo cc nguyn l v quy tc trn.

D3H

H NG D N T

H H C HA H C 10

Gm cc e c mc nng lng gn bng nhau.


Lp electron

Th t lp electron (n) t trong ra ngoi (theo trt t mc nng lng tng dn) tng ng vi tn lp 1. n=1 Tn lp 2 3 4 5... K L M N O...

Gm cc e c mc nng lng bng nhau.


Phn lp electron

K hiu phn lp (l) theo chiu mc nng lng tng dn : s p d f... Khong khng gian xung quanh ht nhn m xc sut c mt e l ln nht (khong 90%). 2 S lng obitan trong lp th n l n . S lng obitan trong phn lp : Phn lp : s p d S AO : 1 3 5 f 7

obitan nguyn t

Gm cc nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhn (Z+), s khi (A = Z + N) khc nhau.


3. Nguyn t ho hc

ng v : cng Z, khc A. Nguyn t khi trung bnh.

II. Nhng ch quan trng


1. Cc nguyn l, quy tc

1.1. Nguyn l vng bn : trng thi c bn, trong nguyn t electron chim ln lt nhng obitan c mc nng lng t thp n cao. Trt t cc mc nng lng obitan nguyn t : Khi s hiu nguyn t (Z) tng, cc mc nng lng obitan tng dn theo trnh t sau : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d... 1.2. Nguyn l Pau-li Ni dung : Trn mt obitan ch c th c nhiu nht l 2 electron v 2 electron ny chuyn ng t quay khc chiu nhau xung quanh trc ring ca mi electron.

D3H

H NG D N T

H H C HA H C 10

1.3. Quy tc Hund : Trong cng mt phn lp, cc electron s phn b trn cc obitan sao cho s electron c thn l ti a v cc electron phi c chiu t quay ging nhau. Khi in tch ht nhn tng c s chn mc nng lng, mc 4s tr nn thp hn 3d, mc 5s thp hn 4d, 6s thp hn 4f... Khi cc AO c iu electron, mc nng lng electron li tr v theo th t s lp electron.
2. Obitan nguyn t

l khu vc xung quanh ht nhn m ti xc sut c mt (xc sut tm thy) electron khong 90% k hiu l AO (atomic orbital) Cn xc nh s electron ca nguyn t (Ion) Cn nm vng mt s quy c : K hiu ca lp electron bng cc ch s : 1, 2, 3, 4... K hiu ca cc phn lp bng cc ch ci thng S electron trong 1 phn lp c ghi bng s pha trn, bn phi ca ch. Cn ch th t ca cc mc nng lng. *Cc bc vit cu hnh electron :

3. Mt s ch khi vit cu hnh electron nguyn t

Bc 1 : - in ln lt s electron vo cc phn lp trong dy th t mc nng lng (phn lp s c ti a 2 electron, phn lp p c ti a 6 electron, phn lp d c ti a 10 electron, phn lp f c ti a 14 electron...). Th d : Nguyn t c Z=24 : 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d4 Bc 2 : Sp xp li th t cc phn lp electron theo nguyn tc : + Tng dn theo s lp electron + Trong mi lp nng lng phn lp s < p < d < f. Th d vi nguyn t c Z=24 trn, sau khi vit xong bc 1, ta sp xp li nh sau : 1s 2s 2p63s23p63d44s2
2 2

Bc 3 : Xt xem phn lp no c th t ti bo ha hoc na bo ha, th c s sp xp li cc electron phn lp (ch yu l cc nguyn t d hoc f). Th d vi nguyn t trn phn lp 3d c 4 electron ch thiu 1 electron na l t ti cu hnh na bo ha bn vng, v vy 1 electron phn lp 4s chuyn sang phn lp 3 d : 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s1
4. c im ca lp electron ngoi cng

- Cc electron lp ngoi cng quyt nh tnh cht ha hc ca mt nguyn t. - i vi nguyn t ca cc nguyn t s electron lp ngoi cng ti a l 8. Cc nguyn t c 1, 2, 3 electron lp ngoi cng nguyn t kim loi (tr H, He, B). Cc nguyn t c 5, 6, 7 electron lp ngoi cng thng l cc nguyn t phi kim. Cc nguyn t c 4 electron lp ngoi cng c th l nguyn t kim loi hay phi kim.

D3H

H NG D N T

H H C HA H C 10

Cc nguyn t c 8 electron lp ngoi cng l nguyn t kh him (tr He c 2 electron lp ngoi cng). III. Cu hi, bi tp 1. Nguyn t X c Z = 17. X c a) s electron thuc lp ngoi cng l A. 1 A. 2 B. 2 B. 3 C. 7 C. 4 D. 3 D. 1 D. 3 b) s lp electron l c) s electron c thn trng thi c bn l A. B. 2 C. 5 A 1 Chn p n ng cho cc cu trn. 2.

Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c electron cui cng c in vo phn lp 3p1. Nguyn t ca nguyn t Y c electron cui cng c in vo phn lp 3p3. a) S proton ca X v Y ln lt l : A. B. 12 v 14 A 13 v 15 b) Tnh cht ca X v Y l : A. u l kim loi. B. u l phi kim. C. X l kim loi cn Y l phi kim. C D. X l phi kim cn Y l kim loi. C. 13 v 14 D. 12 v 15

3. 4. 5. 6.

Nguyn t nguyn t X c 4 lp, lp th 3 c 14 electron, s electron lp v l : A. 26 B. 27 C. 28 D. 29 Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c Z=7 ; Z=10 ; Z=15 ; Z=24 ; Z=29. Xc nh tnh cht ho hc c bn ca chng (tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim, kh him). Vit s phn b electron lp ngoi cng theo AO ca nguyn t c Z=7 ; Z=13 ; Z=19. Gii thch ti sao li phn b nh vy ? Nguyn t clo c hai ng v bn l :
35

Cl :75,77%

37

Cl : 24,23%.

Tnh s nguyn t ca tng ng v trong 1mol nguyn t clo v nguyn t khi trung bnh ca clo. 7. Xc nh s hiu nguyn t ca nguyn t v vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca n khi bit. a) Tng s ht ca cc nguyn t ca nguyn t A l 40. b) Tng s ht ca cc nguyn t ca nguyn t B l 93. Trong s ht mang in nhiu hn khng mang in l 23 ht.

D3H

H NG D N T

H H C HA H C 10
N 1,524 Z

Bit ht nhn ca cc nguyn t bn c t s 1 8.

Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t cc nguyn t A,B c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng nh sau : a) 4s
1 2 63 65 16

b) 4s 9. 10.

Trong t nhin ng c 2 ng v l Cu v Cu, oxi c 3 ng v l cho bit c th c bao nhiu cng thc oxit to bi ng (II) v oxi. Ion M v X
+ 2

O;

17

O ; O. Hy

18

u c cu hnh electron nh sau : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p .

a) Vit cu hnh electron ca M v X. b) Tnh tng s ht mang in ca hp cht to t 2 ion trn ? 11. 12. Trong t nhin clo tn ti 2 dng ng v : trong hp cht HClO4.
35

Cl (75,77%) ;

37

Cl (24,23%) ; Tnh %35Cl

Nguyn t X c tng cc ht c bn l 82. Ht mang in nhiu hn ht khng mang in l 22. a) Xc nh A, Z ca nguyn t nguyn t X. b) Xc nh s lng cc ht c bn trong ion X2+ v vit cu hnh electron ca ion .

13.

Ion M

3+

c cu to bi 37 ht. S ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 9.

a) Xc nh s lng cc ht c bn trong M3+. b) Vit cu hnh electron v s phn b electron theo obitan ca nguyn t M v ion M3+. 14.
6 Electron cui cng ca nguyn t M phn b vo phn lp 3d .

a) Vit cu hnh electron ca M v M2+. b) Xc nh tn nguyn t M v vit phng trnh ho hc khi cho M tc dng vi Cl2 v CuSO4. 15. Nguyn t ca nguyn t A c c im sau : Lp electron ngoi cng lin kt vi ht nhn cht ch nht. S electron lp ngoi cng nh hn 3. A l kh him. a) A l nguyn t g ? Vit cu hnh electron ca A. b) Ion M+ c cu hnh electron ca A. Hi M l nguyn t g ? IV. Hng dn gii p n 1. 2. a) C ; a) A b) B ; b) C c) A

D3H
3. 4. A

H NG D N T

H H C HA H C 10

X c cu hnh electron l : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s Z=7 : 1s 2s 2p c 5e lp ngoi cng l phi kim.


2 2 3

Z=10 : 1s22s22p6 c 8e lp ngoi cng l kh him. Z=15 : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p c 5e lp ngoi cng l phi kim Z=24 : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s c 1e lp ngoi cng l kim loi. Z=29 : 1s22s22p6 3s23p6 3d104s1 c 1e lp ngoi cng l kim loi. (Ch : khi n gn cu hnh bo ho d10 ; f14 hay cu hnh na bo ho d5, f7(cu hnh bn) th nguyn t s t ngay cu hnh ny, mc d phn lp trc cha y electron). 5. Z=7 : 2s22p3 Z=13 : 3s 3p Z=19 : 4s1 Gii thch : - Phn lp s c ti a 2e v 2e ny chuyn ng t quay khc chiu nhau xung quanh trc ring (theo nguyn l Pau-li) v vy biu din bng hai mi tn ngc chiu. - Nguyn t Z=7 : 3 electron phn lp 2p c phn b theo quy tc Hund. Gii thch :- Phn lp s c ti a 2e v 2e ny chuyn ng t quay khc chiu nhau xung quanh trc ring (theo nguyn l Pau-li) v vy biu din bng hai mi tn ngc chiu. Nguyn t Z=7 : c 3 electron phn lp 2p theo quy tc Hund. 35.75,77 37.24,23 M= + =35,5 100 100 Trong 1mol nguyn t Clo c 6,023.1023nguyn t clo s nguyn t
35 2 1 2 2 6 2 6 5 1 2 2 6 2 3

6.

Cl l :6,023.1023.75.77%=4,564.1023

7.

s nguyn t 37Cl l : 6,023.1023.24,23%=1,459.1023 N 40 40 40 = 2 1,524 a) 2Z + N = 40 1 Z Z Z 3,524 3


11,35

Z 13,3

Z=12 -> N=16 ->A=12+16=28(loi).

Z=13 -> N=14 ->A=13+14=27 :1s22s22p63s23p1.

D3H

H NG D N T
Z = 29 N = 35.
6 10 1

H H C HA H C 10

b) 2Z + N = 93 2Z - N = 23
2 2 6 2

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 8. a) Nguyn t A : 1s22s22p6 3s23p6 4s1 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s b) Nguyn t B : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 9. 10.


2 2 6 2 6 2 2 2 6 2 6 5 1 2 2 6 2 6 10

1s22s22p6 3s23p6 3d104s2 Cc cng thc to bi ng (II) v oxi l :


63

Cu16O ;

63

Cu17O ;

63

Cu18O ;

65

Cu16O ;

65

Cu17O ;

65

Cu18O

a) M : 1s22s22p63s23p64s1
2 2 6 2 4 X : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

b) Hp cht to t 2 ion trn c dng : M2X Trong M c 19 electron, 19 proton, vy trong M1+ c 18 electron, 19 proton. Tng s ht 1+ mang in ca M bng 37 Trong X c 16 electron, 16 proton, vy trong X2- c 18 electron, 16 proton. Tng s ht 2mang in ca X bng 34 11. Vy hp cht M2X c 108 ht mang in 35.75,77 + 37.24,23 A Cl = =35,5 100 35,5 %35Cl= .75,77%=26,76% 100,5 a) Tng cc ht c bn ca X : p + e + n = 82. Hiu s ht mang in v khng mang in : p + e n = 22 Li c p = e nn ta c h 2p + n = 82 2p n = 22 b) Ion X2+ c p = 26, n = 30, e = p 2 = 24. Cu hnh electron ca X2+ : 1s22s22p63s23p63d44s2. 13. a) Tng s ht ca M3+ : p + e + n = 37. S ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l : p + e n = 9. Trong M3+ c s e = p 3. p = 26 n = 30

12.

Vy nguyn t X, c Z = 26, A = 26 + 30 = 56.

D3H

H NG D N T

H H C HA H C 10

p = 13 p + e + n = 37 Ta c h n = 14 p + e n = 9 e =10

b) Cu hnh electron : M : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p S phn b electron theo obitan : M : [Ne] 3s


2

M M

3+

: 1s 2s 2p

3p
1 2 2 6 2

3+ :

[He] 2s
2 2


2p
6

14.

a) Cu hnh electron ca M : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s . Cu hnh electron ca M b) M c p = 26 M l Fe. 2Fe + 3Cl 2FeCl


4 2 3 4 2+ :

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d .

Fe + CuSO FeSO + Cu

15.

a) Do A c lp ngoi cng lin kt vi ht nhn cht ch nht nn A ch c 1 lp electron.

S electron lp ngoi cng ca A nh hn 3 A c 1 hoc 2 electron lp ngoi cng 1 2 cu hnh ca A l 1s (H) hoc 1s (He). Do A l kh him A l He (heli). b) M c cu hnh 1s M c cu hnh 1s 2s M l Li (liti).
+ 2 2 1

D3H

H NG D N T

H H C HA H C 10

Gii thiu kim tra


A- kim tra 15 pht

Chng 1

Nguyn t
1
1. Cu trc kim tra
Nhn bit Ch 1. Cu to nguyn t 1 1 2. Cu trc v e nguyn t 3. Nguyn t ho hc, ng v Tng 2 2 2 2 5 5 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 1 10 10 TN TL 1 1 1 1 3 2 Thng hiu TN TL 1 1 4 4 Vn dng TN TL 3 3 Tng

Ch : Ch s bn trn, gc tri mi l s cu hi, ch s bn di gc phi mi l s im. 2. bi


Chn cu tr li ng trong cc cu sau

1. 2. 3.

39 S proton, ntron v electron ca 19 K ln lt l

A. 19, 20, 39 A. 52

B. 20, 19, 39
35 17 Cl l

C. 19, 20, 19 C. 53
63

D. 19, 19, 20 D. 51

Tng s ht n, p, e trong B. 35

Trong t nhin, ng c 2 ng v
A. 73% B. 32,15%

Cu v

65

Cu , trong ng v Cu trong Cu 2 O l

65

Cu chim khong

27% v khi lng. Phn trm khi lng ca C. 63%

63

D. 64,29%

4.

Tng s ht proton, ntron v electron trong 1 nguyn t A l 155. S ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 33 ht. A l A. Cu B. Ag
2 6 2 6 6 2

C. Fe

D. Al

5.

Trong s cc cu hnh electron nguyn t sau, cu hnh no bn ? A. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s


2

D3H
2 2

H NG D N T
2 6 2 6 5 1 2 2 6 4

H H C HA H C 10

B. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s
2 6 2 6 8 2 2 6 2 6 10

C. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s

D. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 5s

6.

Ngi ta k hiu nguyn t ca mt nguyn t ho hc nh sau :


A ZX

trong A l tng s ht proton v ntron, Z l s ht proton. Nhng nguyn t thuc C. 16 Y ; 17 R 8 8 C.


13Al 2 2

cng mt nguyn t ha hc l
24 35 A. 12 X ; 12 L B. 80 M ; 17 T 6 35 37 27 D. 17 E ; 13 G

7. 8.

Nguyn t no sau y c 3 electron thuc lp ngoi cng ? A.


11Na

B. 7N

D. 6C
4

Nguyn t ca nguyn t M c cu hnh electron l 1s 2s 2p . S phn b electron trn cc obitan ca nguyn t M l : A.


2 6 2


11X

B.


2 2


6 5 2

C.

D.

9.

Nguyn t ca nguyn t A. 1s 2s 2p 3s C. 1s 2s 2p 3s
2 2 6 2 1

c cu hnh electron l : B. 1s 2s 2p
2 2

D. 1s 2s 2p 3s

10.

Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c 19 electron. trng thi c bn, X c s obitan cha electron l : A. 8 B. 9 C. 11 D. 10

p n : Cu A 1 C 2 C 3
D

4
B

5
B

6
C

7
C

8
C

9
C

10
D

D3H

H NG D N T

H H C HA H C 10 2

1. Cu trc kim tra


Nhn bit Ch 1. Cu to nguyn t 1 1 2. Cu trc v e nguyn t 3. Nguyn t ho hc, ng v Tng 2 2 2 2 5 5 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 3 10 10 TN TL 1 1 1 1 3 2 Thng hiu TN TL 1 1 4 4 Vn dng TN TL 3 3 Tng

Ch : Ch s bn trn, gc tri mi l s cu hi, ch s bn di gc phi mi l s im. 2. bi Chn cu tr li ng trong cc cu sau : 1.


Tng s ht p, n, e trong 19 F l 9 A. 19 B. 28 C. 30 D. 32

2.

S p, n, e ca 52 Cr 3+ ln lt l 24 A. 24, 28, 24 B. 24, 28, 21 C. 24, 30, 21 D. 24, 28, 27

3.

Cacbon c 2 ng v 12C v 13C, cn oxi c 3 ng v 16 O, 17O v 18 O . Cc cng thc 6 6 8 8 8 ho hc c th c ca kh cacbonic l : A. 3 C. 9 B. 6 D. 12

4.

Cc obitan trong mt phn lp th A. khc nhau v mc nng lng. B. c cng mt mc nng lng. C. khc nhau v hnh dng. D. khc nhau v s electron ti a trong mi obitan.

D3H
5.
2

H NG D N T

H H C HA H C 10
3+

Chn cu hnh electron ng ca Fe A. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d B. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d


2 2 6 2 6 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 5 6 6 2

C. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s D. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s
3

6.

Nguyn t M c 3 lp electron v c 5 electron lp ngoi cng. S phn b electron lp ngoi cng vo cc obitan ca M l : A. B.


n+

C. D.

7.

Cation kim loi M c cu hnh electron lp v ngoi cng l 2p . Cu hnh electron lp v ngoi cng ca nguyn t M l : A. 3s
1

B. 3s
16

2 17 8

C. 3p
18

D. C A,B,C u c th ng

8.

Oxi c 3 ng v 8 O, 8 O,

A. S proton ca chng ln lt l 8,9,10 B. S khi ca chng ln lt l 16,17,18 C. S ntron ca chng ln lt l 8,9,10 D. C B v C u ng

9.

Cc mnh sau, mnh no sai ? A. Cc electron trn cng mt lp c nng lng bng nhau. B. Cc electron trn cng mt phn lp c nng lng bng nhau. C. S obitan trong lp electron th n l n . D. S electron ti a trong 1 obitan l 2 electron.
2

10.

Nguyn t X c tng cc ht c bn l 82. Ht mang in nhiu hn ht khng mang in 2+ l 22. S electrong trong ion X l : A. 30 B. 25 C. 24 D. 26

p n : Cu A 1
B

2
B

3
D

4
B

5
A

6
D

7
D

8
D

9
A

10
C

You might also like