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H NG D N T
H H C HA H C 10
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H NG D N T
H H C HA H C 10
Chng 1
Nguyn t
I. Kin thc trng tm
1. Thnh phn nguyn t
C)
C)
Ch : tv = in tch n v
2. Cu trc lp v electron ca nguyn t
Nguyn l vng bn. Trt t cc mc nng lng (quy tc Klescopski). a) S phn b electron Nguyn l Pau-li. Quy tc Hun.
b) Cc electron trong lp v c sp xp vo cc lp, phn lp v cc obitan nguyn t theo cc nguyn l v quy tc trn.
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H NG D N T
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Th t lp electron (n) t trong ra ngoi (theo trt t mc nng lng tng dn) tng ng vi tn lp 1. n=1 Tn lp 2 3 4 5... K L M N O...
K hiu phn lp (l) theo chiu mc nng lng tng dn : s p d f... Khong khng gian xung quanh ht nhn m xc sut c mt e l ln nht (khong 90%). 2 S lng obitan trong lp th n l n . S lng obitan trong phn lp : Phn lp : s p d S AO : 1 3 5 f 7
obitan nguyn t
1.1. Nguyn l vng bn : trng thi c bn, trong nguyn t electron chim ln lt nhng obitan c mc nng lng t thp n cao. Trt t cc mc nng lng obitan nguyn t : Khi s hiu nguyn t (Z) tng, cc mc nng lng obitan tng dn theo trnh t sau : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d... 1.2. Nguyn l Pau-li Ni dung : Trn mt obitan ch c th c nhiu nht l 2 electron v 2 electron ny chuyn ng t quay khc chiu nhau xung quanh trc ring ca mi electron.
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H NG D N T
H H C HA H C 10
1.3. Quy tc Hund : Trong cng mt phn lp, cc electron s phn b trn cc obitan sao cho s electron c thn l ti a v cc electron phi c chiu t quay ging nhau. Khi in tch ht nhn tng c s chn mc nng lng, mc 4s tr nn thp hn 3d, mc 5s thp hn 4d, 6s thp hn 4f... Khi cc AO c iu electron, mc nng lng electron li tr v theo th t s lp electron.
2. Obitan nguyn t
l khu vc xung quanh ht nhn m ti xc sut c mt (xc sut tm thy) electron khong 90% k hiu l AO (atomic orbital) Cn xc nh s electron ca nguyn t (Ion) Cn nm vng mt s quy c : K hiu ca lp electron bng cc ch s : 1, 2, 3, 4... K hiu ca cc phn lp bng cc ch ci thng S electron trong 1 phn lp c ghi bng s pha trn, bn phi ca ch. Cn ch th t ca cc mc nng lng. *Cc bc vit cu hnh electron :
Bc 1 : - in ln lt s electron vo cc phn lp trong dy th t mc nng lng (phn lp s c ti a 2 electron, phn lp p c ti a 6 electron, phn lp d c ti a 10 electron, phn lp f c ti a 14 electron...). Th d : Nguyn t c Z=24 : 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d4 Bc 2 : Sp xp li th t cc phn lp electron theo nguyn tc : + Tng dn theo s lp electron + Trong mi lp nng lng phn lp s < p < d < f. Th d vi nguyn t c Z=24 trn, sau khi vit xong bc 1, ta sp xp li nh sau : 1s 2s 2p63s23p63d44s2
2 2
Bc 3 : Xt xem phn lp no c th t ti bo ha hoc na bo ha, th c s sp xp li cc electron phn lp (ch yu l cc nguyn t d hoc f). Th d vi nguyn t trn phn lp 3d c 4 electron ch thiu 1 electron na l t ti cu hnh na bo ha bn vng, v vy 1 electron phn lp 4s chuyn sang phn lp 3 d : 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s1
4. c im ca lp electron ngoi cng
- Cc electron lp ngoi cng quyt nh tnh cht ha hc ca mt nguyn t. - i vi nguyn t ca cc nguyn t s electron lp ngoi cng ti a l 8. Cc nguyn t c 1, 2, 3 electron lp ngoi cng nguyn t kim loi (tr H, He, B). Cc nguyn t c 5, 6, 7 electron lp ngoi cng thng l cc nguyn t phi kim. Cc nguyn t c 4 electron lp ngoi cng c th l nguyn t kim loi hay phi kim.
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H NG D N T
H H C HA H C 10
Cc nguyn t c 8 electron lp ngoi cng l nguyn t kh him (tr He c 2 electron lp ngoi cng). III. Cu hi, bi tp 1. Nguyn t X c Z = 17. X c a) s electron thuc lp ngoi cng l A. 1 A. 2 B. 2 B. 3 C. 7 C. 4 D. 3 D. 1 D. 3 b) s lp electron l c) s electron c thn trng thi c bn l A. B. 2 C. 5 A 1 Chn p n ng cho cc cu trn. 2.
Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c electron cui cng c in vo phn lp 3p1. Nguyn t ca nguyn t Y c electron cui cng c in vo phn lp 3p3. a) S proton ca X v Y ln lt l : A. B. 12 v 14 A 13 v 15 b) Tnh cht ca X v Y l : A. u l kim loi. B. u l phi kim. C. X l kim loi cn Y l phi kim. C D. X l phi kim cn Y l kim loi. C. 13 v 14 D. 12 v 15
3. 4. 5. 6.
Nguyn t nguyn t X c 4 lp, lp th 3 c 14 electron, s electron lp v l : A. 26 B. 27 C. 28 D. 29 Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c Z=7 ; Z=10 ; Z=15 ; Z=24 ; Z=29. Xc nh tnh cht ho hc c bn ca chng (tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim, kh him). Vit s phn b electron lp ngoi cng theo AO ca nguyn t c Z=7 ; Z=13 ; Z=19. Gii thch ti sao li phn b nh vy ? Nguyn t clo c hai ng v bn l :
35
Cl :75,77%
37
Cl : 24,23%.
Tnh s nguyn t ca tng ng v trong 1mol nguyn t clo v nguyn t khi trung bnh ca clo. 7. Xc nh s hiu nguyn t ca nguyn t v vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca n khi bit. a) Tng s ht ca cc nguyn t ca nguyn t A l 40. b) Tng s ht ca cc nguyn t ca nguyn t B l 93. Trong s ht mang in nhiu hn khng mang in l 23 ht.
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H NG D N T
H H C HA H C 10
N 1,524 Z
Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t cc nguyn t A,B c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng nh sau : a) 4s
1 2 63 65 16
b) 4s 9. 10.
Trong t nhin ng c 2 ng v l Cu v Cu, oxi c 3 ng v l cho bit c th c bao nhiu cng thc oxit to bi ng (II) v oxi. Ion M v X
+ 2
O;
17
O ; O. Hy
18
a) Vit cu hnh electron ca M v X. b) Tnh tng s ht mang in ca hp cht to t 2 ion trn ? 11. 12. Trong t nhin clo tn ti 2 dng ng v : trong hp cht HClO4.
35
Cl (75,77%) ;
37
Nguyn t X c tng cc ht c bn l 82. Ht mang in nhiu hn ht khng mang in l 22. a) Xc nh A, Z ca nguyn t nguyn t X. b) Xc nh s lng cc ht c bn trong ion X2+ v vit cu hnh electron ca ion .
13.
Ion M
3+
a) Xc nh s lng cc ht c bn trong M3+. b) Vit cu hnh electron v s phn b electron theo obitan ca nguyn t M v ion M3+. 14.
6 Electron cui cng ca nguyn t M phn b vo phn lp 3d .
a) Vit cu hnh electron ca M v M2+. b) Xc nh tn nguyn t M v vit phng trnh ho hc khi cho M tc dng vi Cl2 v CuSO4. 15. Nguyn t ca nguyn t A c c im sau : Lp electron ngoi cng lin kt vi ht nhn cht ch nht. S electron lp ngoi cng nh hn 3. A l kh him. a) A l nguyn t g ? Vit cu hnh electron ca A. b) Ion M+ c cu hnh electron ca A. Hi M l nguyn t g ? IV. Hng dn gii p n 1. 2. a) C ; a) A b) B ; b) C c) A
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3. 4. A
H NG D N T
H H C HA H C 10
Z=10 : 1s22s22p6 c 8e lp ngoi cng l kh him. Z=15 : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p c 5e lp ngoi cng l phi kim Z=24 : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s c 1e lp ngoi cng l kim loi. Z=29 : 1s22s22p6 3s23p6 3d104s1 c 1e lp ngoi cng l kim loi. (Ch : khi n gn cu hnh bo ho d10 ; f14 hay cu hnh na bo ho d5, f7(cu hnh bn) th nguyn t s t ngay cu hnh ny, mc d phn lp trc cha y electron). 5. Z=7 : 2s22p3 Z=13 : 3s 3p Z=19 : 4s1 Gii thch : - Phn lp s c ti a 2e v 2e ny chuyn ng t quay khc chiu nhau xung quanh trc ring (theo nguyn l Pau-li) v vy biu din bng hai mi tn ngc chiu. - Nguyn t Z=7 : 3 electron phn lp 2p c phn b theo quy tc Hund. Gii thch :- Phn lp s c ti a 2e v 2e ny chuyn ng t quay khc chiu nhau xung quanh trc ring (theo nguyn l Pau-li) v vy biu din bng hai mi tn ngc chiu. Nguyn t Z=7 : c 3 electron phn lp 2p theo quy tc Hund. 35.75,77 37.24,23 M= + =35,5 100 100 Trong 1mol nguyn t Clo c 6,023.1023nguyn t clo s nguyn t
35 2 1 2 2 6 2 6 5 1 2 2 6 2 3
6.
Cl l :6,023.1023.75.77%=4,564.1023
7.
Z 13,3
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H NG D N T
Z = 29 N = 35.
6 10 1
H H C HA H C 10
b) 2Z + N = 93 2Z - N = 23
2 2 6 2
Cu16O ;
63
Cu17O ;
63
Cu18O ;
65
Cu16O ;
65
Cu17O ;
65
Cu18O
a) M : 1s22s22p63s23p64s1
2 2 6 2 4 X : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
b) Hp cht to t 2 ion trn c dng : M2X Trong M c 19 electron, 19 proton, vy trong M1+ c 18 electron, 19 proton. Tng s ht 1+ mang in ca M bng 37 Trong X c 16 electron, 16 proton, vy trong X2- c 18 electron, 16 proton. Tng s ht 2mang in ca X bng 34 11. Vy hp cht M2X c 108 ht mang in 35.75,77 + 37.24,23 A Cl = =35,5 100 35,5 %35Cl= .75,77%=26,76% 100,5 a) Tng cc ht c bn ca X : p + e + n = 82. Hiu s ht mang in v khng mang in : p + e n = 22 Li c p = e nn ta c h 2p + n = 82 2p n = 22 b) Ion X2+ c p = 26, n = 30, e = p 2 = 24. Cu hnh electron ca X2+ : 1s22s22p63s23p63d44s2. 13. a) Tng s ht ca M3+ : p + e + n = 37. S ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l : p + e n = 9. Trong M3+ c s e = p 3. p = 26 n = 30
12.
D3H
H NG D N T
H H C HA H C 10
p = 13 p + e + n = 37 Ta c h n = 14 p + e n = 9 e =10
M M
3+
: 1s 2s 2p
3p
1 2 2 6 2
3+ :
[He] 2s
2 2
2p
6
14.
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d .
Fe + CuSO FeSO + Cu
15.
S electron lp ngoi cng ca A nh hn 3 A c 1 hoc 2 electron lp ngoi cng 1 2 cu hnh ca A l 1s (H) hoc 1s (He). Do A l kh him A l He (heli). b) M c cu hnh 1s M c cu hnh 1s 2s M l Li (liti).
+ 2 2 1
D3H
H NG D N T
H H C HA H C 10
Chng 1
Nguyn t
1
1. Cu trc kim tra
Nhn bit Ch 1. Cu to nguyn t 1 1 2. Cu trc v e nguyn t 3. Nguyn t ho hc, ng v Tng 2 2 2 2 5 5 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 1 10 10 TN TL 1 1 1 1 3 2 Thng hiu TN TL 1 1 4 4 Vn dng TN TL 3 3 Tng
1. 2. 3.
A. 19, 20, 39 A. 52
B. 20, 19, 39
35 17 Cl l
C. 19, 20, 19 C. 53
63
D. 19, 19, 20 D. 51
Tng s ht n, p, e trong B. 35
Trong t nhin, ng c 2 ng v
A. 73% B. 32,15%
Cu v
65
Cu , trong ng v Cu trong Cu 2 O l
65
Cu chim khong
63
D. 64,29%
4.
Tng s ht proton, ntron v electron trong 1 nguyn t A l 155. S ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 33 ht. A l A. Cu B. Ag
2 6 2 6 6 2
C. Fe
D. Al
5.
D3H
2 2
H NG D N T
2 6 2 6 5 1 2 2 6 4
H H C HA H C 10
B. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s
2 6 2 6 8 2 2 6 2 6 10
C. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s
D. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 5s
6.
cng mt nguyn t ha hc l
24 35 A. 12 X ; 12 L B. 80 M ; 17 T 6 35 37 27 D. 17 E ; 13 G
7. 8.
B. 7N
D. 6C
4
2 6 2
11X
B.
2 2
6 5 2
C.
D.
9.
Nguyn t ca nguyn t A. 1s 2s 2p 3s C. 1s 2s 2p 3s
2 2 6 2 1
c cu hnh electron l : B. 1s 2s 2p
2 2
D. 1s 2s 2p 3s
10.
p n : Cu A 1 C 2 C 3
D
4
B
5
B
6
C
7
C
8
C
9
C
10
D
D3H
H NG D N T
H H C HA H C 10 2
2.
3.
4.
Cc obitan trong mt phn lp th A. khc nhau v mc nng lng. B. c cng mt mc nng lng. C. khc nhau v hnh dng. D. khc nhau v s electron ti a trong mi obitan.
D3H
5.
2
H NG D N T
H H C HA H C 10
3+
C. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s D. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s
3
6.
Nguyn t M c 3 lp electron v c 5 electron lp ngoi cng. S phn b electron lp ngoi cng vo cc obitan ca M l : A. B.
n+
C. D.
7.
Cation kim loi M c cu hnh electron lp v ngoi cng l 2p . Cu hnh electron lp v ngoi cng ca nguyn t M l : A. 3s
1
B. 3s
16
2 17 8
C. 3p
18
D. C A,B,C u c th ng
8.
Oxi c 3 ng v 8 O, 8 O,
9.
Cc mnh sau, mnh no sai ? A. Cc electron trn cng mt lp c nng lng bng nhau. B. Cc electron trn cng mt phn lp c nng lng bng nhau. C. S obitan trong lp electron th n l n . D. S electron ti a trong 1 obitan l 2 electron.
2
10.
Nguyn t X c tng cc ht c bn l 82. Ht mang in nhiu hn ht khng mang in 2+ l 22. S electrong trong ion X l : A. 30 B. 25 C. 24 D. 26
p n : Cu A 1
B
2
B
3
D
4
B
5
A
6
D
7
D
8
D
9
A
10
C