Sach o Nhiem Khong Khi

I HC QUC GIA TP H CH MINH
VIN MI TRNG V TI NGUYN

PGS.TS. NGUYN INH TUN (Ch bin)
Th S. NGUYN THANH HNG
KIM SOT NHIM KHNG KH
NH XUT BN I HC QUC GIA TP H CH MINH

2007
LI NI U
nhim khng kh l mt vn mi trng nng bng ti hu ht cc th trn
th gii hin nay. Vit nam l mt nc ang pht trin vi tc nng, v vy cc vn
mi trng, trong c mi trng khng kh ang tr nn bc xc. Kh thi t cc
hot ng cng nghip, giao thng vn ti, thng mi, dch v v sinh hot ca con
ngi xut hin hoc gia tng nng cc cht c hi c trong mi trng khng kh
lm nh hng ti sc khe con ngi, ng, thc vt, gp phn lm h hi ti sn trn
bnh din ton cu, kh thi t cc hot ng ni trn cn gy nn nhng vn ln trn
bnh din ton cu nh ma axit, s suy gim tng zn, s nng ln ca tri t... V vy
vic kim sot nhim khng kh l v cng cn thit v cp bch.
Gio trnh kim sot nhim khng kh c bin son nhm mc ch phc v
cho i tng chnh l sinh vin i hc, sinh vin cao hc cc ngnh khoa hc mi
trng, qun l mi trng v cng ngh mi trng. Sinh vin cc chuyn ngnh khc
v cc cn b khoa hc k thut cng c th s dng gio trnh ny nh mt ti liu tham
kho phc v cng tc nghin cu hoc thit k cc cng trnh x l kh thi. Gio trnh
trnh by mt cch kh y cc ni dung lin quan n kim sot nhim khng kh
nh ngn nga nhim t ngun pht sinh, h thng thu gom v vn chuyn kh thi, cc
k thut v thit b x l kh thi...
thc hin gio trnh ny tc gi nhn c s tr gip mt phn kinh ph t
D n Tng cng nng lc o to v nghin cu khoa hc cho Vin Mi trng v
Ti nguyn i hc Quc gia TP. H Ch Minh do SDC ti tr. Tc gi cng nhn
c s gip v mt k thut trong vic chun b bn tho t Th.S Nguyn Th Thc
Thy, KS. Nguyn Vit V, KS. Giang Hu Ti, KS. Chu Ngc Cm Vn. Nhn dp
sch c xut bn tc gi xin by t lng bit n i vi cc t chc, c nhn c
nhng ng gp cho vic ra i ca gio trnh ny.
Tuy c nhiu nm hot ng o to v nghin cu khoa hc trong lnh vc
nhim khng kh nhng kin thc c hn cho nn gio trnh ny khng trnh khi nhng
thiu st v hn ch. Tc gi mong mun nhn c kin ng gp ca bn c c
th hon thin hn cho nhng ln ti bn sau ny.
Thay mt cc tc gi
PGS.TS. Nguyn inh Tun
MC LC
CHNG 1 ........................................................................................................................ 0
CC BIN PHP CHUNG KIM SOT NHIM KHNG KH ...................0
1.1 BIN PHP KIM SOT TI NGUN .................................................................. 0
1.1.1 Bin php dng cng ngh sch ......................................................................... 0
1.1.2 B tr ngun ........................................................................................................ 1
1.1.3 Cch ly ngun ..................................................................................................... 3
1.2 BIN PHP PHT TN PHA LONG ................................................................... 3
1.2.1 Khi nim v s pht thi ................................................................................... 3
1.2.2 M hnh pht thi cho ngun thi cao (M hnh chm khi Gaussian) ............. 6
1.2.2.1 Nguyn tc c bn ...................................................................................... 6
1.2.2.2 Phng trnh c bn ca m hnh chm khi Gaussian ............................. 7
1.2.2.3 Cc gi thit trong GPM .............................................................................8
1.2.2.4 Cc thng s pht tn ..................................................................................9
1.2.2.5 Tc gi .................................................................................................11
1.2.2.6 Nng mt t..................................................................................... 12
1.2.2.7 Ct khi v nn ......................................................................................... 12
1.2.3 M hnh pht tn cho ngun thi thp .............................................................. 15
1.2.3.1 Khi nim v ngun thi thp ...................................................................15
1.2.3.2 Xc nh nng nhim do cc ngun thp dng ng khi, ng thi kh
v ca mi thng gi nh cng nghip gy ra. ...................................................... 16
1.2.3.3 Ngun ng ............................................................................................ 24
1.2.3.4 Ngun mt.................................................................................................28
CHNG 2 ...................................................................................................................... 32
THNG GI V VN CHUYN KHNG KH ........................................................ 32
2.1 NHNG KHI NIM C BN ............................................................................. 32
2.2 PHN LOI ............................................................................................................ 32
2.2.1 H thng thng gi cp..................................................................................... 33
2.2.2 H thng thng gi thi .................................................................................... 33
2.2.2.1 S chnh lch nhit khng kh bn trong v bn ngoi nh (do c nhit
tha Qth) ................................................................................................................35
2.2.2.2 Tc ng ca gi qua nh .........................................................................35
2.2.2.3 Tc ng ng thi ca nhit tha Qth v gi..........................................35
2.3 TNH TON LU LNG THNG GI ............................................................. 36
2.3.1 Tnh ton lu lng thng gi chung ............................................................... 36
2.3.1.1 Lu lng thng gi kh nhit tha ......................................................... 36
2.3.1.2 Lu lng thng gi kh hi nc tha................................................... 37
2.3.1.3 Lu lng thng gi cho nh dn dng .................................................... 37
2.3.1.4 Lu lng thng gi kh nhim ............................................................ 38
2.3.2 Tnh ton lu lng thng gi cc b .............................................................. 42
2.3.2.1 Chp ht ....................................................................................................42
2.3.2.2 Ming ht trn thnh b ............................................................................43
2.4 TNH TON H THNG NG DN KHNG KH ............................................ 44
2.4.1 ng dn khng kh ........................................................................................... 44
2.4.2 Tnh ton thit k h thng ng dn khng kh ................................................ 46
2.4.2.1 Cc phng trnh c bn ...........................................................................46
2
2.4.2.2 Tn tht p sut trong ng ng ............................................................. 46

2.4.2.3 Cc phng php tnh ton tn tht p sut ca h thng ng dn khng
kh .......................................................................................................................... 49
2.4.2.4 Trnh t tnh ton ...................................................................................... 49
CHNG 3 ...................................................................................................................... 53
K THUT X L BI.................................................................................................53
3.1 NHNG KHI NIM C BN ............................................................................. 53
3.1.1 Bi v cc c tnh ca bi ............................................................................... 53
3.1.2 Thit b x l bi v c tnh ca thit b ......................................................... 55
3.2 THIT B THU BI THEO NGUYN L TRNG LC V QUN TNH ........ 56
3.2.1 Khi nim c bn :............................................................................................ 56
3.2.2 Bung lng bi ................................................................................................. 56
3.2.3 Thit b thu bi kiu tm chp ......................................................................... 58
3.2.4 Xyclon .............................................................................................................. 58
3.2.4.1 Xyclon n................................................................................................ 59
3.2.4.2 Xyclon t hp ........................................................................................... 61
3.3 THIT B LC BI ................................................................................................ 62
3.3.1 Khi nim c bn .............................................................................................. 62
3.3.2 Thit b lc bi ti vi ...................................................................................... 63
3.3.3 Li lc bi ...................................................................................................... 65
3.3.4 Li lc thng quay ......................................................................................... 66
3.3.5 Li lc bi bng giy...................................................................................... 66
3.3.5 Thit b lc dng x si .................................................................................... 67
3.4 THIT B THU BI THEO PHNG PHP T............................................... 67
3.4.1 Khi nim c bn .............................................................................................. 67
3.4.2 Bung ra kh ................................................................................................... 68
3.4.3 Thp ra kh...................................................................................................... 68
3.4.4 Xyclon t ........................................................................................................ 69
3.4.5 Thit b si bt .................................................................................................. 70
3.4.6 Thit b thu bi tm du.................................................................................... 71
3.4.7 Thit b thu gom bi dng venturi .................................................................... 72
3.5 THIT B THU GOM BI BNG IN ............................................................... 73
3.6 LA CHN THIT B THU BI ........................................................................... 76
CHNG 4 ...................................................................................................................... 77
X L HI KH C BNG PHNG PHP HP TH .....................................77
4.1 GII THIU ............................................................................................................ 77
4.2. C S L THUYT CA S HP TH ............................................................ 79
4.2.1 Cn bng pha trong h kh - lng ..................................................................... 79
4.2.2 Quy lut ng hc ............................................................................................ 80
4.3 PHN LOI THIT B ........................................................................................... 87
4.3.1 Thp m .......................................................................................................... 87
4.3.2 Thp mm (Plate Tower) .................................................................................. 91
4.3.3 Cc bung phun (Spray Chambers) .................................................................. 93
4.3.4 Thit b lc kh Venturi (Venturi Scrubber) ..................................................... 94
4.3.5 Thit b lc khi dng phun tia (Jet Scubber) .................................................... 94
4.2.6 Cc thit b ra t ........................................................................................... 95
4.4 NHNG KHI NIM THIT K CHUNG ........................................................... 96
3
4.4.1 Chiu cao v s n v truyn khi .................................................................. 98

4.4.2 S mm ca thp ............................................................................................ 100
4.4.3 La chn thit b ............................................................................................. 100
4.4.4 La chn dung mi hp th ............................................................................ 100
4.4.5 Cc s liu v s cn bng ca h lng - kh ................................................ 101
4.4.6 T l pha lng / pha kh ................................................................................... 101
4.4.7 ng knh thp v gim p ..................................................................... 101
4.5 NG DNG QU TRNH HP TH X L KH THI TI NGUN ..... 105
4.5.1 Lm sch kh khi SO2 ................................................................................... 105
4.5.2 Lm sch kh thi khi H2S, CS2 v mercaptan ............................................. 118
4.5.3 Tch oxyt nit t kh thi ............................................................................... 122
4.5.4 Lm sch kh thi khi cc halogen v hp cht ............................................ 127
4.5.5 Tch kh CO t kh thi .................................................................................. 134
4.6 GII HP THU HI CC KH B HP TH......................................... 141
CHNG 5 ....................................................................................................................143
X L KH THI BNG PHNG PHP HP PH...........................................143
5.1 GII THIU .......................................................................................................... 143
5.2 NGUYN L CHUNG ......................................................................................... 144
5.3 L THUYT C BN CA HP PH .............................................................. 146
5.3.1 S cn bng khi hp ph ................................................................................ 150
5.3.2 Qui lut ng hc ca qu trnh hp ph: ...................................................... 153
5.3.3 Gii hp .......................................................................................................... 161
5.4 CHT HP PH ................................................................................................... 162
5.4.1 Cc tnh cht ................................................................................................... 162
5.5 THIT B V CC KIU H THNG ................................................................ 166
5.5.1 Thit b............................................................................................................ 166
5.5.2 Cc kiu h thng hp ph ............................................................................. 168
5.5.3 Thu hi cht hp ph v b cht b hp ph ................................................... 172
5.6 NHNG P DNG KIM SOT NGUN NHIM KHNG KH.......... 172
5.6.1 nh hng ca cc bin s qu trnh ............................................................. 172
5.6.2 Cc qu trnh c trng .................................................................................. 174
CHNG 6 ....................................................................................................................190
X L KH THI BNG PHNG PHP T V XC TC ..........................190
6.1 GII THIU .......................................................................................................... 190
6.2 NGUYN L QU TRNH T......................................................................... 190
6.3 L T B SUNG ............................................................................................... 192
6.3.1 L t b sung dng nhit .............................................................................. 192
6.3.2 L t b sung c xc tc : ............................................................................. 193
6.3.3 Thu hi nhit................................................................................................... 194
6.4 L NUNG.............................................................................................................. 196
6.5 L LA ................................................................................................................. 196
6.6 X L KH THI BNG CC PHNG PHP XC TC ............................. 197
6.7 QUY LUT NG HC CC PHN NG XC TC D TH ....................... 199
6.8 TCH OXYT NIT BNG CHT XC TC RN ........................................... 205
6.8.1 Kh nhit cao c xc tc ........................................................................ 205
6.8.2 Kh c xc tc chn lc kh oxyt nit............................................................ 206
6.8.3 Phn hy oxyt nit bng phng php kh d th ......................................... 207
4
6.8.4 Phn hy NOx bng phng php kh ng th v d th khng c xc tc . 207

6.9 TCH KH SO2 BNG PHN NG C XC TC ........................................... 209
6.10 PHNG PHP TIP TC X L KHI ....................................................... 210
6.11 TCH CC CHT HU C BNG PHN NG C XC TC ................... 210
6.12 X L CO BNG PHNG PHP XC TC ................................................ 211
6.13 X L KH THI BNG NHIT CAO ...................................................... 212
CHNG 7 ....................................................................................................................214
KIM SOT NHIM KHNG KH T NGUN DI NG .............................214
7.1 PHN LOI NGUN DI NG ......................................................................... 214
7.2 KIM SOT NHIM KHNG KH T T................................................. 215
7.2.1 K thut kim sot s thi .............................................................................. 215
7.2.2 Kim sot s bay hi ca nhin liu............................................................... 216
7.2.3 Kim sot kh thi ca cc loi t thng dng ............................................ 216
7.2.3.1 Cng tc gim st mi trng khng kh................................................217
7.2.3.2 Kim tra khi thi ca xe ........................................................................217
7.2.3.3 Bin php s dng nhin liu sch .........................................................218
7.2.3.4 Hn ch s bay hi ca nhin liu ..........................................................218
7.2.3.5 Bin php k thut tng cng s chy. ............................................218
7.2.3.6 Cc bin php h tr khc ......................................................................218
CC HNH V
Hnh 1.1: H thng ta ca m hnh chm khi Gaussian v phn b nng trong
chm khi............................................................................................................................. 6
Hnh 1.2: S phn x ca chm khi mt t c gi thit cho ngun o chiu cao
hiu dng He m. .................................................................................................................8
Hnh 1.3: Hm tc gi theo chiu cao (ng vi n nh kh quyn) khc nhau ......11
Hnh 1.4: Chiu cao hiu dng ca ng khi (He) ............................................................. 13
Hnh 1.5: S h khi u ng thi v tc x qu nh .................................................... 15
Hnh 1.6: Biu xc nh h s k ph thuc vo cao tng i H ca ngun thi.
cao tng i H ca ngun thi c xc nh theo ch thch 1 ghi trn y .............22
Hnh 1.7: Biu xc nh cc h s S, S1, S2, S3 v S4 ................................................... 22
Hnh 1.8: Biu xc nh h s m ph thuc vo thng s b .........................................23
Hnh 1.9: S tnh ton ca ngun ng ......................................................................24
Hnh 1.10: S chuyn ng ca kh khi gi thi ngang qua ng ph ...................... 27
Hnh 1.11: th hnh ch nht v m hnh hp c nh ..............................................30
Hnh 2.1: S h thng thng gi cp ............................................................................33
Hnh 2.2: H thng thng gi thi ..................................................................................... 34
Hnh 2.3: H thng thng gi cp v thi ..........................................................................35
Hnh 2.4: Thng gi t nhin do chnh lch nhit ....................................................... 35
Hnh 2.5: Thng gi t nhin do tc dng ca gi ............................................................ 35
Hnh 2.6: Thng gi t nhin di tc dng ca gi v nhit tha ...................................36
Hnh 2.7: Chp ht trn ngun nhim ............................................................................42
Hnh 2.8: Chp ht trn sn hoc bng chuyn .................................................................43
Hnh 2.9: Ngun t do trc mt ming ht......................................................................43
Hnh 2.10: Ming ht trn thnh b ................................................................................... 44
Hnh 2.11: Cc loi ng dn khng kh .............................................................................45
Hnh 2.12: ng dn khng kh trong nh cng nghip...................................................... 45
Hnh 2.13: H s hiu chnh tn tht p sut (n) i vi ng c nhm k=0,1mm ........48
Hnh 3.1: Nguyn l lm vic ca bung lng bi. ........................................................... 56
Hnh 3.2: Gii thiu mt s bung lng bi ......................................................................58
Hnh 3.3: Nguyn l hot ng ca xyclon .......................................................................59
Hnh 3.4: Hai dng xyclon n .......................................................................................... 59
Hnh 3.5: Xyclon t hp ....................................................................................................61
Hnh 3.6: Thit b lc bi ti vi ........................................................................................ 63
Hnh 3.7: S nguyn l lp t li lc ........................................................................65
Hnh 3.8: Cu to li lc thng quay ...............................................................................66
Hnh 3.9: Cu to thit b lc bi bng giy ......................................................................67
Hnh 3.10: Bung ra kh ..................................................................................................68
Hnh 3.11: Thp lc ra kh ............................................................................................... 69
Hnh 3.12: Xyclon t .......................................................................................................70
Hnh 3.13: Thit b si bt .................................................................................................71
Hnh 3.14: Thit b thu bi tm du ................................................................................... 71
Hnh 3.15: Thit b thu bi dng ventury ..........................................................................72
Hnh 3.16: S cp nc vo ventury ............................................................................73
Hnh 3.17: S cu to thit b thu bi tnh in ............................................................ 74
6
Hnh 3.18: Cc phng in ................................................................................................ 74

Hnh 3.19: Mt s dng tm thu bi ..................................................................................74
Hnh 3.20: Cch thc phn phi dng kh .........................................................................75
Hnh 3.21: Thit b thu gom bng in hai vng ............................................................... 75
Hnh 4.1: Cu to ca mt thp m in hnh .................................................................88
Hnh 4.2: Mt s dng vt liu m in hnh...................................................................88
Hnh 4.3: gim p pha kh qua lp vt liu m kh ................................................... 90
Hnh 4.4: Tng quan gia gim p pha kh i vi cc vt liu m thng dng .....90
Hnh 4.5: Hai dng mm thng dng .................................................................................91
Hnh 4.6: S hot ng ca thp mm chp .................................................................92
Hnh 4.7: Mt dng bung phun in hnh ........................................................................94
Hnh 4.8: Thit b lc kh kiu Venturi ..............................................................................94
Hnh 4.9: Thit b lc kh dng phun tia ............................................................................95
Hnh 4.10: Thit b hp th kh 4 bc ................................................................................95
Hnh 4.11: gim p theo tc b mt i vi mt s bc hp th ............................ 96
Hnh 4.12: th nng in hnh .................................................................................97
Hnh 4.13: Lm kh khng kh bng H2SO4 .....................................................................97
Hnh 4.14: S nguyn l ca thp hp th ....................................................................97
Hnh 4.15: Qui trnh x l v thu hi cc kh c tnh cng ngh cao ..............................142
Hnh 7.1: S kim sot kh thi t ng c ...............................................................217
CC BNG BIU
Bng 1.1: S chung loi n nh Pasquill ..................................................................9
Bng 1.2: Gi tr cc hng s a, b, c, d ..............................................................................10
Bng 1.3: Cng thc tnh ton nng nhim do cc ngun thp gy ra ...................... 17
Bng 1.4: H s B theo cng thc (49) ............................................................................26
Bng 1.5: H s thc nghim trong cng thc (55) ....................................................... 29
Bng 2.1: H s nhim ca nh my ch bin tht (g/tn sn phm) .............................. 38
Bng 2.2: H s nhim ca nh my xay bt m (g/tn nguyn liu) ............................. 39
Bng 2.3: H s nhim ca cng on hn in st thp (mg/ mt que hn) .................39
Bng 2.4: H s nhim ca cng on hn hoc ct kim loi bng hi (g / Fe2O3 / lt
oxy) .....................................................................................................................................39
Bng 2.5: H s nhim ca nh my sn xut tn trng km(g/ tn SP) ........................ 39
Bng 2.6: H s nhim ca nh my gm s (g / tn vt nung) .....................................40
Bng 2.7: H s nhim ca nh my gch (g / tn gch nung).......................................40
Bng 2.8: H s nhim ca nh my ch bin g (kg / tn NL) .....................................40
Bng 2.9: H s pht thi kh trung bnh ca cc qu trnh t chy trong mt s ngnh
kinh t.................................................................................................................................40
Bng 2.10: H s hiu chnh tn tht p sut khi nhit thay i ..................................48
Bng 2.11: Vn tc khng kh trong ng dn i vi h thng TG v HKK (m/s) .......50
Bng 2.12: Vn tc khng kh trong ng dn i vi h thng ht bi ............................ 50
Bng 3.1: Vn tc lng ca ht bi .................................................................................... 54
Bng 3.2: Vn tc cc i cho php trong dng kh.......................................................... 57
Bng 3.3: Hiu qu lm sch bi ca bung lng bi nhiu ngn ng vi cc kch thc
ht khc nhau ..................................................................................................................... 57
Bng 3.4: Hng dn la chn thit b thu bi..................................................................76
Bng 4.1: ha tan mt s kh trong nc .....................................................................80
Bng 4.2: ha tan ca mt s kh trong nc p st thng ..................................81
Bng 4.3: Mt vi v d v h thng hp th trong kim sot nhim khng kh .........102
Bng 4.4: c tnh sinh SO2 ca mt s loi than ......................................................110
Bng 4.5: c tnh ca cc cht hp th H2S ..................................................................117
Bng 4.6: Thnh phn kh cha flor trong sn xut phn ln ..........................................127
Bng 4.7: Thnh phn dung dch amoniac - ng ...........................................................134
Bng 4.8: Lng ti thiu N2 lng (m3) lm sch 150 m3 kh thi cha 6% kh CO .136
Bng 4.9: H s Henry (H) theo nhit ........................................................................137
Bng 4.10: Hng s cn bng K ......................................................................................137
Bng 4.11: T l tng ng nng ca CO2, K2CO3 v KHCO3 ..................................138
Bng 4.12: ha tan ca mt s mui ca K v Na (g/100g dung dch trong nc)...138
Bng 4.13: hp th kh CO2 v MEA (mol CO2 / mol MEA) ...................................139
Bng 4.14: ha tan ca Na2CO3 v Ca(HCO3) ..........................................................141
Bng 5.1: Din tch b mt v kch thc l xp ca cc cht hp ph ..........................162
Bng 5.2: Cc thng s k thut in hnh ca than hot tnh dng lc kh ..............164
Bng 5.3: Tm cht hp ph ............................................................................................166
Bng 5.4 Cc qu trnh thi ra cc kh c mi c th hp ph c ...............................175
Bng 5.5: Cc giai on trong qu trnh Reinluft ............................................................176
Bng 7.1: H s nhim ca xe hi (kg/1.000 lt xng) .................................................214
8
CHNG 1: CC BIN PHP CHUNG KIM SOT NHIM KHNG KH
CHNG 1
CC BIN PHP CHUNG KIM SOT
NHIM KHNG KH
kim sot khng kh t cc ngun c nh, c th p dng ring r hoc kt hp
ng thi cc bin php nh sau:
-
Bin php kim sot ti ngun.
Bin php pht tn pha long vo kh quyn.
Bin php x l trc khi thi ra mi trng.
Chng ny trnh by nhng vn lin quan n hai bin php u, ring bin php
x l s c trnh by chi tit trong cc chng sau.
1.1 BIN PHP KIM SOT TI NGUN
1.1.1 Bin php dng cng ngh sch
y l bin php tch cc nht hn ch nhim khng kh, s dng sn xut sch
ng thi va tit kim c nguyn, nhin liu va hn ch c lng cht thi thi ra
mi trng.
Ni dung ca sn xut sch rt a dng, phong ph, c trnh by trong nhng gio
trnh chuyn ngnh. Phn ny ch trnh by mt s ni dung ch yu, thit thc nht.
+ Thay i nguyn liu, nhin liu
gim bt mc nhim khng kh, chng ta c th p dng bin php thay th
cc nhin liu, nguyn liu thi ra nhiu cht c bng cc nguyn liu, nhin liu thi ra
t cht c hn. Nh vic thay th du FO (cha nhiu lu hunh) bng du DO (cha t
lu hunh), hay l thay th than , du t bng kh thin nhin s gim ng k lng
SO2 v bi cha trong kh thi.
Bin php ny c nhc im l lm tng gi thnh sn phm nn phm vi p dng
khng c rng ri.

+ Thay i cng ngh
Ni dung ca bin php ny l s dng nhng cng ngh tin tin tiu hao t nguyn
liu, nhin liu v thi ra t cht nhim khng kh hn. Chng hn trong cng ngh
luyn thp: thay th l h quang bnh thng bng l tng cng oxy s lm gim hi
khi, CO2 v cc hi kh c khc.
+ Vn hnh ng qui trnh k thut
y ng l mt bin php khng ch nhim khng kh khng i hi u t trang
b thm thit b nhng hiu qu cao. Nu thit b c lp t, vn hnh v bo dng
ng qui nh th s gim ng k mc gy nhim khng kh.
1.1.2 B tr ngun
Vic b tr cc nh my x nghip c kh nng gy nhim khng kh c nh hng
rt ln n mc gy nhim cho mi trng khng kh bao quanh. b tr ngun
gy nhim, cn phi nghin cu cc yu t kh tng c tc ng n qu trnh pht
tn, vn chuyn khng kh v vic b tr qui hoch dn c cng nh cc hot ng
thng mi trong vng, c nhng quyt nh ph hp.
Vic b tr ngun li cng c ngha khi tp trung mt s lng ng k cc nh my
x nghip trn mt khu vc nh khu cng nghip hay th.
i vi cc khu cng nghip vic b tr cc ngun gy nhim ni chung phi da
trn mt s nguyn tc nh sau:
+ Phn cm cc nh my
Khu cng nghip thng bao gm nhiu loi hnh cng nghip khc nhau, trong s
mc gy nhim ngun nc, nhim khng kh ca cc nh my cng khc nhau.
V vy, khi b tr cc nh my, cn ch vic phn chia thnh cc nhm ngnh c mc
nhim nng, trung bnh, nh hoc t nhim b tr thnh cc cm gn nhau. V d, c
th b tr thnh cc cm nh sau:
Cc nh my c nguy c gy nhim: cc nh my s dng nhiu nhin liu l
du FO, nh my sn xut tn trng km c nguy c gy nhim khng kh, cc
nh my dt nhum, xi m, ch bin lng thc, thc phm, ha cht, dc phm,
... c nguy c gy nhim nc.
Cc nh my t c nguy c gy nhim: cc nh my c kh, nha, cht do, ch
bin g, cc nh my lp rp cc sn phm in c, in t t c nguy c gy
nhim khng kh, cc nh my lp rp cc sn phm in t, hng tiu dng, ... t
c nguy c gy nhim do nc thi.
Cc nh my gy nhim khng ng k: cc x nghip dt - si (khng c
nhum), may mc, dng c y t, dng gia nh, cc nh my giy dp, ...
1

+ Khong cch b tr
V tr b tr nh my c nh hng rt ln ti tnh trng nhim khng kh trong khu
cng nghip. Khi b tr khu cng nghip, cc nh my cn ch cc yu cu sau:
Khu cng nghip phi c b tr cui hng gi ch o so vi khu hnh
chnh - dch v - thng mi.
Trong khu cng nghip th cc nh my gy nhim nng phi b tr sau hng
gi so vi cc nh my t gy nhim hoc gy nhim nh.
Cc nh thp tng b tr u hng gi, nh cao tng cui hng gi.
Trong tng nh my cng cn quan tm ti vic b tr cc b phn cho hp l nh
b tr ring bit cc khu sn xut, khu ph tr, khu kho bi, khu hnh chnh v c
dy cy xanh ngn cch khu hnh chnh vi cc khu khc. Cc h thng ng thi
kh ca nh my cn tp trung vo mt khu vc to thun li cho vic gim st, x
l.
Khu vc b tr trm my in d phng, khu x l nc thi tp trung, x l rc
thi l nhng ni pht sinh kh thi c hi, gy mi, cn c t cui hng gi
ch o, c khong cch ly thch hp.
+ Vng cch ly v sinh cng nghip
Vng cch ly v sinh cng nghip l vng m gia khu cng nghip vi khu dn c.
Kch thc ca vng cch ly cng nghip c xc nh theo khong cch bo v v v
sinh m cc tiu chun nh nc cho php. Tiu chun tm thi v mi trng ca B
Khoa hc Cng ngh v Mi trng (nay l B Khoa hc Cng ngh) qui nh khong
cch ti thiu cho cc loi hnh sn xut bao gm :
Tiu chun 17: Yu cu v khong cch bo v v sinh i vi cc thit b t
nhin liu.
Tiu chun 18: Yu cu v khong cch bo v v sinh cho nh my nhit in v
l hi.
Tiu chun 19 : Phn cp cc x nghip v chiu rng ti thiu ca khong cch
bo v v sinh.
Tuy nhin, ty theo tn s hng gi, chng ta c th xt chiu rng khong cch ly
rng hoc hp hn. Tr s hiu chnh c xc nh theo cng thc:
Li
Lo
Pi / Po
Trong :
Li
Chiu rng vng cch ly cn xc nh (m) theo hng i.

Lo
Chiu rng vng cch ly ly theo mc c hi ca tng nh my, ly theo cc

tiu chun trn (m).
Po
Tn sut gi trung bnh tnh u cho mi hng (%).
Pi
Tn sut gi trung bnh thc t ca hng i (%).
Cc tiu chun v khong cch bo v v sinh ni trn l ly theo cc qui phm Lin
X trc y. Nu thit k khu cng nghip theo tiu chun th s chim rt nhiu
din tch xy dng, khng ph hp vi xu th pht trin ngy nay. thu hp khong
cch v sinh, phi p dng cc bin php k thut, s dng cc cng ngh x l cht thi,
hn ch s pht tn cht nhim. Khi khong cch bo v v sinh s c thu nh li,
tng hiu qu s dng t.
1.1.3 Cch ly ngun
y cng l mt bin php khng ch nhim khng kh. Bin php cch ly
ngun c hai mc p dng khc nhau:
+ Cch ly ngun tm thi:
Cch ly ngun tm thi hay ni cch khc l ng ca ngun trong mt thi gian l
bin php p dng nhm hn ch nhim khng kh khi nng cc cht nhim khng
kh do ngun gy ra tng cao, gy nguy him cho sc khe ca dn c do nhng bin i
bt li ca thi tit nh nghch o nhit, nghch o p sut hoc nhng s c v nguyn
vt liu, thit b cng ngh hoc thit b x l kh thi.
+ Cch ly ngun vnh vin:
Cch ly ngun vnh vin hay ng ca nh my l bin php s dng khi khng th
p dng cc bin php khc khc phc tnh trng nhim khng kh. Khi phi ng
ca nh my hoc di di nh my ti khu vc p ng c cc yu cu v bo v mi
trng.
1.2 BIN PHP PHT TN PHA LONG
1.2.1 Khi nim v s pht thi
Cc m hnh tnh ton s pht tn cc cht nhim khng kh l biu din ton hc
ca cc qu trnh lan truyn, khuch tn cc cht nhim kt hp vi s lng v c
trng ca cc ngun thi, cc d liu v thi tit nhm mc ch tnh ton nng cc
cht nhim. Vic s dng m hnh tnh ton c nhiu u im nh sau:
-
R hn o c.
C th tnh kt qu cho nhiu phng n khc nhau v d dng so snh kt qu.
C th dng nh gi s tc ng tng i ca mt ngun ring bit m khng

th xc nh bng o c.
3

-
C kh nng d bo tc ng ca mt hot ng no ln mi trng khng kh.
Cc m hnh tnh pht tn cc cht nhim khng kh thng c xy dng theo

nhng kch thc khc nhau ca khng gian v thi gian.
Vic chia cc qu trnh trong kh quyn thnh cc qui m khng gian l ty thuc
ngi thc hin v khng c quy tc nht nh. Cc qu trnh kh tng phm vi ny c
lin kt vi cc qu trnh phm vi khc. Trong cc vn v cht lng khng kh,
ngi ta thng xem xt cc qui m khng gian sau (gii hn gia cc qui m khng r
rng v c khi chng cho ln nhau):
a. Qui m ton cu (>2000km).
b. Qui m lc a, trong cc ti liu ca M qui m lc a c coi l qui m vng
(500 - 2000km).
c. Qui m trung (10 - 500 km)
d. Qui m th hay qui m vng (500m - 20 km).
e. Qui m a phng hay qui m nh (0 - 1000m).
Qui m ton cu
Cc vn nh suy thoi ozon tng bnh lu v hiu ng nh knh xy ra trn qui m
ton cu. in hnh qui m ny l hin tng tun hon chung. Tt c cc lp kh
quyn theo phng ng u tham gia vo vn ny. Qui m thi gian s dng trong
m hnh cho cc hin tng qui m ny l ma hay nm. Cc qu trnh c th nh s
hnh thnh my v ma thng t c xem xt hoc hon ton khng tnh n.
Qui m lc a
Mt trong nhng vn qui m lc a l ma axit. S lu chuyn khng kh qui
m ny l do s chnh lch p sut qui m ln v ch yu lin quan n tng bin hnh
tinh, mc d vn c s xo trn vo tng i lu t do. Thi gian trong qui m ny
thng l vi thng n mt nm.
Qui m trung
Qui m lin vng, cn gi l qui m trung, l qui m m s pht thi ca th hay
khu cng nghip qui m ln (nh khu Rijnmond, khu Ruhr ng u, vng ng dn
nh Thng Hi, H Ni, Thnh ph H Ch Minh) gi vai tr quan trng. S hnh thnh
khi ma h (hay khi m quang ha) l mt v d tiu biu cho cc qu trnh qui m
ny. M hnh cc qu trnh qui m trung rt phc tp v khng th b qua cc qu trnh
qui m ln cng nh cc qu trnh qui m nh. Kch thc thi gian qui m ny l vi
gi ti vi ngy.

Qui m th hay vng
Cc vn qui m th hay vng ch yu l tc ng ca cc khu cng nghip c
trung ln cc khu dn c. gc rng hn, s tng tc gia cc mc ch s dng t
(v d vn nhim mi trng do nng nghip) cng c coi l mt vn thuc qui
m th hay vng. qui m ny, ch c tng xo trn l ng ch .
Qui m a phng hay qui m nh
Cc vn thuc qui m a phng l vn c trng bi quan h trc tip gia
mt ngun (ngun n) vi mi trng xung quanh n. V d tc ng ca mt con
ng ln khu dn c, vn mi xung quanh nh my giy, tc ng ca nh my
in ln cht lng khng kh ca a phng... Cc vn ny mc mt tnh, qun
hay thnh ph. Thi gian tnh ton thng l mt vi pht ti mt vi gi.
Cc c tnh ca s pht tn phm vi a phng hay vng
Nh trnh by trn, kch thc theo phng ngang qui m ny ln nht l vi
chc km, trong khi theo phng ng thng khng vt qu tng xo trn. c trng
ca s pht tn qui m a phng l cht nhim khng kh khng hon ton trn ln
vi khng kh xung quanh trong tng xo trn; c s khc bit ln v nng theo
phng ngang cng nh phng ng. Cng vi s bin thin theo khng gian ny, cn
c s bin thin ln v nng theo thi gian trong nhng khong thi gian ngn (t vi
pht n vi gi).
V cc m hnh tnh ton, ni chung ngi ta chia bn loi m hnh da vo ng dng
ca chng:
-
M hnh thng k hay m hnh kinh nghim: s dng cc h thc thng k gia
nng mt v v d liu nng khc hay cc bin mi trng v kia.
Thng chng ch c gi tr khi so snh vi cc d liu t thc nghim.
M hnh Gaussian hay m hnh kiu chm khi: da trn c s l thuyt s pht
tn, cn gi l phn phi ngu nhin ca cc cht nhim do s xo trn; m hnh
ny ch p dng trong qui m a phng.
M hnh Lagrangia: trong nng ca mt ti kh l mt hm ca thi gian

theo dng chuyn lu (trung bnh) trong kh quyn; m hnh Lagrangian ch yu
c s dng trong qui m trung v qui m lc a.
M hnh Eularian: y nng trong mt hay nhiu hp c nh l hm ca thi

gian; cc hp ny c gi c nh trong khng gian; loi m hnh ny p dng
cho qui m khng gian ln hn qui m a phng. Trong cun sch ny khng
cp n m hnh ny.

Ni dung ca chuyn ny ch yu cp ti m hnh tnh ton cho mt s trng
hp nh m hnh Gaussian dng cho ngun im v m hnh tnh ton cho ngun thp.
1.2.2 M hnh pht thi cho ngun thi cao (M hnh chm khi Gaussian)
1.2.2.1 Nguyn tc c bn
c im ca m hnh chm khi Gaussian (thng vit tt l GPM - Gaussian Plume
Model) l ct khi ly trung bnh theo thi gian. Trn thc t l khng th m t chnh
xc ct khi theo thi gian.
GPM dng mt h ta c gc t v tr ca ngun pht trn mt t (hnh 1.1).
Trc x nm ngang theo phng gi thi (c th cui hng gi), trc y nm ngang nhng
vung gc vi phng gi v trc z thng ng (c th hng ln trn). ng tm ct
khi (hay trc khi) nm ngang v song song vi trc x nhng cao hiu dng ca
ngun (He).
M hnh Gaussian gi thit l phn b nng vung gc vi trc chm khi t gi
tr cc i tm v gim hai bn. V chm khi c nng ln cao hn mt t, phn
b Gaussian ny c quan st c phng nm ngang (song song vi trc y) v phng
thng ng (song song vi trc z). Chiu rng trn phng ngang ca chm khi c
c trng bng khong cch gia trc chm khi v im thuc ng cong Gaussian
theo phng y (gi l y, tnh bng m). Tng t, vi chiu rng trn phng thng ng
c c trng bng thng s z, cng tnh bng m. Cc kch thc ca chm khi c
gi l cc thng s pht tn. Cc gi tr ca thng s tng khi khong cch t ngun tng
v ph thuc nhiu vo n nh ca kh quyn: cc gi tr ny nh iu kin n nh
v ln khi khng n nh.
Hnh 1.1: H thng ta ca m hnh chm khi Gaussian v phn b nng

trong chm khi

1.2.2.2 Phng trnh c bn ca m hnh chm khi Gaussian
Q
2 U y
C x , y , z . He
exp
z
y2
2
x exp
(z H e )2
2
exp
(z
2
H e )2
2
z
Trong :
Cx,y,z.He : nng trung bnh im (x, y, z) do ti lng pht tn Q t ngun im
chiu cao hiu dng He ( g/m3)
x
: khong cch trn trc x theo phng gi thi (m)
: khong cch trn trc y vung gc vi phng gi thi trn mt

phng ngang (m)
: chiu cao t mt t (m)
: tc gi trung bnh cao He (m/s2)
: thng s pht tn theo phng ngang (m)
: thng s pht tn theo phng thng ng (m)
: ti lng cht nhim pht tn ( g/s)
He
: chiu cao hiu dng (m)
Biu thc th nht ca v phi phng trnh biu din nng ca trc chm khi.
N n gin ch l lng cht nhim pht ra trong mt n v thi gian (Q) pht tn
vo th tch kh trong mt n v thi gian (hm ca U v din tch tit din ca chm
khi 2 y z). Biu thc th hai biu din phn b nng Gaussian theo phng y v
biu thc th ba biu din phn b nng theo phng z. Biu thc th t phc tp hn
v c n gin ha bng cch gi thit chm khi khng th tri rng xung di xa
hn ngay khi n chm mt t. Nu khng c biu thc th t, phng trnh xem nh
chm khi tip tc i xung di b mt t. Thay vo , gi thit rng khi c phn
x li ngay ti mt t, mt cch n gin b sung gi thit ny vo m hnh l tha
nhn ngun o c chiu cao hiu dng l He. Cu trc ny c m t trn hnh 1.2.
Hnh 1.2: S phn x ca chm khi mt t c gi thit cho ngun o

chiu cao hiu dng He m.
1.2.2.3 Cc gi thit trong GPM
GPM l gii php cho phng trnh pht tn ri (3 chiu) vi mt s gi thit. Cc gi
thit khi p dng m hnh GPM gm :
1. GPM gi thit cc iu kin tnh, ngha l cc c tnh dng coi nh khng i theo
thi gian. iu ny c ngha l thi gian trung bnh phi nm gia cc gii hn sau: mt
mt l cn di t c trung bnh thng k ca cc dao ng xo trn. Mt khc,
khng qu di trnh cc nh hng do iu kin thay i (s i hng gi, chuyn
i gia ngy v m). GPM c th p dng c vi thi gian trung bnh t vi pht ti
vi gi, thng thi gian trung bnh tiu chun c s dng l 1 gi.
2. GPM gi thit cc trng thi ng nht, ngha l c tnh ca kh quyn (trong mt
vng ng k) khng thay i theo khng gian theo phng ngang. iu ny c ngha l
iu kin pht tn ging nhau p dng cho ton b chm khi t ngun n i tng
tip nhn. Gi thit ny gii hn khong cch t ngun pht m vn p dng c m
hnh: thi gian vn chuyn phi m bo sao cho cc iu kin ny khng i. Thi gian
vn chuyn nm trong khong t vi pht n vi gi, tng ng vi khong cch t vi
trm mt n vi chc km. Thc t ngi ta s dng gi tr nh nht l 100m v ln nht
l 20 - 50 km. Gi thit ng nht theo phng thng ng c ngha l tc gi c s
dng trong m hnh i din cho ton b lp kh quyn din ra qu trnh khuch tn. V
tc gi thay i ln theo chiu cao trong lp st mt t nn GPM t ph hp cho m
t mt ct nng mc nn. Tuy nhin, nng mc nn c th m hnh ha tha ng
bng GPM v c s dng h s pht tn thc nghim ( y v z).
3. GPM b qua s pht tn ri theo hng gi thi (phng x). Php gn ng ny c
ngha l cn c tc gi tng i cao. Thc t, ngi ta ngh tc gi cn ln hn
1m/s.
8

4. GPM gi thit rng khng c s mt i v to thm cc cht mi trong chm khi.
iu ny c ngha l m hnh khng tnh n s sa lng hay bin i. iu ny tht s
khng phi l vn ng ch i vi qui m a phng, v lng khng kh nhim
mt i khi chm khi do qu trnh lng v chuyn i qua khong cch vi km khng
ng k so vi tng lng khi.
1.2.2.4 Cc thng s pht tn
Nh trnh by trn, cc thng s pht tn - y v z - c tnh cho phng
ngang v phng ng ca ct khi. Theo phn b Gaussian, n phn nh khong cch
t trc chm khi, ni m nng bng 61% ca nng cc i trc chm khi. Cc
thng s ny l hm ca n nh kh quyn, khong cch t ngun v thi gian trung
bnh.
n nh kh quyn
Trong sch v ngi ta thy c nhiu phng php phn loi n nh khc
nhau. Phng php theo Pasquill xy dng trn c s khng qu nhiu d liu vt l l
mt phng php th thng c dng trong cc m hnh pht tn nhim khng kh.
Bng 1.1 biu din s chung cc loi n nh kh quyn theo Pasquill (t A: rt
khng n nh n F: rt n nh). Loi trung lp, D, c gi thit nh l iu kin my
che ph sut c ngy v m.
Bng 1.1: S chung loi n nh Pasquill
Tc gi
khong cch
10m so vi
mt t (m/s)
<2
23
35
56
>6
m
My che ph
Hu nh khng
Che ph mng hay
my hay 8/3
50% c my
c my
E
F
D
E
D
D
D
D
Ngy
Bc x mt tri n
Mnh
Va phi
Yu
A
A-B
B
C
C
A-B
B
B-C
C-D
D
B
C
C
D
D
nh ngha bc x mt tri i vo mnh, va phi, yu l khng r rng. N

ph thuc vo my che ph v cao ca mt tri (v v vy ph thuc vo v tr trn
mt t v thi gian trong ngy). Do , cc nc khc nhau s s dng cc s ring
thu t s chung ny cho nc .
Phn loi n nh Pasquill c u im l n gin v s dng cc d liu ni
chung c o nhiu trm quan st kh tng. Nhc im ln ca phng php
Pasquill l s phn loi rt th, khng cp n cc d liu nh nhm b mt v c
tnh b mt khc (c nh hng n cn bng bc x) v dn n s khng lin tc khi
thay i t loi ny sang loi khc.
9

Khong cch t ngun
Trn c s d liu kinh nghim t cc th nghim pht tn, ngi ta rt ra c cc
phng trnh m t thng s pht tn l hm ca khong cch so vi ngun.
M hnh quc gia ca H Lan, cc phng trnh sau y, c dng tnh y v
z, l hm theo khong cch v pha cui gi, x (i vi thi gian trung bnh l 1 gi):
y
= a.xbz00,2
(1)
Trong :
x
: khong cch (m)
z0
: nhm (m)
a v b : hng s, khc nhau ty tng loi n nh kh quyn (xem bng 1.2)
z
= c.xd . z0z0
vi : Cz0 = (10.z 0 ) 0,53x
(2)
0 , 22
(3)
y :
Cz0 : h s iu chnh nhm
c v d : hng s, khc nhau ty tng loi n nh (xem bng 1.2).
Hng s a, b, c, d nh sau:
Bng 1.2: Gi tr cc hng s a, b, c, d
Phn loi i vi
n nh
a
A
1,96
B
1,36
C
0,768
D
0,470
E
0,359
F
0,238
i vi
b
0.865
0,855
0,897
0,907
0,902
0,902
c
0,28
0,23
0,22
0,20
0,15
0,12
d
0,90
0,85
0,80
0,76
0,73
0,67
Thi gian trung bnh

Thi gian trung bnh cng tng, phng gi thay i vi gc cng ln. iu ny n
gin, ngha l kch thc chm khi trn phng ngang thi gian trung bnh l 1 gi
ln hn l thi gian trung bnh l 3 pht, do gi tr y ph thuc vo thi gian trung
bnh. S ph thuc ny biu din phng trnh sau:
y
(t1 )
t1
y (t 2 ) x
t2
y :
10

t1 v t2 : cc thi gian trung bnh khc nhau (s).
y(t1)
: gi tr
p dng cho thi gian trung bnh t1 (m).
: s m xc nh bng kinh nghim, c gi tr trong khong 0,15 n
0,5 trong ti liu, p=0,3 c khuyn co p dng cho iu kin H Lan.

1.2.2.5 Tc gi
Trong GPM tc gi U xut hin mu s. Nh vy nng t l nghch vi tc
gi. Tuy nhin, tc gi khng ging nhau mi ni, c bit l theo phng ng,
c s bin i ng k tc gi theo chiu cao. Do quan trng nht l xc nh b s
liu tc gi theo chiu cao.
S dng tc gi no trong tnh ton:
Nu khng ghi ch g khc th tc gi trong kh tng l tc gi o c
chiu cao quan st chun 10 m trn mt t (U10). Trong GPM tc gi ny dng cho
cc ngun thp. Nu chiu cao hiu dng ca ngun ln hn 10m, nn s dng tc
gi cao hiu dng . Tuy nhin, xc nh chiu cao hiu dng ny, chng ta
cng cn mt gi tr tc gi (xem phng trnh). Thng thng ngi ta s dng cng
tc gi cao vt l (xy dng) ca ngun tnh dng ct khi.
Hm tc gi theo chiu cao
Do ma st mt t, tc gi gim mnh khi cao gim. gim tc ph
thuc vo n nh kh quyn v nhm b mt. nhng ni ngoi l ( pha trn
tng xo trn hay tng bin hnh tinh), tc gi ch ph thuc vo bin thin p sut
qui m ln. b mt tc gi tin n 0. Hnh 1.3 th hin nh hng ca n nh
kh quyn ln s thay i tc gi theo chiu cao. iu kin khng n nh, ng
nng ca dng chnh tip tc gim v dng kh hu nh gim vn tc khi cao nh
hn vi chc m. iu kin n nh, dng kh b chm li khi n st tng bin hnh
tinh, do s thay i chm hn nhiu.
Hnh 1.3: Hm tc gi theo chiu cao (ng vi n nh kh quyn) khc

nhau
2,0 - n nh; 20,0 trung ha,15,0 - khng n nh
11

Lut ly tha
S thay i tc gi theo chiu cao s tun theo lut ly tha cho hu ht cc tng
bin hnh tinh, do vy lut ny c s dng rng ri trong tnh ton theo GPM:
U z1
U z2
Z1
Z2
Trong :
Uz1: tc gi cao z1 (m/s)
Uz2: tc gi cao z2 (m/s)
Z : chiu cao (m)
P : s m c gi tr t 0,1 n 0,5, ph thuc vo n nh; gi tr trung bnh
l 0,2, thng dng khi c lng th.
Lut ly tha ny khng da trn c s l thuyt, n hon ton c xc nh bng
kinh nghim. Tuy nhin, tc gi khng tip tc tng n nh tng bin theo phng
trnh trn, nhng thng gi thit rng t c gi tr cc i ny khong 2/3 chiu
cao tng bin.
1.2.2.6 Nng mt t
V chng ta thng ch n nng mt t (v cc thng s thc nghim trong
GPM thu c t nng mt t), phng trnh cho z=0 tr thnh:
C x , y ,0, He
Q
U
exp
z
H e2
y2
2
2
y
2
z
1.2.2.7 Ct khi v nn
Xt n s pht tn trong qui m a phng, ngi ta thng dng khi nim chm:
s pht tn t ngun no ch hn ch trong mt vng kh quyn ring v c gi l
chm. Chm khc hn vi nn- ngha l iu kin kh quyn a phng nu nh
khng c ngun ang xt. u tin, nng nn c gi thit l hng s theo khng
gian v thi gian; m hnh pht tn m t s trn ln chm vi nn ny.
dng ct khi
Cc phng php tip cn c in trong m hnh ha pht tn khi, m c trng ban
u ca chm khi khng c m t chi tit, nhng thay vo , chiu cao ngun c
hiu chnh. S hiu chnh ny c gi l dng ct khi; chiu cao ng khi hiu
chnh c gi l chiu cao ng khi hiu dng (He):
He = H+ H
12

Hnh 1.4 minh ha cho cng thc ny. Trong , dng ct khi cui cng c
xc nh cch mt khong so vi ngun. Do trn thc t kh xc nh gi tr thc ca
H: dng thng tip tc tng ln cho n im m chm khi vn cn phn bit
c. D o c trn khng hay o t xa u c th xc nh ng khi thc hp l.
Hnh 1.4: Chiu cao hiu dng ca ng khi (He)

l tng ca chiu cao thc ca ng khi (H) v dng ct khi ( H)
Cc mc dng ng khi ph thuc vo nhiu yu t. Cc yu t chnh l:
-
Tc gi : tc gi cng cao, s xo trn v pha long chm khi din ra cng

nhanh v s sai bit gia c tnh chm khi v mi trng cng nhanh chng mt
i; tc gi cng cao, dng ct khi cng thp;
n nh kh quyn: iu kin n nh hn gy ra s xo trn km hn v ko

theo dng ct khi ln hn. Mt khc, n nh cao cn tr chuyn ng theo
phng ng v do dn n dng ct khi thp hn.
Hm nhit ca chm khi: nhit v hm nhit tng chm khi cng cao,
dng ct khi cng cao.
Tc thi: tc thi khi theo phng ng cng cao, dng ct khi cng
ln, trong trng hp khi thi nng nh hng ny khng ng k so vi nh
hng ca hm nhit.
Phng trnh dng ct khi

Trn c s o c v cc nguyn tc l thuyt, ngi ta lp c nhiu phng
trnh biu din mi quan h cc yu t ny v dng ct khi. Thng dng nht l cc
cng thc ca Brigg v Stumke. Trc y, M hnh quc gia ca H Lan n gin
ha cc phng trnh Brigg c m t i vi ngun nng. Trong m hnh quc gia H
Lan sa i, ngi ta chn phng php phc tp hn, trong c tnh n cu trc chi
tit theo phng ng ca kh quyn (gradient tc gi, tng s xo trn theo s tng
chiu cao, s xuyn thm ca nh tng xo trn). Tuy nhin, cc phng trnh c cng
c m phng y v gip c tnh dng ct khi nhanh chng v d dng.
13

Phng trnh Brigg ci tin p dng cho iu kin khng n nh v trung tnh:
H
109 x
QH3 / 4
, khi QH <6MW
143 x
Q H3 / 5
U
, khi QH
6MW
Phng trnh sau p dng cho iu kin n nh ( bt c hm nhit no)

H
65 x
QH
1/ 3
Trong cc phng trnh thc nghim ny:

QH : Hm nhit ca chm khi (MW), trn c s lch nhit chm khi v
khng kh xung quanh;
U : Tc gi nh ng khi (H) (m/s).
Hm nhit (entanpi) ca khi

Hm nhit ca chm khi l hm ca :
-
Lu lng (thng thng tnh bng m3/s), QV0
Nhit dung ring ca khng kh (1,36kJ.K-1), v
Nhit ca khi thi(tnh bng K), T:

QH =1,36x10-3xQV0x(T-Tamb) MW
dng ct khi ca ngun lnh

Nhiu trng hp, dng ct khi khng c tnh n, l cc trng hp ngun
lnh, ni m nhit kh pht tn khc bit rt t so vi nhit mi trng xung quanh,
v nh hng ca n hu nh rt nh. Tuy nhin, phng trnh tnh dng ct khi ca
Stumke cho ngun lnh sau y c p dng c i vi kh quyn khng n nh v
trung tnh:
H
1,5
Vs xd
U
y :
-
Vs : tc thi kh nh ng khi (m.s-1)
d : ng knh ng khi (m).
-1
U : Tc gi nh ng khi (m.s )
iu kin n nh, dng ct khi do tc thi l khng ng k.

14

c tnh chm khi bt thng
Cc phng trnh cho phn ny ch p dng c cc iu thuc loi l tung.
Cc iu kin nhiu gy ra bi c tnh chm khi bt thng l:
-
Pht tn gn mt cng trnh xy dng: nu im pht tn khng cao hn

nhng cng trnh xy dng ln cn, dng kh xung quanh c th gy hin tng
chm khi b i vo vng xoy di gi. trnh hin tng ny, nguyn tc u
tin l im pht cn phi cao hn gp 2 n 2,5 ln cng trnh ln cn.
Tc thi qu thp: nu tc thi kh pht tn qu thp, kh thi b kt hp vo

vng xoy di gi pha sau ng khi. Hin tng ny c gi l h khi u
ng thi (xem hnh 1.5). Tc thi t nht phi t 20m/s trnh hin tng
ny.
Hnh 1.5: S h khi u ng thi v tc x qu nh

-
Khi thi t: nu c cc git nc trong kh pht tn, chng s bay hi khi khi
c pha long v ly nhit t chm khi trong qu trnh bay hi. S mt nhit
ny lm cho chm khi h xung. Cc phng trnh dng ct khi khng p
dng cho nhng chm khi nh vy. c bit, nu c lin quan n lng kh ln
nc, cc m hnh pht tn n cng khng p dng c. Mt v d khi t l
khi ca thp lm lnh; cc phng trnh rt c bit c trin khai cho nhiu
thp tng t cc m hnh ng khi m t trn. Tuy nhin, nhiu trng
hp, cc git nc trong khi thi ch c to thnh sau khi kh thot khi ng
khi. Hin tng ny c th thy trong khi t cc qu trnh t: phn trn ng
khi vn khng nhn thy c khi (nc pha kh). Ch n mt khong cch
no , ngi ta mi nhn thy c khi do s ngng t hi nc. Cc git ny
cng bay hi tr li, nhng nng lng cn cho n ni chung cn bng vi nng
lng gii phng trong qu trnh ngng t. V vy, trong trng hp ny chng ta
khng ni n khi t.
1.2.3 M hnh pht tn cho ngun thi thp

1.2.3.1 Khi nim v ngun thi thp
15

Cc ngun thi thp c nhiu loi khc nhau, c th phn lm 3 nhm chnh nh sau:
Ngun mt
: Bi rc, trm x l nc thi, kho cha cht bay hi c hi...
Ngun ng : Dng xe c chy ni ui nhau trn ng, bng ca mi nh

cng nghip thp...
Ngun im : Cc loi ng khi, ng x, ng thi kh ca h thng thng gi,
iu ha khng kh, h thng thit b cng ngh nm trong vng bp rp kh ng
do cc cng trnh xung quanh gy ra.
Nhng ngun thi nm ngay trn mt t nh cc dng ngun mt v ngun ng
va nu ra trn y, d chng nm nhng ni trng, khng b khut gi, khng b vt
cn che chn, ta vn gi chng l cc loi ngun thp. Ring i vi cc loi ngun thi
dng ng khi, ng x kh (ngun im) th ty thuc vo cao ca ngun so vi cao
ca vng bng rp kh ng do cc cng trnh nh ca ln cn gy ra m chng c th
c xem l ngun cao hay ngun thp. Do , khi tnh ton mc nhim khng kh
gy ra bi cc ng thi ca h thng thng gi hoc h thng cng ngh trong phm vi
khi cng nghip cn phi tnh n nh hng ca vng bng rp kh ng ca cng trnh
v v tr tng i cng nh cao ca ng thi so vi bng rp kh ng.
1.2.3.2 Xc nh nng nhim do cc ngun thp dng ng khi, ng thi kh v
ca mi thng gi nh cng nghip gy ra.
Nng nhim do cc ngun im v ngun ng cao thp gy ra c tnh
ton theo ch dn tnh ton nng nhim trong khu cng nghip ca Vin Nghin
Cu Khoa Hc K Thut Nh Cng Nghip v Vin Nghin Cu Khoa Hc K Thut
Bo H Lao ng Lin X c do GS.Nhikitin V.S ch bo son tho (S tay thit k
Staroverob-1975).
bng 1.3 sau y a ra cng thc tnh ton nng nhim ti cc v tr tnh ton
khakhc nhau v v tr ngun thi v c im cng trnh.
16

Bng 1.3: Cng thc tnh ton nng nhim do cc ngun thp gy ra
Loi nh
Nh hp
ng c
lp
V tr ng kh thi
V tr im tnh ton
Bn trong hoc bn trn vng gi a) Trong vng gi qun
qun chung
chung khi 0 < x = < 6Hnh
b) Ngoi vng gi qun

chung khi x > 6 Hnh
Bn trong vng gi qun trn mi a) Trong vng gi qun

pha n gi
chung khi b1 = < 2,5 Hnh
Ngun im (ng thi kh)
Cx
1,3Mk 0,6
u
H nh
42
;
(1,4l b x) 2
Cy
1,3Mk 0,6
u
H nh
42
.S1 ;
(1,4l b x) 2
Cx
55 Mk
;Cy
u (1,4l b x) 2
Cx
1,3Mk 0,6
u
H nh
Cy
Nh rng
ng c
lp
b) Ngoi vng gi qun

khi b1 > 2,5Hnh.
Ngun ng (ca mi)
Cx
c) Trong vng gi qun

chung khi 0 < x = < 4 Hnh
Cx
d) Ngoi vng gi qun

sau nh khi x > 4 Hnh
Cx
C x .S1
(15)
42
;
(1,4l b x) 2
1,3Mk 0,6
42
.S
u
H nh (1,4l b x) 2
55 Mk
; C y C x .S
u (1,4l b x) 2
55 M .m.k
; C y C x .S1
u.I .H nh
55 Mk
; C y C x .S1
u.l.(b x) 2
17
(14)
(16)
2Mk
u.I .Hnh
7,2Mk
(15)
u.I .(b x)
3,9Mk
u.I .Hnh
(16)
6,2Mk
u.I .b1
(17)
2 Mmk
u.I .H nh
(18)
7,2Mk
(19)
u.I .(b x)
;
(17)
(18)
(14)
(19)

Loi nh
V tr ng kh thi
Bn ngoi vng gi qun trn mi
pha n gi khi H < 0.3
V tr im tnh ton
a) Ngoi vng gi qun
trn mi pha n gi b1 >
2,5 H nh
b) Trong vng gi qun
sau nh khi 0< x =< 4 Hnh
Ngun im (ng thi kh)
Cx
C x .S 2
Cx
1,3M .m.k 0,8

u
1.H nh
42
; (21)
(1,4l x) 2
Cy
1,3M .m.k 0,8

u
1.H nh
42
.S 3 ;
(1,4l x) 2
Cx
55 M .m.k
;Cy
u.l.(1,4l x) 2 55 L
c) Ngoi vng gi qun


pha n gi khi H > 0.3
a) Ngoi vng gi qun

pha n gi b1>2,8(HHnh) v y<2,8(H - Hnh)
b) Trong vng gi qun
sau nh khi 0<x=<4Hnh
C x, y
Cx
Cx
Cy
b) Ngoi vng gi qun

sau nh khi x1>4 Hnh
26 Mk
.S 3
u.b22 26 L
1,3M .m.k 0,8
u
1.H nh
(20)
C x .S 31 (22)
Cx
Cx
(23)
20
; Cy
(1,4l x)2
Cx S3
7,2 Mk
(20)
(u.I .b2 7,2 L)
2,8M .m.k
u.l.H nh
(21)
7,2M .m.k
(22)
u.l.(b3 x) 7,2 L
3,6 Mk
(23)
u.l.b2 3,6 L
1,4 M .m.k
(24)
u.l.H nh
(24)
c) Ngoi vng gi qun C x

Bn trong hoc bn trn vng gi
qun sau nh
a) Trong vng gi qun
sau nh khi 0<x1=<4 Hnh
Ngun ng (ca mi)
55 Mk
;C y
2
u.b2 55 .l
Cx
23 M .m.k
;Cy
u.l.(1,4l x) 2 26 L
1,3Mk 0,8
u
1.H nh
C x .S 31 (25) C
42
;
(1,4l x) 2
1,3Mk 0,8
42
.S 3 ; (26)
u
1.H nh (1,4l x) 2
55 Mk
; C y C x .S 31 (27)
u.(1,4l x) 2
18
3,6Mk
(25)
u.l.(b3 x) 3,6 L
2,8Mk
u.l.H nh
(26)
7,2Mk
u.l.x
(27)

Loi nh
V tr ng kh thi
Bn trong vng gi qun trn mi
pha n gi ca nh rng ng
u gi
V tr im tnh ton
a) Trong vng gi qun
gia 2 nh khi Hnh < x1
=< 4 Hnh
Ngun im (ng thi kh)
Cx
14,4M .m.k
.C y
u.l.x1
Cx
3,6M .m.k
;Cy
u.l.H nh
C x .S1
Cx
1,3M .m.k 2
u
l.x1
42
(1,4l x) 2
Cy
1,3M .m.k 2
u
l.x1
42
.S 3
(1,4l x) 2
Cx
1,3M .m.k 0,5

u
l.H nh
42
(1,4l x) 2
Cy
1,3M .m.k 0,5

u
l.H nh
42
(1,4l x) 2
Bn ngoi (trn) vng gi qun a) Trong vng gi qun

trn mi pha n gi ca nh gia
hai
nh
khi
rng ng u go khi H > 0,3
Hnh<x1=< 4 Hnh
C x, y
1,3Mmk 2
u
l.x1
b) Trong vng gi qun

gia 2 nh khi 8Hnh>=x1>
4Hnh
C x, y
1,3Mmk
2
u
l.H nh
b) Trong vng gi qun

gia 2 nh khi 8Hnh>=x1>
4Hnh
Cm nh

pha n gi ca nh rng ng
u gi khi H < 0.3
a) Trong vng gi qun

gia
hai
nh
khi
Hnh<x1<= 4Hnh
b) Trong vng gi qun

gia
hai
nh
khi
8Hnh>=x> 4Hnh
19
C x .S1
Ngun ng (ca mi)
(28)
7,2 M .m.k
(28)
u.l.x1
(29)
1,8M .m.k
(29)
u.l.H nh
7,2 M .m.k
(30)
u.l.x1
1,8M .m.k
u.l.H nh
3,6Mmk
u.l.x1
Mmk
u.l.H nh
20
.S 3 ;
(1,4l x) 2
(30)
(31)
(32)
20
.S 3 ; (33)
(1,4l x) 2
(31)
(32)
(33)

Loi nh
V tr ng kh thi
Bn trong vng gi qun gia hai
nh rng ng u gi v H < 0,3
V tr im tnh ton
a) Trong vng gi qun
gia 2 nh khi Hnh < x1
=< 4 Hnh
b. Trong vng gi qun

gia hai nh khi 8Hnh > =
x1 > 4Hnh
Ngun im (ng thi kh)
Cx
1,3Mmk 2
u
l.x1
42
;
(1,4l x) 2
Cy
1,3Mmk 2
u
lx1
42
, S3
(1,4l x) 2
Cx
1,3Mmk 0,5
u
l.H nh
42
,S
(1,4l x) 2
1,3Mmk 0,5
u
l.H nh
42
.S 3 ;
(1,4l x) 2
Cy
Bn trn vng gi qun gia 2 nh a. Trong vng gi qun

khi nh rng ng u gi v H > gia hai nh khi Hnh > =
0,3
x1 =< 4Hnh
Cx, y
1,3Mk 2
u
Lx1
b. Trong vng gi qun

gia 2 nh khi 8Hnh >= x1
> 4Hnh
Cx, y
1,3Mk 0,5
u
I .H nh
Bn trong hoc trn vng gi a. Trong vng gi qun

qun gia 2 nh khi nh hp ng gia hai nh khi Hnh < x1
u gi
=< 6Hnh
b. Trong vng gi qun
gia 2 nh khi 10Hnh >=
x1 > 6Hnh
Ngun ng (ca mi)
Cx
Cy
Cx
Cx
(34)
(36)
20
, S3
(1,4l x) 2
1,3Mk 1,5
u
I .x1
42
, S3
(1,4l b x) 2
1,3Mk 1,5
u
I .x1
42
.S1
(1,4l x) 2
42
, S1
(1,4l b x) 2
1,3Mk 0,25
u
I .H nh
42
, S1
(1,4l b x) 2
20
7,2 Mk
(34)
u.l.x1
1,8Mk
u.I .H nh
(35)
3,6Mk
u.I .x1
(36)
Mk
(37)
u.I .H nh
7,2Mk
(38)
u.I .( x1 b)
1,3Mk
u.I .H nh
(35)
20
, S3
(1,4l x) 2
1,3Mk 0,25
u
I .H nh
(37)
(38)
(39)
(39)

Ch thch 1: Cc k hiu bng 1.3
-
C, Cx, Cy l nng cht nhim ti im tnh ton (mg/m3).
L l lu lng k thi ca ngun, m3/s.
M l ti lng cht nhim thi vo kh quyn, mg/s.
U l vn tc gi tnh ton; nhn U = 1 m/s.
K l h s khng th nguyn k n nh hng ca cao tng i ca ngun

thi - xc nh theo biu hnh 4.5. Khi ming ng thi nm trong vng gi qun
chung hoc vng gi qun trn mi pha n gi th k = 1.
S, S1, S2, S3, S4 l cc h s khng th nguyn dng tnh ton nng

khong cch y trc giao vi trc thi. i vi trng hp ngun im - xc nh
theo biu hnh 4.6.
M l h s khng th nguyn th hin phn kh thi tham gia vo qu trnh gy

nhim i vi vng gi qun - xc nh theo biu hnh 4.7.
Hnh l chiu cao ca nh tnh t mt t n mi i vi nh mi bng, n nc

nh i vi nh 2 mi dc v n mp trn ca ca mi nm trong phm vi 3m t
mt tng n gi ca nh, (m).
l l chiu di ca nh - chiu vung gc vi hng gi, m.
b l b rng ca nh - theo chiu song song vi hng gi, m.
b1 l khong cch t mt tng n gi n im tnh ton trn mi nh rng, m.
b2 l khong cch t ngun thi n im tnh ton trn mi nh rng, m.
b3 l khong cch t ngun thi trn phm vi mi nh n mt tng pha khut

gi ca nh rng, m.
x l khong cch t mt tng pha khut gi ca nh n im tnh ton, m.
x1 l khong cch gia 2 nh, m.
H l chiu cao tng i ca ngun thi:

H = (H - 1,8 Hnh ) / (Hgh - 1,8 Hnh ) khi ming ngun thi nm ngoi vng gi qun
chung (s 2 hnh 4.1a), hoc ngoi vng gi cn gia 2 nh khi nh hp ng u
gi (s 5 hnh 4.1c ) hoc bn trn vng gi cn trn mi pha n gi ca nh
rng (s 3, hnh 4,1b v 4.1d);
H = (h - Hnh ) / (Hgh - Hnh ) khi ming ngun thi nm bn ngoi vng gi qun
trn mi (s 3, hnh 4.1b v 4.1d ), bn trn vng gi qun sau nh rng ng c
lp (s 4, hnh 4.1b), hoc bn trn vng gi qun gia 2 nh khi nh rng ng
u gi (s 5, hnh 4.1d);
21

Hgh l chiu cao gii hn ca ngun thp, (m).
Ch thch 2:
-
a- Khi chiu di l ca nh > 10Hnh th thay l = 10Hnh vo thnh phn th hoc

thnh phn duy nht bn v phi ca cc cng thc Cx, Cy.
b- Khi tnh cc h s S
5Hnh.
S4 nu l > 10Hnh v y > 5Hnh th ly l = 10Hnh v y =
Hnh 1.6: Biu xc nh h s k ph thuc vo cao tng i H ca

ngun thi. cao tng i H ca ngun thi c xc nh theo ch thch 1 ghi
trn y
Hnh 1.7: Biu xc nh cc h s S, S1, S2, S3 v S4

i vi S:
x = 1,4l + b1
i vi S1: x = 1,4l + b + x
i vi S2: x = b2
i vi S3: x = 1,4l + x
22

Cc h s S
S4 cn c th c xc nh theo cc cng thc sau:

S
exp
S1
exp
S2
exp
S3
exp
S4
exp
30 y 2
(1,4l B1 ) 2
(40)
30 y 2
(1,4l b x) 2
(41)
30 y 2
b2
(42)
30 y 2
(1,4l x) 2
30 ( H
(43)
H nh
B2
y2
(44)
a)
b)
Hnh 1.8: Biu xc nh h s m ph thuc vo thng s b

Ghi ch : Biu hnh 1.8a p dng cho cc trng hp sau y:
-
Ngun thp dng im hoc ng khi ming thi nm trong vng gi qun trn
mi pha n gi ca nh rng ng c lp (ng cong trn cng) hoc nh
rng ng u gi (trong cm nh).
Thng s b = b / H nh ;
- Ngun thp dng ng khi ming thi nm bn ngoi vng gi qun trn mi pha
n gi. Thng s b = b3/Hnh;
23

Biu hnh 1.8b p dng cho trng hp ngun thp dng im khi ming thi nm
bn ngoi vng gi qun trn mi pha n gi ca nh rng ng c lp (ng cong
trn cng) hoc nh rng ng n gi. Thng s b = b3/Hnh;
1.2.3.3 Ngun ng
Ngoi nhng loi ngun thp dng ng khi, ng thi kh, ca mi thng gi nh cng
nghip va xem xt trn y, trong thc t ta cn gp loi ngun ng nh dng xe t
ni ui nhau chy trn ng.
Nng nhim do ngun ng c chiu di nht nh gy ra ti 1 im trn mt
t c th c xc nh theo phng php sau y [S tay tra cu v sinh cng nghip]:
Gi thit ta c ngun ng AB chiu di l (m) vi ti lng cht nhim trn 1(m)
di ca n l M (g/s.m). Hng gi thi vung gc vi ngun ng. Ta chn trc x i
qua trung im O ca ngun v trng vi hng gi (hnh 1.9).
Hnh 1.9: S tnh ton ca ngun ng

Nng cht nhim ti im A vi trc ta x, y c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
C l ( A)
10 3. .M .B
.C Z .U . X
y
B
erf
C y .x
1
2
1
1 n/2
H2
.e
C Z2 . X 2
y
1
2
erf
C y .x
mg/m3
1
2
1
(45)
(46)
n
2
Trong :
-
M l ti lng n v cht nhim ca ngun ng, g/s.m
H l chiu cao ca ngun ng so vi mt t, m.
24

-
x, y l ta im tnh ton, m.
u l vn tc gi (m/s)
Cx, Cy l h s khuch tn theo phng ngang v phng ng. Trong iu kin

bnh thng c th nhn cy = cz = 0,05 (tng t nh cc h s p v q trong cng
thc Bosanquet v Pearson).
n l h s k n thi gian o (ly mu) cc thng s mi trng.

1
5
2.
(47)
0,9
l thi gian ly mu (pht). i vi cht nhim l bi v kh SO2 :

vi kh CO:
= 5 pht.
erf l hm tch phn xc sut : erfZ
= 20 pht. i
e t dt
H s B trong cng thc (45) c th tra theo bng tnh sn vi cc gi tr ca l, x v y

khc nhau (ph lc 4) ng vi cy = 0,05 v n = 0.
Trong trng hp hng gi thi khng vung gc vi trc ngun m lch mt gc
tng i b ( - gc hp gia trc ngun vi trc y trc giao vi hng gi, chng hn
nh ngun CD trong hnh 1.9) th h s B c tnh ton vi di hnh chiu lo ca
ngun xung trc y v ti lng n v cht nhim M cng c qui v cho 1m di ca
hnh chiu lo.
thy r s thay i ca nng nhim dc theo trc gi Ox, ta c th tnh cho
nhiu gi tr x khc nhau v lp biu . Cng vic ny nu thc hin bng tay s gp
nhiu kh khn do phi tra bng h s B - hm s xc sut. Do cn lp chng trnh
tnh ton theo cc cng thc (45) v (46) v biu trn my tnh. T biu ta c
th kim tra li kt qu tnh ton i vi 2 im A v B thu c trn y.
Mt phng php khc tnh ngun ng c chiu di gii hn c xut pht
t m hnh Gauss (Pasquill Gifford) khi xem mi mt im ca ngun ng nh mt
ngun im. Lc nng cht nhim trn mt t dc theo trc gi thi vung gc
vi ngun ng c xc nh theo cng thc sau [J.CMycock]:
Cl ( x )
10 3.M
Exp
. Z .u
1 H
2 Z
p2
. e
p1
Trong :
p1 = y1 /
v p2 = y2 /
25
p2
2
.dp
mg/m3
(48)

y1 v y2 l ta trc y (trc ngun) ca 2 u mt ca ngun m y1 c tr s m cn y2
c tr s dng. Khi trc gi i qua im gia ca ngun ng c do l l th : y1 = v y2 = .
ng vi mi tr s x (khong cch cui hng gi) ta tra ra c cc gi tr y, z

tng ng v cc cn p1, p2 cng hon ton c xc nh, t tnh ra hoc tra bng tr
s ca tch phn c gii hn cui cng thc v cui cng tnh ra c tr s Cl(x).
V mt cu trc v ngha ton hc, cng thc (48) gn tng t nh cng thc (55).
Nhng u vit ca cng thc (48) l ch n gn lin vi cc h s khuch tn y, z
theo thang n nh kh quyn ca Pasquill - Gifford.
Cng cn lu rng trong cc cng thc (45) v (48) thnh phn u ca cng thc
u khng c mt ca h s khuch tn ngang cy v y. S d nh vy l v i vi ngun
ng c quan nim rng khuch tn ngang t mt im no ca ngun c b li
bi khuch tn ngang theo chiu ngc li ca cc im ln cn.
Tr li cng thc (48), ta thy rng tha s vi du tch phn cui cng thc c th
c vit thnh :
1
p2
p2
2
(49)
.dp
p1
y chnh l biu thc tch phn xc sut Gauss theo dng biu thc (38) vi sai
phng chun = 1.
Khi ngun ng c di l v hn th p1 = - v p2 = + v tch phn trn s c gi
tr B = 1. T ta c th suy lun c rng: Khi ngun ng c di v hn th
nng cht nhim trn mt t ti khong cch x nm trn trc gi thi trc giao vi
ngun ng s c xc nh bng cng thc:
Cl
2.10 3.M
( x)
2 .
.u
.Exp
1 H
2 Z
mg/m3
(50)
Thc t, qua tnh ton cho thy, khi di ca ngun gp t 2 ln tr ln, khong
cch x nm trn trc gi trc giao v i qua im gia ca ngun th h s B xp x = 1
i vi tt c cc cp n nh ca kh quyn t A F. Nh vy lc ngun ng c
th c xem l di v hn v ta c th s dng cng thc (50) tnh ton. V d cc s
liu nu ra bng 1.4 cho thy r iu ny.
Bng 1.4: H s B theo cng thc (49)
Trng hp di l ca
ngun v khong cch x
L = 300m
X = 150m
Tr s B ng vi cc cp n nh ca kh quyn
A
B
C
D
E
F
0,9999
1
26

L = 400m
X = 200m
L = 500m
X = 250m
0.9999
0.9999
Ghi ch:
x - Khong cch trn trc gi vung gc v i qua im gia ca ngun ng.
Hnh 1.10: S chuyn ng ca kh khi gi thi ngang qua ng ph

Phng tin giao thng chy trn ng ph trong th cng thuc loi ngun
ng, nhng trng hp ny nh ca hai bn mt ph c nh hng rt ln n
chuyn ng ca dng kh v s khuch tn cht nhim.
Trn hnh 1.10 l s dng chy tun hon ca khng kh v cht nhim do cc
phng tin t thi ra. Khi gi thi ngang qua ng ph, tng t nh trng hp gi
thi ngang qua mt thung lng di v hp.
Johnson v cng s (1971) da vo s liu kho st nng kh CO trn ng
ph San Jos, California (WMO - Dispersion) (M) v a ra m hnh tnh ton sau
y cho trng hp gi thi ct ngang qua ng ph. Theo m hnh ny c s phn bit
pha khut gi v pha n gi.
Nng cht nhim (kh CO) c xc nh theo cng thc:
C = Cnn + C
(51)
Trong :
C - nng tng tnh bng ppm (10-6).
Cnn - nng nn ca cht nhim do cc loi ngun khc gy ra, ppm.
C - nng cht nhim do phng tin giao thng gy ra, ppm.
i vi bn u gi ( khut gi)
27

Ck
0,07 .N
(u 0,5)( 2
x2
ppm (52)
z2 )
i vi bn cui gi ( n gi)
Ck
0,07 .N
(u 0,5).W
ppm
(53)
Trong :
N - s xe t chy qua trong 12 gi.
u - vn tc gi, m/s.
x v z - ta ca im tnh ton, m.
W - b rng ca ng ph, m.
1.2.3.4 Ngun mt
Trong mt s th hoc trong mt s vng ring bit ca thnh ph hoc khu dn c
c rt nhiu ngun thi cng loi nm ri rc v phn b tng i u trn din tch khu
vc. S liu pht thi ring tng ngun khng th bit r, nhng tng lng pht thi ca
chng c th xc nh c mt cch gn ng qua cc s liu gin tip nh tng sn
lng sn xut, tng lng nhin liu tiu th vv... Mt s v d in hnh ca trng hp
ny l cc khu vc tiu th cng nghip pht tn c hi trong th, cc bi rc...
Trong nhng trng hp nu trn, d bo tnh hnh nhim trong khu vc, ngi
ta dng khi nim v ngun mt nh mt loi ngun tng cng ca tt c cc ngun
im, ngun ng l t cng loi nm ri rc khp trong khu vc.
Gi s ta c khu vc th hnh ch nht c chiu di v chiu ngang l l v b.
Ln lt mt cnh song song (l) v cnh kia (b) vung gc vi chiu gi. Gc ta
t ti im gia cnh trc giao vi chiu gi nm pha u gi. Lc nng trung
bnh ca ngun mt s c xc nh theo phng trnh:
l
Cm
b/2
1
. dx. C ( x, y)dy.
l1 .l 2 0
b/2
(54)
Trong :
C(x,y) - nng trn mt t ti im x,y do ngun im gy ra.
Gifford v Hanna (1973) [Berliand] a ra cng thc sau y xc nh nng

trung bnh cht nhim trong thnh ph do ngun mt c cng sut pht thi M gy ra
sau mi thi gian di hot ng.
Cm
.M
+ Cnn
u
mg/m3
(55)
28

Trong :
u - vn tc gi, m/s.
Cnn - nng nn ca cht nhim, mg/m3.
- H s thc nghim.
M - Cng sut pht thi cht nhim ca ngun mt tnh theo g/m2.s.
H s ph thuc vo chiu di l ca khu vc th v cc cp n nh ca kh
quyn c cho bng 1.5.
Bng 1.5: H s thc nghim
Cp n nh ca kh quyn
trong cng thc (55)

1
l, km
10
100
Khng n nh mnh
41
51
63
Khng n nh
46
63
87
Trung bnh
73
115
182
Cp 5 Pasquill
121
215
380
n nh
341
662
1301
tnh ton nng trung bnh cht nhim do ngun mt gy ra trong th, ngi
ta cn p dng khi nim v m hnh Hp c nh (Fixed Box Model) [Noel de Never Air Pollution Control Engineering].
Gi s ta c th hnh ch nht chiu di l, chiu rng b v gi thi dc theo chiu
di l ca th (hnh 1.14). Ta c th vit phng trnh cn bng vt cht (cht nhim)
vi cc gi thit sau y:
1. Chuyn ng ri ca kh quyn lm cho cht nhim c ha trn mt cch
trit v u n n cao ha trn H v s ha trn khng vt qu
cao y.
2. Do c ha trn mnh, nng cht nhim c phn b ng u trong ton
b th tch ca hp, khng c s khc bit gia pha u gi v pha cui gi.
3. Gi thi theo trc x, song song vi chiu di l ca th. Vn tc gi u l hng
s theo khng gian v thi gian. V vn tc gi thay i theo chiu cao, do
tha mn gi thit ny, ta c th dng vn tc gi trung bnh gia vn tc
gi mt t vi vn tc gi cao H.
4. Nng cht nhim trong khng kh i vo th ( ta x = 0) l hng s
v = Co - xem l nng nn trong khng kh, mg/m3.
29

5. Cht nhim khng i vo hoc i ra khi hp qua np hp cng nh qua 2
mt bn ca hp.
6. Cht nhim c tnh cht tn ti vng bn trong khng kh khng b phn hy
hoc lng ng.
Hnh 1.11: th hnh ch nht v m hnh hp c nh

Nu gi M l cng pht thi n v ca ngun mt c din tch bng din tch
th, g/m2.s, C l nng cht nhim trong th do ngun mt ni trn gy ra, mg/m3.
Vi nhng gi thit nu trn ta c th vit phng trnh cn bng cht nhim trong
phm vi hp c nh ca th khi qu trnh ha trn hon ton n nh nh sau:
Co . u . B . H + 103 . M . b. l. = c . u. b. H
(56)
T ta rt ra c:
C
Co
10 3.M .l
, mg/m3
u.H
(57)
Ta nhn thy r rng rng cng thc (57) l kt qu ca s n gin ha rt ln so vi

nhng g c th xy ra trong thc t. Tuy nhin, trong tnh ton d bo v nhim,
nhng s n gin ha nu trn cng c th chp nhn c c nhng thng tin nh
lng cn thit.
Ngoi ra, cng thc (57) ch cho kt qu d bo vi mt iu kin kh hu nht nh.
tnh ton c nng cht nhim trung bnh nm ca thnh ph, ta phi dng tn
sut phn b ca cc i lng khc nhau nh hng gi, vn tc gi u, chiu cao ha
trn H v tnh ton nng trung bnh nm theo biu thc:
Nng trung bnh nm =
hin ca iu kin kh hu I).
(nng ng vi iu kin kh huI). (tn sut xut
Tng ny thc hin vi tt c cc iu kin kh hu.

30

Cc m hnh tnh ton pht tn cho cc ngun qui m a phng rt a dng v
phong ph vi nhiu trng phi khc nhau. Tuy nhin vi cc ngun thi cao, m hnh
Gaussian hin ang c s dng rng ri v cc u im ca n. Vi cc ngun thp,
ngoi nhng m hnh nu trn cn c th s dng nhng m hnh khc nh m hnh EPA
- HIWAY ca M.
Khi p dng cc m hnh tnh ton ni trn, iu quan trng l phi xy dng c
mt bng phn loi n nh ca kh quyn, ph hp vi iu kin kh hu thc t ti
Vit Nam.
31
CHNG 2: THNG GI V VN CHUYN KHNG KH
CHNG 2
THNG GI V VN CHUYN
KHNG KH
2.1 NHNG KHI NIM C BN
Cng nghip hin i ngy cng s dng nhiu loi ha cht tng hp hoc cc loi
vt liu c hi. Khi s dng nhng loi nguyn liu nh vy s to ra trong mi trng
lao ng nhiu bi, hi kh c vi nng nhiu kh cao hn tiu chun cho php nhiu
ln. Ngoi ra nhit tha cng l mt yu t lm cho iu kin lm vic ca cng nhn mt
i s tin nghi d chu. khc phc nhng tc ng ni trn nhm to ra mt mi
trng khng kh trong lnh, thoi mi d chu cho ngi lao ng, ngi ta thng s
dng bin php thng gi.
Thng gi l s trao i khng kh trong mt khng gian c hn ca mi trng lao
ng nhm mt s mc ch nh:
-
Thi nhit tha sinh ra t cc hot ng ca con ngi v cc thit b cng ngh,
cung cp khng kh mt m.
Thi khng kh cha cc tc nhn gy nhim nh bi v hi kh c hi ra khi

mi trng lao ng v thay th bng khng kh trong sch.
Thi hi nc t cc ngun pht sinh, chng m cho kho tng, nh xng, ...
2.2 PHN LOI

C nhiu cch khc nhau phn loi h thng thng gi (s cp thm sau phn
ny). Sau y gii thiu cch phn loi thng dng dng trong k thut x l khng kh,
gm:
-
H thng thng gi cp.
H thng thng gi thi.

32

2.2.1 H thng thng gi cp
H thng thng gi cp thng c dng vi 2 mc ch:
To mt mi trng khng kh tin nghi trong nh xng.
Thay th cho khng kh nhim b thi t trong nh xng ra ngoi.
Trong h thng thng gi cp, khng kh c ly t bn ngoi cng trnh v c
lc sch ( ty thuc vo cht lng mi trng khng kh bn ngoi) ri thi vo cng
trnh. H thng thng gi cp cn gi l h thng thng gi p sut dng, v p sut
tuyt i bn trong phng ln hn p sut kh quyn (Pt.>760 mm Hg). H thng thng
gi cp c s dng nhiu trong cc nh xng cn lm mt, t c hi, khng lm nh
hng n mi trng khng kh xung quanh. Nu iu kin tin nghi ca mi trng
khng kh (nhit , m, vn tc) i hi cao hn th h thng thng gi cp ny c
gi l h thng iu ha khng kh. H thng iu ha khng kh phi c mt s thit b
lm lnh, lm kh hoc lm nng, lm m khng kh trc khi thi vo nh xng.
H thng thng gi cp c th l h thng thng gi chung, tc l h thng thng gi
lm nhim v cp khng kh cho ton b khng gian phng hoc xng, hoc l mt h
thng thng gi cc b tc l mt h thng ch lm nhim v cp khng kh cho mt s
v tr xc nh no .
5
4
Hnh 2.1: S h thng thng gi cp

1. Ca ly khng kh ngoi 2. Bung x l khng kh
4. H thng ng dn
5. Ming thi
3. Qut gi
2.2.2 H thng thng gi thi

H thng thng gi thi lm nhim v thi khng kh nng hoc khng kh b nhim
t bn trong cng trnh ra ngoi. Cng nh h thng thng gi cp, h thng thng gi
thi cng chia thnh 2 loi l h thng thi chung v h thng thi cc b.
H thng thi chung thng dng thi nhit tha hoc khng kh b nhim trong
ton b khng gian nh xng. Khi s dng cho vic kh nhit tha, khng kh thi ra c
33

th c lm mt v tun hon tr li. Cn khi s dng cho vic thi khng kh nhim,
mt lng khng kh ngoi c th i vo cng trnh, trn ln vi khng kh trong nh
to nn mi trng khng kh c nng cc cht nhim thp hn so vi nng cho
php. Thng thng h thng thi chung thng kt hp vi h thng cp khng kh
thay th khng kh b thi.
H thng thi cc b l h thng ht trc tip cc cht nhim ngay ti ngun hoc
ti nhng v tr rt gn vi ngun. y l mt bin php rt tt kim sot nhim
khng kh v hiu qu cao v lu lng ca h thng nh, t dn n chi ph ca h
thng ny s thp hn nhiu so vi h thng thi chung.
H thng thng gi thi cn c gi l h thng thng gi p sut m, tc l p sut
tuyt i bn trong phng s thp hn p sut kh quyn bn ngoi. Vic to nn p sut
m nh vy s lm cho khng kh trong phng khng lan ta ti nhng vng ln cn. V
vy h thng thng gi p sut m thng c dng cho nhng phng m mi trng
ti nhim hn khu vc xung quanh, nh cc phn xng thi ra nhiu cht nhim
khng kh, bung v sinh, nh bp....
Hnh 2.2: H thng thng gi thi

1. Chp ht cc b
2. Ming ht chung
3, H thng ng dn
4. Qut ht
5. ng thi
Trong nhiu trng hp, ngi ta kt hp h thng thng gi thi vi h thng thng
gi cp vi p sut trong phng ln hn hoc nh hn p sut kh quyn mt t, ty thuc
vo tnh cht mi trng khng kh trong phng.
34
Hnh 2.3: H thng thng gi cp v thi

c im ca 2 loi thng gi cp v thi trn y u do con ngi ch ng iu
khin lp t, v hot ng nh n ng lc c kh, nn cn c gi l thng gi nhn
to, thng gi cng bc hoc thng gi c kh. Bn cnh hnh thc thng gi ni trn
cn c hnh thc thng gi t nhin.
Thng gi t nhin l s trao i khng kh bn trong vi bn ngoi nh xng bng
ng lc t nhin do c s chnh lch p sut bn trong v bn ngoi nh. S chnh lch
p sut ny do:
2.2.2.1 S chnh lch nhit khng kh bn trong v bn ngoi nh (do c nhit
tha Qth)
Hnh 2.4: Thng gi t nhin do chnh lch nhit

2.2.2.2 Tc ng ca gi qua nh
Hnh 2.5: Thng gi t nhin do tc dng ca gi

2.2.2.3 Tc ng ng thi ca nhit tha Qth v gi
35
Hnh 2.6: Thng gi t nhin di tc dng ca gi v nhit tha

2.3 TNH TON LU LNG THNG GI
2.3.1 Tnh ton lu lng thng gi chung
Lu lng thng gi chung l lu lng khng kh trao i cho nh xng x
l nhim nhit hoc nhim khng kh bn trong nh xng nhm t c tiu chun
v sinh cho php. y l thng s tnh ton u tin rt quan trng, dng lm c s
tnh ton h thng phn phi (hay thu gom) khng kh, nh tuyn ng dn v cc thit b
km theo. n v tnh lu lng thng gi l lu lng khi lng LC [kg/h] hay lu
lng th tch LV [m3/h].
2.3.1.1 Lu lng thng gi kh nhit tha
Nhit tha l hiu s gia lng nhit thu vo (Qth) v lng nhit mt i (Qm) ca
nh xng. Lng nhit thu vo bao gm nhit thi t con ngi, t thit b my mc
cng ngh v t bc x mt tri. Lng nhit mt i qua kt cu bao che nh xng
(tng, mi, sn nn). gi nhit khng kh trong nh xng khng tng cao do
lng nhit tha ny, cn phi c mt lu lng khng kh trao i kh n, l lu
lng thng gi kh nhit tha, c tnh theo cng thc sau:
L
Qth
tr tv
Trong :
C : nhit dung ring ca khng kh kh, C = 1 [kg/k]. ]
tr : nhit khng kh thi ra [0C ]
tv : nhit khng kh thi vo [0C ]
Nhit khng kh thi vo phng tv thng ly bng nhit khng kh ngoi tri.
Trng hp khng kh c lm mt trc khi thi vo th tr s tv c ly bng nhit
khng kh sau khi ra khi thit b lm mt. trnh tc hi ca lung khng kh lnh
thi thng n ngi, tv thng ly thp hn nhit trong phng t 5 - 7 C nu
36

ming thi b tr cao ngang ngi, cn nu ming thi t cao trn 4m tnh t
mt sn th tv cho php ly thp hn nhit trong phng t 10 - 12 C.
Nhit ra khi phng Tr c th ly bng nhit trong phng nu khng kh c
ht ra ti vng lm vic tv = tvlv . Nu ming ht khng kh ra t trn cao th tr c th
xc nh bng cng thc:
tr = tvlv + B(H - 2)
Trong :
tvlv : nhit khng kh trong phng ti vng lm vic, theo quy c l
vng t mt sn ln n cao 2m, [0C ].
H
: chiu cao t mt sn n tm ming ht, [m].
: chiu cao vng lm vic, [m].
: tng nhit theo chiu cao (gradien nhit ), tc l tng

nhit theo chiu cao.
nhng nh my m ngun nhit phn b u trn mt bng v chiu cao khng ln

th bin thin nhit l u n, cn vi trng hp nhit phn b khng u v
chiu cao ln th bin thin nhit khng u.
2.3.1.2 Lu lng thng gi kh hi nc tha
Hi nc tha cng l mt yu t gy nhim cho mi trng, v vy trong nhiu
trng hp cn thng gi kh hi nc. Lu lng thng gi kh hi nc c tnh
nh sau:
L
G hn
d m ax d 0
[kg/h]
Trong :
Ghn : lng hi nc ta ra trong cng trnh, [g/h].
dmax : dung m cc i cho php ca khng kh trong cng trnh, [g/h].
d0
: dung m ca khng kh thi vo, [g/h].
2.3.1.3 Lu lng thng gi cho nh dn dng

Trong nh dn dng, ngoi vic tnh ton lu lng kh nhit hay kh m nh va
trnh by trn, nhiu khi lu lng thng gi cn c tnh theo bi s trao i khng
kh m. Nu gi lu lng khng kh trao i l L (m3/h) v th tch ca phng cn thng
gi l V, th t s L / V = m c gi l bi s trao i khng kh hay bi s thng gi.
Nh vy, nu bit bi s trao i khng kh ca mt loi nh no , ta c th tnh c
lu lng thng gi theo cng thc sau:
37

L = m . V , m3/h
Bi s trao i khng kh trong mt s dng nh cng cng v dn dng c ly nh
sau:
-
Trng hc, bi s ht:
m=3-6
Nh tr, bi s ht:
m=2-5
Cu lc b, bi s ht :
m = 1, 5 - 2
2.3.1.4 Lu lng thng gi kh nhim

Trong nh cng nghip thng pht sinh cc cht nhim khng kh nh bi, hi kh
c lm cho mi trng b nhim. Trong trng hp lu lng thng gi c tnh
ton theo cng thc sau:
L
Gon
C cp
Cv
[ m3/h]
Trong :
Gon : lng cht nhim sinh ra trong nh xng cn thng gi, [g/h].
Ccp : nng ti a cho php ca cht nhim trong nh xng, [g/m3].
Cv : nng cht nhim c trong khng kh cp vo, [g/m3].
Trong cc phn xng sn xut ti lng Gon cc cht nhim c hi sinh ra ty
thuc vo qui trnh cng ngh, vo thit b my mc v nguyn liu, nhin liu s dng.
xc nh ti lng , chng ta c th p dng nhiu phng php khc nhau nh
phng php cn bng vt cht, phng php s dng h s nhim... Trong phng
php h s nhim c s dng thng dng nht v tnh ton nhanh.
H s nhim ca mt loi cht nhim no ca qu trnh sn xut l lng cht
nhim sinh ra trong qu trnh sn xut tnh trn mt khi lng nguyn liu, nhin
liu s dng hoc tnh trn mt khi lng sn phm hoc nhit lng c sinh ra. H
s nhim thng c tnh bng g/tn hoc g/1000 l. Nhng bng sau gii thiu h s
nhim ca mt s loi hnh sn xut cng nghip.
Bng 2.1: H s nhim ca nh my ch bin tht (g/tn sn phm)
CHT GY NHIM
H S NHIM
- Bi tng cng
- Hi axit (thng l axit acetic)
- Formaldehyde
- Phenols
- Hydrocarbon
- Oxit Carbon
47
11
5
3
31
33
38

Bng 2.2: H s nhim ca nh my xay bt m (g/tn nguyn liu)
CHT GY NHIM
H S NHIM
- Bi:
+ Cng on nhp kho, lm
sch kho, lu gi
+ Cng on xay bt
+ Vn chuyn v xut kho
- Cc kh thi do t du
+ CO
+ NO2
+ SO2
+ HC
+ Bi
50 150
10 - 40
5 - 40
0,02 - 20
0,6 - 8
0,01 - 30
0,04 - 10
0,01 - 1,2
Bng 2.3: H s nhim ca cng on hn in st thp (mg/ mt que hn)

CHT GY NHIM
- Khi hn (cha nhiu bi)
- CO
- NOx
2.5
285
10
12
NG KNH QUE HN ( )
3,25
4
5
6
508
706
1.100
1.578
15
25
35
50
20
30
45
70
Bng 2.4: H s nhim ca cng on hn hoc ct kim loi bng hi

(g / Fe2O3 / lt oxy)
LOI HI HN
Axetylen
Propane
CHIU DI TM KIM
LOI
< 5 mm
> 5 mm
< 5 mm
5 - 20 mm
> 20 mm
H S NHIM
3
5
2
3
4
Bng 2.5: H s nhim ca nh my sn xut tn trng km(g/ tn SP)

CHT NHIM
- Hi HCl v hi Cl
- Zn
- NH4+
- Cl
- Bi
H S NHIM
CNG ON
16 - 100
7 - 930
36 - 1.150
Ty ra
M km
45 - 2.500
2.000 - 3.000
39

Bng 2.6: H s nhim ca nh my gm s (g / tn vt nung)
H S NHIM
CHT GY NHIM
-
HF
SO2
NOx
CxHy
CO
250
150
750
1.000
300
Bng 2.7: H s nhim ca nh my gch (g / tn gch nung)

H S NHIM
CHT GY NHIM
-
HF
SO2
HCl
Bi
170
150
70
125
Bng 2.8: H s nhim ca nh my ch bin g (kg / tn NL)

H S NHIM
CHT GY NHIM
-
Bi
Mt ca, dm bo
3,0
300
Bng 2.9: H s pht thi kh trung bnh ca cc qu trnh t chy trong mt s

ngnh kinh t
Nh my nng lng
Cng nghip thc phm
H s pht thi
(g. GJ)
SO2 NO3 Bi
540
290
20
290
130
180
Than cc
Sn xut kim loi c bn
450
540
12
Du cn
Nh my nng lng
Cng nghip thc phm
Cng nghip dt
Cng nghip g v giy
Lc du
Cng nghip than v du m
Cng nghip ha cht (khng k phn bn)
Sn xut phn bn
Vt liu xy dng
Sn xut kim loi c bn
Ngnh sn xut kim loi khc
730
750
800
800
1250
300
600
700
700
530
820
160
130
160
130
180
60
130
90
330
200
120
20
20
10
20
60
50
30
10
4
0
10
Nhin liu
Than
Ngnh kinh t
40
Ghi
ch
1)
2)
3)
4)

Cc ngnh cng nghip khc
Ha cht
820
240
120
110
10
15
Nh my in
Khai thc kh / du
Phn phi kh
Cng nghip thc phm
Cng nghip dt
Cng nghip giy
Lc du
Cng nghip than v du m
Cng nghip ha cht (khng k phn bn)
Sn xut phn bn
Vt liu xy dng
Sn xut kim loi c bn
Sn xut kim loi khc
Cc ngnh cng nghip khc
0
260
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
140
100
1300
60
40
40
140
50
80
90
140
110
50
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Kh thi
ha hc
Cng nghip ha cht
140
120
Kh lc du
Cng nghip ha cht

Cng nghip lc du
125
125
60
100
0
20
id. (LM)
Cng nghip lc du
170
20
Kh l cc
Cng nghip luyn kim en
100
320
Kh thin
nhin
5)
6)
(*) Ngun: Handbook of Emission Factors - Ministry of Housing, Physiccal

Planning and Environment - The Nethelands
Ghi ch:
1) Sy c
2) Nh my nung x qung
3) H thng trn asphalt s dng ch yu du cn
4) L thy tinh
5) Tuabin kh v ng c hi t
6) Kh thin hnin c s dng trong ngnh cng nghip ha cht
Bit c h s nhim, chng ta d dng tnh c ti lng cc hi kh c hi.
41

2.3.2 Tnh ton lu lng thng gi cc b
Thng gi cc b nh nu trn thng s dng ht kh thi t ngun pht sinh
ra chng. Vic tnh ton lu lng ht cc b ny rt quan trng, v n quyt nh cng
sut ca cc thit b x l. Lu lng ht cc b c tnh ton ty thuc vo vic cu
to, kch thc ca ming ht cng nh khong cch gia chng n ngun pht sinh kh
thi cn ht. Kt cu ming ht cc b phi tha mn c cc yu cu sau y:
-
n gin, d dng tho lp khi cn thit sa cha, v sinh.
Khng nh hng n hot ng ca dy chuyn cng ngh v thao tc ca cng

nhn.
Ty thuc vo c im ca thit b my mc pht sinh ngun thi m c nhng dng

ming ht cc b cng nh v tr b tr khc nhau. ng thi lu lng ht cc b cng
ph thuc vo cu to v v tr b tr ming ht. Phn sau y gii thiu cc cng thc
tnh ton lu lng cho mt s trng hp:
2.3.2.1 Chp ht
Chp ht l loi ming ht thng dng nht lp t pha trn ngun ta nhit hoc
hi kh c. Chp c cu to hnh nn ct nh hnh 2.7.
Lu lng ht cc b trong trng hp ny xc nh bng cng thc sau:
L = 1,4 O. D .v , [m3/s]
Trong :
O : chu vi ca ngun thi, [m]
D : chiu cao t ngun thi ti mp chp ht, [m]
v : vn tc trung bnh tnh ti ming chp, thng ly > 1 m/s, [m/s]
45
0.4D
Min
Hnh 2.7: Chp ht trn ngun nhim

Trong nhiu trng hp chp ht dng trn cng c b tr theo phng nm ngang nh
hnh 2.8
42
x
Nguon
Hnh 2.8: Chp ht trn sn hoc bng chuyn

Trong trng hp ny lu lng ht tnh nh sau:
Lc = v (5X + A), [m3/s]
Trong :
X : Khong cch t ming ht n ngun hoc mp i din ca ngun, [m]
A : Din tch ming ht, [m2]
v : vn tc trung bnh ca khng kh ti ming ht, [m/s]
Trng hp ngun l lng t do trc mt ming ht (hnh 2.10) th lu lng ht c
tnh gn ng nh sau:
Lc = v(10X + A) , [m3/s]
x
Nguon
Hnh 2.9: Ngun t do trc mt ming ht

2.3.2.2 Ming ht trn thnh b
Loi ming ht ny thng s dng ht hi kh c t b mt dung dch trong cc
b cht lng nh b ty ra, b m... Ming ht cu to di dng khe nm dc theo
thnh b. Khe ht b tr mt bn thnh b khi b rng b B < 0,7m v b tr hai bn
thnh b khi B > 0,7m. Khong cch t b mt dung dch n khe ht < 80 - 150mm. Nu
H > 150 - 300 mm cn hng ming ht xung mt dung dch (Hnh 2.11).
Lu lng trn thnh b c tnh vi cng thc sau:
LB = c.L.B, [m3/s]
Trong :
L : chiu di b, [m]
43

B : chiu ngang b, [m]
C : hng s ph thuc vo nhit dung dch v din tch b mt b. Nhit
cng cao, din tch cng ln th hng s c cng ln. Tr s c dao
ng trong khong 50 - 500, thng dng t 150 - 250.
B < 0,7 m
B > 0,7 m
a)
b)
B < 0,7 m
B > 0,7 m
c)
Hnh 2.10: Ming ht trn thnh b
a. Ht mt bn
b. Ht hai bn
c. Ming ht hng xung mt dung dch
2.4 TNH TON H THNG NG DN KHNG KH

2.4.1 ng dn khng kh
Trong mt h thng thng gi, ng dn l mt phn rt quan trng v n lm nhim v
dn khng kh sch n ni cn dng hoc dn khng kh b nhim ti ni cn x l.
Chi ph u t cho h thng ng dn khng kh c th chim ti 20% - 30% chi ph ca
ton h thng. V vy, vic la chn nguyn vt liu lm ng, cng nh cu to, tnh
ton ng u c nh hng ln ti cht lng v gi thnh ca h thng.
Yu cu i vi ng dn khng kh bao gm:
-
Vt liu lm ng kh chy hoc khng chy
Thnh ng khng r r, thm thu khng kh v hi nc
B mt trong ca ng cnh nhn cng tt gim tr lc do ma st
Cch nhit tt khi chnh lch khng kh bn trong v bn ngoi ng cao
44
Hnh 2.11: Cc loi ng dn khng kh

a. ng ng gc tng
c. ng trn nm trong trn
b. ng nm ngang di sn
c. Mng ngm di nn nh
Hnh 2.12: ng dn khng kh trong nh cng nghip

a. t trn ct
b. Treo hoc t trn gi lin kt vi tng
45

2.4.2 Tnh ton thit k h thng ng dn khng kh
Vic tnh ton thit k h thng ng dn khng kh rt quan trng v n s quyt nh
gi thnh ca h thng ng dn v qut gi, do nh hng ti gi thnh ca ton b
cng trnh. Vic tnh ton thit k thng bt u bng vic vch tuyn h thng ng dn
trn mt bng v v s khng gian ca h thng . Sau trn c s chn vn tc
khng kh vn chuyn trong ng ng xc nh ng knh ng v tnh ton tn tht
p sut ca h thng, t tnh ton chn qut v ng c in.
2.4.2.1 Cc phng trnh c bn
tnh ton tn tht p sut ca dng kh trong ng, chng ta da vo 2 phng trnh
c bn ca dng kh chuyn ng nh sau:
+ Phng trnh lin tc :
v1 * F1 = v2 * F2 = v * F = L = const.
Trong :
v1 , v2 : vn tc dng kh ti mt ct 1-1 v 2-2, m/s
F1 , F2 : din tch tit din ngang ti mt ct 1-1 v 2-2, m2
L: lu lng ca dng kh chuyn ng trong ng, m3/s.
T phng trnh trn c th vit c:
v
L
, m/s
F
+ Phng trnh nng lng :

p1 + v 1 2
p
p
= p2 + v22 + P1-2
2
2
Trong :
p1, p2 : p sut tnh ti mt ct 1-1 v 2-2
v1, v2 : vn tc dng kh ti mt ct 1-1 v 2-2
2.4.2.2 Tn tht p sut trong ng ng
Khi dng kh chuyn ng trong ng, mt phn nng lng b tiu hao thng ma
st do cc phn t kh tip xc vi thnh ng v do chuyn ng ri ti cc chi tit. Nng
lng b tiu hao th hin di dng p sut v c gi l tn tht p sut. Tn tht
p sut trong ng ng bao gm 2 phn: tn tht dc ng v tn tht cc b.
-
Tn tht p sut dc ng hay cn gi l tn tht p sut do ma st thng

k hiu bng ch pms. Tn tht do ma st khi dng kh chuyn ng t mt ct 11 n mt ct 2-2 c tnh theo cng thc:
46

Pms = P1 - P2 = * l * U * p * v2 , N/m2
F
Trong :
l : Chiu di on ng, m
v : vn tc dng kh, m/s
U: chu vi mt ct ngang ng, m
F : din tch mt ct ngang ng, m2
p : Khi lng ring ca khng kh

: H s t l khng th nguyn
Vi ng dn khng kh c tit din ngang l hnh trn th U/F = 4/d. Do :
ms = 4 ta c :
p ms
l p * v2
4 . .
d
2
p ms
l p * v2
.
d
2
ms
Vi ng c tit din ngang bt k th:

p ms
l p * v2
.
d
2
ms
Trong ms c gi l h s ma st v ph thuc vo ch chy ca dng kh v

nhm ca thnh ng dn. ms l mt hm s ca 2 bin s l chun s Rynon v
nhm tng i ca thnh ng (k):
ms
t R
ms
f Re,
k
d
v2
v gi l tn tht p sut n v, tc l tn tht p sut trn 1m ng
2
dn (kg/m .m), ta c th vit c pms = R.l

Tr s R thng c cho trong cc bng tnh sn hoc cc biu , vi iu kin tnh
tng ng l t = 200C, nhm k = 0,1 mm v tnh cho ng trn. V vy, khi tnh ton
cho h thng ng dn trong nhng iu kin khc vi iu kin ni trn th phi nhn vi
h s hiu chnh:
pms = R. l. m. n
Vi :
m : h s hiu chnh v nhit

n : h s hiu chnh v nhm
47

Cc h s m, n c tra bng tnh sn hoc biu .
Bng 2.10: H s hiu chnh tn tht p sut khi nhit thay i
t0 C
t0 C
t0 C
-30
1,10
20
1,00
90
0,88
-25
1,09
25
0,99
100
0,87
-20
1,08
30
0,98
125
0,84
-15
1,07
35
0,97
150
0,81
-10
1,06
40
0,96
175
0,78
-5
1,05
45
0,95
200
0,75
1,04
50
0,94
150
0,71
1,03
60
0,93
300
0,67
10
1,02
70
0,92
350
0,63
15
1,01
80
0.90
400
0,59
Hnh 2.13: H s hiu chnh tn tht p sut (n) i vi ng c nhm

k=0,1mm
a. Mt bch
c. ai m
b. Ghp m
d. ng loe
Trong trng hp ng dn khng kh c tit din ngang l hnh vung hoc hnh ch
nht, ta vn c th s dng cc cng thc ni trn nhng phi quy i kch thc ng
vung hoc ng ch nht v ng knh tng ng ca ng trn. C nhiu cch tnh
ng knh tng ng ca ng trn, nhng thng dng nht l tnh ng knh tng
ng theo din tch.
- Tn tht cc b
48

Tn tht p sut cc b l tn tht do chuyn ng ca dng kh khi qua cc chng
ngi nh tht, m dng, chc ba, chc t, van kha, ...
Tn tht p sut cc b c tnh bng cng thc sau:
pcb
.v 2 p
, N/m2
2
Trong :
- h s sc cn cc b, ph thuc vo loi chng ngi.
v - vn tc chuyn ng ca dng kh, m/s
p - khi lng ring ca dng kh, kg/m3
H s sc cn cc b
c th tra bng hoc biu cho cc trang sau.
2.4.2.3 Cc phng php tnh ton tn tht p sut ca h thng ng dn khng kh

tnh ton tn tht p sut ca h thng ng dn khng kh, ngi ta c th s dng
nhng phng php sau y:
-
Phng php di tng ng: l phng php thay th cc sc cn cc b trn

mi on ng bng cch cng thm di sao cho di thm vo c tn tht ma
st bng tn tht p sut cc b do cc chng ngi gy ra.
Phng php tr lc cc b tng ng: ngc vi phng php trn, tc l thay

th chiu di ca on ng bng mt chng ngi sao cho tn tht p sut do
chng ngi gy ra bng tn tht p sut trn on ng .
Phng php tit din trn tng ng.
Tuy nhin, thng dng nht vn l tn tht p sut n v. Thc cht ca phng
php ny l trn c s chn vn tc chuyn ng ca khng kh bn trong ng
theo cc yu cu kinh t, k thut (thc cht l chn d), t theo cc biu hay
bng tnh sn xc nh tn tht p sut n v. Phng php ny c u im l
nhanh chng, chnh xc.
2.4.2.4 Trnh t tnh ton

Gi s ta c mt s b tr h thng mng li ng dn nh hnh v v bit c
lu lng, di ca tng on. Nhim v ca ta l phi tnh ton chn ng knh
ng, my qut, ng c in ...
y gii thiu cc bc tnh ton theo phng php tn tht p sut n v:
1. Chn tuyn ng chnh: l tuyn ng bt li nht v mt vn chuyn khng kh (di
nht, lu lng ln nht, nhiu tr lc cc b nht).
49

2. nh s th t cc on trn ng chnh t on cui cho n on u (theo hng
tng lu lng). Lu lng v chiu di ca mi on c ghi vo bng. Sau nh
th t cc nhnh ph.
3. Xc nh kch thc tit din ngang ca on ng. Thng l chn vn tc theo
yu cu kinh t, k thut ri t theo bng hay biu xc nh d (vi ng trn)
hoc l tnh theo cng thc:
fi
Li
vi
Trong :
fi : tit din ngang ca on ng.
Li : lu lng vn chuyn trong ng.
vi : vn tc khng kh vn chuyn trong ng.
T tnh ra d hay kch thc cc cnh a x b.
Vn tc vn chuyn trong ng thng c chn trn c s tham kho bng sau:
Bng 2.11: Vn tc khng kh trong ng dn i vi h thng TG v HKK (m/s)
Loi cng trnh
Nh
Nh cng cng
Nh my, x nghip
H HKK p sut cao
Nhnh chnh
Thng dng Ti a
Nhnh ph
Thng dng Ti a
3.5 - 4,5
5 - 6,5
3 - 4,5
6,5
6-9
11
4-5
8 - 12,5
25 - 30
10
22,5
i vi h thng ng dn khng kh b nhim, c th ly vn tc dng kh trong ng

trong khong t 10 - 15 m/s. Ring vi h thng ht bi, vn tc dng kh cn ph thuc
vo loi bi cng nh kch thc bi. C th tham kho la chn theo bng sau:
Bng 2.12: Vn tc khng kh trong ng dn i vi h thng ht bi
Loi bi
Vn tc (m/s)
Bi kh nh
8 - 10
Bi bng si
10 - 12
Bi t, dm bo, mt ca
12 - 14
Bi kim loi, bi khong cht nng
14 -16
Cn ch l vn tc khng kh cn c tng dn v pha cui ng ng.
50

Khi s dng biu hay bng xc nh ng knh d hay l khi bit fi ca ng,
theo bng ng knh tiu chun ta chn c dtc, th ta s c s sai khc gia fi vi fitc.
Do vy phi la chn sao cho fi tng ng fitc v khi phi tnh li vn tc thc.
vth = li / fi.
4. T vth v d ta s dng bng hay biu xc nh tn tht p sut n v R.
T R ta c:
Pms = R x n x m x l (N/m2)
Trong
m : h s iu chnh v nhit .
n : h s iu chnh v nhm.
l : di on ng, (m).
5. Xc nh tn tht p sut do sc cn cc b
mi on ng, theo dng sc cn cc b s dng bng hay biu ta s xc
nh c h s sc cn cc b
cho c on v t tnh c:
Pi cb =
Pht =
. P (N/m2)
Pms +
Pi cb +
Ptb i
Trong :
Ptb i - tn tht p sut khi khng kh i qua cc thit b ( nh ca ly gi,
b lc, b lm lnh, thit b x l...). Vi mi loi thit b, ng vi kiu,
loi v vn tc khng kh i qua n, ta s c mt gi tr Ptb.
6. Tnh cng sut ca my qut v ng c
Khi bit lu lng L (m3/s) v tn tht p sut ca ton h thng AP, ta c th tin
hnh chn qut, bng cch da vo biu c tnh ca tng loi qut. Cn lu chn
qut sao cho lu lng v p sut ca qut ln hn lu lng v tn tht p sut ca h
thng khong 5%.
Cng sut in do my qut tiu th c tnh bng cng thc sau:
N
L. Pk
1000 . 1 .
Trong :
L: Lu lng ca qut, m3/s
P:
p sut ca qut, N/m2

51

1 : Hiu sut ca qut, ph thuc loi qut v ch lm vic ca
qut, tr s ca 1 dao ng trong mt phm vi rng, t 0,3 -0,8.
2:
H s truyn ng. Khi ni qut lin trc vi ng c th
2:
0,95 - 0,98, cn ni bng ai truyn th 2 = 0,85 - 0,90.
k : H s d tr cho cng sut. Tr s k ph thuc vo loi qut v

ln ca cng sut v thng ly trong khong t 1,05 - 1,5.
52
CHNG 3: K THUT X L BI
CHNG 3
K THUT X L BI
3.1 NHNG KHI NIM C BN
nhim v bi trong khng kh l loi nhim ph bin mi ni, mi lc, cn phi
c x l nghim ngt v c hiu qu. Mun vy phi nm vng cc c tnh ca ht
bi v cc loi thit b x l bi.
3.1.1 Bi v cc c tnh ca bi
Bi l nhng phn t vt cht rt nh phn tn trong khng kh, gm cc loi: bi hu
c, bi v c v bi hn hp. Bi c pht sinh t cc hot ng sinh hot (n , vui
chi, hc tp...), t sn xut, t giao thng,... ca con ngi. c bit, trong sn xut
cng nghip, bi l ngun thi ph bin nht; bt c mt nh my no, t vic t chy
nhin liu, t gia cng lng thc thc phm (xay xt la go, bt m...), gia cng lm
sn (ca x g, dng gia dng), t c kh rn c, hm m,... trn cc dy chuyn
cng ngh u thi ra mi trng lm vic hoc ra kh quyn mt lng bi lm nh
hng n sc khe v mi trng sng.
Bi c nhng c tnh sau y:
-
Kch thc ht bi: tnh t di 1 m (micron) n 100 m hoc ln hn. Trong

sn xut cng nghip, phn ln kch thc ht bi < 10 , trong bi c kch
thc < 2 m chim t 40 90%.
Hnh dng ht bi: khng ging nhau trong mi cng ngh sn xut, thng c 3
dng chnh: dng khi (nh bi kim loi mu, bi bt xay xt, ...), dng si (nh
dng bi aming, bng vi, si thy tinh), dng dt mng, vy t thin nhin
hay cht tng hp.
53
-
Tnh dnh bm: vo nhau v vo vt khc. dnh bm ny ph thuc vo hnh

dng ca bi, vo cht mi gii lin kt )nh hi nc trong khng kh, nc,
du).
Tnh nhim in: Bi b ion ha khi qua in trng c in th cao. Cc ion ny

i theo v cc nh.
Tnh ht m hay tnh ho nc.
Tnh chy n, tnh mi mn, phng x,...
Trong nhng c tnh trn th cc c tnh c ngha n s la chn k thut v thit

b x l bi l: kch thc, hnh dng, v c tnh dnh bm ca ht bi. Bt c mt loi
bi no u tn ti 3 loi c tnh ny, cn c loi c tnh khc c lc khng xut hin.
Bi trong khng kh tnh bng nng khi lng, tc l khi lng ca bi tnh
bng mg trong mt n v th tch khng kh mg/m3 hoc mg/lt. Ngoi ra, ta cn xem xt
n s lng ht bi n, cng nh s phn b kch thc ca chng trong mt n v th
tch khng kh.
Vn tc lng (hay vn tc treo) ca ht bi l mt thng s tnh ton cn thit khi la
chn kch thc thit b x l bi, c th xc nh da theo cng thc tnh ton (tham
kho bng 3.1)
v1
d 2 . .g
[m/s]
18 k
(3.1)
Trong :
d : ng knh ca ht bi [m]
: khi lng ring ca ht bi [kg/m3]
g : gia tc trng lng [m/s2]
k
: h s nht ng hc ca khng kh [N.s/m2]

Bng 3.1: Vn tc lng ca ht bi
ng knh ht bi
m
0,1
0,2
0,4
1,0
2,0
4,0
10,0
20,0
Vn tc lng ca ht bi [cm/s]
Theo s liu thc nghim
8,7. 10-5
2,3 . 10-4
6,8 . 10-4
3,5 . 10-3
1,19 . 10-2
5,1 . 10-2
3,05 . 10-1
1,2
54
Theo nh lut Stock

8,71 . 10-5
2,27 . 10-4
6,85 . 10-4
3,49 . 10-3
1,19 . 10-2
5,1 . 10-2
3,06 . 10-1
1.2
40,0
100,0
400,0
4,8
24,6
157,0
5.0
25,0
483,0
3.1.2 Thit b x l bi v c tnh ca thit b

Da vo nguyn l hot ng thu gi bi ta c th chia cc thit b x l bi thnh 4
nhm sau:
-
Nhm thit b thu tch bi theo nguyn l qun tnh v trng lc: s dng lc qun
tnh, lc hp dn lm cho bi tch khi dng khng kh lng ng li.
Nhm thit b lc gi li bi khi dng khng kh i qua lp vt liu lc.
Nhm thit b thu gi li bi c tch in khi dng khng kh qua in trng

cao th.
Nhm thit b thu gi bi di dng t.
Cc thit b x l bi c nh gi bng cc thng s c trng nh sau:

a. Mc lm sch
thc sau:
(hiu qu thu gi bi ca cc thit b ) biu din bng cng

yv
yr
yv
.100 [%]
(3.2)
Trong :
yv, yr : Nng bi trong khng kh trc khi vo v sau khi ra khi thit
b [mg/m3].
Mc lm sch bi ph thuc vo thit b x l bi, vo c tnh ht bi, vo lu

lng khng kh mang bi,... Mc lm sch mi ch th hin lng (trng lng
bi) cha th hin y cht (kch thc no ca ht bi c gi li).
b. Cng sut ca thit b : Tnh bng lu lng dng kh i qua thit b [m3/h].
c. Ti trng khng kh ring : c trng bng t s gia th tch khng kh i qua
thit b thu gom bi so vi b mt thit b khng kh i qua, biu th bng
[m3/h.m2].
d. Dung lng bi: l lng bi tnh bng kg c thu gi li trong thit b sn xut
chu k lm vic qui nh (mt thi gian nht nh no y, hay khi t c tr s
xc nh ca sc khng kh ng)[kg/ln].
e. Tn tht p sut ca dng kh khi qua thit b x l: l hiu s p sut o c ca
khng kh trc v sau thit b x l [N/m2].
55
g. Chi ph nng lng: l nng lng in tiu hao lm sch 1.000m3 khng kh
[kwh/103 m3].
h. Gi thnh lm sch khng kh khi bi: tnh bng tng gi tr ch to, lp rp v
chi ph vn hnh.
3.2 THIT B THU BI THEO NGUYN L TRNG LC V QUN TNH
3.2.1 Khi nim c bn :
Phng php n gin nht l x l khng kh b nhim bi l thu gom bi di tc
dng ca lc trng trng hoc lc qun tnh. Thit b ny c 2 dng chnh:
-
Bung lng bi lm vic theo nguyn l trng lc.
Xyclon v thit b kiu tm chp lm vic theo nguyn l qun tnh.
3.2.2 Bung lng bi

Bung lng bi l loi thit b thu gom bi n gin nht c s dng cp thu tch
bi u tin (cp th) cc ht bi c kch thc ln (thng > 30 m).
Nguyn l lm vic ca bung lng l li dng trng lc ca ht bi khi dng khng
kh chuyn ng ngang qua bung. Khi ht bi chu tc dng ca 2 lc chuyn ng
qua ca dng khng kh v lc trng trng. Nu lc ngang gim nhanh bt ng ht bi
s hng xung pha di lng ng ti y bung lng.
Hnh 3.1: Nguyn l lm vic ca bung lng bi.

Vic tnh ton ca bung lng da theo quan h gia 2 t s sau y:
HB
VL
LB
VK
(3.3)
Trong :
HB : chiu cao ca bung lng bi [m]
LB : chiu cao ca bung lng bi [m]
56
VL : vn tc lng ca ht bi, ly theo bng (3.2)
VK : vn tc chuyn ng ca dng kh [m/s], c tnh theo cng
thc:
VK
LK
FB
LK
H B .B B
(3.4)
Trong :
LK : lu lng dng kh, [m2/s]
FB : din tch mt ct ngang bung lng, [m2]
BB : chiu ngang bung lng bi, [m]
Vn tc cc i cho php ca dng kh trong bung lng tham kho bng 3.2.
Bng 3.2: Vn tc cc i cho php trong dng kh
Bi
Phi nhm
Aming
Bt
Tinh bt
Oxit ch
Mn ca
Ht thp
Khi lng ring

kg/m3
2720
2200
2780
1270
8260
1180
6850
Vn tc cc i cho php
m/s
4,3
5,0
5,4
1,75
7,6
4,0
4,7
Mc lm sch bi ca bung lng bi thng khng qu 50%. Mun vt gii hn

ny t hiu sut cao hn, bung lng bi phi c kt cu phc tp hn nh: c vch
ng ngn, ng dn khng kh ngon ngoo. Bng 3.3 gii thiu hiu sut lm sch
bi ca bung lng bi ng vi cc c ht khc nhau. Bung lng bi lm vic tt vi kh
c nhit cao v mi trng n mn.
Bng 3.3: Hiu qu lm sch bi ca bung lng bi nhiu ngn ng vi cc
kch thc ht khc nhau
Ngun gc ca bi
Bi t my phun ct
Bi t bn khun c
T l % c ht bi c kch thc < 90 m

100
60
20
70 - 65
80 - 72
95 - 85
75 - 67
97 - 90
98 - 96
57
Hnh 3.2: Gii thiu mt s bung lng bi

a) bung n gin nht
c) bung c cc vch ngn
b) bung nhiu sn
d) bung c mn xch hoc dy kim loi
3.2.3 Thit b thu bi kiu tm chp

Thit b kiu ny gm nhiu hnh chp ct c ng knh khc nhau ni vi nhau
theo chiu gim dn ca ng knh.
3.2.4 Xyclon
Xyclon l thit b thu gom bi li dng lc ly tm khi dng kh chuyn ng xoy
trong thit b. Lung khng kh cha bi i vo xyclon theo phng tip tuyn vi thn
xyclon phn trn ri xoy xung dn gp phn ng hnh phu. Dng xoy ny thu dn
ng knh xoy v hng ln pha trn i vo ng tr gia v thot ra ngoi. Do tc
dng ca lc ly tm cc ht bi b vng v pha thnh ng, mt dn vn tc, ri dn
xung phu i vo hp cha.
Xyclon c nhng u im sau:
-
Khng c b phn chuyn ng, dng khng kh bi t n tch bi da vo s

chuyn ng ca mnh.
Lm vic c mi trng c nhit cao (ti 5000C ).
Bi thu gom dng kh, c th dng li c (bt m, go, tinh bt,...).
Lm vic c vi p sut cao, lp t c ng ht hoc y.
Sc cn kh ng hc n nh.
Nng bi tng khng nh hng n hiu sut lm sch.
Ch to n gin, vn hnh d dng, c th sa cha thay th tng b phn.

58
Xylon c nhng nhc im sau:
-
Tn tht p sut trong thit b tng i cao.
Hiu qu lc bi gim khi kch thc ht bi < 5 m.
Hnh 3.3: Nguyn l hot ng ca xyclon

1) Khng kh cha bi i vo xyclon; 2) Khng kh sch ra khi thit b; 3) Bi thu hi;
4) Qu o chuyn ng ca dng kh cha bi; 5) Qu o chuyn ng ca dng kh
sch.
3.2.4.1 Xyclon n
L mt thit b hon chnh, c lp ng vi cng sut lu lng dng khng kh vo.
Nu lu lng dng khng kh ln, ta c th ghp song song nhiu xyclon n cng hot
ng. Xyclon n c hai dng: Dng hnh tr v dng hnh cn (hnh 3.4). Vic s dng
loi no ty thuc vo c tnh ca ht bi v yu cu x l.
Hnh 3.4: Hai dng xyclon n

Chng ta c th tnh ton thit k xyclon theo nhiu phng php khc nhau, nhng
trong thc t thng s dng phng php tnh chn theo mu c nghin cu.
59
tnh chn xyclon, trc ht cn bit cc s liu sau:
-
Lu lng khng kh bi cn lm sch LB [m3/h]
Nng bi trong khng kh YV [g/m3]
Khi lng ring ca bi SB [kg/m3]
Mc lm sch yu cu
[%]
V cc s liu khc nh: thnh phn bi, nht ng lc ca khng kh,...

Trnh t tnh ton
1- Chn trc mu xyclon. T xc nh vn tc ti u Vt ph thuc mu chn.
Phm vi vn tc Vt : 1,0 m/s n 5m/s, [m/s]
2- Tnh din tch tit din xyclon Fx [m2]
LK
[m2]
Vtu
Fx
(3.5)
3- Xc nh ng knh xyclon Dx khi gi thit s lng n

Fx
[m]
0,785 n
DX
(3.6)
Chn s trn cho Dx.

4- Tnh vn tc thc t ca dng khng kh trong xyclon Vtt [m/s]:
LK
[m/s]
0,785 .n.D 2 x
Vtt
(3.7)
Vn tc Vtt khng sai lch vi Vtt qu 15%

5- Tnh sc cn kh ng ca xyclon P:
P
Vh2
2
k
0
Vv2
[n/m2]
2
k
v
(3.8)
Trong :
LK : lu lng dng kh [m3/h]
Vh : vn tc ca dng kh trong xyclon [m/s]
Vv : vn tc ca dng kh ti ca vo ca xyclon [m/s]
60
0,
: h s sc cn cc b bn trong tit din ngang ca v xyclon v ti ca

vo ca xyclon (tham kho s tay k thut ca hng sn xut).
v
pk : khi lng ring ca khng kh iu kin lm vic [kg/m3]
Bng nghin cu thc nghim v t cc kt qu s dng trong thc t, ta nhn thy

cc thng s k thut ph bin nht nh sau:
-
Vn tc khng kh vo ca xyclon Vv nm t 10
25 m/s
Vn tc khng kh ra qua ng thot xyclon Vr = 6
8 m/s
ng thot bn trong thn tr xyclon cng ngn lm gim mc lm sch bi .
3.2.4.2 Xyclon t hp
Xyclon t hp l mt thit b thu gom bi gm mt s lng ln cc n nguyn
xyclon hot ng ng thi trong mt v c ng cp v ng thot khng kh, cng
nh phu thu bi chung.
u im ca xyclon t hp l c th tng lu lng khng kh cha bi m khng
tng kch thc (D) ca xyclon n lm nh hng n mc lm sch ca thit b.
ng knh ca xyclon thng t 100 250 mm. S lng n nguyn t vi chc n
hng trm xyclon (hnh 3.5)
Hnh 3.5: Xyclon t hp

Khc vi nhng loi xyclon thng (n) l dng khng kh vo xyclon n nguyn
khng theo phng tip tuyn m i t trn xung v xoy trn do nhng l hng dng
c hnh tr ca xyclon. Lu lng khng kh c phn u cho cc xyclon con hot
ng nh mt xyclon n. Bi t xyclon con ri t phu ra thng cha chung v c
61
a ra ngoi theo chu k. Khng kh sch theo cc ng thot ca tng xyclon con nhp
chung ln np thit b, i ra ngoi.
Tnh ton xyclon t hp theo trnh t sau, khi bit lu lng khng kh cn x l LK.
1- Xc nh lu lng kh Lo cho mi n nguyn theo iu kin lm vic ti u:
Lo = Vt . Fo [m3/h]
(3.9)
Trong :
Fo : din tch tit din ngang mt n nguyn [m3]
2- Tnh s lng cc n nguyn cn thit n:
Lk
[m2]
LO
(3.10)
3- Chn hoc thit k t hp xyclon gn vi s lng n tnh trn, cho ta s

lng n nguyn tnh ton ntt. T xc nh vn tc thc ca dng khng kh trong
n nguyn vtt:
vtt
LK
ntt , Fo
(3.11)
4- Tnh tn tht p sut trong xyclon t hp P:

P
.Vtt2
2
[N/m2]
(3.12)
3.3 THIT B LC BI
3.3.1 Khi nim c bn
Thit b lc bi l loi thit b lm vic theo nguyn l: Ht bi c kch thc no
khi chuyn ng qua lp vt liu c l rng (nh giy, vi, tm mng c si...) s b gi
li do lng ng trn b mt hoc trong th tch lp vt liu lc di tc dng ca lc
qun tnh, lc trng trng v lc in trng, cn khng kh sch th i qua. c im
ca thit b ny l nhng l rng ca lp vt liu to nn s lin h vi nhau v lin tc t
bn ny qua bn kia lp vt liu. Sc cn kh ng tng theo thi gian s dng, cn nng
sut lc bi th gim theo thi gian s dng.
Cc loi b lc bi thng c phn lm 3 loi :
Cc b lc tinh dng lc bi vi hiu sut rt cao (ln hn 99%), ch yu vi
cc ht rt nh v hm lng bi ban u rt nh (nh hn 1 mg/m3) v tc
nh (nh hn 10 cm/s). B lc ny thng dng trong cc trng hp c bit (thu
hi bi qu hoc bi c c tnh cao).
62
Cc b lc lm sch khng kh dng trong cc h thng thng gi v iu ha
khng kh. Loi ny lm vic vi hm lng bi ban u < 50 mg/m3 v tc lc
> 2,5 - 3 m/s.
Cc thit b lc vi cng nghip, lc dng ht, x... dng lc bi trong kh thi
cng nghip vi hm lng bi cao (ti 60 g/m3).
3.3.2 Thit b lc bi ti vi
Vt liu lc: Dng trong thit b loi ny l cc loi vi bng, len d, vi si tng hp,
si thy tinh. Trong vi tng hp hin nay c dng ph bin nht v cc u im
ca n nh chu c nhit cao, bn di tc dng c hc v ha hc, r tin. Thng
s quan trng nht ca vi lc l ti trng kh qua vi (m3/m2.ph).
Qu trnh lc bi trn vi xy ra theo 3 giai on: Giai on th nht khi vi cn sch,
cc ht bi lng trn cc lp x nm trn b mt si v gia cc si. giai on ny hiu
sut lc bi cn thp. Giai on th hai l khi c mt lp bi bm trn b mt vi, lp
bi ny tr thnh mi trng lc th 2. Hiu sut lc bi ca giai on ny rt cao. Sau
mt thi gian, bi bm trn vi s dy ln lm tng tr lc i vi dng kh, v vy cn
thit phi lm sch vi lc. Sau khi lm sch vi lc vn cn mt lng bi nm gia cc
x cho nn trong giai on 3 ny hiu sut lc vn cn cao.
Thit b lc : Vi lc c may thnh ti hnh tr c ng knh khng qu 600mm
v chiu di thng ly bng 16 n 20 ln ng knh. Thng thng, pha trong ti lc
c khung bng thp. Cc ti lc c b tr thnh tng dy song song hoc so le trong
thit b lc bi c gii thiu hnh 3.6.
Hnh 3.6: Thit b lc bi ti vi

a) Kh bn cha bi vo thit b
1 ng dn kh nn gi sch bi;
b) Kh sch ra khi thit b
2 Ca kim tra; 3 Ti vi;
63
4 Thng cha bi
Nguyn l lm vic ca thit b nh sau: Khng kh cha bi theo ng dn vo hp
phn phi u hng ln trn gia cc ti vi. Bi c gi li trn b mt ngoi ng,
khng kh sch vo trong ng vi i ln trn vo hp gp v ra ngoi. Sau mt thi gian
hot ng, bi bm nhiu trn b mt ti vi lm tng tr lc ca h thng, th phi tin
hnh hon nguyn ti lc.
Phng php hon nguyn b ti vi l mt yu t quan trng v n lin quan n
vt liu vi lc, sc cn kh ng, ti trng khng kh cn lc v chi ph nng lng hon
nguyn. C 2 phng php hon nguyn:
-
C kh : Rung lc hoc i khi vn xon.
Thi bng nn kh: thi ngc, thi lin tc hoc thi xung.
C th thc hin ng thi c rung lc v thi kh nn ngc. Hon nguyn ng

thi cho tt c ti vi hoc thay phin nhau tng cm mt.
Mc lm sch
ca thit b lc ti vi c th t 99% v cao hn.
Tnh ton thit b lc: Vic tnh ton thit b lc bi ti vi kh n gin, da theo
cc bc sau y:
1. Tnh din tch vi lc: Theo lu lng khng kh cha bi bit v loi vi lc
chn, tnh c din tch vi lc cn thit theo cc cng thc:
F
FP
FC
Q1
Q2
f
FC [m2]
(3.13)
Trong :
FP : din tch vi lc ca cc n nguyn lm vic ng thi, m2
Fc: din tch vi lc ca cc n nguyn ang ti sinh, m2
Q1 : lu lng dng khng kh cha bi, m3/ph
Q2 : lu lng kh hoc khng kh dng thi, m3/ph
f : ti trng lc ca vi, m3/m2.ph
Cng c th tnh ton din tch vi lc khi ta chn vn tc dng kh qua vi lc theo
cng thc tng t nh cng thc 3.13
F
FP
FC
Q1
Q2
vk
FC [m2]
(3.14)
Trong :
FP : din tch vi lc ca cc n nguyn lm vic ng thi, m2
Fc: din tch vi lc ca cc n nguyn ang ti sinh, m2
Q1 : lu lng dng khng kh cha bi, m3/ph
64
Q2 : lu lng kh hoc khng kh dng thi, m3/ph
vk : vn tc dng kh cha bi qua vi lc, m/ph
Vn tc khng kh qua tit din b mt vi lc cho php t 0,5 1,5 m/pht, ty theo
tng loi vi lc. Vi ng vi c khung bn trong th vn tc c th ln ti 2,5m/pht.
2. Tnh ton s lng ti vi: T din tch vi lc cn thit tnh c, cn c vo
cu to ca ti m tnh ra s lng ti:
N
F
f
(3.15)
3. T s lng ti vi tnh c, phn b thnh cc hng (n nguyn) v cu to

v thit b trn c s kch thc c bn ca cc n nguyn.
4. Tn tht p lc ca dng kh qua thit b lc ti c tnh trn c s sc cn dng
kh ca vi lc v sc cn thy lc cc b ca cc chi tit ni thit b lc nh ming vo,
ming ra, chuyn hng, ...
Thit b lc bi ti vi c hiu sut thu bi cao n trn 99% v tn tht p lc vo
khong 1300 - 1400 N/m2.
3.3.3 Li lc bi
y l thit b lc c ch to thnh tm phng t mt vt liu hay nhiu loi vt
liu khc nhau to ra nhng l rng, hai mt cng li thp v gia l vt m nh si
thy tinh, si tng hp, dy kim loi, khu nha, khu s, ... Kch thc vt liu m
cng b th l rng cng b v lc c bi mn. Ty theo lu lng khng kh cn lc ta
tnh c din tch cc tm lc v sp xp chng hp l (ng, nghing, phng, ngang)
vo thit b khng kh i qua. Hnh 3.7 l s nguyn l lp t li lc.
1)
2)
H1
3)
H3
H2
B1
B3
B2
Hnh 3.7: S nguyn l lp t li lc

1. Tm lc ng
2. Tm lc t nghing
65
3. Tm lc nm ngang
Mc lm sch ca li lc bi ny ph thuc vo vt m bn trong, c th t
n 95 98%. Sau mt chu k s dng, li lc b bi bm nhiu lm tng sc cn kh
ng nn phi thay th, hoc phi tho ra sch bi nh trng thi ban u.
3.3.4 Li lc thng quay
Trong cng nghip si dt, lc bi bng trong khng kh, ta thng dng li lc
thng quay. Cu to gm mt khung trn (2) quay xung quanh trc vi vn tc 1 2 vng
/pht. B mt tr khung cng li thp. Khi khng kh i qua, bi dng si c gi li
trn mt li, khng kh sch thot ra ngoi 1 hoc 2 u h. Khi trng quay, bi
bng bm trn mt li c chi g ra, ri xung hp cha bi mt trc quay c rng
lc kiu nh bn chi (hnh 3.8). Hiu qu lc t t 75 90%
Hnh 3.8: Cu to li lc thng quay

1. Thng bc khung hnh trng
2. Khung hnh trng c li lc quanh tr trng.

3. Trc quay rng lc.
3.3.5 Li lc bi bng giy

Loi thit b ny thng c s dng nhng ni m yu cu sch ca khng kh
rt cao nh ngnh y t (m, v trng, pha ch thuc...), ngnh my mc chnh xc
(quang hc, vi tnh, my o, ...).
Vt liu y l giy xp sn xut c bit, xp thnh nhiu lp trn gi kim loi c
cng li thp theo hnh gp khc (hnh 3.9). Li thp c tc dng bo v lp giy lc
khi b thng rch khi p sut dng kh tng cao. Cc bng gp khc bc giy ny c
t vo khung hp c kch thc nht nh, tin li cho tho lp, thay hp giy lc mi.
66
1. Khung hp
2. Bng gp khc bc giy lc
3. Tay nm khung hp
Hnh 3.9: Cu to thit b lc bi bng giy

3.3.5 Thit b lc dng x si
Cc thit b lc dng x si bao gm mt hay nhiu lp lc, trong phn b ng
u cc x si. Cc thit b lc dng x si c s dng lc bi c nng bi t 0,5
- 5mg/m3 v c phn ra thnh cc loi sau:
Cc thit b lc x mng
Loi thit b ny c th lm sch tinh nhng th tch kh ln. thu hi bi c
kch thc nh (0,1 - 5 m) vi hiu sut >99%, ngi ta s dng cc thit b lc
dng tm phng hoc cc lp vt liu mng dng x si c ng knh x si nh
hn 5 . Vn tc lc t 0,01 - 0,1 m/s. Nng bi ban u khng ln hn
5mg/m3. Loi thit b ny khng ti sinh vt liu lc. Sau mt thi gian s dng th
thay c b lc hoc thay vt liu lc.
Thit b lc th
khc phc nhc im ca loi trn l thi gian s dng khng di v phi
thay th, trong nhiu trng hp ngi ta s dng thit b lc gm nhiu lp x
si dy hn v ng knh x si ln hn (t 1 - 20 m). Vi tc lc t 0,05 0,1 m/s th kh nng thu hi bi c kch thc trn 1 ca loi b lc ny l rt
cao.
3.4 THIT B THU BI THEO PHNG PHP T
3.4.1 Khi nim c bn
Phng php t trong thu gom bi c t ra trong tt c cc loi thit b thu gom
bi nu k thut cho php (bi c th thu gom dng t, thit b khng kh m t).
Thng thng ta dng nc. Nu ht bi tr (nh bi cao su, nha...), ta dng du nht.
Hiu qu lm sch khi dng phng php t tng hn, nhng sc cn kh ng cng
tng theo.
67
3.4.2 Bung ra kh
L mt loi bung lng bi c dn phun nc t nhiu lp trn ng chuyn ng
ca khng kh bi. Dng nc c th c phun cng chiu, ngc chiu hoc vung
gc vi dng kh chuyn ng. Ht bi kt dnh vi nhau, gim tc chuyn ng v
ri xung phu lng ra ngoi. Nc li tun hon tr li cc mi phun. Kch thc bung
lng ny s nh hn bung lng bi kh khi c cng cng sut. Khng kh c h nhit
v cc hi kh c hi trong khng kh cng c kh bt.
tng hiu sut ca thit b, c th b tr cc tm chn, cc l c l hoc li. Vn
tc dng kh chuyn ng trong bung khong 1,5-2,5 m/s. Thi gian lu kh - 3s. Lng
nc phun t 0,2-1 l/m3 khng kh.
a) Khng kh cha bi vo thit b;
b)Kh sch ra khi thit b
1 V thit b; 2 Mi phun nc; 3 Tm c l (hoc li); 4 Tm chn tch nc

5 ng thi; 6 ng c qut; 7 Rnh thot nc
Hnh 3.10: Bung ra kh
3.4.3 Thp ra kh
l mt thit b gm mt thng hnh tr, bn trong c nhiu cnh ng tm phn
phi khng kh u ra xung quanh hp. Nc c cp vo chp hp th 2, chy xui,
to thnh mng mng quanh hp, di ra khng kh xuyn qua (hnh 3.11). Nc tip tc
ri xung hp th 3 v cng to mng nc quanh hp.
Ty theo yu cu sch ca khng kh, ta c th dng nhiu cp hp c mng nc,
lc ny sc cn kh ng ca thit b cng tng theo.
Chng ta c th thy cc hp ny bng cc tm li lc bi nh phn 3.3.3 hoc to
thnh cc khay bn trn cha y cc khu s hoc nha, phi kim loi, si ri c mt
dn phun u nc t trn khay th 2 (tnh t trn xung). Khay th nht l lp tch m,
ngn khng cho ht nc nh theo dng khng kh ra ngoi. Thit b tng hp ny c
gi l thp lc ra kh (hnh 3.14).
68
1. Khe h thot kh
2. Mm chy trn
3. ng nc vo
Hnh 3.11: Thp lc ra kh

3.4.4 Xyclon t
Nguyn l cu to xyclon t ging hon ton nh xyclon kh, ch khc l loi
xyclon ny nc c phun bn trong tr xyclon to thnh mt mng mng t trn xung
di. Khi dng khng kh bi xoay quanh thnh tr, cc ht bi tch khi dng bm vo
thnh v nh nc kt dnh lm thnh ht bi ln hn v tri theo nc ri xung chp
xyclon ra ngoi. Nc lun lun xoy t trn phu, khng kh c th xoy t trn xung
phu v ngc dng ln thng ra ngoi, hoc c th a dng khng kh xoy t di ln
trn v i ra ngoi (xem hnh 3.12).
1 Lp tch m; 2 Dn phun nc; 3 Lp lc ra; 4 Tm si bt

69
Hnh 3.12: Xyclon t

3.4.5 Thit b si bt
Nguyn l cu to thit b si bt dng thu gom bi trong khng kh din t hnh
3.13. Thit b gm mt hoc nhiu a c l nh hoc li dy, bn trn c lp nc,
khng kh bi t di thi ln xuyn qua cc l rng to thnh mt lp bt bong bng
nc ngn gi bi ca khng kh li. Nc mang bi nng ra ngoi.
Hiu qu lc bi ca thit b ny cng cao th lp bt cng dy, cng vi s tng sc
cn kh ng. B dy ti u khong 80 100mm, ng vi vn tc ca khng kh trn
ton din tch ngang ca thit b l 2 2,5mm. Nu din tch ny tng cao lm ph v
mnh lp bt nc cun theo dng khng kh nhng ht bi t. Thng ng knh l d
t 6 8mm cch nhau t 12 16mm. Din tch trng chim khong 25%.
tit kim nc cp, thit b c t 2 n 3 a hoc kt hp vi tm lc bi c khu
s. Hiu qu lc bi ca thit b kh cao, c th t 99,7% vi bi c ng knh trn 5 .
70
1- a hng dng ngn nc

2- a si bt cp 2
3- a si bt cp 1
4- ng nc trn t 2 xung 3
Hnh 3.13: Thit b si bt
3.4.6 Thit b thu bi tm du
i vi bi t vt liu tr nh bi sn, bi cao su, nha ta, khng dng c nc
lm mi cht kt dnh cc ht bi m phi dng n du. Tm c dng lc bi khi
khng kh i qua khng th gn cht trong thit b thi gian lu v bi bm ln b mt tm
lc tm du rt nhanh chng bt kn l rng dn n sc cn khi chuyn ng khng kh
tng rt cao vt mc cho php. V vy phi dng phng php chuyn ng quay a
cc tm lc thay phin nhau nhng qua thng ng du, va ra sch cc ht bi trn b
mt, va trng trn tm lc mt lp du mi t hoc khng bi tip tc cng vic c.
Hnh 3.14 di y gii thiu nguyn l cu to thit b lc bi t ra dng xch chuyn
ng v loi thng quay.
a)
b)
c)
Hnh 3.14: Thit b thu bi tm du

a) Li lc t ra dng li thp 2m x 2m gp i
71
b) Li lc t ra dng tm khung cng
c) Thng quay t ra
Li lc t ra c th dng loi li 2 x 2mm, gp i to thnh kch thc trung
bnh 500 x 700 treo vo gung xch sao cho lc no cng c 4 tm lc chng ln nhau
(tm li). Vy khng kh i qua 2 mt ca gung gm 8 tm (16 li lc). Tc dch
chuyn ca gung t 2 4mm/pht. Hiu qu lc bi c th ln 98% - cc tm lc khi i
xung c nhng ra vo thng du trc khi quay chuyn ng ln trn. Tm li ny
c th cu to khung cng, 2 mt bn l li thp, bn trong dn si kim loi v mc vo
xch gung quay.
Loi thng quay ra t ng c nguyn l cu to nh thng quay lc bi trong nh
my dt si. y, loi t ra ny dng cho lc cc loi bi dng t. Bn mt hnh
tr thng c bc t mt n nhiu lp li thp 2 x 2mm hoc tm c l - khng kh
bi i ngang qua 2 mt hnh tr v ra ngoi hoc mt mt hnh tr v ngt ra u hnh
tr.
3.4.7 Thit b thu gom bi dng venturi
Thit b ny p dng nguyn l hot ng ca venturi thay i vn tc dng kh t
ngt sau ch tht ca ng dn (t 80 200 m/s gim xung cn 10 20 m/s). Nc c
phun vo ng trc on ng tr ni tht dng to thnh nhng git dch ln cha bi.
Cc git dch bi ny c thu gom nh vo xyclon t hay tch bi ring.
Venturi khng ph thuc vo thit b, c th t nm ngang, thng ng hay nghing,
ph thuc vo thit b tch bi pha sau venturi.
a) Ventury t ngang vi thit b tch dch bi;
b) Ventury t ng
Hnh 3.15: Thit b thu bi dng ventury
72
a) Phun vo chu vi;
b) Vi phun dc trc ng;
c) Ti thnh mng
Hnh 3.16: S cp nc vo ventury

3.5 THIT B THU GOM BI BNG IN
Nguyn l lm vic ca thit b thu gom bi bng in l: Khng kh cha bi c
a qua mt in trng mnh v cc ht bi s b nhim in v b ht v mt bn cc
c thu gom li a ra ngoi. S kt cu ca thit b ny c nu hnh 3.17.
Dng in mt chiu c in th cao khong 50 KV vo dy (1), phng in to ra
in trng mnh gia hai cc 1 v 2, v xy ra s ion ha mnh cc phn t kh (cc
ht bi t cc nh <0,1 m n 100 m). Nhng ion kh bi ny mang in tch cng du
vi dy (1), do b y v pha ng tr hoc tm (2). Ti y, chng bm li v ht tch
in, ri xung phu hp cha bi bng cch rung lc hay xt ra bng nc. B thit b
kiu ng lm vic c vi tr s in th cao hn so vi kiu tm. Nhng vic thu gom
bi kiu tm khi cng sut khng kh cn x l ln th n gin hn.
Cu to cc phng in
c 2 nhm:
Loi phng in c im c nh trn chiu di cc, cu to im c nh ny l

nhng mu nhn, nhng cht cch u nhau (hnh 3.18a).
Loi phng in khng c im c nh trn sut chiu di. Loi ny c bn c

hc tt, tit din ngang ng u (hnh 13.18b).
73
a. Cc ng hnh tr
b) Cc hnh tm
Hnh 3.17: S cu to thit b thu bi tnh in
a) c im c nh;
b) khng c im c nh
Hnh 3.18: Cc phng in

i i vi cc phng in, cc lng bi tm v ng + c cu to nhiu dng
khc nhau lp ghp thnh cm ph hp vi hnh dng cc phng in thu gom kch
thc thit b v gim gi thnh. ng c tit din trn hoc nhiu cnh. Tm c dng
phng, ln sng, gp khc... Hnh 3.19 gii thiu mt s dng tm thu bi.
Hnh 3.19: Mt s dng tm thu bi

hiu sut lm vic ca thit b thu gom bi bng in c ng u, phi ch
n b phn phn phi khng kh u thit b t l hng dng v li phn phi
khng kh 2 (Hnh 3.20) trc khi vo b phn chnh (3).
74
a. Khng kh thng dng . b. Cung cp khng kh lch gc.

Hnh 3.20: Cch thc phn phi dng kh
Thng thng, s dng thit b thu gom bi bng in nhng loi bi rt mn nh
m bng, mui kh, bi xi mng v t sau cp lc s b (nh xyclon t hp), hiu qu
lc bi c th t ti 99,8% v nhit kh c th cao hn 5000C.
Ngoi thit b thu gom bng in nh trnh by trn (ion ha ng thi vi thu gom
bi cn gi l mt vng, mt giai on) ta cn gp loi thu gom bi hai giai on (hay hai
vng ): vng ion ha trc, thu gom bi sau.
S nguyn l ca thit b thu gom bi hai giai on c trnh by hnh 3.21.
Vng ion ha gm cc tm kim loi to thnh dy ng hng dng. Gia ng l nhng
dy kim loi cch nhau 30mm ni vi cc m ca ngun in 13KV. Vng ny to cho
ht bi c in tch. Vng thu gom bi gm cc tm kim loi t song song, cch 8
12mm, ni t vi in p 6,5 KV. Cc ht bi mang in tch m theo dng bm vo cc
tm kim loi mang in tch dng ri c a ra ngoi. u im ca loi thit b thu
gom bi bng in kiu hai vng l s dng in p cao nht cng ch ln n 12 13
KV ch khng phi 60 80 KV nh loi mt vng, trnh c hin tng pht sinh
NOx, ozon..., khi s dng in p cao 80 100 KV.
Hnh 3.21: Thit b thu gom bng in hai vng

Nhc im ca thit b dng in ny l nhy cm cao trong qu trnh lc kh c
th lch khi tham s cng ngh ban u v cu to c kh, khi dng in, phc tp hn
cc thit b khc nu phn trn.
75
3.6 LA CHN THIT B THU BI
Nhng phn trn trnh by cc loi thit b thu bi thng c s dng trong k
thut x l khng kh. Tuy nhin trong tng trng hp c th, chn loi thit b no cho
ph hp vi loi bi cn x l li l mt vn kh khn, i hi phi c s nghin cu
cn thn nh cp u chng ny.
Phn ny gii thiu mt s gi v vic la chn thit b thu bi cho cc loi bi sinh
ra t cc ngnh sn xut khc nhau.
Bng 3.4: Hng dn la chn thit b thu bi
Ngnh sn xut
Nng
bi
Kch Xyclon Thit

Thit
Thit
Thit b
thc
b lc b lc b tnh tnh in
ht
t
ti vi
in h cao th
th
GM S
. Chun b NL
. khun
HA CHT
. Chun b NL
. Nghin trn
.Vn chuyn bng kh
. Sy, nung, lm lnh.
KHAI THC THAN V
NM IN
.Chun b NL
.Kho cha
.Sy kh
76
CHNG 4: X L HI KH C BNG PHNG PHP HP TH
CHNG 4
X L HI KH C BNG
PHNG PHP HP TH
4.1 GII THIU
Hp th (Absorption) l mt qu trnh c bn ca k thut ha hc m trong lnh vc
kim sot nhim khng kh, qu trnh ny cng thng xuyn c ng dng x l
cc hi kh c hi. Hp th l mt qu trnh truyn khi m cc phn t cht kh
chuyn dch v ha tan vo pha lng. S ha tan c th din ra ng thi vi mt phn
ng ha hc gia cc hp phn gia pha kh v pha lng hoc khng c phn ng ha
hc. Truyn khi thc cht l mt qu trnh khuch tn m cht kh nhim dch
chuyn t trng thi c nng cao hn n trng thi c nng thp hn. Vic kh
cht kh nhim din ra theo 3 giai on:
1. Khuch tn cht kh nhim n b mt cht lng
2. Truyn ngang qua b mt tip xc pha kh / lng (ha tan)
3. Khuch tn cht kh ha tan t b mt tip xc pha vo trong pha lng
S chnh lch nng b mt tip xc pha thun li cho ng lc ca qu trnh v
qu trnh hp th kh din ra mnh m trong iu kin din tch b mt tip xc pha ln,
hn lon cao v h s khuch tn cao. Bi v mt s hp phn ca hn hp kh c kh
nng ha tan mi c th ha tan c trong cht lng, cho nn qu trnh hp th ch c
hiu qu cao khi la chn dung cht hp th c tnh ha tan cao hoc nhng dung cht
phn ng khng thun nghch vi cht kh cn c hp th.
Mt dng thit b thng c ng dng nht hp th hoc lm sch kh l thp
m (packed tower). l mt ct c cht gn y vt liu m nhm to ra mt din
tch b mt tip xc cao nht c th cho dng kh v dng lng tip xc tt vi nhau
khi chuyn ng ngc chiu qua lp m. Vt liu m c s dng trong cc thp
77

ny c th l nghin, vng Raschig, vt th hnh yn nga (ceramic berl saddle), than
cc, hnh xon c (spral tile), v li vung lm bng g v cc loi si tng hp.
Cc dng thit b khc cng c ng dng hp th kh l thp a (plate tower) l mt ct m trong c b tr mt s lng nht nh cc a c l bt kn ngang
thn thit b si bt hoc cc khay ry v cht kh thng chuyn ng i ln ngc
chiu vi cht lng hp th; v thp phun (spray tower) - mt thp rng c tit din
ngang hnh trn hoc hnh vung, trong dng kh chuyn ng xuyn qua cc tia lng
c bn phun thnh git mn. Cc thit b lc kh dng phun tia (jet scrubber), dng
Venturi (Venturi scrubber) v s kt hp ca cc thit b thu hi t (wet collectors)
c ng dng trong lnh vc kim sot nhim khng kh cng cung cp mt s qu
trnh din bin lin quan n hp th kh.
Cc thit b hp th kh c th phc v kh kh, hi nc, khi v cc vt cht c
bit khc t cc dng kh v cng c th phc v lm ngui cc dng kh. Kh c
lm sch thng ri khi thit b hp th v pht tn vo kh quyn hoc i tip n thit
b khc x l trit hoc cng c th tn dng tham gia vo trong mt qu trnh
no . Dung cht hp th (cht lng) thng s dng l nc, nhng cng c th l cc
dung dch ha cht trung ha, cc dung mi hu c, du, nc c cha cc ph cht c
bit nh bt git hoc cht nh ha, hoc bt k mt loi cht lng no thch hp i vi
qu trnh hp th. Cht lng sau mi mt chu trnh ti u c dn ra khi thit b v
tun hon li mt phn hoc a n cng trnh x l nc thi sau , hoc i khi cng
c th thu hi s dng li cho mt qu trnh khc. i vi cc dng kh c cha cc
ht bi l lng, mt s dng thit b nh thp m thng d b tc nght trong qu trnh
hot ng do s ngng kt v dnh bm lu ngy ca bi trong cc khe h ca lp vt
m.
Tc ng qua li gia cc cht gy bn th kh v cht hp th lng xy ra ng thi
vi s to thnh bt bong bng kh ngay ti lp mng cht lng hnh thnh trn b mt
vt liu m hoc xy ra do s tip xc ca cht kh vi dng tia lng git mn.
Cc thng s thit k c bn i vi qu trnh n v hp th kh c th p dng cho
cc thit b lc kh dng phun tia, dng Venturi v rt nhiu thit b c qui vo loi thu
hi t (wet collection). Tuy nhin, s p dng ny khng phi lc no cng thnh cng.
Trong mt s trng hp, cc thng s thit k c bn t c gi tr v buc phi c mt
tin trnh thc nghim trc khi a ra phng php thit k hon chnh.
Mt s thit b lc kh c thit k phc tp hn v khng c cc thng s thit k c
trng c th do hot ng da trn s kt hp ca nhiu nguyn l. Phn ln cc thit b
loi ny thuc loi thit b thu hi bi t c sn xut nhm mc ch thu hi bi
nhng thnh thong li c li c ng dng thnh cng trong vic hp th kh thi.
Thit b thu hi t ch to sn c th ng dng thun tin v mt gi c v p ng phn
78

ln cc yu cu t ra. Tuy nhin, vic kim sot cht thi nng thp rt kh t
c hiu qu hp th cao. Khi cc nh thit k s phi ngh n cch ch to thit b
lc kh sao cho c hiu qu cao hn so vi thit k chun dnh ring cho vic thu hi bi
hoc hi khi.
4.2. C S L THUYT CA S HP TH
4.2.1 Cn bng pha trong h kh - lng
Trong qu trnh hp th, xy ra s tng tc gia cht kh vi dung dch c cha cht
c kh nng tc dng vi cht kh. i khi cht kh ha tan tc dng trc tip vi dung
mi. S liu v s ha tan ca cc kh trong cht lng c trong cc s tay chuyn dng
(bng 4.1, 4.2).
Khi nng kh ha tan b, nhit v p sut xa cc im ti hn th s cn bng h
lng - kh c th xc nh theo nh lut Henry:
Pi = H i x i
v
yi*
Hi
xi
P
(4.1)
Kxi
Trong :
Pi : p sut ring phn ca cu t i trong pha kh lc cn bng;
Hi : hng s Henry ca cu t i (c th nguyn p sut);
xi : t l phn mol ca cu t i trong pha lng;
yi*: t l phn mol ca cu t i trong pha kh lc cn bng (c du *);
P : p sut tng ca h;
K = Hi/P : h s hng, khng th nguyn.
Hng s Henry tng theo nhit T c biu din bi cng thc:

dLnH i
d ( T1 )
(4.2)
Trong :
R : hng s kh tng hp
H : nhit lng hp th (ta ra)
Trong trng hp cht kh tham gia phn ng ha hc trong dung dch th nh lut
Henry phi p dng khng phi cho nng tng ca kh ha tan m cho nng ca
kh cha phn ng
79

4.2.2 Quy lut ng hc
Ty thuc vo c trng tng tc gia cht hp th v cht b hp th trong hn hp
kh m cc phng php hp th c chia ra:
Hp th vt l;
Hp th km phn ng ha hc trong pha lng.
Trong hp th vt l, s vn chuyn cc cht trong phm vi tng pha c xc nh
bng cc phng php cp khi:
GA =
v
gF(y
- yp ) ;
GA = lF(xp - x) ;
(4.3)
Cn s vn chuyn cc cht t pha ny qua pha khc th theo cc phng trnh truyn
khi sau:
GA = KgF(y - y*) ;
GA = KlF(x* - x) ;
(4.4)
Quan h gia cc h s truyn khi (K) v cc h s cp khi ( ) nh sau:

1
Kg
1
Kl
1
m g
(4.5)
1
l
Trong :
GA (Kmol/h) - lng vt cht truyn vn;
g,
(m/h) - h s cp khi trong pha kh v pha lng tng ng;
F (m2) - b mt tip xc pha;

y, x (Kmol/m3) - nng ca cu t c vn chuyn trong pha kh v pha lng.
Bng 4.1: ha tan mt s kh trong nc

TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Cht
kh
0
10
N2O(A) 1,05(5 C ) 0.88
NO (A)
0,074 9,057
NH3(A)
1299
910
HCl(S)
507
474
SO2(S)
79,8
56,6
H2S(A)
4,62
3,36
CO2(A) 1,713 1,194
CO (A)
0,035 0,028
Cl2 (S)
4,61
3,08
0
Nhit , 0C
15
20
30
40
50
60
0,74 0,63
0,051 0,047 0,040 0,035 0,032 0,030
801
709 593(28 C)
458
442
411
386
362
339
47,3 39,4
27,2
18,8
2,91 2,55
2,01
1,64 1,38 1,18
1,019 0,878 0,665 0,530 0,436 0,359
0,025 0,023 0,020 0,018 0,016 0,015
2,63 2,26
1,77
1,41 1,20 1,01
0
80

Ghi ch :
(A) - Ch s ml kh nm cn bng vi nc m p sut ring phn ca kh lun lun
khng i v bng 760 mmHg;
(S) - Ch s ml kh 00C, 760 mmHg ha tan trong 1 ml nc nhit ch nh v
tng p sut kh v hi nc l 760 mmHg;
yp, xp (Kmol/m3) - nng ca cu t c chuyn vn ti ranh gii phn pha gia
pha kh v pha lng;
y* (Kmol/m3) - nng ca cu t trong pha kh cn bng vi nng ca kh;
x* (Kmol/m3) - nng ca cu t trong pha lng cn bng vi nng ca kh;
m - hng s cn bng pha (yp = mxp);
Kg, Kl (m/h) - h s truyn khi tnh theo nng trong pha kh v pha lng.
Trong cc h c ha tan cao th m 0, do Kg
g, tc l trong h lng - kh nh
vy tr lc ca qu trnh truyn khi tp trung ti pha kh.
Trong cc h kh t ha tan trong cht lng th m c gi tr rt ln, do Kl
l tr lc truyn khi tp trung ti pha lng.
l,
ngha
V tr s ca g ln rt nhiu so vi l nn qu trnh hp th xy ra rt nhanh trong h

c tr lc khuch tn truyn khi trong pha kh v nh vy thit b cho trng hp ny s
c kch thc b.
Trong qu trnh hp th c km phn ng ha hc trong pha lng th gradient nng
b mt phn pha tng ln so vi trng hp hp th vt l, hoc l do tng ng lc khi
cc h s cp khi trong pha lng i vi hp th vt l v hp th ha hc bng nhau.
Bng 4.2: ha tan ca mt s kh trong nc p st thng
(cm3 kh/lt nc)
TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Cht kh
Axtylen
NH3
SO2
CO2
CO
H2 S
Cl2
HCl
0
1.730
1.300.000
800
1.713
35,4
4.670
507.000
Nhit , 0C
20
40
1.030
710.000
395
190
878
530
23,2
17,8
2.580
1.660
2.260
1485
442.000
386.000
81
60
360
14,9
1.190
339.000

Phng php cp khi khi hp th ha hc l:
G1 =
F.
F(
+ )
(4.6)
H s gia tc hp th trong pha lng khi hp th ha hc l:

1
(4.7)
Quan h gia h s truyn khi k vi h s cp khi khi hp th ha hc l:

1
Kg
Kl
m1
ml
(4.8)
ml
g
Lu :
Du phy () cc k hiu l biu th c qu trnh hp th ha hc (c
km theo phn ng ha hc)
l
- ng lc ca s hp th;`
ml - hng s cn bng pha i vi hp th vt l vi s hiu chnh lc ion

ca dung dch;
- tng trng ng lc hp thu trong pha lng khi c s hp thu ha hc.
H s gia tc hp th ph thuc vo vn tc phn ng ha hc v mc khuy o
ca cht lng. Phn ng ha hc khng thun nghch trong pha lng s lm trit tiu gi
tr p sut ring phn cn bng ca kh ha tan trong mt khong rng nng .
Trong trng hp phn ng khng thun nghch nhanh gia kh ha tan vi tc cht
tan trong pha lng (hay vi pha lng nh l mt tc cht) th m c gi tr khng ln lm.
Tr lc tng i ca cc pha kh v pha lng trong s khuch tn khi hp th ha
hc l hm s khng ch ca h s khuch tn ca kh ha tan trong cc pha lng v pha
kh, ha tan ca kh v thi gian tip xc pha m cn ph thuc nng cc cht cha
tham gia phn ng, vn tc khuch tn ca tc cht trong pha lng v vn tc phn ng.
Vn tc hp th ha hc ca phn ng:
A + nB
E+F
bc bt k theo cu t A, bc (0,1,2) theo cht hp th ha hc B v bc 1 theo mi

sn phm E v F c th xc nh gn ng theo cng thc sau:
82

GA
l .a 1
M ( K 2 NBl )
K 2 exp( Z )
1
(1 A) NBl
( K 2 NBl ) Z
exp Z 2 , dZ
( Ap
(4.10)
Al )
Trong :
a (m2/m3) - b mt ring tip xc pha;
M - hng s t lng phn ng:
Bl
M
nAp
Bl (Kmol/m3) - nng cu t hp th t do trong khi cht lng;
Ap, Al - nng cu t vn chuyn ti ranh gii phn pha v trong khi
cht lng tng ng (Kmol/m3);
DA (m2/h) - h s khuch tn ca cu t vn chuyn;
x (m) - khong cch m phn t lng di chuyn trong lp khuch tn;
Wl (m/h) - vn tc di ca ht cht lng chuyn ng;
K1,2 ; N, N1, N2 - cc h s.
Phn ng khng thun nghch bc khng c hp th ha hc

Chng hn hp th kh O2 bng dung dch mui sulfat natri khi c mt mui ng
(n = 2, = 1 - 2 , = 0).
H s gia tc c tnh theo cng thc sau:
1 R(1 Al )
1 exp( Z )
Z
exp Z 2 .dZ
(4.11)
Phn ng khng thun nghch bc I

Chng hn s hp th kh O2 bng dung dch monoetanolamin (MEA) khi
cacbon ha cao (n = 2, = = 1):
1
(1 Al )
R
(R / M ) 1
(4.12)
Hay bng phng trnh chnh xc hn:

2( M
1
1 4( M
1
/ R)
(4.13)
2
Trong :
R - thng s ng lc hc :
83
2 /(
1).rBl .D A . Ap
(4.14).
= DB/DA - thng s khuch tn;

DB (m2/h) - h s khuch tn phn t ca cht hp th ha hc;
r - hng s vn tc ca phn ng thun (l/s).
Khi DA DA th c th dng hnh (4.1a) tnh . Vi R 5M, Al 0 v Bl < BLth th

h s gia tc . khng ph thuc vo thng s ng lc hc R. V d, khi hp th NH3
bng axit sunfuric, ta c:
.=1+M
Khi phn ng tc th, rt nhanh v vn tc hp th l:
GA
a(1 M
). Ap
(4.15)
Khi Bl BLth th phn ng xy ra chp nhong ti b mt phn pha, do ton b tr

lc tp trung pha kh. Nh vy khi nng cht hp th ha hc Bl cao hn nhiu
so vi nng ca cu t b hp th Ap:
n
Bl .t .h
S
l
Ag
nG A
a l
(4.16)
Trong vng M > 5R, Al 0 th h s gia tc khng ph thuc vo M. Chng hn, khi
hp th CO2 bng dung dch NaOH khi c d NaOH (n = 2; = = 1) th:
.=1+R
(4.17)
Phn ng khng thun nghch bc II

Trong trng hp ny h s gia tc l:
Vi : Z
M
(1 Al )
2(
R / M 1/ 4 1/ 2
R / M 1/ 4 1/ 2
1)
R 1 4R / M
(4.18)
Vi gi thit rng gn bin gii phn pha nng ca phn hot ng ca cht hp
th B l khng i th nng cu t A bin i tuyn tnh dn t bin gii phn pha,
cn Al rt b nh so vi Ap, do ta c:
84

. = /th
(4.19)
Trong :
1
R 1
Bl
nAp
DB
;
DA
D A r2 Bl
th - hm hyperbolic tang;
r2(m3/Kmols) - hng s vn tc phn ng bc 2.
Trn hnh 4.1b ( tnh . theo R v M) ta thy:
Khi R < 0,5 th
1;
M > 5R
.=M+1
R > 5M v R > 2 th
R hay
D A r2 Bl
Phn ng thun nghch bc nht

Hng s cn bng ca phn ng A
A
H s gia tc
B l K = r/r0 = [b]/[A] v h s cp khi
(1 + K);
C = (1 + K) .[A]
s l:
A
A
(1 K ) 1
1
(1 K ) / K
(1 K ) / K
DA / r
Trong :
r,r0 (l/s) - hng s vn tc ca phn ng thun v phn ng nghch;
A,
C - h s cp khi xc nh tng ng vi ng lc l (Ap - Al) v (Cp - Cl);
[A] - nng cu t A t do trong cht lng;

C = [A] + [B] - nng tng cng ca cc cu t.
tnh h s
Vi K = 0,
Vi K
c th s dng gin hnh 4.1a
= 1 th l hp th vt l;
tng ng l phn ng khng thun nghch.
Mt khc, h s gia tc tnh theo
s l:
85
l:
C
C
l
1 k
Vi C < 1 (tc
hp th vt l l.
(1 K ) / K
2
(4.20)
(1 K ) / K
< l) th h s cp khi hp th ha hc
thp hn h s cp khi
Trng hp hp th c phn ng thun nghch chm (nh hp th SO2 hay Cl2

bng nc) th h s gia tc c th tnh theo cng thc:
A
K1 N .Bl
M
1 Al
n.Bl
(4.21)
Phn ng thun nghch bc 2

Phn ng thun nghch bc 2 dng: A + B
C th phng trnh ng hc c dng:
NA = r2[A][B] - r1[C]
H s gia tc ca phn ng thun nghch bc 1 (
ngh
K
K 1.
.(
ngh)
s l:
(4.22)
1).
Trong :
NA (Kmol/m3.s) - vn tc s dng cu t A trong 1 n v th tch cho phn ng;
r1, r2 - hng s vn tc phn ng bc 1 (phn ng nghch) v phn ng c 2 (phn ng
thun);
K = r2 .B1/r2 - hng s cn bng ca phn ng;
- h s hiu chnh; ph thuc v0 R, K v q = Bl/Ap;
- i vi phn ng bc 2 (tnh theo cng thc (*) hay hnh 9.1b
Vi K > 20 th c th tnh h s gia tc theo cng thc dnh ring cho phn ng
khng thun nghch bc 2; khi q > 20 th tnh theo cng thc dnh cho phn ng thun
nghch gi bc 1;
Vi K > 100 v q > 100 th theo cng thc tnh cho phn ng nhanh trong pha lng.
Hp th ng thi 2 kh
Chng hn phn ng hp th ng thi kh CO v H2S bng dung dch kim hay amin
theo s
A + C + nB
sn phm
Kh b
Cht hp th
hp th
86

zi vi trng hp phn ng nhanh trong pha lng, cc h s gia tc hp th i vi
cc cht kh b hp th c xc nh gn ng nh sau:
+ i vi kh A:
A
.1
1
T
(4.23)
A A
C C
+ i vi kh C:
C
.1
1
T
A A
(4.24)
C C
Trong :
A
= DA/DB ;
= DC/DB ; TA = nAp/Bl ;
TC = nCCC/Bl
nA, nC - s Kmol cu t B phn ng vi kh A v kh C.
Kh hp th ng thi hai cht kh th vn tc hp th tng kh s b gim.

Trng hp hp th ha hc trong cc thp mng v thp m xut hin hin tng
i lu b mt: xut hin cc dng i lu b sung ti vng gn b mt phn pha. Hin
tng ny lm tng cng qu trnh truyn khi. Mc tng tc qu trnh truyn khi
nh s i lu b mt ( l) c th tnh nh sau:
l
= 1 + 0,282(d
min
/ dx)3,2 ;
(4.25)
Trong :
d
min /
dx - gradient sc cng b mt, Pa.
4.3 PHN LOI THIT B

4.3.1 Thp m
Mt thp m in hnh c m t trn hnh 4.1 nhng khng nht thit phi l mt
hnh tr. Cht lng thng c a vo nh thp v c lm cho nh git u qua
cc lp vt liu m c din tch b mt rng ln. nghin, vng Raschg, vt th hnh
yn nga (ceramic berl saddle), than cc, hnh xon c (spiral tile), v li vung
lm bng g v cc loi si tng hp thng c s dng lm vt liu m. Mt vi vt
liu m thng dng c th hin trn hnh 4.1
87
Hnh 4.1: Cu to ca mt thp m in hnh
Hnh 4.2: Mt s dng vt liu m in hnh

Dng chy lng - kh trong thp m thng l dng chy ngc chiu. Tc ti a
ca cc dng cht lng v cht kh trong cc thp ny c xc nh bi cc yu t gii
hn nh s ngp lt v s li cun theo. Trong cc vn khng ch nhim khng kh,
mt th tch kh thi tng i ln cn c x l v nng thp ca cc cht gy bn
phn tn trong dng kh a n kt qu l cc thp m tng i rng ln v kch c
hn so vi cc thp hp th qu trnh hoc thit b thu hi bi c in. Trong trng hp
88

cc v li vung c s dng khi vt liu m, mi mt v li c th
c mt lng vt liu m nht nh c xc nh s b thay th cho vic thnh
ng ba bi vt liu m vo ton b th tch thp. Vic cht vt liu m c chn lc
trn li cho php lm gim thiu khuynh hng bt nght vt liu m, d kim sot
din bin ca qu trnh trong thp thng qua cc rnh quan st v cui cng l tn tht p
sut qua thp cng c gim i. Thn thit b thng c ch to bng thp khng r
hoc nhng vt liu c bit khc. Hnh dng ca vt m phi chn nh th no
cho din tch b mt l ln nht c th v cc cc m c bao ph bi mt mng mng
cht lng. Cc c tnh mong mun ca vt liu m l gi thnh thp, dung lng hp
th cao, tr lc i vi dng kh thp v tui th cao di nhng iu kin vn hnh khc
nghit nht.
iu kin ngp lt (flooding) xy ra khi tc dng kh i ln trong thp t ti gi
tr ma pha lng b gi cht li bn trn lp vt liu m, khng th dch chuyn
xung di thp. S ngp lt din ra ngay ti thi im tc kh t n tc gia
trng (loading velocity) hoc ngay sau thi im . Ngp lt cng c th xy ra khi sut
lng pha lng vt qu gii hn cho php. Biu tn tht p lc pha kh theo tc
dng kh c th hin trn hnh 4.3. H s gc ca ng gim p i vi thp kh
(khng c cht lng ri xung) thng vo khong 1,8. Trng hp vn hnh thp ch
t, ng cong gim p i hng t ngt v hng ln im lt. gim p
im lt thng vo khong 1,5 n 4 in H2O/ft vt liu m (i vi nhiu dng vt liu
m khc nhau) khi cht lng ti c nht gn ging nh nc. Cc thp m khng
th hot ng trng thi lt v rt nhy cm vi s thay i tc dng chy khi hot
ng gia im lt v im gia trng (hnh 4.4). V vy, trong qu trnh thit k thp
m, tc cc dng vt cht thng c chn trong khong 40 - 70% tc ngp lt.
gim p ch lt gim i vi nhiu cht lng nht. im hot ng 50% im
lt, gim p pha kh c chng khong 0,5 in H2O/ft chiu dy lp m thng t 102
- 103 pao/(hr.ft2), xp x vi mt tc kh b mt l 1ft/s.
89
Hnh 4.3: gim p pha kh qua lp vt liu m kh
Hnh 4.4: Tng quan gia gim p pha kh i vi cc vt liu m thng

dng
90

L - tc cht lng, lb/h.ft2
G - tc khi cht kh, lb/h.ft2
PL - t trng cht lng, lb/ft3
PG - t trng cht kh, lb/ft3
a - b mt vt m, ft2/ft3
gC - tha s chuyn i hp dn, 32.2 (lb.mass)(ft)/(lb.force)(sec2)
- rng ca vt m (khng th nguyn)
- nht ca cht lng, centopoise (cp)
- T s gia t trng ca nc v t trng ca mt cht lng mi (khng th nguyn)
4.3.2 Thp mm (Plate Tower)

Thp mm c cu to l mt thn thp hnh tr thng ng trong c gn cc mm
c cu to khc nhau. Hai dng mm thng dng nht l mm chp si bt (bubble cap
plate) v mm li sng (sieve plate) c th hin trn hnh 4.5. S hot ng ca
mt thp mm chp in hnh c th hin trn hnh 4.6. Cht lng i vo thp nh
hoc ti mt mm thch hp no v chy xung nh trng lc qua mi mm bng ng
chy chuyn. Pha kh i t di ln qua mi mm nh cc khe h do cu to ca mm
to nn.
a) Mm li sng
b) mm chp si bt
Hnh 4.5: Hai dng mm thng dng
91
Hnh 4.6: S hot ng ca thp mm chp

Trong cc thp mm, s tip xc gia pha lng v pha kh din ra cc mm (chnh
xc hn l din ra lin tc nh trong mt thp m hon chnh). Mm li sng thng l
mt mm kim loi c khoan nhng l hoc khe h nh v mm chp cng l mt mm
kim loi m n c khot nhng b phn khe ngn v mi b phn uc che y bng
mt m chp. Mi dng u s dng mt ng chy chuyn lm nhim v thu gom cht
lng t mm trn v phn phi tr li cho mm di. Dng kh chuyn ng t di ln
trn xuyn qua cc mi chp si bt hoc cc l khoan trn mm v sau i xuyn qua
lp cht lng cn li trn mm v ha ln vi cht lng. S hp th din ra nhanh nh tc
dng ca b mt tip xc pha rng ln m b mt ny c hnh thnh do cc bt bong
bng nh to ra. Hot ng thnh cng ca cc thp mm i hi tc dng kh phi
nh th no duy tr mt lp cht lng bn trn hnh lang dch chuyn ca dng kh.
Kch thc ca cc m chp thay i t ng knh 3 in vi cc khe 3/16 in n nhng
hnh dng bn cu vi nhng vt kha hnh V 2 in. Din tch mt ct ngang ca dng kh
thng vo khong 10% tng din tch ca mt mm vi gim p pha kh ngang qua
thp bng tng sc cn xuyn qua cc khe h v ct cht lng (p sut thy tnh) trn cc
mm. Cc mm t cch nhau theo hng thng ng t 6 n 18 in l thng dng i
vi cc thp t bn trong nh v cch nhau 3 ft i vi cc thp t ngoi tri. Tc
ca dng kh xuyn qua cc thp mm thng t 1 n 2 ft/s v khi hon ton c th
ngn cn s li cun cc git cht lng ln hn 100 micron.
92

Cc dng mm li sng l nhng mm kim loi c l sao cho phi gi c mt
lp cht lng nht nh trn mm. Cc mm ny hng ti s hot ng chnh xc
trong mt khong tc hp. Mt dng thit b khc cng c a ra nhm thc hin
ng thi 2 chc nng: hp th kh v lc bi. Trong thit b ny, cc vch ngn c t
pha trn cc l khoan v tc kh b mt ln hn 5 10 ln so vi trong cc thp mm
chp si bt c s dng. thay th cho qu trnh lm si bt, hot ng va chm phun tia c t ra. Mt hiu ng tng t c hnh thnh trong mt mm ry 2 lp
m cc l khoan l nhng khy ng.
Tn tht p lc qua mt m chp si bt hoc mt mm li sng l tn tht p sut
khi dng kh chuyn ng qua mm kh v p sut cn thit thng ct cht lng pha
trn np cc khe h hoc l nh.
4.3.3 Cc bung phun (Spray Chambers)
Dng n gin nht ca cc bung phun l mt hnh tr m trong cc vi phun
c b tr phn trn cao v nhng git nh c lm cho ri xung cng vi mt s
cht lng chy xung dc theo thnh bn trong ca bung. Cgho du cc dng cht lng
v cht kh c th chuyn ng cng chiu nhng thng thng th dng kh c a
vo phn thp hn ca thp theo hng tip tuyn to ra mt s chuyn ng xon
c v cc git cht lng phun ra khi cc vi phun l nhng tia thng (hnh 4.7). Trong
trng hp ny, cc tia nc c ly tm thng n tng v t chng ri xung nh
l mt dng chy mng mng. Trong thp phun n gin, gim p tng i thp v
mt tc dng kh cao c th c s dng, vn tc dng kh b mt c hn ch n
khong 2 ft/s gim thiu s li cun cht lng ra ngoi. Cc thp phun n gin c th
vn hnh ch xui dng hoc ngc dng, gim p tng i thp v khng b
bt nght nh thp m. Mt s thp phun thnh cng trong vic hp th cc cht kh
tng i d tan nhng bi v trong cc thp phun ngc dng, s xo trn gia cc git
phun lng v cht kh khng c mnh lit nh nh trong cc thit b hp th khc, do
vic ng dng cc thp phun c l l thch hp hn c trong vn x l cc cht kh
d b hp th. Cng ging nh nhng thit k thp khc, trong trng hp tc dng
kh c th mang nhng git lng nh ri xung ra ngoi th vic s dng cc b
phn tch lng u ra ca thp l cn thit. Vi mt thp cho trc, tc dng kh
tng ln s dn n s gia tng lng bi nc b li cun ra ngoi bi dng kh.
93
Hnh 4.7: Mt dng bung phun in hnh

4.3.4 Thit b lc kh Venturi (Venturi Scrubber)
Thit b lc kh Venturi thc ra l mt thp ti m trong cn tng cng ti a
vic xo trn gia dng kh chuyn ng qua b phn chnh ca Venturi vi cht lng
c a vo hng Venturi hnh 4.8. Trong thit b lc kh Venturi, dng kh chuyn
ng qua Venturi mt tc cao vi cht lng lc c a vo p sut tng i
thp ti hng Venturi; din ra s ct x cht lng v hnh thnh cc git nh v v
vic xo trn k vi cht kh c cung cp bi dng kh; cht lng c a vo p
sut qui c. Kt qu l cc git phun ca cht lng c ha trn vi cht kh, mt cp
hp th din ra , v cn thit phi c mt b phn tch lng li cun. Thng thng
mt b phn ly tm n gin hoc mt dng vi phun c b tr u ra ca Venturi
loi b cht lng ra khi dng kh c ra sch. gim p ngang qua thit b lc
kh Venturi vo khong t 10 n 100 in H2O vi vn tc kh hng vt qu
5000ft/min.
tt p cao trong dng kh a n gi thnh nng lng cao hn v i hi phi c
s tng tc u ra ca qut gi chnh m s tng tc ny li dn n s gia tng v cc
vn mi mn, n hoc mt cn bng rotor qut gi.
Hnh 4.8: Thit b lc kh kiu Venturi

4.3.5 Thit b lc khi dng phun tia (Jet Scubber)
Thit b lc kh dng phun tia lng (hnh 4.9) thc cht l mt ejector c thit k
nh l mt thit b lc kh. Nng lng c truyn cho cc tia lng thng qua mt hiu
94

ng ht vo lm sinh ra s ht cn thit di chuyn kh thi v cng thnh cng nh s
trn ln hoc tip xc vi mt din tch b mt rng trong qu trnh kh mt lng
cht kh c kh nng hp th. Dung tch ca thit b lc kh dng ny c th thay i bng
cch thay i tc dng cht lng hoc cc c tnh thit k Venturi v i hi phi
c b phn tch lng u ra. Trong cc thit b lc kh nh vy, lu lng nc khong
100 pao/in2 sinh ra chnh lch p sut khong mt vi in H2O v tc dng kh thng
khng c vt qu 1.000ft3/min/1 n v thit b.
Hnh 4.9: Thit b lc kh dng phun tia

4.2.6 Cc thit b ra t
Cc thit b ra kh t gm c b phn si th c lm m t c s dng
nhm mc ch hp th kh. Rt nhiu vt liu m c s dng, k c cc si th thy
tinh v si tng hp. Thit b c th l mt cp hay nhiu cp. Mt thit b hp th nhiu
cp c m t trn hnh 4.10. gim p qua mt s vt liu m loi si c th hin
trn hnh 4.11.
Hnh 4.10: Thit b hp th kh 4 bc

Saron - 78 t trng 2.8 lb/ft3
K-115 - 37 t trng 0.67 lb/ft3
95

Dynel - 46 t trng 0.55 lb/ft3
No.800 - 135
t trng 3.2 lb/ft3
Hnh 4.11:
gim p theo tc b mt i vi mt s bc hp th
4.4 NHNG KHI NIM THIT K CHUNG
Phn ny khng cp n cc bc tin hnh thit k cc thit b thu hi bi bi v
n c ch dn rt k trong cc ti liu vit bi Perry (Perry, John H., Chemical
Engineers Handbook, 14th edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, NewYork, 1963.).
Sherwood v Pigford (Sherwood, Thomas K., and Robert L. Pigford. Absorption and
Extraction, McGraw-Hill Book Company. NewYork, 1952) v nhiu tc gi khc. Trong
lc phn ln cc d liu v hp th u c ng dng cho cc thp m v thp mm,
th mt s nguyn tc thit k cng c thit lp cho nhng dng thit b hp th khc
nh thp phun v cc thit b t hp. Cc phng trnh n gin ngy cng c hon
thin i vi cc php tnh ton thit k trong trng hp nng cht lng v cht kh
thp, phc tp v trong trng hp ng cong cn bng nm pha trn khong nng
c s dng. Hnh 4.12 minh ha th biu din nng in hnh m ng
lm vic nm trn ng cn bng. Hnh 4.13 minh ha mt ng cong cn bng v
ng lm vic trn c s qu trnh lm kh khng kh bng acid sulfuric. Trong th d
ny, ng cong cn bng khng c v (y l mt vn rt thng gp phi trong
thc t, v trong nhng trng hp m cc phn ng ha hc din ra trong dung
dch, ng cong cn bng c th t c ngha trong vic xc nh ng lc truyn khi).
96
Hnh 4.12: th nng in hnh

Hnh 4.13: Lm kh khng kh bng H2SO4
Hnh v s lc ca thit b hp th kh c m t trn hnh 4.14, L l lng
cht lng hp th chy xung (mol/h.ft2) v G l lng kh thi chuyn ln thp
(lb.mol/h.ft2). Nng ca cht tan (kh hp th) trong cht lng thu gom v trong kh
thi c biu th bng x v y (phn mol). Trong thp m, khi nim hiu sut hp th
c lin quan n ng lc truyn khi hoc s chnh lch nng m n c c trng
bng khong cch thng ng gia ng lm vic v ng cn bng. Tc chuyn
cht ha tan t l thun vi s chnh lch nng ny. dc ca ng lm vic l L/G
v s gia tng L dn n s gia tng dc v do tng cng tc truyn khi.
Hnh 4.14: S nguyn l ca thp hp th

Khi s hp th c kt hp vi mt phn ng ha hc, l thuyt hp th cha c
pht trin hon ho v mi h thng c xem nh tch lm hai phn ring bit. S hp
th i km vi phn ng ha hc c cp n trong mt s ti liu v cng ngh
ha hc.
97

Thng thng, l thuyt mng kp (two - film theory) c s dng thit k cc
thit b hp th v lm sng t cc c tnh hp th. Trong php tnh thit k gn ng
ny, ngi ta s dng 3 gi thit sau:
1. Tc dch chuyn t l vi s chnh lch nng b mt phn cch pha;
2. Cc iu kin cn bng tn ti gia cht kh v cht lng b mt phn cch
pha;
3. Khng c s cn ngn hoc tr lc b mt i vi dng chy.
H s truyn khi ton b c biu din thng qua cc s hng ca h s truyn khi
ring pha nh sau:
KG a
1
1
kG a
m
kLa
y:
KGa - h s truyn khi ton b th tch, (lb.mol/h);
kGa - h s truyn khi pha kh th tch, (lb.mol/h);
kLa - h s truyn khi pha lng th tch, (lb.mol/h);
m - dc ca ng cn bng (lin quan n nng pha kh v lng).
Trong cc h thng m cht tan c ha tan mt cch nhanh chng, dc ng

cn bng c xem l bng khng v khi phng trnh (4.2) c dng:
KGa = kGa
iu ny c xem nh l mt h thng kim sot pha kh v rng pha lng thng
khng gy cn tr vic truyn khi. Trong mt h thng bao gm c phn ng ha hc,
p sut ring cn bng ca cht tan bng khng ngay sau khi phn ng xy ra. iu ny
m ng cho vic ng dng l thuyt mng kp (kim sot pha kh) i vi cc h
thng hp th i km vi phn ng ha hc. Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp, li l
mt s tip cn thit k khng ng.
4.4.1 Chiu cao v s n v truyn khi
Chiu cao thp c th c tnh ton bng cch s dng phng trnh pha kh sau
y:
y
G 1 dy
K G P y2 y y e
Trong :
98

h - chiu cao ca vng m, ft;
G - tc khi phn t gam ca cht kh, lb.mol/h.ft2;
KG - h s truyn khi ton b trn mt n v th tch, lb.mol/h.ft2.atm;
P - p sut tng cng ca h thng, atm;
y - phn mol ca cht tan trong dng kh;
ye - phn mol ca cht tan trong dng kh nm cn bng vi pha lng;
y1 - nng cht tan ca dng kh i vo thp, lb.mol cht tan / lb.mol kh tr;
y2 - nng cht tan ca dng kh i ra khi thp, lb.molcht tan / lb.mol kh tr.
Trong trng hp hiu sut ca thp hp th c biu th dng chiu cao ca mt

n v truyn khi th vic tnh chiu cao thp i hi phi ly tch phn biu thc:
y1
dy
y ye
y2
Tch phn ny l mt i lng khng th nguyn v c gi l s n v truyn

khi da trn mt lc truyn kh ton b. Do :
h
G
N og
KG P
y:
Hog - chiu cao ca mt n v truyn khi, c biu din bng cc n v tng
t nh ca h;
Chiu cao ca mt n v truyn khi khong t 1 n vi ft.
Trong mt h thng hp th n gin kt hp vi dung mi phn ng, (y-ye) y v
s n v truyn khi Nog bng 2.3 log y y . Do mi quan h gia s n v truyn khi
1
v phn trm cht hp th ha tan nh sau:

S n v truyn khi
Nog
% hp th ha tan
(y1 - y2) / y1
0,5
39,0
63,0
86,5
95,0
98,2
99,3
99

4.4.2 S mm ca thp
Khi nim s mm l thuyt da trn gi thit l cht kh v cht lng ri khi mt
mm nm trng thi cn bng. Vic phn tch biu m t ng lm vic v ng
cn bng cho php ta xc nh c s mm l thuyt cn thit tin hnh mt s phn
ly cho trc. ng k theo kiu bc thang trn hnh 4.12 cho bit s bc thang trong
hnh c trng cho s mm l thuyt ca h.
S mm thc t cn thit thng s vo khong 2 ln so vi s mm l thuyt. Hiu
sut mm ton b c xc nh nh l t s gia s mm l thuyt v s mm thc t
cn thit t c mt phn ly cho trc. Cc yu t chnh nh hng n hiu
sut mm l ha tan ca kh v nht ca cht lng. Nhn chung, cc thp m v
thp mm ging nhau v chiu cao i vi cng mt phn ly.
4.4.3 La chn thit b
Phn ln cc thit b hp th c s dng trong cng nghip l thp m, thp mm,
hoc cc thp dng phun tia. Cc c tnh ca h thng nh hng n vic la chn thit
b c th hin nh sau:
1. Cc thp m c a chung i vi nhng h thng lp t nh, bo dng n
mn, cc cht lng to bt cao, t l lng /kh (L/G) cao v yu cu gim p thp;
2. Cc thp mm thng kinh t hn bi v kh nng chu c lu lng kh cao
hn v do ng knh ct thng nh hn. Chng c th iu khin c tc pha
lng i qua lp m, t b bt nght v t bn thn chng cng c th lm ngui cht lng
gii kh pha long bng nhng vng cun lm ngui t trn cc mm hoc bng cc
thit b lm ngui bn ngoi;
3. Cc thp phun thng c p dng trong nhng trng hp i hi gim p
pha kh qua thp l nh nht v c s hin din ca cc bi l lng trong dng kh thi.
4.4.4 La chn dung mi hp th
Nc v cc dung dch nc thng c s dng cho cc thit b hp th trong lnh
vc kim sot nhim khng kh. Nhn chung, vic la chn mt dung dch thch hp s
da trn c s chnh l ha tan ca cht kh cn c hp th trong cht lng la chn
l cao nht c th. Ngoi ra, cht lng hp th i hi phi tha mn cc tnh cht nh:
khng bay hi, r tin, khng n mn thit b, n nh, khng to bt, khng nht v
khng chy. Nu cht hp th gy phn ng ha hc vi cht ha tan th phn ng v cc
tnh cht thun nghch cn phi c bit trc. Nc c s dng cho cc cht kh d
tan trong nc v cc dung dch ha cht c bit s c ng dng hp th cc kh c
tnh acid nh H2S, CO2 v SO2.
100

4.4.5 Cc s liu v s cn bng ca h lng - kh
Cc s liu v cn bng pha lng - kh c cng b trong nhiu ti liu (c bit
l trong cc s tay v qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ha hc) v c sn dng trong
nhiu trng hp thc tin ca lnh vc kim sot nhim khng kh. Cc tr s ha tan
cho php xc nh t l pha lng cn thit hon tt vic kh cht ha tan hoc qu
trnh t c hiu qu kinh t cao v chng cng c cng b trong nhiu ti liu.
Trong trng hp hn hp ang xt khng c cc s liu v cn bng pha th bt buc
phi tin hnh thc nghim thit lp ng cn bng.
4.4.6 T l pha lng / pha kh
T l pha lng / pha kh (L/G) ti thiu c tnh ton trn c s da vo cc hp
phn kh v ha tan ca cht kh trong dng ra vi gi thit l cht lng ra c bo
ha. Trong nhng trng hp n gin nht, nhit ca dung dch c th c b qua,
mc d c th cn thit nh gi nh hng ca nhit dung dch ln trn nhit ca
cht lng ra. Nhn chung, sau khi t s L/G ti thiu c xc nh, th mt t s hot
ng thc t s c tng ln khong t 25% n 100%, ty theo vic cn nhc cc kha
cnh v kinh t. T s L/G cao hn, thp hp th s thp hn nhng nng ca cht tan
trong cht lng y thp cng s thp hn. T s L/G ti u c xc nh da trn mt
s cn bng gia gi thnh ca chiu cao thp b sung v gi thnh ca nng cht tan
trong cht lng hp th.
4.4.7 ng knh thp v gim p
Din tch mt ct ngang ca thp c xc nh da trn tc cn thit ca dng kh
v gim p khong mt vi in H2O. Tc dng kh trong cc thp m thng t
100 1000 lb/h.ft2, tng ng vi mt tc kh b mt vo khong 1ft/s.
gim p qua lp m vo khong t n 1 in H2O/ 1ft chiu cao vt m.
gim p gim i theo s gia tng rng hoc kch thc ca vt liu m. i vi mt
h thng hp th cho trc, s gia tng rng s dn n s gia tng chiu cao thp i
vi cng mt cp phn ly.
Bng 4.3 sau y gii thiu mt s v d in hnh v h thng hp th c ng
dng trong lnh vc kim sot nhim khng kh.
101

Bng 4.3: Mt vi v d v h thng hp th trong kim sot nhim khng kh
Cc cht nhim
Cht hp th
Cc oxit ca nit
trong kh thi
theo t l mol
NO:NO2 = 1 : 1
Dung
dch kim
ammonia
Fluoride, SiF4 t
vic acid ha
phosphate
Nc
Aluminium
chloride v HCl
Nc vi
dng chy
thp p
H2S t kh thin
nhin
17%
monoetha nolamine;
83% nc
Tc chy:
2-3 gal/MSCF
kh
HCl (trong nh
Nc 1
my sn xut ha gal/min.ft2
cht)
Khi
SiO2
HCl
v Nc 3.8
gal/min.ft2
SO2 (t kh thi Dimethyl

nu kim loi)
aniline(1) v
cp th 2 l
dung
dch
kim long
Qu trnh v thit
b
Ct hp th + Thit
b lc kh Venturi +
b phn tch m
Cc thp phun tia

nc (3 thp, hai
thp u c 6 vi
phun cho mi thp,
thp sau cng l
thp kh).
Thp m cng vi
hp lc c cha cc
vt liu lc bng
si thy tinh
Thp mm: 5 n
v, mi n v c
ng knh 7, cao
68. 23 mm vi
dung dch i vo
mm th 4. Nc
ra n nh mm.
p sut 200 psi
Thp m c cha
vt liu m l
nghin
Thit b lc si t,
2 cp u bao gm
50 tm si thy
tinh t dy 4 cho
mi cp, cp th 3
l cp lc kh vi
tm si thy tinh
dy 2
Qu trnh Asarco(2)
Kh c lm sch,
lm ngui v tip
xc vi cht hp
th phn di ca
thp, sau n
102
c tnh
Nng sut kh: 420.000 ft3/h 430C v
p sut 2 psi vi nng 19,400 PPM
(1,9%). ng knh ct D = 8, vt liu
m l cc vng Raschig 2 vi chiu
cao 41,5.
Hng Venturi: 37/4
Hiu sut : 93% 300.000 ft3/h
Nng sut kh: 13.000 ft3/min
Nc tun hon li: 292 gal/min p
sut 32 psi.
Hiu sut: 955
Ct vi ng knh D = 4 v lp vt
liu m dng cc cao 6.
Nng sut: dng ra t l luyn nhm
20T.
Hiu sut: 975 AlCl3, 100% i vi HCl
Tc np kh: 50x104 ft3/1 n v hp
th.
Hm lng H2S: 160-180 grain/100 SCF
Hm lng CO2: 0,3 - 0,4% th tch
Kh i ra: 0,02-0,3 grain/100 SCF
Tc kh : 1 - 3 ft/s
HCl trong dng kh c phun: 0,1 0,3%
Acid yu c cha 20% HCl hoc thp
hn c to ra
Tc dng kh: 216 SCFM/ft2
Tn tht p sut : 4 H2O
Kh HCl t 3,15 mg/m3 xung cn
0,0025 mg/m3
Hiu sut: 99,9%
Kh i vo c cha 5% SO2 theo th

tch. Hiu qu kh t 99%. Lng tiu
th Dimethyl- anoline vo khong 1.1
lb/tn SO2 c kh.
Sodium carbonate tiu hao 35.5 lb/tn
SO2 c kh v acid sulfuric tiu hao

Cc cht nhim
Qu trnh v thit
b
phn thp mm
pha trn v c
hp th bi dung
dch kim long ti
SO2 (t nh my Dung
dch Qu trnh
nung km)
nc
ca Cominco(3) S
ammonium
dng vt liu m
sulfite
l g mng nhiu
cp. Chiu cao lp
m mi cp l
17 ft.
SO2 (t nh my Dung dch
Qu trnh
in 120 MW
long ca cc Battersea(4) Cc
chy bng than)
mui kim
thit b lc kh
trong nc
thng ng ngc
dng, vt m l
li g. vi
c b sung vo
ton b nc ra
c tnh
Cht hp th
t l 40 lb/tn SO2. Nng lng cn thit

l 145 kWh/tn SO2
Tc dng kh 20.000SCFM vn tc
b mt 1.7 ft/s. 4 cp trong mi mt dy
vi tc lu chuyn 450gpm. Kh i
vo cha 5.5% SO2 v kh i ra c hm
lng SO2< 0.2%.
Hiu qu kh SO2 : 97%
Cht xc tc oxy ha (MnSO4) c cho
thm vo u ra ca dung dch bo
m an ton khi thi ra sng. Khi
uc lm sch tc 2.0x107 SCF/h
c cha 0.52 grain S/ft3 2500F. Khi i
ra 0,052 grain S/ft3 850F. Lu lng
nc: 1750 tn/h. S dng mt tn
vi (CaCO3)mi gi. i hi 8.7x104
SCF/h ca khng kh oxy ha v kh
bn t dung dch tc 0,4 tn/h
(1)
Dimethylaniline. C6H5N(CH2)2, l mt amine thm m n c th hp th SO2
(2)
c vn hnh bi American Smelting and Refining Company.
(3)
c vn hnh bi Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company, Ltd, Trail, Canada.
(4)
c vn hnh bi Simon - Carves Ltd., Stockport, Eng.

N 'ug
0,12 Re 0g, 7 Pr g'
N ' ul
2,5 Re l0,7 Prl'
0,5
0,5
d0
(9.27)
Cho pha lng:

0,5
(9.28)
Trong :
Nug =
gd/Dg
; Nul =
1d/D1
Prg = ( /D)g - pha kh ; Prl = ( /D)l - pha lng

wg d
wl d
Re l
; Re g
1
g, 1
(m/s) - h s cp khi t pha pha kh v pha lng;
d(m) - ng knh bt kh;

d0 = 0,004m.
103

Dg,D1 (m2/s) - h s khuch tn phn t SO2 trong pha kh v pha lng;
g, l
- nht ng lc ca cht kh v cht lng (m2/s);
wg,wl (m/s) - vn tc ca cht kh v cht lng trong lp hn hp lng - kh.
Do ha tan ca kh SO2 trong nc qu thp nn thng phi dng mt lng

nc rt ln v thit b hp th cng rt ln, cng knh. tch SO2 khi dung dch phi
un nng ln n 1000C, tn rt nhiu nng lng.
Thy S ngi ta dng nc bin c phn ng kim yu hp th kh SO2 theo
quy trnh Flakt - Hydro (Hnh 4.2a), nh vy ha tan ca SO2 tng ln: Ban u kh
c lm sch bi trong cc b lc in hay h xyclon, sau lm ngui bng nc
trong cc b Venturi. SO2 c hp th trong cc thp rng, sau kh c nung nng
bng nhit ca khi l t, cn nc thi sau thp hp th th c sc khng kh
oxy ha cc hp cht sunfit v sunfat ri mi x ra bin.
Hp th SO2 bng vi v nc vi
u im ca phng php ny l quy trnh cng ngh n gin, chi ph vn hnh
thp, cht hp th r, d tm, lm sch kh m khng cn phi lm lnh v tch bi s b.
Thc t, ngi ta dng cc loi vi, bt phn, lmit...
Thnh phn trung bnh ca vi (% khi lng) nh sau:
SiO2 - 5,19; TiO2 - 0,06; Al2O3 - 0,81; Fe2O3 + FeO - 0,54; MnO - 0,05;
CaO - 42,61; MgO - 7,9; K2O - 0,33; Na2O - 0,05; H2O - 0,76; CO2 - 41,58;
P2O5 - 0,04; S - 0,09; SO3-0,05; Cl2 - 0,02;
Cn i vi lmit CaCO3MgCO3 th: CaO - 30,4%; MgO - 21,7; CO2 - 47,9.

Ngi ta thu c vi sng bng cch nung vi nhit 1100 - 13000C.
Qu trnh hp thu kh SO2 bng cch phng php vi v sa vi qua cc giai on
sau:
SO2 + H2O
H2SO4
(1)
CO2 + H2O
H2CO3
(2)
CaCO3 + H2SO3
CaSO3 + H2CO3
(3)
CaCO3 + H2CO3
Ca(HCO3)2
(4)
CaSO3 + H2SO3
Ca(HSO3)2
(5)
Ca(HSO3)2 + 2CaCO3
Ca(HCO3) + 2H2SO3
Ca(HSO3)2 + O2
Ca(HCO3)2 + 2CaSO3 (6)

Ca(HSO3)2 + 2H2CO3
Ca(HSO4)2
(7)
(8)
104

2CaSO3 + O2
2CaSO4
(9)
Ca(HSO4)2 + 2CaSO3
Ca(HSO3)2 + 2CaSO4
Ca(HSO4)2 + 2CaCO3
Ca(HCO3)2 + 2CaSO4 (11)
Ca(HSO4)2 + Ca(HSO3)2
CaSO3 + 0,5H2O
CaSO4 + 2H2O
2CaSO4 + 2H2SO3
CaSO3.0,5H2O
(10)
(12)
(13)
CaSO4.2H2O
(14)
Thc t xy ra phn ng no, vn tc v cng ra sao cn ty thuc vo thnh

phn v pH ca huyn ph. Nu trong dung dch cn c cc tp cht th qu trnh hp th
cng phc tp hn. Chng hn cho thm 1 lng nh MgSO4 th tng c mc lm
sch kh v mc s dng vi do xy ra mt s phn ng sau:
Ca(HSO3)2 + MgSO4
Mg(HSO3)2 + CaSO4
CaCO3 + Mg(HSO3)2
MgSO3 + CaSO3 + H2CO3
MgSO3 + SO2 + H2O
Mg(HSO3)2
Trong tnh ton cn bng cc h c mui canxi th c th dng cc cng thc thc
nghim sau:
H SO2 - CaSO3 - Ca(HSO3)2 - CaSO4 - H2O :
log p*SO2 = 3,58 - 1,87log[SO2] + 2,24.10-2.T - 1960/T;
4.5 NG DNG QU TRNH HP TH X L KH THI TI NGUN
4.5.1 Lm sch kh khi SO2
C rt nhiu phng php hp th ha hc c ngh tch kh SO2 khi cc kh
thi. Tuy nhin, trn thc t, ch c th s dng vi phng php trong s v thng
thng lu lng kh thi rt ln, m nng SO2 trong rt thp, nhiu khi nhit
kh rt cao v kh c nhim nhiu bi. Sau y ta xem xt cc phng php x l bng
nc, cc dung dch v huyn ph trong nc ca cc mui kim loi kim v kim loi
kim th:
Phng php hp th bng nc
Qu trnh xy ra theo s phn ng:
SO2 + H2O
H+ + HSO3- ;
ha tan ca kh SO2 trong nc rt thp (xem bng 9.1 ; 9.2)

Quan h gia nng C ca SO2 trong dung dch v p sut cn bng p*SO2 nh sau
105

C
p SO 2
m pC
K
p *SO 2
m pC
(9.26)
Trong :
mpC - (m3.Pa/Kmol) - hng s cn bng pha ca kh SO2;
K - hng s cn bng ca phn ng;
Nng cn bng ca h SO2 - khng kh - nc nh sau:

p sut 66,65 160
ring
phn p,Pa
Nng 0,02
SO2,
g/100g
nc
426
0,05 0,1
1133
1880
3670
5060
7880
12250
0,2
0,3
0,5
0,7
1,0
1,5
Qu trnh hp th kh SO2 bng nc b gii hn bi tr lc khuch tn c v hai

pha pha kh v pha lng. N c th thc hin trong cc thit b hp th c cu trc khc
nhau.
Ring i vi loi thp hp th c a (mm) trn v li th h s cp khi c th
tnh theo cng thc sau:
Cho pha kh:
Hp th SO2 bng vi v nc vi
H SO2 - Ca(HSO3)2 - Ca(C6H5COO)2 - C6H5COOH - CaSO4 - H2O;
log p*SO2 = 10,57 + 3,60log[SO2] + 14,4.10-2.T - 2260/T;
H SO2 - Ca(HSO3)2 - Ca(CH2)4(COO)2 - (CH2)4(COOH)2 - CaSO4 - H2O;
log p*SO2 = 12,62 - 0,7pH - 3,4[Ca(CH2)4(COO)2].pH - 2700/T.
Cc phng php khng thu hi
to huyn ph (t l R/L = 1/10) ngi ta dng vi nghin vi kch thc
0,1mm. C nhiu s quy trnh cng ngh lm sch kh. y (hnh 9.2b) gii thiu
quy trnh n gin nht c to bn cn: huyn ph vi pH = 6 - 6,2 ti vo thp hp th.
Cn bn t y thp mt phn vo thng thu hi tun hon cng vi vi ti c a vo
y, cn mt phn a i ly tm hay lc tch nc. Mc lm sch t 85%. H s s
dng vi 50%.
Trong cc nh my nhit in cng sut 1000MW, lng bn to c khong
780T/nm trn 1MW. Bn c cha canxi sunfit v ti 65% nc.
106

Sunfat canxi kt tinh mn, ht m v c kh nng hp th O2. ngi ta c th c cho
bn t kh 250 - 300g/l ri dng bm c ng dn bng polymer a bn n cc
b tch tr v chn b.
M ngi ta trn bn ny vi tro v mt s ph gia c bit ri sy, dng lm ph
liu lm ng s. Sn phm rt n nh v bn. Qu trnh xy ra kh sy hn hp tng
t nh khi ch bin xi mng.
Vic sn xut sunfat canxi (thch cao) t cn bn ny qua mt s giai on sau:
-
iu chnh pH ca dung dch bng axit sunfuric;
Oxy ha sunfit thnh sunfat bng khng kh p sut cao;
Lng;
Ly tm.
Nc thi sau khi lng v ly tm c mi trng axit mnh, cn phi trung ha bng
sa vi hay xt, sau lc. Vic oxy ha cn bn vn kinh t c trong trng hp khng
sn xut thch cao, v tc tch nc ca bn oxy ha cao hn khi khng oxy ha
nn gim chi ph cho thit b tch nc. C th c quy trnh lm sch mt cp v hai cp,
lm sch c oxy ha sunfit canxi trong bn thnh sunfat.
lm sch mt cp kh thi c oxy ha sunfit canxi ca bn cn, ngi ta sc khng
kh vo cc bnh cha di y thp hp th. Nc tun hon phi c lu gi lu
trong cc bnh cha hon tt qu trnh kt tinh v to thnh hn hp bn gm:
CaSO4.2H2O v CaSO3.0,5H2O. Qu trnh lm sch 2 cp cho php lm sch tt hn: cp
1 ti bng huyn ph pH = 4,5 - 5, cp 2 - pH = 6. Thu thch cao bng lc hay ly tm.
chuyn sunfit thnh sunfat, ngi ta thm axit sunfuric.
Nhc im chung ca cc phng php dng vi l ng cn cu thit b, n mn
v phong ha thit b, b vng...
trnh bm cn CaSO4, ngi ta dng cc bin php sau:
-
Tng ti lng /kh gim qu bo ha sunfit canxi trong dung dch;
Tun hon sunfatcanxi cng vi cht lng hp th to cc trung tm kt tinh;
Tng thi gian lu gi dung dch hp th ngoi thit b hp th hon tt qu

trnh kt tinh;
Gi pH cn thit ca dung dch gim mc oxy ha sunfit thnh sunfat canxi;
X dung dch c cha tinh th CaSO4 qua lp cn sunfit canxi gim mc

bo ha ca dung dch theo thch cao;
Vic khc phc hin tng n mn v phong ha thit b c thc hin bng cch
chn vt liu thch hp v dng lp ph.
107

tng cng qu trnh truyn khi kh - lng v gim cht thi, ngi ta thm ion
Mg2+, Cl- v CO3- vo thit b hp th tng mc s dng cht hp th.
Vic a ion Mg2+ vo thnh phn vi l thay i ha tan ca sunfit canxi, do
lm tng h s truyn khi v lm gim t l lng/kh trong thit b hp th v t t
s dng vi ti 90%. Nng ion Mg2+ trong huyn ph tun hon phi c n nh
v lng d s to dung dch Mg(OH)2 rt kh lc.
C ch tc dng ca axit hu c cacboxilic cng tng t nh ca ion Mg2+.Chng c
tc dng m, lm gim pH ca dung dch xung n 4 - 5, lm tng nng SO2 ti b
mt phn pha.
Yu cu i vi cc axit b sung vo huyn ph sa vi l:
-
Hng s phn ly phi trong khong 10-4
D kim (c cng nghip sn xut), r
Ha tan tt trong nc
10-5
C th s dng cc axit benzoic, adipinic v limonic. Khi b sung cc axit trn th to

thnh cc mui canxi c kh nng tc dng vi SO2. Chng hn vi axit benzoic c
nhng phn ng sau:
CaCO3 + C6H5COOH
Ca(C6H5COO)2 + H2SO3
Ca(C6H5COO)2 + H2O + CO2

Ca(HSO3)2 + 2 C6H5COOH.
Axit gii phng ra li tc dng li vi CaCO3 theo chu trnh mi, nh vt lm tng h s
s dng vi. Ph bin nht l ngi ta dng axit adipinic HOOC(CH2)4COOH. Cc axit
s dng vi t l 0,1 - 0,3% lng vi.
Mt trong nhng phng php khng thu hi r tin m c trin vng lm sch
khi l hi khi SO2 l s dng nc thi c tnh kim ca cc x nghip. Phng php
ny lm tng c lm sch kh ng thi trung ha c nc thi.
Mt quy trnh c ngh lm sch khi ca nh my nhit in bng dng
nc thi c tnh kim trong thit b hp th c cc mm chy trn c dn hng cht
lng. Hiu qu nht l dng cc mm xuyn l kp v mm gn sng vi cc gn sng
dng tam gic.
Nc thi ca b x l kim t c kim cao (pH = 10,3 - 11,4) v loi kim t do
khong 21 miligam ng lng /l, cn cacbonat-bicacbonat ti 147 ng lng mol/l.
Hm lng SO2 trong khi khong t 0,08 n 0,15% th tch, cn CO2 t 5.6 - 9.7% th
tch. Qu trnh hp th nhit khong 46 - 540C. Trong thp hp th c 3 mm vi t
s lng/kh = 3,2 kg/kg, th lm sch n 99%, cn nc thi gim pH ti 7,0.
108

Ngi ta cn xut phng php lm sch kh bng huyn ph t tro bay. Thnh
phn tro khi t cc loi than khc nhau thay i trong khong rt rng (% khi lng:
SiO2 - 30 68; Al2O3 - 10 40; Fe2)3 - 2 30; CaO - 1,5 50; MgO - 0,8 4,8; Na2O 0,04 1,1; K2O - 0,5 1,3; TiO2 - 0,3 0,9; SO3 - 0,22 0,56.)
iu kin cn thit chn tro bay lm tc cht lm sch kh thi khi SO2 l t l
SO2 v tro thu c khi chy 1 kg than, cng nh thnh phn cc cu t kim (CaO
tng, Mn, K, Mg...) trong tro. C ch cc qu trnh xy ra trong h nc - tro - SO2 l rt
phc tp. Mt cch gn ng ta c th cho rng cc oxit t do ca Mg v Ca trong cc ht
bi phn tn mn tng tc mnh lit vi nc to Ca(OH)2 v Mg(OH)2 theo c ch sau:
CaO + H2O
MgO + HO
Ca+2 + 2 OH -
Ca(OH)2
Mg+2 + 2 OH-
Mg(OH)2
Do pha lng c phn ng kim. Cc silicat, aluminat v ferit canxi b hydrat ha

v thy phn to dng keo Ca(OH)2:
x CaO. y SiO2 . z Fe2O3. k Al2O3 + (x+y+3z+3k)H2O
y H2SiO3 + 2zFe(OH)3 + 2k Al(OH)3 + x Ca+2 + 2x OHKhi hp th SO2 t khi th cc ion hydroxit chuyn SO2 thnh ion sunfit:
HSO3- + OH-
SO3-2 + H2O
Nu kim hydrat b th to c bisunfat:

HSO3- + 0,5 O2
HSO4-
Cc thng s thch hp ca qu trnh l pH = 3,5; t=45 - 550C; T = 10 pht.

Vi tro t than c thnh phn %: SiO3 - 54,3; Al2O3 - 27,9 ; Fe2O3- 6,6; CaO - 5,8;
MgO - 1,85; K2O - 1,1; Na2O - 1,0 th p sut ring phn cn bng ca SO2 trn huyn
ph tro l:
*
Log PSO
= 3,7 + 1,8 Log[SO2] + 2,29. 10-2 . T - 182/T
2
(9.27)
i vi tro t than c thnh phn %: SiO2 - 47,0; Al2O3 - 13,0; Fe2O3 - 8,0; CaO *
26,0; MgO - 5,0; K2O - 0,5; Na2O3 - 0,5) th tnh PSO
nh sau:
2
*
Log PSO
= 1,85 + 1,72 log[SO2] + 2,06.10-2T - 1666,6/T
2
(9.28)
Qui trnh cng ngh lm sch kh thi khi SO2 bng huyn ph tro v MgO: Khi l sau
b gia nhit hi nc c nhit khong 3300C qua h thng lc s b (lc in hay lc
xyclon). Tro thu c c a vo thng cha trung ha c cnh khuy. Mt phn cht
hp th lin tc i vo b lm c c cn bn, sau cn bn c a i ly tm. B
sung nc vo h thng tun hon dung dch hp th b cho nc bc hi. Kh cn
109

lm sch c a vo thp hp th v c lm ngui t 1300C xung 650C trong thp
v kh sch i ra t thp c gia nhit bng khi nng sau khi tch tro. Cn bn c th
dng sn xut vt liu xy dng.
Thp hp th loi trc lu cao tc cho php to xoy ri cc pha tng tc v trnh s
bm cn.
Tr lc thp ti p tnh nh sau:
2
t
0,03 L 0,56
(9.29)
g l
V h s cp khi th tch l:
vg
= 1,1
0,45
.L0,15
(9.30)
Trong :
L - (m3/m2.s) - mt ti dch lng;
t
(m/s) - vn tc thc ca kh trong thp;

(m/s) - vn tc kh tnh theo ton b tit din ngang ca phng tip xc;
gl-
khi lng ring ca hn hp lng - kh.
Bng 4.4 gii thiu c tnh sinh SO2 ca mt s loi than in hnh ca Lin
X (c). Qua bng trn ta thy cc loi than trn cha rt t kim t do. Do khi dng
tro lm sch kh thi th phi thm vi hay nc vi.
Bng 4.4: c tnh sinh SO2 ca mt s loi than
Hm lng, khi lng
M than, vng
Brzov
Irsa - Brdin
Nazarov
Angren
Cuznetsov
Caragandin
S tng
Tro
CaO tng
0,3
0,3
0,5
2,0
0,4
0,8
7,0
15
15
22
27
35
42
26
32
24,3
7,5
5,8
CaO t do
mg.dl/kg
335
262
400
460
60
43
SO2 sinh
mg.dl/kg
CaO/SO2
250
250
450
1900
400
800
1,35
1,05
0,90
0,25
0,15
0.053
Cc phng php lm sch kh c ti sinh cht hp th

Trong cc phng php ny, cht hp th c ti sinh v s dng tr li lm sch
kh, cn cht b hp th c tch ra sn xut mt s sn phm c cha lu hunh nh
axit sunfuric, lu hunh nguyn cht, SO2 lng v cc sunfat.
a. Phng php manh
110

Dng oxyt hydroxyt manh hp th SO2 to cc tinh th sunfit manh hydrat ha,
sau phn gii bng nhit tch kh cha SO2 v oxyt manh c dng tr li. Kh SO2
dng sn xut sunfuric.
Phn ng xy ra nh sau:
MgO + H2O = Mg(OH)2
MgSO3 + H2O + SO2 = Mg(HSO3)2
Mg(HSO3)2 + Mg(OH)2 = 2 MgSO3
+ 2 H2O
ha tan ca sunfit manh trong nc kh thp, nn d to ra ta dng MgSO3.

6H2O v MgSO3. 3 H2O. Khi l c a vo thp hp th Venturi c ti bng dch
huyn ph tun hon. T s rn/lng ca huyn ph l 1/10; pH ca huyn ph vo thp
6,8 - 7,5, ra thp 5,5 - 6. Thnh phn huyn ph tun hon (% khi lng): MgO -1,4;
MgSO3 - 6,7; MgSO4 - 12,4; nc v tp cht khc - 79,65%.
Trong thp hp th cng c to mt t sunfat theo phn ng sau:
2 MgSO3 + O2
2 MgSO4
y l qu trnh c hi v nhit phn gii sunfat rt cao (1200 - 13000C) m MgO

to c b qu nhit nn c hot rt thp i vi SO2. chng qu trnh ngi ta
phi dng cht kim hm oxy ha hoc tin hnh qu trnh nhanh, gim thi gian tip xc
pha lng - kh. Ngoi ra cng c th nung sunfat c cc cht kh nh than cc, mtan,
CO... kh sunfat thnh sunfit.
T bn trung ha mt phn huyn ph c a i ly tm tch tinh th mui
manhhydrat ha, sau a vo my sy thng quay t bng du mazut. Sn phm sau
khi sy c cha (% khi lng): MgO - 2,6; MgSO3 - 65,0; MgSO4 - 11,8; H2O - 20,6%.
Cc tinh th tch nc c nung trong l quay hay l tng si 9000C (c b sung
than cc).
Phn ng xy ra l:
MgSO3
MgO + SO2
Nng kh SO2 trong khi ra khi l chng 7 - 15% c lm lnh, tch bi v m

SO2 ri em sn xut axit sunfuric. Sn phm rn sau l nung (c 86,1% MgO, 8,4%
MgSO4) c lm ngui bng khng kh n 1200C. Khng kh ny, sau khi c gia
nhit, c cp cho bung t dng du mazut.
u im ca phng php manh l :
-
C th lm sch kh nng m khng cn lm lnh s b;
Thu c axit sunfuric nh l sn phm ph;
111

-
Hiu qu lm sch cao m d lm, r.
Nhc im:
-
Qui trnh cng ngh phc tp;
Khng phn gii hon ton sunfat khi nung;
Tn hao MgO kh nhiu.
b. Phng php km
Phng php ny da theo phn ng sau:
SO2 + ZnO + 2,5 H2O = ZnSO3 . 2,5 H2O
Phn ng song hnh khi c nhiu O2 trong kh l:
2 SO2 + ZnO + H2O = Zn(HSO3)2.
Sunfit km khng ha tan trong nc, c tch ra trong cc xyclon nc, ri sy v
nung t = 3500C thc hin s nhit phn theo phn ng sau:
ZnSO3 + 2,5 H2O
ZnO + SO2
+ 2,5 H2O.
u im ca phng php ny l c th lm sch kh nhit kh cao (t = 200 2500C). Nhc im ca n l phn sunfat km to thnh khng nn ti sinh (v khng
kinh t) m phi a ra khi dy chuyn sn xut v b sung lng ZnO tng ng.
c. Phng php Natri
u im ca phng php ny l dng cht hp th c hot hp th mnh v dng
c cho cc kh vi nng SO2 bt k.
C th c nhiu phng n thc hin:
-
Dng dung dch xa thu c sunfit v bisunfit natri:

Na2CO3 + SO2 = Na2SO3 + CO2
Na2SO3 + SO2 + H2O = 2 NaHSO3

-
Khi dng dung dch hydroxyt natri cng to thnh dung dch sunfit - bisunfit natri.
Cc kh vo li tc dng tip vi sunfit - bisunfit cng lm tng nng bisunfit:
SO2 + NaHSO3 + Na2SO3 + H2O
3 NaHSO3
Sau cho ZnO vo dung dch to thnh:

NaHSO3 + ZnO
ZnSO3 + NaOH.
Nung ZnSO3 thu kh SO2 (a i sn xut axit sunfuric hay lu hunh) v ZnO
dng li trong qui trnh.
112

Sau y gii thiu qui trnh lm sch kh theo phng php Wollman - Lord: Khi
l c lm sch s b v lm ngui bng nc tun hon trong thp ti. Ti y tch
ra c tro v mt phn SO2... Trong thp hp th c ti dch tun hon sunfit natri
hp th SO2 chuyn ha thnh bisunfit, ng thi c phn ng song hnh to mt t
sunfat natri. Nh ha tan ca bisunfit cao hn sunfit nn thit b t bm cn.
Dung dch i ra t thp hp th c a n thit b ti sinh - kt tinh tch kh
SO2 v thu c tinh th sunfit natri. Hi nc v kh SO2 qua thit b ngng t vo
dy chuyn sn xut khc; huyn ph sunfit c trn vi nc (tch ra t thit b ngng
t) ra bn cha, trc khi em ti vo thp hp th. Mt phn dung dch sau thp hp
th c em i tch sunfat natri bng kt ta khi lm lnh dung dch, sau em ly tm
ri sy. Cht lng c tun hon vo qui trnh. Tn tht Na+ theo sunfat c b sung
bng xt. Kh SO2 thu c c th dng sn xut axit sunfuric hay lu hunh (S).
thu c lu hunh trong cc phng ha lng, ngi ta cho tin hnh tng tc
SO2 vi mt lng kh kh theo phng trnh t lng (gm H2, CO, CH4...). Hn hp
to thnh kh phn ng c cha hi lu hunh, H2S, SO2 c a n l sinh hi; y
ngi ta dng nhit phn ng sinh hi nc, sau tin hnh qu trnh Clauss chuyn
ha 2 cht c xc tc 3000C c lm lnh trung gian v ngng t hi lu hunh. Lng
H2S d c nung c xc tc to SO2; kh ny li c trn vi hn hp kh ban u
tch SO2.
d. Phng php kim kp

Ni dung ca phng php ny l hp th SO2 bng dung dch cc mui natri, canxi
hay nhm, sau ti sinh cht hp th bng oxyt hay cacbonat canxi. Sn phm thu c
ca qu trnh ti sinh l thch cao, sunfit canxi hoc hn hp ca chng. Cht hp th
c ti sinh s tr vo chu trnh hp th, cn cc mui canxi c tch ra khi h thng.
Phn ng ti sinh cht hp th nh sau:
CaO + H2O
Ca(OH)2
Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2
Na2SO3 + Ca(OH)2
2 NaOH + CaCO3
NaOH + CaSO4 (phn ng chm)
Khi tng nng cc kh SO2 v CO2 th phn ng xy ra theo chiu to CaSO4. Vic
s dng cc axit cacbonic lm tng ha tan cc mui canxi.
u im ca phng php l hiu qu cao, khng c pha rn kt ng trong thp hp
th lm cho thp c th hot ng lin tc (khi ti sinh cht hp th bng oxyt canxi pH
= 8 th khng to cn thit b). Ngoi ra, vn u t c bn gim c khong 15 - 20%
so vi phng php s dng vi.
113

e.Phng php amoniac
Phng php ny hp th kh SO2 bng dung dch amoniac hay sunfit bisunfit amn
theo phn ng sau:
NH4OH + H2SO4
(NH4)2SO3 + 2 H2O
(NH4)2 SO3 + H2SO3

2 (NH4)2SO3 + O2
2 NH4HSO3
2 (NH4)2SO4
u im ca phng php ny l hiu qu rt cao, cht hp th d kim v thu c

sunfit v bisunfit amn l cc sn phm cn thit.
Phng php ny chia ra loi c chu k v loi khng c chu k. Trong phng php
khng c chu k, ngi ta thu c bisunfit amn nh mt thng phm. Trong phng
php c chu k, ta thu c SO2 m c.
Kh thi c lm sch s b, c lm lnh bng nc trong thp, sau vo
thp hp th 2 cp. Cp 2 phi c tng qu trnh lm sch. cp 1, dung dch tun
hon c nng NH3 khong 8 - 10 mol/100 mol nc, cn cp 2, khong 1-2 mol/100
mol nc. Dung dch sau hp th c t s gia nng SO2 trong sunfit bisunfit vi nng
NH3 l 0,78 - 0,82.
Cht hp th c ti sinh trong thp sc hi nc ( 900C), p sut d 500 - 550
mmHg. Kh SO2 tch ra t dung dch (nh phn hy bisunfit amn v mt phn cc mui
khc) c sy v c a i s dng nh l mt thng phm (sau khi ngng t hi
nc v hp th NH3) hay a vo cc dy chuyn sn xut lu hunh hay axit sunfuric.
Dung dch ti sinh trong thp ct c lm lnh v quay vo chu trnh lm sch kh.
tch sunfat amn t dung dch th mt phn dung dch c cho bc hi, sau
kt tinh ri ly tm. Sn phm cui cng c thnh phn (%khi lng) nh sau:
(NH4)2SO4: 90 - 93%; (NH4)2SO3: 2-3; NH4HSO3: 0,5 - 1 v nc: 4 - 5.
nhit cao c th xy ra phn ng:
NH4HSO3 + (NH4)2SO3
(NH4)2SO4 + S + H2O
Lu hunh c to thnh dng keo, rt kh tch khi dung dch.

Phng php ny c th dng lm sch cc kh c cha t 0,3 - 0,35% th tch SO2,
nhng rt tn chi ph cho u t c bn, chi ph vn hnh.
C nhng qui trnh khng c lm lnh s b kh, ngi ta cho axit sunfuric vo thit
b phn ng chuyn sunfit amn thnh sunfat:
(NH4)2SO3 + H2SO4
(NH4)2SO4 + H2SO3
114

Php c qui trnh amoniac bisunfit lm sch kh c thnh phn bt k. Theo ,
sunfat amn phn hy 3000C, Tch NH3, cn bisunfat amn quay vo chu trnh sn
xut:
(NH4)2SO4
NH3 + NH4HSO4
Nhc im ca phng php ny l chi ph nng lng ln.

Ngoi ra cn c qui trnh s dng kh NH3 b sung vo hn hp kh c cha SO2
to trc tip xn kh sunfit v sunfat ngay trong ng, sau thu hi chng bng lc in.
Cn phng php amoniac - axit nitric da trn c s cc phn ng sau:
(NH4)2SO3 + 2 HNO3 = 2 NH4NO3 + SO2 + H2O
NH4HSO3 + HNO3 = NH4NO3 + SO2 + H2O.
Sn phm l hn hp kh cha SO2 khong 15 - 30% (dng sn xut axit sunfuric)
v nitrat amn dng lm phn bn. S dng 1T SO2 th thu c 1,3T axit sunfuric, 3T
phn m lng v khong 0,2T sunfat amn ln nitrat amn.
C phng php amoniac - axit photphoric cho php thu c phn photphat v SO2:
3 (NH4)2 + 2 H3PO4
2 (NH4)3PO4 + 3 SO2 + H2O
3 NH4HSO3 + H3PO4
(NH4)3PO4 + 3SO2 + 3H2O.
f. Phng php dng mui nung chy

lm sch cc kh c nhit cao, ngi ta dng hn hp tecti ca cacbonat cha
cc kim loi kim c thnh phn (% khi lng): LiCO 3 : 32; NaCO3: 33; K2CO3 :35.
im nng chy ca hn hp l 3970C. 4250C hn hp c nht 0,012 Pa.s v khi
lng ring 2000kg/m3. Vi kh c 0,3 - 3% SO2 th hn hp hp th c 99% lng
SO2.
Qu trnh gm cc giai on hp th, kh v ti sinh cht hp th. Hp th SO 2 bng
cc cht cacbonat v to thnh sunfit v sunfat kim loi. Vn tc phn ng rt ln nn
qu trnh ch b gii hn bi vn tc di chuyn ca kh SO2. Thng tin hnh hp th
trong cc thp loi ti vi vn tc kh 7,5 m/s. Phn ng ta nhit nn n b mt phn
nhit mt mt.
Trong giai on kh, tin hnh kh sunfat thnh sunfit nhit 6000C vi kh kh
theo cc phn ng sau (Me l kim loi kim):
4 Me2SO3
Me2SO4 + 4H2
Me2SO4 + 4CO
Me2SO4 + Me2S
6000
6000
Me2S + 4 H2O
Me2S + 4 CO2
115

Phn ng ny xy ra rt chm.
Trong on ti sinh, cc sunfit tc dng vi hn hp kh CO2 v nc 4250C:
Me2S + CO2 + H2O
4250
Me2CO3 + H2S
Phn ng ny xy ra nhanh.
Cc mui nng chy thu c s quay vo chu trnh. Kh i ra t thit b ti sinh c
cha 30% H2S, CO2 v nc c a vo h thng Clauss thu c lu hunh.
Ngoi ra, forminat kali c th dng lm cht hp th kh SO2 di dng nung chy
1770C hay dng dung dch trong nc 930C theo cc phn ng sau:
- Kh hp th ( dng dung dch trong nc):
2KHOOC + 2 SO2
K2S2O3 + 2 CO2 + H2O
Kh ti sinh :
4 KHOOC + K2S2O3
2 KHS + CO2
2 K2CO3 + 2 KHS + 2 CO2 + H2O
K2CO3 + 2H2S
K2CO3 + 2 CO
H2O + 2 KCOOH + CO2
Kh H2S c a i sn xut lu hunh.

g. Hp th bng cc amin thm
Kh thi t x nghip luyn kim mu c cha 1 - 2% th tch kh SO2 c lm sch
bng xilidin hay diametyl anilin.
Hn hp (t l 1 : 1) ca nc v xilidin khng tan ln vo nhng khi SO2 tc dng
xilidin to thnh xilidinsunfat tan trong nc:
2 C6H3 (CH3)2NH3 + SO2
2 C6H3(CH3)2.SO2
Vi nng SO2 t 100 kg/m3 th hn hp tr nn ng th. Hnh 9.7... biu din

cc ng cn bng lng - kh ca cc h SO2 - dimetylanilin v h SO2 - xilidin - nc.
Hnh 9.8 gii thiu qui trnh lm sch kh thi c SO2 bng hn hp nc - xilidin: sau
khi tch bi, chuyn kh thi c cha 0,5-8% SO2 vo 2 thp hp th gim nng
SO2 n 0,05 - 0,1%. Kh xilidin bay ra t thp hp th c thu hi bng axit sunfuric
long (5 - 10%) trong thp ra. Sau mi x kh ra ngoi tri. Cht hp th bo ha c
cha 130 - 180g/l SO2 c thm dung dch xa ri bm n thp nh (c un nng
n 1000C bng hi nc). Kh SO2 c nh ra c ln mt t xilidin c ra bng nc
trong thp ra trc khi c ch bin tip. Nu kh thi c nng SO2 thp th qui
trnh ny khng kinh t v tn hao xilidin.
Vi kh thi c trn 35% (th tch) kh SO2 th dng dimetylanilin lm cht hp th c
hiu qu hn dng xilidin. Qui trnh cng ngh nh sau: Ban u kh c lm sch bi
116

trong cc b lc in, sau khi hp th th ra kh long bng dung dch cacbonat natri
tch vt SO2 va dimetylanilin, sau ra bng axit sunfuric long tch vt
dimetylanilin. Sau khi sy th SO2 c a sn xut axit sunfuric. Cc thit b hp th
v thp nh thng l loi thp mm chp.
Chi ph cho vic tch 1kg SO2 khong 0,5 dimetylanilin, 16g xda, 18g axit sunfuric,
1,1kg hi nc , 0,52 MJ in nng v 8,2 kg/h nc lnh.
Thit b
hp th kh SO2, cc thit b hp th phi p ng cc yu cu sau:
-
Hiu qu hp th cao;
Lu lng dng kh phi ln;
Tr lc thp (< 3 kpa);
Cu to n gin, d vn hnh;
t kim loi;
t bm cn.
Thng thng ngi ta dng thp rng c vi phun hay thp venturi 1 cp v 2 cp.
Hng hon thin cu trc ca chng l gim b mt bn trong thp. Loi cu to n
gin m hiu qu cao l loi thp CM kt hp on rng c vi phun vi on sc kh c
a (mm).
Ngi ta s dng thp c vt liu m di ng l vin bi bng polyetylen hay cao su.
Ngoi ra thp mm xuyn l ln cng c nhiu trin vng.
c tnh cc cht hp th H2S v thng s qu trnh:
Bng 4.5: c tnh ca cc cht hp th H2S
Cht hp th
TT
Kim (xda) thch tn (mui

oxytio - thch tn - natri).
T l cht
hp th
Nng cht hp Nhit

th trong dung
hp th
dch
(mol/mol)
g/l
1/1
17,38
Mc
hp th
20-45
92 - 98
Thch tn - ptat
2
Etanolamin
3/1
16-18
35-50
94-99
Normal metyl - 2 pirrolion
10-15
20-50
96-98
Xda
26-40
96-98
117

Potat
5
Xianamid cnxi
15-18
40
90
Xda v sunfat nikel
20-25
40-50
90-98
3/1
150-200
30-45
98-99
15-25
30-40
95-97
1/1
40-50
20-40
92-97
10
1/1
5-15
20-30
85-90
4.5.2 Lm sch kh thi khi H2S, CS2 v mercaptan

Lm sch khi kh H2S
Kh H2S sinh ra trong cc qu trnh nu xenlul, trong cc kh cc ha nhin liu, kh
thin nhin v trong cng nghip du m... Kh ny c kh nng gy n mn thit b.
Bng 4.5 gii thiu mt s cht hp th kh H2S v cc thng s qui trnh cng ngh.
a. Phng php cacbonat - chn khng
C s ca phng php l cc phn ng sau:
Me2CO3 + H2S
MeHCO3 + MeHS
Me2CO3 + H2O +CO2
2MeHCO3
MeHS + CO2 + H2O
MeHCO3 + H2S
Thng dng cacbonat natri hay kali trong nc hp th kh H2S, sau ti sinh
bng cch un nng trong chn khng, ri lm lnh quay v chu trnh hp th.
Do khc nhau v ha tan ca Na2CO3, NaHCO3, K2CO3 v KHCO3 nn ngi ta s
dng cc dung dch c nng khc nhau. Ptat ha tan trong nc tt hn nn ngi ta
dng dung dch nng cao v cho kh nng hp th rt cao. Do gim c chi ph
dung dch, gim chi ph hi ti sinh v tit kim nng lng tun hon dung dch.
Qui trnh hp th H2S bng phng php cacbonat - chn khng v thu hi H2S
sn xut axit sunfuric: Dung dch, sau khi qua thit b hp th, c a vo lm lnh ngng t c un nng nh nhit ngng t ca hi bc ra khi ti sinh dung dch hp
th, sau dung dch tip tc qua thit b trao i nhit v un nng ri vo thit b ti
sinh, ti y dung dch si trong chn khng (15,6 Kpa).
Dung dch ti sinh v bn cha s dng li. Kh H2S v hi nc thi ra trong
thit b ti sinh c bm chn khng a qua thit b ngng t - lm lnh ngng t
phn ln hi nc. Hi tip tc vo thit b lm lnh, sau vo l t H 2S. Hn hp kh
t l t gm hi nc, SO2, O2 v kh tr 9000C vo l sinh hi nc, y n c
118

lm ngui ti 440 - 4500C ri a i oxy ha trong thp tip xc oxy ha. Sau khi oxy
ha, kh c a vo thp hp th sn xut axit sunfuric.
50% cng c dng lm cht hp th kh H2S theo phn ng sau:
K3PO4 + H2S
KHS + K2HPO4
Sau :
2 Na2HAsO3 + 5 H2S
Na4As2S5 + 6 H2O
Na4As2S5 + O2
Dung dch ca mui oxysunfoacsenat natri l dung dch hp thu kh H2S theo phn
ng sau:
Na4As2O2 + H2S = Na4As2S6O + H2O
Khi ti sinh mui thu c trn bng O2 ca khng kh th ta c lu hunh:
2 Na2AsS6O + O2 = 2Na4As2S5O2 + 2S
Lu hunh c tch khi dung dch, cn dung dch c quay vo chu trnh hp th.
Cc phn ng ph song hnh by gi l:
Na2CO3 + H2O = NaOH + NaHCO3
Na2CO3 + H2S = NaHs + NaHCO3
Na2CO3 + H2S = NaHS + CO2 + H2O
NaOH + H2S = NaHS + H2O
Qui trnh Tiloks: Kh cn lc sch vo thp hp th tch H2S. Sau dung dch
hp th bo ha H2S c bm qua thit b trao i nhit un nng ln n 400C
ri vo thit b ti sinh. Trong thit b ti sinh, ngi ta sc khng kh nn vo khi dung
dch oxy ha. Bt khng kh v lu hunh ni ln c a vo thit b phn ring
dng lc chn khng thu lu hunh, cn dung dch tun hon li vo chu trnh hp th.
d. Phng php STRETFORT
Ni dung ca phng php l hp th kh H2S, ngi ta dng mt dung dch kim
(pH = 8,5 - 9,5) gm c cacbonat natri, 1 lng tng ng phn t vanadat natri amn v antraquinon - 2,6 - 2,7 disunfonat (ADA), mui vinat natri - kali (cht ny c tc
dng khng cho vanadat kt ta).
Cc phn ng xy ra nh sau:
-
Khi hp th:
H2S + Na2CO3 = NaHS + NaHCO3
Khi thu nhn lu hunh:

2NaHS + H2S + NaVO3
119
Na2V4O9 + 4 NaOH + 2S

-
Ti sinh vanadat bng ADA:

Na2V4O9 + 2 NaOH + H2O + 2 ADA
4 NaVO3 + 2 ADA (kh)
Oxy ha ADA bng O2 ca khng kh:

2 ADA (kh) + O2
2 ADA + H2O.
u im ca phng php ny l trnh dng As rt c.

e. Phng php kim-st
y dng mt huyn ph gm dung dch Na2CO3 10% v dung dch sunfat st 18%
to c hydroxyt st 2 v 3.
Phn ng khi chun b dch hp th l:
FeSO4 + Na2CO3 + H2O
Fe(OH)2 + Na2SO4 + CO2
Khi sc khng kh vo:

4 Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2 H2O
4 Fe(OH)3
Phn ng khi hp th kh H2S l:

H2S + NaCO3
NaHS + NaHCO3
3 NaHS + 2 Fe(OH)3
3NaHS + 2 Fe(OH)3
Fe2S3 + 3 NaOH + 3H2O

FeS + S + 3 NaOH + 3 H2O.
Khi ti sinh dung dch hp th bng dng O2 ca khng kh thu lu hunh:

2 Fe2S3 + 6 H2O + 3 O2
4 FeS + 6 H2O + 3 O2
NaHCO3 + NaOH
2 NaHCO3
4 Fe(OH)3 + 6 S
4 Fe(OH)3 + 4 S
Na2CO3 + H2O
Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
Trong qu trnh ti sinh th khong 70% lng H2S b hp th c chuyn sang to

thnh lu hunh, cn phn cn li dng NaHS c oxy ha n tiosunfat natri:
2 NaHS + 2 O2
Na2 S2O3 + H2O
Phng php ny cho php t lm sch
80%.
f. Phng php kim - hydroquinon

y dng hn hp xda - hydroquinon lm cht hp th.
Ni dung ca phng php da theo cc phn ng sau:
-
Khi hp th (bng xda):

120

H2S + Na2CO3
2 NaHS + 2 O2
Na2S2O3 + H2O (Phn ng ph)
NaHS + O= =O + H2O
-
NaHS + NaHCO3
HO- -OH + S
Khi ti sinh xa:

NaHCO3 + NaOH
+ NaOH
Na2CO3 + H2O
Khi ti sinh quinon:

HO- -OH + 0,5 O2
O= =O + H2O
Giai on cui thc hin nh oxy c trong kh v xy ra ng thi cc qu trnh hp

th v oxy ha H2S.
Ti sinh hon ton quinon xy ra trong thp ti sinh.
Trong qu trnh lm vic, s tch t Na2S2O3 v NaHCO3 trong dung dch hp th c
tc dng lm kh nng hp th ca dung dch v n lm gim nng cacbonat v gim
pH ca mi trng. gi n nh hot ca dung dch hp th, ngi ta phi thng
xuyn b sung xa v hydroquinon v pH trong khong 9 - 9,5 th phi b sung
bng dung dch xt 42%.
Thp hp th thuc loi rng, c vi phun dung dch hp th vi mt phun l 4,35
m /h cho 1m3 th tch lm vic ca thp. Khi ti sinh dung dch th sc khng kh qua
dung dch oxy ha hydroquinon thnh quinon v thu c lu hunh ni ln dng
bt trn lp b mt dung dch, chy vo thng tch bt ri vo lc chn khng. Mt phn
hydroquinon b oxy ha n thiosunfat. Phn lu hunh thu c s nu chy trong l
hp.
3
Phng php ny cho php lm sch H2S t nng 0,185 xung 0,02 g/m3.
Mc lm sch ph thuc vo cc yu t:
-
Nng ban u H2S trong kh thi;
Vn tc chuyn ng ca dng kh trong thp hp th;
Mt ti, nng v pH ca dung dch hp th, v mc phn tn u dung

dch...;
Nhit hp th.
g. Phng php etanolamin

y ngi ta dng dung dch mono hay tri - etanolamin hp th H2S v CO2
(nng 15 - 20% trong nc)
-
Khi hp th:
121

2 [OH-(CH2)-NH2] + H2S
HO-(CH2)-NH3
S
(RNH2)
HO-(CH2)2-NH3
[HO-(CH2)2-NH3]2-S+ H2S
2HO(CH2)2-NH3-SH
nhit 25 - 400C th xy ra phn ng hp th (theo chiu t tri sang phi), vi

nhit 1050C th c phn ng nh H2S v CO2 (t phi sang tri).
Lm sch kh khi sunfua cacbon CS2 v mercaptan
Trong cc kh thi thng c cha nhiu hp cht hu c c lu hunh nh sunfua
cacbon (CS2), oxyt cacbon - lu hunh (COS) v mercaptan (RSH).
nhit thng sunfua cacbon km hot ng, do phng php hp th ha hc
km hiu qu tch CS2 ra khi kh thi. CO2 v COS phi c chuyn ha n H2S
nhit 400 - 5000C c xc tc crm, hay 6000C vi xc tc ng. Sau hp th H2S
to thnh bng phng php kim.
Cc loi mercaptan thp phn t d ha tan vo dung dch kim, nhng loi cao phn
t th km tan. Phn ng nh sau:
NaOH + RSH
NaRS + H2O
Khi tip xc lu vi kim (v c mt O2 v CO2) th mercaptan b oxy ha n

disunfit v polysunfit km tan trong kim:
4 RSH + O2
2 R - S - S - R + 2 H2 O
Trong thp hp th, vn tc kh khong 0,3 - 0,4 m/s, p sut 1Mpa. Trng hp
trong kh thi c nhiu CO2 th trong thp hp th c to thnh xa v cn phi tch n
ra lin tc. Nn tin hnh lm sch 2 cp: cp 1 hp th CO2 bng monoetanolamin, cp 2
hp th mercaptan bng kim.
Ti sinh dung dch hp th bng cch sc hi nc nng hay khng kh nng dung
dch nng n 70 - 900C v tch etylmercaptan (trong cc thp a hay thp m).
4.5.3 Tch oxyt nit t kh thi
Cc dng oxyt nit c bit l N2O, N2O3, NO2 , N2O4, N2O5, NO3, N2O6.
Oxyt init N2O khng tham gia phn ng nhit khng cao; nhit cao th
phn ly thnh N2 v O2 (phn ly hon ton 9000C). Oxyt nit NO km ha tan trong
nc, mui v cc hp cht hu c, nhng li d to thnh phc cht (d phn hy khi
un nng) vi cc mui ca Fe2+, ng, mangan, nikel...ioxyt nit NO2 c to thnh
do oxy ha oxyt nit NO bng O2, to thnh axit nit trong nc. Trioxyt nit N2O3
ch tn ti nhit thp v d phn ly, d dng lng hay hi. Ttraoxyt nit N 2O4 to
122

thnh do polyme ha ioxyt nit v l cht oxy ha mnh. Pentaoxyt nit N 2O3 l cht
oxy ha mnh nhng km bn.
Thc t, trong kh thi thng c NO v NO2. Vn phc tp ch chng km hot
ng v t tan.
C mt vi hng gii quyt vn nh sau:
-
Oxy ha hon ton NO v NO2 pha kh;
Oxy ha tng phn NO thnh NO2 dn n to thnh hn hp tng ng phn

t NO v NO2;
Dng cc cht hp th chn lc;
Oxy ha trong pha lng;
S dng cc cht xc tc lng hp th v chuyn NO thnh cht hot ng ha

hc.
Trong cng nghip thng dng phng php oxy ha ng th NO trong pha kh
bng O2. Nhng n gy tn tht O2 ln v ch khong 1% O2 tham gia phn ng vi NO,
cn phn cn li b x ra khng kh ngoi tri. Vn tc phn ng ny tng ln khi c xc
tc. Tt nht l xc tc hopkalit 1200C.
Ngoi ra, c 2 cch tng vn tc oxy ha NO trong pha lng: oxy ha bng O2 v O3
trong pha lng hoc l ng thi oxy ha v hp th bng cc cht oxy ha lng. Vn tc
ha tan ca cc cht oxy ha dng kh (O2,O3) trong pha lng ph thuc vo nhit , p
sut, nng cc cu t, b mt phn pha, xoy ri cc dng chy... Thng vn tc
ny chm nn n hn ch s oxy ha NO trong pha lng. Khi dng cc cht oxy ha dng
lng th giai on ha tan ny khng b hn ch.
Cc cht oxy ha dng y l: H2O2, KMnO3, HNO3, (NH4)2Cr2O4, K2Cr2O7 (mnh
nht l dung dch KBrO3, KMnO4 v H2O2)
hp th NO2 c th dng nc, kim, cc cht hp th chn lc, cc axit v cc
cht oxy ha.
Sau y ta xem xt vi phng php trong s :
a. Hp th bng nc
Khi hp th NO2 bng nc th mt phn oxyt nit NO c gii phng vo pha kh,
vn tc oxy ha ca n nng thp th rt b:
3 NO2 + H2O
2 HNO3 + NO +Q
tc dng ht cc oxyt nit ngi ta dng dung dch H2O2 long thu c axit
nitric:
123

NO + H2O
NO2 + H2O;
3 NO2 + H2O
2HNO3 + NO
N2 O 3 + H 2 O2
N2O4 + H2O
N2 O 4 + H 2 O
HNO3 + HNO2
Chi ph (khong 6kg H2O2 cho 1kg axit nitric) l yu t quyt nh tnh kinh t ca
qui trnh.
Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn dng phng php hp th vt l oxyt nit bng nc v tun
hon HNO3. Hp th vt l oxyt nit trong axit nitric tng ln khi nng axit v tng p
sut oxyt nit NO3. Qu trnh oxy ha NO thnh NO2 xy ra ranh gii phn pha nn
cn phi tng b mt tip xc pha. Ngoi ra cn cn phi dng cc cht xc tc.
Hiu qu lm sch ca phng php ny c th t ti 97%.
b. Hp th bng kim
Dng cc loi kim hp th cc oxyt nit da theo cc phn ng sau:
2NO2 + Na2CO3 = NaNO3 + CO2 + Q
2 NaOH + N2O3 = 2 NaNO2 + H2O
N2O3 + Na2CO3 = 2 NaNO2 + CO2
N2O3 + 2 NaHCO3 = 2 NaNO2 + 2 CO2 + H2O
2 KOH + N2O3 = 2 KNO2 + H2O
N2O3 + K2CO3 = 2 KNO2 + CO2
2 KHCO3 + N2O3 = 2 KNO2 + 2 CO2 + H2O
Ca(OH)2 + N2O3 = Ca(NO2)2 + H2O
CaCO3 + N2O3 = Ca(NO2)2 + CO2
Mg(OH)2 + N2O3 = Mg(NO2)2 + H2O
MgCO3 + N2O3 = Mg(NO2)2 + CO2
Ba(OH)2 + N2O3 = Ba(NO2)2 + H2O
BaCO3 + N2O3
= Ba(NO2)2 + CO2
2 NH4OH + N2O3 = 2NH4NO2 + H2O

2NH4HCO3 + N2O3 = 2 NH4NO2 + H2O + 2 CO2
124

Hot hp th N2O3 ca cc dung dch kim gim dn theo dy nh sau:
KOH > NaOH > Ca(OH)2 > Na2CO3 > K2CO3 > Ba(OH)2 > NaHCO3 >
H s: 1
0,84
0,8
0,78
0,63
0,56
0,51
KHCO3 > MgCO3 > BaCO3 > CaCO3 > Mg(OH)2

H s: 0,44
0,4
0,4
0,39
0,35
(H s y l hot ng tng i so snh vi hot ng ca dung dch KOH vi

nng ban u thc nghim l 100g/l, thi gian gi kh 10 pht).
Hot ng cc dung dch kim cn ph thuc vo pH ban u ca dung dch (pH cng
cao, hot cng cao).
Nu dng dung dch amoniac hp th th to thnh nitrit amn NH4NO2 c th
phn hy hon ton 560C:
NH4NO3
560
N2 + 2 H 2 O
c. Cht hp th chn lc
Nu trong hn hp kh thi c NO m thiu O2 th c th dng cc dung dch FeSO4,
FeCl2, Na2S2O3, NaHCO3 hp th NO theo cc phn ng sau:
FeSO4 + NO
Fe(NO)SO4
FeCL2 + NO
Fe(NO)Cl2
Khi nung n 95 - 1000C th Fe(NO)Cl2 v Fe(NO)SO4 b phn hy v gii phng ra

NO dng tinh khit, c dung dch hp th li quay v chu trnh sn xut.
Dung dch FeSO4 l mt cht hp th hiu qu m d tm nht. Kh nng hp th ph
thuc vo nng FeSO4, nhit , nng NO trong kh. 20 - 250C dung dch c
th hp th NO d nng khng cao lm. Gii hn ha tan oxyt nit tng ng
vi t s NO/Fe+2 = 1/1. Khi trong dung dch c ln cc axit sunfuric, nitric, cc mui v
cc cht hu c th lm gim hot hp th ca dung dch (nhng nu trong dung dch
c 0,5 - 1,5% th tch axit sunfuric th n trnh cho FeSO4 b oxy ha bng O2 ca khng
kh thnh Fe2(SO4)3.
Vic s dng cc dung dch Na2SO3, NaHS2O3, (NH2)2CO cng c tc dng vi NO:
2 Na2S2O3 + 6 NO = 3 N2 + 2 Na2SO4 + 2 SO2
2 NaHSO3 + 2 NO = N2 + 2 NaHSO4
2 (NH2)2 CO + 6 NO = 5 N2 + 4 H2O + 2 CO2
Ngoi ra, NO cn c tc dng vi cc dung dch ZnCL2, CH2O v C2H2O4.
nhit > 2000C, NO tc dng theo phn ng:
125

4 NH3 + 6 NO
5 N2 + 6 H2 O
Axit sunfuric cng c dng hp th NO2 v N2O3 theo c ch sau:

H2SO4 + 2 NO2 = HNSO5 + HNO3
2 H2SO4 + N2O3 = 2 HNSO5 + H2O
Khi un nng hay pha long bng nc th c phn ng nh NO v NO2 nh sau:
HNSO3 + H2O = 2 H2SO4 + NO ++NO2
d. Phng php ng thi tch SO2 v NOx
Thng hn hp ny sinh ra khi t cc nhin liu c lu hunh. Mun tch chng
phi dng cc phng php hn hp vi mc hiu qu tch 90% SO2 v 70 - 90%
NOx. Cc phng php tch NOx ch yu gm cc giai on oxy ha v kh (v hot
ha hc ca NOx thp). C th dng phng php kim lm sch ng thi. Khi dng
dung dch NaOH v Na2CO3 th c cc sn phm ph l Na2SO4, NaCl, NaNO3, NaNO2,
cn nu dng dung dch Ca(OH)2 th c CaSO4, Ca(NO3)2.
Vic oxy ha NO c th tin hnh trong pha kh hon ton hay tng phn cho n khi
to c hn hp c t l tng ng nhau NO + NO2, hay trong pha lng - khi s dng
cc cht xc tc lng nh axit etylendiamintetra axetic (EDTA) c thm hp cht Fe+2
trong dung dch xt hay sunfit natri.
Trong qu trnh phn ng, cc oxyt nit v lu hunh chuyn thnh cc dung dch
imidodi - sunfonat v ditionat, sau thnh NH3, N2, sunfat natri v thch cao. Phng
php ny dng c cho trng hp t cc nhin liu c hm lng lu hunh rt cao.
Qui trnh Chisso Engineering lm sch kh thi c hn hp oxyt ca lu hunh
v nit v thu c sunfat amn: Khi l c tch bi v clorit trong thp ti nc,
sau vo thp mm c cha dung dch tun hon c Fe+2 v EDTA, y hp th
khong 70 - 85% NOx v 90% SO2. Mt phn cht lng sau thp c a i oxy ha
bng oxy ca khng kh sc qua dung dch bisunfat amn. iu chnh pH ca sn phm
bng axit sunfuric n pH = 6,5, sau lm lnh n 0 -100C kt tinh 90% EDTA
ri em ly tm lc tch cht rn ra, cht lng tun hon vo chu trnh sn xut. Trong
dch ci c im-i-sunfonat v itionat amn s c phn hy khi un ti 120 - 1300C
p sut 0,3 Mpa thnh sunfat amn. Kh SO2 tch ra s c a v thp chnh. Sau
cht lng c trung ha bng amoniac, ri c c, tch st ri em i kt tinh sunfat
amn (dng sn xut phn bn).
C th dng phng n x l bng vi thu c khng phi l sunfat amn l NH 3
v thch cao. Theo phng n khc th nhit phn n n bisunfit amn v NH 3. Sau
bisunfit tc dng vi lu hunh nguyn t to SO2 v NH3. SO2 trong mi trng ca
H2S s chuyn thnh S. Ton b NH3 quay v thp.
126

Cng c th s dng cc mui natri v EDTA v mui st lm sch khi NO x (ti
80 - 90%) v SO2 (()%). Sunfat natri to thnh x l bng sunfit canxi v SO2 c thch
cao v ti sinh cc ion natri. C th dng oxyt manh hp th SO2 + NO2 v thu c
thch cao, nitrat canxi.
4.5.4 Lm sch kh thi khi cc halogen v hp cht
Tch cc hp cht c flor
Cc hp cht cha flor nh HF, SiF4 thng sinh ra trong qu trnh sn xut nhm
bng phng php in phn v qu trnh sn xut phn ln t phosphat t nhin.
Bng 4.6: Thnh phn kh cha flor trong sn xut phn ln
TT
Sn phm
Thnh phn
Nng Flor
g/m3
Superphosphat n gin
SiF4
Axit phosphoric trch ly
HF + SiF4
15 - 30
0,1 - 0,2 (sau khi trch)
0,3 - 0,4 (sau khi bc hi chn
khng)
6 - 8 (sau cc thit b c c)
Superphosphat kp
2 HF + SiF4
Phn phc hp
Thch cao - phospho (Sy)
0,3 - 0,5 (sau v vin)
SiF4
0,1 - 0,3
HF + SiF4
0,3 - 0,7
Cc kh thi cng c nhiu tp cht cng kh x l. C th hp th cc kh flor bng

nc, cc dung dch kim, cc mui v mt s huyn ph (nh Na2CO3, NH4OH, NH4F,
Ca(OH)2, NaCl, K2SO4...).
a. Hp th bng nc
Cc kh HF, SiF4 u ha tan tt trong nc v c tng tc nh sau:
2 HF + H2O
HF
H3O+ + HF2H+ + F -
SiF4 + 2 H2O
4HF + SiO2
4 HF + 2 SiF4
2 H2SiF6
3 SiF4 + 2 H2O
2 H2SiF6 + SiO2
Thc t c ch hp th cn phc tp hn. p sut cn bng ca SiF4 trn dung dch

H2SiF6 rt b khi nng dung dch khng cao. Nhng khi nng H2SiF6 > 32% th p
127

sut SiF4 tng t ngt v thc t n hu nh khng b nc hp th. Nu c thm vo
dung dch mt s mui v kim th lm tng kh nng lm sch kh.
Trong cng nghip, khi hp th kh SiF4 ngi ta thng thu c dung dch 10 22% H2SiF6, thc hin trong cc thp hp th kiu phun ti, thp a, thp m v thp
venturi. Mc lm sch c th t ti 90 - 95%. t sch cao hn th phi dng
qui trnh cp 2: Kh thi c nng 8 - 10g/m3 flor, 75 - 800C vo thp hp th u
c ti bng dung dch H2SiF6. Sau kh vo thp hp th th 2 v b tch git c
ti bng nc sch, ti kh c l sch tinh, cn axit long to thnh a vo dy
chuyn theo chiu ngc vi dng kh.
Cc thp hp th loi a chy trn, tit din t do a 30 - 50%, vn tc kh 2m/s, mt
ti dung dch 30 - 50m3/m2.h. Vi lu lng kh 25.000 - 30.000m3/h th nng
dung dch H2SiF6 c th t 25 - 30%, mc hp th flor t trn 99%, nng flor cn
li trong kh sch l 30 mg/m3.
i vi kh thi do sn xut axit phosphoric trch ly th dng qui trnh cc thp hp
th kiu ngc dng nm ngang nhiu giai on: Kh thi c hm lng flor 3,5 g/m3 a
vo thp c phun nc sch, c nhiu ngn hp th. Cc kh sau khi lc (c nng
flor 0,212 g/m3) c a vo ngn th 5. Trong ngn cui c vt liu m c bit c
ti nc v qut kh c nng flor 0,017 g/m3 vo hp th flor. Nng flor trong
kh ra cn 0,013 g/m3. Nhc im ca phng php ny l khng th thu c dung
dch H2SiF6 m c.
Trng hp hp th kh flor bng sa vi th thu c CaF2 b nhim bn. c
nhng th nghim hp th HF bng dung dch xa 2-3%, nhng trong thp hp th c
to ta NaF, d gy tc nght thp nn cha c ng dng thc t sn xut nng nghip.
Thc t, ngi ta c dng cc dung dch cha mui amn (nh cacbonat,
hydrocacbonat v florit amn). Qu trnh hp th theo cc phn ng sau.
2HF + (NH4)2CO3
HF + NH4HCO3
2NH4F + CO2 + H2O

NH4F + CO2 + H2O
HF + NH3
SiF4 + 2NaF
NH4F
Na2SiF6
Thp hp th nm ngang cng c dng: Kh thi c cha cc kh florit v ht bi

c a vo thp ti bng dung dch mui amn c ha tan 3,5% NaF, cacbonat v
hydrocacbonat amn, amoniac v florit amn. Sau khi c lm sch ch yu thp 1,
kh li qua thp 2 l sch tinh, sau qua b phn ly v thi ra kh quyn. Cn dung
dch hp th sau thp 1 cho vo bn cha v lng tch cc phn bi photphat khng ha
128

tan, ri vo lc chn khng, xong vo thit b phn ng c cnh khuy tng tc vi xa
theo cc phn ng sau:
2NH2 + Na2CO3
(NH4)2CO3 + H2O
NH4OH
(NH4)2CO3 + 2NaF
2NH4OH + CO2
H2O + NH3
Lng tch NaF, lc v sy.

hp th cc kh florit c th dng phng php cacbonat kali c bo ha NaF:
2HF + K2CO3
2KF + Na2CO3
2KF + CO2 + H2O

2NaF + K2CO3.
Sau khi tch ta NaF l thng phm, cn dch ci th quay vo chu trnh hp th cc
kh florit.
+ Trong qui trnh flo-aluminat, hp th HF ngi ta dng dung dch 0,5 - 6%
florit nhm AlF3 tp phc c thnh phn thay i (axit flo-aluminic):
m HF + AlF3 = HmAlFm+3 (m = 0 + 20)
T kh rt long c thu c axit flo - aluminic 3 - 7% flor chung. Mt phn axit ny
c trung ha hydroxyt nhm thu c floit nhm AlF3 li dng hp th cc kh
florit. Cn phn dch kia th sn xut criolit.
Nu trong hn hp kh thi c kh F2 t do th dng dung dch xt 5 - 10% 38 65 C. Cn phi trnh dng dung dch long hn 2%, v khi s to oxyt flor rt c.
Cht ny ch to thnh khi thi gian tipgi4a kh vi kim long chng 1 giy, do
ngh ko di thi gian tip xc l 1 pht flor tc dng vi xt thnh florit natri:
0
F2 + 2 NaOH = O2 + 2 NaF + H2O

Florit natri (ha tan hn ch trong kim) l cht c, d gy tc nght ng dn v thit
b, gy n mn thit b v khng th tch n ra khi h thng m khng c bin php x
l. Do ngi ta phi x l dung dch bng vi (ng thi c tc dng ti sinh xt):
2 NaF + CaO + H2O
CaF2 + 2 NaOH
+ Phng php ny x l kh thi c kh F2 t do l t chng c thm cacbua

hydro hay hydro thu HF ri hp th bng nc.
Axit H2SiF6 to thnh khi hp th bng nc ch bin thnh florit silic v florit, k c
axit plavincovic. Tp cht ch yu ca H2SiF6 l cc gen SiO2, P2O5, cc hp cht Fe v
SO3 lm kh khn cho cc qu trnh x l. Quan trng nht trong cc sn phm t x l
axit H2SiF6 v florit nhm, criolic, florit silic, florit canxi tng hp.
Thu nhn florit nhm theo phn ng:
129

H2SiF6 + 2 Al(OH)3 = 2 AlF3 + SiO2 + 4 H2O.
Tch silicagen bng lc, cn dung dch AlF3 em i kt tinh ri nung tinh th
AlF3.3H2O nhit 550 - 6000C.
+ Sn xut criolit c th bng cch cho florit nhm tc dng vi natri hoc gia
aluminat natri v florit amn.
Trng hp u, dung dch c trung ha bng hydroxyt nhm v xa theo phn
ng:
H2SiF6 + 2 Al(OH)3
2 AlF3 + SiO2 + H2O
H2SiF6 + 3 Na2CO3
6 NaF + SiO2 + 3 CO2 + H2O
AlF3 + 3 NaF
Na3AlF6 (criolit)
Cht thi ca qu trnh ny l silicagen m 70% v mt lng nc thi rt ln.

Trng hp th 2, thu criolit qui trnh c cc giai on sau:
-
Lng v tch SiO2:

H2SiF6 + 6 NH3 + H2O
Thu aluminat natri:

NaOH + Al(OH)3
6 NH4F + SiO2
NaAlO2 + 2 H2O
Cho aluminat natri tc dng vi florit amn:

NaAlO2 + 2 NaOH + 6 NH4F
Na3AlF6 + 6 NH3 + 4 H2O
Thu nhn florit canxi theo phn ng sau:

H2SiF6 + 3 CaCO3
3 CaF2 + SiO2 + 3 CO2 + H2O
H2SiF6 + 6 NH3 + 2 H2O
6 NH4 F + SiO2
Sau khi tch silicagen:

6 NH4OH + 3 Ca(OH)2 + 3 H2O
3 CaF2 + 9 H2O + 6 NH3
Lc tch florit canxi ri sy 1500C. Khi ph hy CaF2 bng axit sunfuric th c

axit plavicovic hay HF khng nc dng vo nhiu lnh vc khc nhau.
Phng php khc thu HF t H2SiF6 qua florit amn v NaF2 c cc giai on sau:
-
Thu NH4F (nh trc);
Cho dung dch NH4F tc dng vi dung dch tun hon KF 1250C :
NH4F + KF
KHF2 + NH3
130

Kh NH3 mi sinh c a vo giai on u trung ha v sinh NH4F, cn dung
dch KHF2 em i kt tinh, ly tinh th cho tc dng vi huyn ph NaF:
KHF2 + NaF
KF + NaHF2
Dung dch KF tch khi cc tinh th NaHF2. Sy cc tinh th ri nung trong l quay
3000C :
NaHF2
NaF + HF
HF c em lm ngui, lm sch bi v lm ha lng, chng cht tinh luyn ri v

bao b bo qun.
C nhiu phng php khc sn xut HF t H2SiF6.
Vn phc tp l ch la chn vt liu ch to thit b cho cc dy chuyn sn
xut cc cht c flor. Thng phi dng g hoc plastic. Cng c th dng vt liu grafit,
nikel v hp cht c nikel. Mng mng florit nikel c tc dng bo v kim loi khi b n
mn.
Tch clor v hp cht ca n
Cc kh thi v kh thng gi c cha clor, HCl v cc cht hu c c clor v c
trng ca cc qui trnh sn xut xt - clor bng in gii mui n, sn xut manh kim
loi (Mg) bng in gii clorit. X l kim loi mu bng nung clor ha, sn xut axit
clorhydric v nhiu cht hu c v v c c cha clor khc, k c cc thit b t ph thi
v rc c cha clor.
hp th clor v cc cht c cha clor ngi ta dng nc, dung dch kim v cc
cht hu c, cc huyn ph v dung mi hu c.
Tc dng ca Cl2 vi kim nh sau:
2 NaOH + Cl2
Cl2 + 2 Ca(OH)2
Na2CO3 + H2O + Cl2
NaCl + NaOCl + H2O

CaCl2 + Ca(OCl)2 + 2 H2O
NaCl + CO2 + H2O + NaOCl
Thng dng nht l dung dch xt 100- 50 g/l v huyn ph Ca(OH)2 100-110g/l.
Khi dng sa vi 80 - 900C th to c clorit v clorat canxi:
6 Ca(OH)2 + 6 Cl2
5 CaCl2 + Ca(ClO3)2 + 6 H2O
Clorat (hypoclorit) ny c th dng x l nc thi hay nhit phn bng hi:

Ca(ClO)2
CaCl2 + O2
Phng php ny c thc hin trong cc thit b hp th c cu trc bt k v mc

lm sch c khong 70 - 90%.
131

Phng php vi c mt lot u im sau:
-
Ha cht d tm, gi khng t;
Khng c yu cu cao v chng n mn thit b.

Nhc im ca phng php vi l:
Mc lm sch khng cao;
Mc s dng cht hp th khng cao (v phi gi kim ca dung dch n

nh).
Dng dung dch NaOH v Na2CO3 th hiu qu lm sch tng ln n 90 - 98% nhng
gi t hn nhiu.
Cht hp th clor mnh l CCl4, TiCl4, SCl2. Chng hn khi s dng CCl4 th qu
trnh lm sch kh qua cc giai on sau: Kh thi c nng Cl2 t 0,5 -200C. Kh sch
c x ra kh quyn hay c lm sch tip, cn dung dch hp th a i ti sinh.
C th dng dung dch sunfonat lignin 6 - 25% (trong nc) t lm sch nh
phng php vi. Dung dch sau khi x l c a i hp th trao i ion ti sinh.
Nhc im ca phng php ny l n mn nhiu hn phng php vi.
Trong mt s x nghip luyn kim mu, ngi ta dng dung dch FeCl2 ng thi thu
c FeCl3 (vy) trong axit clohydric. FeCl3 l mt thng phm.
hp th HCl ngi ta thng dng nc v dung dch kim.
Lm sch kh bng nc c th thc hin trong cc thp hp th v c cu trc bt k
nh loi venturi, loi mm chp, thp m, thp phun. Vic la chn kiu thp ty thuc
vo th tch v thnh phn kh, nhit , dng v nng cc tp cht, hiu qu ca thp
cng nh phng hng s dng sp ti ca cht c hp th thu hi.
Hiu qu lm sch ca cc thp kiu m ph thuc vo mt ti. V d, khi nng
kh HCl trong kh thi l 4 g/m3, vi mt ti 2,5 m3/m2.l trong thp c ng knh
5m c lp m cao 12,7m th hiu qu lm sch l 72%, khi mt ti l 5,1m3/m2.h th
t 88%, nhng nu tng mt ti th vn khng tng hiu qu lm sch m ch to
c dng cht lng (axit HCl) nng thp (0,3 - 0,4%), khi tun hon cht hp th th
c th t nng dung dch 9 - 10% HCl. Trong cc thp mm c th t hiu qu lm
sch 90 - 99% (i vi thp mm van lu lng 0,5 kg/m3 th hiu qu l 97,8%). Nhc
im ch yu ca phng php dng nc l to sng m axit clohydric m vic thu ni
n trong cc iu kin khc tin hnh km hiu qu.
Dng cc dung dch NaOH, Ca(OH)2 hay Na2CO3 hp th HCl cho php tng hiu
qu lm sch, ng thi gii quyt c vn nc thi. Phng php ny cn cho
132

php thu hi HCl v to mt s clorit kim loi nh CaCl2, FeCl3, BaCl2 v NaCl. Cht
hp th r nht l sa vi, thu c CaCl2 em c c ri sy...
Tch Br2 v hp cht ca n
Kh Br2 v hp cht ca n sinh ra trong cc qu trnh sn xut cc cht c brm hoc
tch chng t nc bin.
Cc phng php tch brm da trn c s to cc polybromit (Br-+ Br2
s dng cc dung dch bromit, xda, sa vi.
Br3-) khi
Khi dng cc dung dch bromit trong cc thp hp th kiu m c ti dung dch
bromit c lm lnh n -180C (nng 350 g/l), dung dch bromit bo ha sau ti
sinh bng hi nc. Kh brm sau em ha lng, cn dung dch NaBr c ti sinh ri
a v thp hp th. Hiu qu lm sch cc dung dch cacbonat natri v hydroxyt canxi
(xa v sa vi) th cao hn khi x l bng dung dch bromit natri.
Cc phn ng hp th Br2 nh sau:
2OH- + Br2 = Br- + BrO- + H2O
2CO3-2 + Br2 + H2O = Br- + BrO + HCO32HCO3- + Br2 = Br- + BrO + 2CO2 + H2O
Qu trnh tin hnh cho ti khi nng Br tch t trong pha lng 150 - 200 g/l dng
brmit, hypobromit v bromat. Sau tch dung dch khi thp hp th, x l bng axit
v hi nc (thi Br2):
BrO3- + 5Br- + 6H+
BrO + Br- + 2H+
3Br2 + 3H2O
Br2 + H2O.
Nhc im ca phng php l to cc cht thi phi c lm sch.

Dng bromit st FeBr3 th t hiu qu lm sch cao:
Br2 + 2FeBr2
2FeBr3
Qu trnh c thc hin trong cc thp hp th loi m c tun hon dung dch cho
ti khi t 80 - 90% Fe+2 chuyn thnh Fe+3, sau thay dung dch mi. St trong dung
dch hp th c kh thnh Fe+2 bng phi st, sau c c dung dch, lm lnh v
kt tinh thu brmit st. u im ca phng php l thu hi ton b sn phm ca qu
trnh lm sch kh, khng c nc thi. Nhc im l chi ph cao v nhit nng ( c
c kim) v tn phi st.
133

Bng 4.7: Thnh phn dung dch amoniac - ng
TT
Cu t
Dung dch, g/l

Cacbonat
Formiat
Axetat
Cu+
77 - 90
125
128 - 137
Cu+2
16 - 18
19
17 - 19
Cu (tng)
93 - 108
145
148 - 154
NH3
90 - 114
150
153 - 164
Axit: - Formic
55 - 75
120 - 140
90 - 110
110 - 125
135 - 170
- Cacbonic
- Axetic
C th dng SO2 hp thu kh Br2 nh phn ng sau:

Br2 + SO2 + 2H2O
2HBr + H2SO4
Hn hp HBr v H2SO4 c tch ra thit b hp th v thp tch git dng git

lng.
4.5.5 Tch kh CO t kh thi
Kh oxyt cacbon CO l mt kh rt c.
Kh CO to thnh t qu trnh chy khng hon ton nhin liu, qu trnh sn xut v
gia cng kim loi, khi thi ca ng c t trong, t qu trnh n mn...
Mun hp th kh CO c th dng phng php hp th hay ra kh thi bng N2
lng, dung dch amoniac ca cc mui axtat, formiat v cacbonat ng (bng 9.6).
Dng dung dch amoniac - ng
Qu trnh hp th kh CO bng dung dch amoniac - ng theo phn ng sau:
[Cu(NH3)m(H2O)n]+ + xNH3 + yCO
[Cu(NH3)m+x(CO)y(H2O)n]+ + Q
(to phc amoniac - ng vi oxyt cacbon)

chng minh c dng tn ti ph bin nht l ion [Cu(NH3)2 .2H2O]+ to vi CO
thnh ion [Cu(NH3)2.CO.H2O]+ tch ra 1 H2O. Dung dch c tnh kim yu nn ng
thi c th hp th lun cc kh CO2:
2NH4OH + CO2 = (NH4)2CO3 + H2O
(NH4)2CO3 + CO2 + H2O = 2NH4HCO3
134

Kh nng hp th ca dung dch tng ln khi tng nng ion Cu+, p sut kh CO v
gim nhit hp th, t l gia amoniac t do v CO2 trong dung dch c th biu din
bng cng thc sau:
VCO = [Cu+].22,4 + k
C 1/ 2
, m3/m3 (4.33)
PCO
Vi :
[Cu+] - mol/l - nng ion ng ha tr 1 trong dung dch;
K - h s ph thuc vo t l NH3 t do / CO2 t do trong dung dch;
C - hng s, ph thuc vo nhit qu trnh hp th;
pCO - p sut ring phn kh CO;
lm sch tinh phi tin hnh hp th p sut 11,8 - 31,4 Mpa, nhit dung dch
0 - 200C. Ti sinh dung dch bng cch dng hi nc un ti 800C tch kh, cn dung
dch tun hon v thp hp th.
Khi b sung metanol, etanol, etylenglycol hay glyxrin vo dung dch hp th th lm
tng kh nng hp th v lm gim p sut ring phn ca kh CO v CO2 trn dung
dch, khin cho c th tin hnh qu trnh lm sch p sut thp hn.
Hp th CO bng dung dch clorua nhm - ng
Phng php ny thch hp khi trong kh c O2 v mt lng ln kh CO2. Cht hp
th l dung dch hn hp mui clorua ng, clorua nhm v cacbua hydro vng thm
(thnh phn thng dng l 20 - 50% CuAlCl4 v 80 - 50% toluen).
Qu trnh xy ra theo phn ng sau:
CuCl + AlCl2 + C6H5CH3
(CuAlCl4) (C6H5CH3)2 + 2 CO
C6 H5CH3
C6 H5CH3
(CuAlCl4 (C6H5CH3)2
(CuAlCl4)2 . 2 CO + 2 C6H5CH3
Cc kh khc nh CO2, O2, N2, H2 khng tc dng vi phc (CuAlCl4)2. 2 CO, ngoi
tr H2O tc dng vi phc gii phng HCl:
2 CuAlCl4 + H2O
HCl + CuCl + CuAlCl4 . AlOCl
Do phi sy k kh tch ht H2O. Kh thi sau khi sy c a vo thp hp

th v c ti bng dung dch hp th ti sinh. Dung dch hp th bo ha CO i
ra t thp hp th c un nng n 1000C th a vo thp nh s b, dung mi
(toluen), c tch ra, li quay vo h thng pha ch dung dch hp th.
Tch kh CO bng N2 lng
y l qu trnh hp th vt l, ngoi kh CO cn hp th c mt s cu t kh khc.
Qu trnh bao gm cc giai on sau:
135

-
Lm lnh s b v sy kh hn hp kh thi;
Lm lnh su hn hp kh v ngng t tng phn cc cu t ca hn hp;
Ra hn hp kh thi bng N2 lng tch kh CO, O2, CH4...
Thng tin hnh qu trnh ny trong cc thp chp v dng my lnh su (lnh thm
) cung cp lnh cho cc giai on lm lnh kh v to N2 lng. Vic dng N2 lng
hp th kh CO ph thuc vo nng kh CO trong hn hp kh thi, cc tp cht khc,
nhit v p sut kh. Tng nng kh CO trong hn hp kh (trong iu kin ng
p) khng lm tng chi ph N2 lng ln bao nhiu v ha tan ca kh CO trong N2 lng
t l thun vi p sut. Khi tng p sut th chi ph N2 lng gim, c bit gim mnh
vng p > 1 Mpa. Vic tng nhit lm tng ng k chi ph N2 lng. Bng 4.7 gii thiu
ch tiu lng N2 lng ti thiu. Trong cng nghip, ngi ta dng nhng t hp my
lm sch kh thi vi nng sut 200.000 v 32.000 m3/h.
Bng 4.8: Lng ti thiu N2 lng (m3) lm sch 150 m3 kh thi
cha 6% kh CO
p sut, 103 Pa
Nhit
11,76
19,6
25,5
34,3
49,0
90
26
24
23
27
25
83
15
13
14
17
18
78
16
13
12
13
16
S mm l thuyt n ca thp hp th CO bng N2 lng l:

A
1
log A
log
n
(4.34)
Trong :
A = L/V.Kp - yu t hp th;
L (mol) - sut lng cht hp th;
V (mol) - sut lng cc cht kh khng ha tan;
Kp - hng s cn bng;
- mc tch kh CO.
Tch kh CO2 t kh thi

Ngi ta thng thu hi kh CO2 t khi l t, kh thi do qu trnh ln men ru
cn, kh thi t cc l nung vi... s dng vo cc cng ngh hu ch khc.
136

a. Tch kh CO2 bng dung dch K2CO3 hay Na2CO3
Theo ha tan ca bicacbonat kali v bicacbonat natri m K2CO3 c kh nng hp
th mnh kh CO2 hn Na2CO3.
Phn ng ca qu trnh hp th l:
45-650C
K2CO3 + H2O + CO2
2 KHCO3
45-650C
Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
2 NaHCO3
0
102 C
Ngi ta thng dng cc dung dch cacbont 0,5 - 2N nhit hp th 45 - 550C.
Nhit ha tan (hp th) kh CO2 vo dung dch cacbonat khong 138 Kcal/Kg CO2.
p sut kh CO2 cn bng vi dung dch cacbonat v bicacbonat natri iu kin
nng 0,5 - 2N, nhit t 20 - 700C c tnh theo cng thc thc nghim l:
PCO2
76 f 2 N 1, 29
, mmHg
(1 f ) H (185 t )
H s Henry (H) - Kg.mol / m 3 .atm,
(4.35)
mol
l
( p = 760 mm K)g
Bng 4.9: H s Henry (H) theo nhit
t0C
15
25
35
45
55
63
65
75
85
100
H.10+2
4,55
3,36
2,62
2,15
1,70
1,51
1,49
1,20
0,90
0,65
Hng s cn bng K khi khi c 15% kh CO cn bng vi dung dch cacbonat v

bicacbonat kali c nng nh sau:
Bng 4.10: Hng s cn bng K
TT
Nht t0, C
Nng cn bng (% KL)

K
K2CO3
KHCO3
10
0,369
8,5
91,5
20
0,300
9,5
90,5
30
0,239
11,6
88,4
40
0,182
14,2
85,8
50
0,132
18,0
82,0
137

6
60
0,096
22,0
77,8
70
0,068
27,3
72,7
Cng iu kin nh th, i vi dung dch cacbonat v bicacbonat kali, ta c:

PCO2
2 Nf 2
, mg Hg
(1 f )k
(4.36)
Trong :
f - phn natri (hay kali) dng bicacbonat trong dung dch;
N - nng mol ca dung dch;
(1-f) - phn natri (hay kali) dng cacbonat trong dung dch;
t0C - nhit dung dch;
H - H s Henry, Kg-mol/m3 atm, hay mol/l (xem bng 4.8)
k - Hng s cn bng, ph thuc vo nhit v nng (bng 4.9)
Qu trnh hp th kh CO2 nhit cng thp th nng bicacbonat to thnh cng

cao. Thng tin hnh 60 - 650C. Ngoi ra nng cacbonat v bicacbonat kali trong
dung dch 2N 300C ph thuc vo nng (% th tch) ca kh CO2 trong pha kh.
Nng cn bng ca K2CO3 v KHCO3 trong dung dch ph thuc vo nng kh
CO2 trong pha kh.
Bng 4.11: T l tng ng nng ca CO2, K2CO3 v KHCO3
CO2 (%V)
20
16
12
0,05
K2CO3 (%)
9,5
10,9
13,7
18,4
28,3
39,9
51,6
86,1
KHCO3 (%)
90,5
89,1
86,3
81,6
71,7
60,1
48,4
13,9
Bng 4.12: ha tan ca mt s mui ca K v Na (g/100g dung dch trong nc)

1
Nhit , 0C
Mui
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Na2CO3
6,6
11,2
17,8
29,0
33,2
32,2
31,7
31,4
NaHCO3
6,5
7,6
8,8
10,0
11,3
12,7
14,1
K2CO3
51,9
52,2
52,8
53,4
53,9
54,8
55,9
57,1
KHCO3
18,4
21,7
24,9
28,1
31,2
34,2
37,5
Lu : K hiu (*) cho thy t > 600C mui bicacbonat b phn hy.
138

b. Tch kh CO2 t khi bng monoetanolamin (MEA)
MEA l mt cht lng nht, hi vng, trong sut, c nhit si l 740C 10mm Hg,
v p = 760 mm Hg th si 1700C. N ha tan v hn nh trong nc.
Bng 4.13: hp th kh CO2 v MEA (mol CO2 / mol MEA)
Hm lng MEA trong dung dch, mol/m3
Nhit
25
50
75
PCO2
PCO3
mm Hg
mol CO2 / mol MEA
mm Hg
x mol CO2/mol
MEA
254,1
0,702
254,9
0,601
110,0
0,638
97,9
0,632
98,7
0,563
45,2
0,595
44,6
0,539
11,1
0,534
10,6
0,507
183,1
0,607
254,3
0,525
110,0
0,574
70,9
0,556
70,5
0,505
10,1
0,489
10,4
0,453
130,6
0,474
142,6
0,460
110,0
0,463
51,1
0,430
54,6
0,418
MEA hp th kh CO2 theo phn ng sau:

35-450C
2 RNH2 + H2O + CO2
(RNH3)2CO3
1050C
35-450C
(RNH3)2CO3 + H2O + CO2
2 RNH3HCO3 (bicacbonat)
1020C
(trong R l nhm - CH2CH2OH).
139

Nhit hp th CO2 vo MEA khong 350 Kcal/Kg CO2. hp th kh CO2 do MEA
ph thuc vo p sut ring phn ca CO2 trong hn hp kh (bng 4.12) v tnh theo
cng thc sau:
x = Apn , mol CO2 / mol MEA
(4.37)
Vi:
p - p sut kh CO2, mm Hg;
A, n - hng s thc nghim, ph thuc vo nng v nhit MEA.
Chng hn, 500C ta c bng sau:

Nng MEA
0,398
0,83
0,398
0,06
(mol / m3)
c im ca qu trnh hp th CO2 bng MEA l:

-
Khi tng nng CO2 trong pha kh th h s hp th gim, v ngc li.
nng CO2 trong pha kh l 30% V th khi tng nng ln 1% lm gim h s

hp th 2 - 3%.
-
Khi tch ly cacbonat v bicacbonat trong dung dch th kh nng hp th ca

MEA gim.
Chng hn khi nng cacbonat trong MEA tng t 0 ln 50% th h s hp th

gim 50%.
-
Khi tng vn tc chy MEA (tng lu lng xi ti) th h s hp th tng ln.
Thay i vn tc dng kh khng nh hng ti h s hp th.
Khi nhit tng t 200C ln 50% th h s hp th tng, nhng nu tip tc tng

nhit th h s hp th s khng tng theo m cn gim mt t.
Cc axit mnh gc lu hunh trong khi c tc dng vi MEA to thnh cc hp

cht thio- rt bn, khng b phn hy khi si. Do phi nh k ti sinh MEA
bng my cch sau:
Cho bc hi chn khng v ct phn on;
Dng xt 40% tc dng theo phn ng sau:
(RNH3)2 + 2 NaOH = Na2S2O3 + 2 RNH2 + 2 H2O
140

Bng 4.14: ha tan ca Na2CO3 v Ca(HCO3)
(tnh ra gam cht kh/100g nc)
Nhit , 0C
Cht
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Na2CO3H2O
50,5
48,5
46,6
45,8
45,5
Ca(HCO3)2
17,05
17,5
17,95
18,40
NaHCO3
10
11,3
12,75
14,1
c. Tch kh CO2 bng dung dch xt hay Ca(OH)2:

Cho kh CO2 cng hn hp kh sc qua cc dung dch kim nh NaOH, KOH,
Ca(OH)2, NH4OH... th n c hp th bng cc phn ng sau:
Cal
2 NaOH + CO2
Na2CO3 + H2O
mol CO2
45-550C
Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
2 NaHCO3
1020C
2 KOH+ CO2
K2CO3 + H2O + Q
45-550C
K2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
1020C
2 KHCO3
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 = CaCO3
+ H2 O
Ta thy, theo 2 cp phn ng u, khi sc d CO2 th s to bicacbonat KHCO3 v

NaHCO3 km ha tan hn cc cacbonat (bng 4.10) v s tch ra dng kt ta. Ring
i vi dung dch Ca(OH)2 th khi sc kh CO2 vo th to ngay kt ta CaCO3 lm c
dung dch v CaCO3 hu nh khng tan trong nc nn tch n ra d dng.
4.6 GII HP THU HI CC KH B HP TH
y l qu trnh ngc li ca qu trnh hp th bn chng ny.
Trong a s trng hp (nh i vi kh CO2, SO2, NH3, Cl2, Br2 ...) th thng gii
hp bng phng php gia nhit dung dch hp th chng nhit yu cu, ty iu
kin p sut, kh (hay hi) c tch ra dng tinh khit (hay c th dng mt thp
chng ct tch cu t d bay hi khi sn phm y ca thp. Kh (bay hi) sau khi
gii hp, tinh lc ht m v cc tp cht khc s c a qua h thng my nn nn
v ha lng (ring i vi mt s cht c to thnh sau hp th dng rn nh
CaCO3... th phi dng bin php nung nhit cao).
141

i vi hi ca cc cht lng kh si - kh bay hi (tc d ngng t) th phi ngn
chn s ngng t ca chng trong giai on lm sch kh (bng cch gia nhit). Nhng
sau vic lm ngui v lm lnh tng bc (phn on) s thu c dch ngng vi
tinh khit cn thit. i vi cc cht thuc nhm d ngng t, nu trong hn hp kh c
ln hi nc th hi nc s ngng t sau khi cc hi nh phenol, toluen, benzen,
axeton... ngng ht. Hn na, l nhng cht khng tan ln trong nc nn chng s
phn lp trong dch ngng cui b mt truyn nhit ca thit b ngng t.
Vic ha lng cc kh c th tin hnh theo qui trnh in hnh cho cc kh CO2, SO2, ...
Hn hp kh
Lm sch c
hc
Lm sch ha
hc
Lm ngui
Nhiu tp cht
t tp cht
Nn cao p
Hp th Hp
ph
Ngng t
Thu hi
Np chai
Gii hp
Bo qun
Hnh 4.15: Qui trnh x l v thu hi cc kh c tnh cng ngh cao
142
CHNG 5: X L HI KH C BNG PHNG PHP HP PH
CHNG 5
X L KH THI BNG
PHNG PHP HP PH
5.1 GII THIU
Hp ph (adsorption) l mt qu trnh truyn khi m trong cht kh c lin kt
vo mt cht rn. Cht kh (cht b hp ph) thm nhp vo cc mao qun ca cht rn
(cht hp ph) nhng khng thm nhp vo cu trc mng tinh th cht rn. S lin kt
gia cht kh v cht rn c th l lin kt vt l hay ha hc. Lin kt vt l c c
trng ch yu bi cc lc ht tnh in cn lin kt ha hc l lin kt to nn do tng
tc ha hc gia cht rn v cht kh. Cc bnh p lc c mt sn c nh c s
dng gi cht hp th. Than hot tnh, ry phn t, silicagel v nhm hot tnh l
nhng cht hp th thng dng nht. Carbon hot tnh c sn xut t cc v qu hch
v s da hoc than c x l bng cch t trong iu kin khng c khng kh; cc
ry phn t l nhng zeolite kh nc (cc silicate kim/kim loi). Natri silicate phn
ng vi acid sulfuric to ra silicagel. Nhm hot tnh l oxyt nhm dng xp ngm nc.
Nhn chung, cc cht hp ph ny c c tnh chung l din tch b mt hot tnh trn mt
n v th tch rt ln. Chng rt c hiu qu i vi cc cht nhim dng hydrocarbon.
Hn na, chng c th hp ph c c H2S v SO2. Mt dng c bit ca ry phn t
cng c th hp ph c NO2. Ngoi tr than hot tnh, cc cht hp ph khc c mt
nhc im l chng u tin tip xc vi nc trc bt k mt cht nhim no. V
vy, nc phi c tch ht khi dng kh trc khi a vo hp ph. Tt c cc cht
hp ph u b ph hy nhit cao (1500C i vi than hot tnh, 6000C i vi ry
phn t, 4000C i vi silicagel v 5000C i vi nhm hot tnh). Hot ng ca chng
rt km hiu qu nhng nhit tng ng nh trn. Tuy nhin hot tnh ca chng li
c phc hi li ngay chnh nhng nhit .
143

5.2 NGUYN L CHUNG
Lc gi cc nguyn t, phn t hay cc ion vi nhau trong trng thi rn tn ti khp
trong cht rn v b mt cht rn. Lc b mt cht rn c th xem nh l thng d
v n sn sng gn cc phn t khc tip xc vi n. Do , mi cht kh, hi hay cht
lng no mt mc no u d lin kt vi mt cht rn bt k. Hin tng ny
gi l s hp ph, cht rn dng hp ph gi l cht hp ph. Cht b hp ph cng c
th ngng t trong cc l xp siu nh ca mt cht hp ph, hin tng ny gi l hin
tng mao qun. Mt phn t i n v b gi mt mt vt th rn s mt nng lng
cho chuyn ng ca n, do hp ph bao gi cng l qu trnh ta nhit, hay gii
phng nng lng. Trong chng ny ch cp n s hp ph cc cht kh nhm mc
ch kim sot cc ngun nhim khng kh.
Hp ph c s dng trong kim sot nhim khng kh v n l mt bin php c
ng v lu gi cc nhim khng kh li, nh d thi b, thu hi, hay bin i chng
thnh nhng sn phm khng c hi hay c gi tr.
C hai loi hp ph. Khi cht hp ph lin kt ha hc vi cht hp ph, ta c hp ph
ha hc. Hp ph ha hc c c trng bi nhng tnh cht sau:
-
Nng lng gii phng ln hn trong hp ph vt l; khong nng lng lin quan
n cc phn ng ha hc bao gi cng trn 10 Kcal/mol;
Qu trnh l khng thun nghch. V d, mt phn oxy hp ph vo than hot tnh

nhit thng c th thu hi li nhng di dng CO v CO2.
Tc hp ph tng khi nhit tng;
Qu trnh c tnh c hiu cao hn qu trnh hp ph vt l;
Kh nng hp ph ca cht hp ph ch gii hn cc v tr hot ng trn b

mt, khng qu mt lp n phn t.
Quan trng hn trong kim sot nhim khng kh l hin tng cc cht c hp
ph phn ng vi nhau; cn cht hp ph, ng vai tr l cht mi gii cho s c ng,
lu gi, s lm tng tc phn ng. Cc cht trng thi b hp ph c th c bit hot
ng; lc cht hp ph ng vai tr l mt xc tc tht s. Trong mt s trng hp,
ngi ta thm mt cht xc tc hay mt cht phn ng c bit vo cht hp ph trc
khi dng cht hp ph ny lm vt liu lc kh. Cht hp ph lc s tm y cht xc
tc. S tm nh vy c th lm tng tc , dung lng, hay c hiu ca cht hp
ph.
Khi p dng kim sot nhim khng kh trn thc t, c khi ngi ta va mong
mun, c khi li khng mong cho cht nhim phn ng ha hc vi cht hp ph (trong
hp ph ha hc) hay vi mt cht b hp ph khc (nh tm xc tc). Tnh cht khng
thun nghch v ph thuc vo nhit ca hp ph ha hc l nhng u im, v trong
144

mt s trng hp l c tnh c hiu. Nhng tng dung lng ca cht hp ph i vi
nhng kh nhim khng chn lc li b gim v nhng tnh cht ny v trong hu ht
cc trng hp s gim ny l bt li ng k nht.
Tc lm sch kh thi bng cch hp ph ph thuc vo tc vn chuyn cc
phn t kh vo b mt (s), vo t l mol (k) n b mt v c gi v tc gii
hp ph (d):
Tc lm sch
(ks - d)
(1)
Khi dng kh nhim i qua mt tng hp ph mi, hu nh tt c cc phn t hi

n b mt u c hp ph (k 1), v s gii hp ph l rt chm (d 0). Hn na,
nu lp hp ph gm nhiu ht xp cht th qung ng m cc phn t phi i n
mt im trn b mt cht hp ph l nh, do tc vn chuyn s cao. Trn thc t,
chu k bn hy ca cc phn t kh i qua mt lp hp ph l khong 0,04 giy. Ngc
li, c hiu qu x l tng ng bng nung la hay nung nhit, cn c thi gian tip
xc ln hn nhiu ln (hng chc giy), v hu ht tc nhn gy oxy ha nhit
thng, nh ozon hay permanganat kali u chm hn ng k so vi cc phn ng c
la. So snh tc nh vy suy ra rng cc thit b hp ph c th t chon ch hn
bt k thit b x l kh no khc c hiu sut tng ng. Kt lun ny cng ng vi
ln hot ng u tin ca tng hp ph, nhng l cha tnh n yu cu phi c
cht hp ph lm sch kh lin tc trong mt thi gian cho trc. Vai tr dy ca
tng hp ph s c cp trong phn sau.
Lng cht c th c hp ph vt l bi mt khi lng cht hp ph cho trc
ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:
-
Nng ca cht c hp ph khng gian xung quanh cht hp ph;
Tng din tch cc l xp trong cht hp ph m ng knh l xp nh

ngng t cc kh c hp ph;
Tng th tch cc l xp trong cht hp ph m ng knh l xp nh

ngng t cc kh c hp ph.
Nhit ;
S c mt ca cc kh khc c th cnh tranh khng gian vi cht hp ph trong

mi trng;
Tnh cht ca cc phn t c hp ph, c bit l khi lng, phn cc, kch
thc v hnh dng;
phn cc ca b mt cht hp ph.
Kh nng hp ph mt cht cho trc l ti a khi cht c nng cao trong

khng gian xung quanh cht hp ph, b mt hp ph ln, khng c cc cht cnh tranh,
145

nhit thp, v s tp hp nhiu phn t cc cht c hnh dng ph hp v b ht mnh
vo im nhn ca cht hp ph.
Tc hp ph thc ca mt cht ph thuc vo tc cc phn t n c b mt
hp ph, t l cc phn t tip xc c hp ph, v tc tch cc phn t ra khi b
mt (gii hp ph). Do , mun hp ph nhanh th thit b hp ph phi thit k sao cho
c thi gian tip xc (thi gian lu) gia kh lc v cht hp ph, v cht hp ph c
kh nng gi li cht nhim.
C th thi b kh nhim nh hp ph bng mt trong nhng cch sau y:
-
Thi b cc cht hp ph cng vi kh c hp ph.V cht hp ph ngay c khi

bo ha cng kh bay hi nn bc ny hu nh khng gp vn g rc ri. Ch
c mt trng hp ngoi l l khi cht c hp ph l cht phng x.
C th gii hp ph v thu hi cht hp ph, cn cht b hp ph th c th thu hi

(nu c gi tr) hoc vt b.
C th bin i ha hc cht c hp ph thanh mt cht thi d dng hn, nht

l khi mun bo qun v thu hi cht hp ph.
5.3 L THUYT C BN CA HP PH
Ngi ta c dng cc phng php hp ph lm sch cc kh thi c cha cc tp
cht dng kh hay hi vi hm lng khng cao lm.
Cu t cn c hp ph nm trong pha kh gi l cht c kh nng b hp ph
(adsorptive), cn khi n b hp ph gi l cht b hp ph (adsorbate). Vt liu c tnh
hp ph cc cht khc gi l adsorbent.
Ngi ta chia ra hp ph vt l v hp ph ha hc (chemisorption). Trong hp ph
vt l, cc phn t kh v hi b hp ph b gi bng cc lc Van-der-Waals, cn trong
hp ph ha hc th chng b gi bng lc lin kt ha hc.
Cc cht hp ph thng c cu trc rng xp, b mt t do ca cc l rng rt cao.
Chng c th l vt liu t nhin hay tng hp. Trong cng nghip, ngi ta chia cht
hp ph theo kch thc ca l rng ca chng: l rng macr, mz (trung gian) v
micr. Tng th tch ca l rng micr khng c vt qu 0,5cm3/g. Kch thc ca
chng c qui c gii hn bi gi tr bn knh hiu qu ref.= 1,5.10-9m v cng c vi
bn knh ref ca phn t b hp ph. c im ca qu trnh hp ph trong cc l rng
micr l vic lp y khong th tch ca chng bng cc phn t b hp ph.
Cc l rng mez c ng knh hiu qu t 1,5.10-9 + 2.10-7m v cc phn t b hp
ph thnh lp n hay lp kp trn thnh l rng v lc hp ph khng kh nng tc
dng trn ton b th tch l rng. Vic lp y th tch cc l rng mez ch xy ra trong
mt s iu kin nht nh theo c ch ngng t mao qun do s gim p sut hi ca
146

cht b hp ph trn mt cong ca cht lng trong mao qun, di tc dng ca sc cng
b mt. Din tch b mt ring ca cc l rng mz ca cht hp ph cng nghip
thng khong 10 - 400m2/g.
L rng macro ca cht hp ph c bn knh hiu qu ln hn 2.10-7m v din tch b
mt hp ph ring khong 0,5 - 2m2/g, lm cho kh nng hp ph ca chng rt thp.
Trong cc l rng macr khng c s ngng t mao qun. Cc loi l rng macr v
mz thng ch ng vai tr nh li i cho cc phn t cht b hp ph i ti tn cc l
rng micr v ng thi l con ng thot cc cht b hp ph khi ti sinh cht hp
ph. Trong cng nghip, cc cht hp ph thng c cu trc hn hp macr, mz v
micr.
Vt liu hp ph cng nghip c cc i lng khi lng ring thc ( i), biu kin
( k) v khi lng ring xp ( x t nhin n).
Khi lng ring thc ( i) ca vt liu khng k th tch cc l rng:
G
V1 V2
G
V1
Vi:
G - khi lng vt liu;
V1 - th tch ton b vt liu, k c l rng trong vt liu;
V2 - th tch cc l rng trong vt liu.
Cn khi lng ring xp ( x) n tnh theo khi lng ca vt liu trn th tch ca
ng (lp) vt liu (k c khe h gia cc vt liu khi ng). Ngi ta dng h s rng
ca lp ht c trng th tch t do ca cc k h gia cc ht vt liu ng v c
h thc lin kt cc khi lng ring nh sau:
(1 ) k , tc
n
1
n
k
Tng t, ta c h s rng ca ht vt liu c trng t l l rng bn trong vt

liu ht l:
1
k
i
Thc t, cc ht vt liu hp ph khng phi tt c l dng cu nn phi dng i

lng ng knh tng ng de:
de = 6 / Sy
147

Trong : Sy - din tch b mt ring ca mt n v th tch (tc t s gia din tch b mt
ca ht trn th tch V ca n).
Cc cht hp ph cng nghip thng gp l than hot tnh, silicagen, alumogen,

zeolit v ionit.
+ Than hot tnh: l cht hp ph c tnh k nc, km hp ph cc cht phn cc
v nc. N c dng lm v sinh v x l kh thi c m khc nhau. Thng
than hot tnh l loi ht c l rng micr. Than hot tnh loi l rng micr c th tch
ring l rng micr khong t 0,24 n 0,48 cm3/g vi tng th tch cc l rng 0,52 - 1,0
cm3/g, khi lng ring x khong 0,3 - 0,6 g/cm3, nhit dung ring than kh 0,84
kj/kg0K, h s dn nhit 300C l 0,17 0,28 W/m.K. Than hot tnh thng c gia
cng dng thanh tr c ng knh 1 - 6 mm v chiu di thng ln hn ng knh,
dng dng x thnh mt lp c b dy nht nh v cho dng kh cn lm sch
qua lp than ny. Cn x l k c hc ht than trc khi dng (nghin, sng, phn c).
Nhc im ch yu ca than hot tnh l km bn c hc v d chy.
Nhng nm gn y ngi ta bt u s dng khng phi than hot tnh kiu c in
m dng than hot tnh t vt liu polyme, than hot tnh ry phn t v si cacbon hot
ha.
Cc than hot tnh sn xut t vt liu tng hp c h thng cc l rng micr rt pht
trin vi ng knh (1 - 1,5).10-9m, cu trc u n hn. Ci thin bn c, tng kh
nng hp ph khi nng kh cn hp ph rt thp.
Loi than hot tnh ry phn t c ng nht cc l rng micr rt cao v c
khong kch thc bin thin hp (0,4 - 0,7).10-9m cng c vi kch thc phn t. Trin
vng chng c dng lm sch cc kh m.
Cc loi si cacbon hot ha c sn xut t cc loi si tng hp, c cu trc l
rng micr, c nhiu dng khc nhau t si bng, vi, vt liu khng phi vi...c kh
nng gia cng thch hp vi cc qu trnh lm sch kh. Chng bn nhit cao, kh nng
hp ph tt, tnh lc tt v c tc hp ph - gii hp cao nh ng knh si rt b, t
(0,6 1).10-5m.
+ Silicagel: v mt ha hc th silicagel l oxyt silic ngm nc v nh hnh
SiO2.nH2O, c kh nng phn ng thay i thnh phn theo c ch a t:
nSi(OH)4
SinO2n-m + (2n - m)H2O.
Phn ng a t ny dn n s to thnh mng cu trc ca nhng hnh thnh gn

hnh cu c kch thc t 2.10-9 n 2.10-8m c gi nguyn khi sy kh gel ca axit
silic v to nn b khung oxyt silic rn. Khe h gia nhng ht keo to thnh cu trc
rng ca silicagel. Trong cng nghip, thu c silicagel ngi ta dng phng php
kt ta oxyt silic v nh hnh t cc silicat kim loi kim bng cc axit v c. Dng s
148

dng l dng ht cu, vin c hnh khng u, kch thc t 0,1 - 0,7mm. Tnh cht ha
hc v kh nng hp th ca n ph thuc vo s nhm Si-OH trn b mt ca chng.
Phn loi silicagel theo c l rng ln 5.10-9m, va (5 1,5).10-9m v loi nh (1
1,5).10-9m, v theo c ht silicagel dng cc : 7,0 2,7; 3,5 1,0mm. Loi silicagel dng
vin c l rng micr thng c thm 4 - 10% Al2O3 trnh nt vin.
Silicagel dng hp th cc cht phn cc. Loi l rng micro dng hp ph cc
hi v kh d ngng t, cn loi l rng mz v macr hp ph hi cc cht hu c.
S tng tc mnh gia b mt silicagel v hi nc c ng dng sy cc mi
trng kh. c bit silicagel khng chy v nhit ti sinh thp (110 - 2000C), bn
c kh cao nhng n b ph hy bi nhng git m, do cn lu khi dng chng trong
h thng sy kh.
+ Alumogen: y l oxyt nhm Al2O3-nH2O vi n = 0, 0 - 0,6, thu c bng
cch nung cc hydroxyt nhm. Ty thuc ngun gc hydroxyt m n cn c ln mt s
oxyt kim loi kim hay kim loi kim th. Ngi ta thu c cc dng alumogen khc
nhau ty iu kin x l nhit, hm m d trong sn phm. Dng cng nghip alumogel
ch yu gm -Al2O3, i khi -Al2O3 v mt vi bin th khc ca Al2O3. Cc l rng
dng khe hay chai c to hnh nh nhng phn t tinh th u tin (mm tinh th) c
kch thc (3 - 8).10-9m. Trong cng nghip c alumogel dng vin to ng knh 2,5 5m, di 3 - 7 mm, dng vin cu c ng knh 3 - 4mm, b mt ring trung bnh 170
220m2/g, tng th tch cc l rng khong 0,6 1,0 cm3/g, ng knh l rng trung bnh
v dung trng loi vin tr v loi vin cu tng ng l (6-10).10-9 v (3 - 4). 10-9m v
3
n = 500 -700 v 600 -900kg/m . Alumogel rt bn vi vi cht lng git, dng hp
ph cc hp cht hu c phn cc v sy kh.
+ Zeolit: Zeolit l loi silicat nhm c cha thm cc oxyt cc kim loi kim v
kim th, c cu trc l rng u n c kch c gn bng kch thc phn t nn nhiu
khi ngi ta gi n l ry phn t.
Cng thc chung ca zeolit l Me2/nO.Al2O3.xSiO2.yH2O (trong Me l cation kim
loi kim, n l ha tr). Cu trc tinh th (khung alumosilicat) ca zeolit to thnh nh
cc t din SiO4 v AlO4, in tch m cn d c b bng in tch dng ca cation
kim loi tng ng. Cc cation ca zeolit trong iu kin x l nht nh c th thay th
bng cc cation tng ng ca cc dung dch tip xc vi chng, do c th xem zeolit
l cht trao i cation. S hp th tin hnh trong cc l rng c ni thng nhau bng
cc ca s c kch thc rt u, cho nhng phn t c ng knh ti hn (ng knh
theo trc b nht ca phn t) nh hn kch thc b nht ca ca s.
Trong cng nghip ph bin nht l loi zeolit c hiu NaA, CaA, CaX, NaX vi cc
ng knh ti hn ca s l 4,5,8 v 9 A0 (1A0 = 1-9m). K hiu u biu th cation c
trao i, k hiu sau(AX) c trng cho mng tinh th (zeolit mng X c kch thc ca
149

s ln hn loi mng A cng k hiu u). Thng n c sn xut dng ht cu v
tr, ng knh thng c 2-5mm, c thm cht kt dnh (10-20% t st) hay khng c
(loi ny th ht c bn c cao hn).
Zeolit c tnh hp th cao i vi hi cc cht phn cc v cc cht c mi lin kt
i ba trong cc phn t.
Zeolit NaA c th hp th a s cu t trong kh thi cng nghip c ng knh ti
hn phn t khng qu 4.10-9m nh H2S, CS2, NH3, cc cacbua hydridienolic v axit
tylenic thp, tan, tylen, propylen, cc hp cht hu c c 1 nhm metyl, v nhit
thp c th hp ph c CH4, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, O2, N2, CO. (Khng hp ph c propan v
hp cht hu c c trn 3 nguyn t cacbon).
Zeolit CaA c bn cao trong mi trng axit yu nn dng lm sch kh c lu
hunh v trong cc qu trnh cacbonat ha, n hp ph c c cc ru c mch
thng .
Zeolit kiu X hp ph tt c cc H2S, hp cht hu c c lu hunh, nit v oxy,
cacbuahydro c thay halogen, cc penta v decacboran. Khi thay tt c cation Na bng
cation canxi th zeolit CaX khng hp ph cc cacbuahydro thm v cc dn xut ca
chng c cc gc phn nhnh.
Trong cc loi zeolit thin nhin th c cc diolit, mordenit, erionit l loi zeolit c
hm lng silic cao v chu c axit.
Zeolit, silicagen v cc oxyt nhm hot ha u hp ph mnh hi nc, nhng zeolit
c kh nng lm vic tt nhng nhit kh cao (150-2500C). Cc zeolit thng c th
tch cc l rng khng ln nn lng hp ph khng cao nh cc cht hp ph khc.
Dung trng cc zeolit tng hp khong 600 - 900kg/m3.
5.3.1 S cn bng khi hp ph
Kh nng hp ph (lng hp ph, hot , th tch) ca mt cht hp ph c biu
din bng nng cht b hp ph tnh cho mt n v khi lng hay th tch ca cht
hp ph. N thng xc nh bi bn cht b mt ca cht hp ph, c tnh v gi tr ca
rng, nhit qu trnh v nhiu tnh cht ca cht hp ph, v c nng ca cht b
hp ph quanh cht hp ph. Qu trnh hp ph thng km theo ta nhit nn mun qu
trnh xy ra tt th phi tin hnh thot nhit.
ng cong hp ph ng nhit phn nh gi tr hp ph ca cht hp ph ( nng
nht nh trong mi trng sch) trong iu kin cn bng pha v ng nhit thng c
dng tng qut nh sau:
a*=f(p) hay a* = f(p/ps)
Trong :
150

p : p sut ring phn ca cu t cn hp ph trong kh sch cn bng vi
i lng hp ph ca n l a*;
ps : p sut hi bo ha ca cu t y ti nhit ang xem xt.
Cc ng cong hp ph rt a dng, c c 1 h cc ng hp ph i vi mt
khong nhit nht nh cho mt qu trnh cn thit i vi mt hot cht hp ph khc
nhau. iu cho php tin hnh kho st v la chn s b cht hp ph v cc iu
kin ti u khi tin hnh qu trnh cn thit.
Ngi ta thng dng cc cng thc ton biu din cc ng hp ph ng nhit rt
ra t s liu thc nghim.
nhit cao hay p sut ring phn thp th ng ng nhit hp ph gn ng
theo nh lut Henry.
a* = m*p
(m - h s Henry, hng s cn bng pha )
Trong thc t, biu din cc ng ng nhit hp ph thng dng cng thc
thc nghim Freindlic c dng:
a*=kpn
(k v n - cc hng s thc nghim mt nhit )
S cn bng khong p sut rng trong cc h m qu trnh hp ph khng b phc
tp ha bi s hp ph a phn t, s hp ph trong cc l rng micr v s ngng t
mao qun th c th biu din gn ng theo phng trnh hp ph ng nhit Langmuir
dng cho s hp ph n phn t:
a* b.a m .
p
1 bp
Trong :
am : th tch lp hp ph n phn t khi p/ps =1;
b : h s nhit .
Mt khc, c th a v dng sau:
P
a
hay
1
a
1
b.a m
1
am
am
1 1
.
c dng ng thng
b.a m p
151

Y = A + BX (trong Y
1
,X
a
1
,A
P
1
,B
am
1
)
bam
i lng gii hn hp ph am lin h vi b mt ring S ca cht hp ph nh sau:

S = a m . w m . NA
Trong :
NA = 6,02.1023. 1/mol - hng s Avogadro.
wm - din tch do 1 phn t cht b hp ph chim trong lp hp ph b mt cht
hp ph.
Da trn c s l thuyt hp ph a phn t Brunauer, Emmet v Teller thu c
phng trnh hp ph ng nhit v khng c ngng t mao qun (phng trnh BET):
a*
a m .C
ps 1
p
p
1 (C 1)
p
ps
Hng s C lin h vi nhit hp ph lp u tin (Q1) v nhit ngng t ca hi cht

b hp ph ( ) nh sau:
C = exp(Q1 - ) / RT
Theo l thuyt v th hp ph th c mt lc ko t b mt cht hp ph tc dng ln
cc phn t b hp ph. Lc ny t l thun vi th hp ph .
l cng sinh ra cc lc hp ph dch chuyn 1 mol cht b hp ph t pha kh cn
bng nh p sut p ln b mt ca mng hp ph in y tng lp mt. Mng cht b
hp ph ngng t c p sut hi bng p sut bo ha ps ca hi b hp ph nhit
xt:
RTLn
ps
p
Nu s hp ph c xc nh l do cc lc phn tn khng ph thuc vo nhit

tc ng gia cht hp ph v b hp ph th th tch W ca mng b hp ph l:
W=a.v
(a - m mol/l - i lng hp ph; v - th tch milimol ca cht b hp ph dng lng
bnh thng; - gi s khng ph thuc vo nhit ). T , ta c ng cong c trng
(tc i lng ) l hm s ca W:
= f(W) - hm khng ph thuc vo nhit (bt bin)
L thuyt th c vin s M. M. ubinhin pht trin da trn cc qui lut nhit ng
hc v l thuyt in y th tch cc l rng micr. (Theo l thuyt ny th c trng cho
152

thng s hnh hc ca cht hp ph l th tch ca l rng ch khng phi l b mt ca
chng).
Trng hp tng qut cho s hp ph hi ca cc cht khc nhau theo l thuyt ny
th ng hp ph ng nhit l:
a
BT 2
W0
. exp
V*
p
log 1
p
Trong :
W0 - thng s biu th th tch ti hn khng gian hp ph;
V*- th tch mol ca kh b hp ph trng thi lng ti nhit hp ph;
- h s a phin, tnh gn ng bng t s th tch mol hoc parachore ca
cht b hp ph v cht chun;
B - i lng c trng ca l rng trong cht hp ph (l rng cnh nh
B cng b) v ph thuc vo nng lng c trng ca hp ph E:
R
2,303
E
Phng trnh tng qut thng c dng m t s cn bng hp ph ca than

hot tnh c khong phn b hp v kch thc ca cc l rng micr. Cc loi than c
khong phn b hp v kch thc ca cc l rng micr. Cc loi than c khong phn
b rng v kch thc th c 2 dng cu trc c lp nhau c cc thng s W01 v B1, W02
v B2. Phng trnh hp ph ng nhit trong trng hp ny c dng:
a01 exp
A
Ed
a02 exp
A
Ee
Trong :
K hiu d v e tng ng ch cc lc phn tn v tnh in;
a01, a02 - tng ng l hp ph do s lp y th tch khng gian cn li sau khi hp
ph ln cc cation v do s lp y ln cc khong trng khi hp ph ln cc cation: 1 = 2 3; m
= 3 6. Khi kch thc phn t cht b hp ph tng th lm tng s hng th 2 trong cng thc
trn.
5.3.2 Qui lut ng hc ca qu trnh hp ph:

Qu trnh hp ph bao gm cc giai on ni tip nhau, bao gm khuch tn ngoi
(khuch tn ca cc phn t cht b hp ph t trong dng kh n b mt ngoi ca ht
vt liu hp ph), khuch tn trong (cc phn t kh b hp ph chui qua b mt ngoi
cht hp ph vo bn trong cc l rng) v bn thn qu trnh hp ph (s ngng t
153

ca cht b hp ph vo bn trong cc l rng). Ngi ta cho rng giai on ngng t
xy ra hu nh tc thi, khong 10-8 10-9 giy.
Do qu trnh hp ph ch ph thuc vo vn tc ca s khuch tn ngoi v khuch
tn trong ca cht b hp ph.
Qu trnh khuch tn khng n nh khi hp ph c th biu din bng nh lut 2 ca
Fik (trong h khng gian mt chiu):
2
(a c)
De F
C
x2
Trong :
a v c - nng ca cu t b hp ph trong pha rn v pha kh tng ng;
De - h s khuch tn hiu qu;
F - din tch b mt dng khuch tn (vung gc vi dng chy);
2
C
- o hm ring (theo gradient) nng theo hng x.
x2
Phc tp ca bi ton ny l ch ch xc nh c mi quan h gia nhng ht

cht hp ph c dng cu trn vi qu trnh hp ph ng nhit c dng tuyn tnh.
Ch trong trng hp th li gii ca phng trnh s c dng:
(r )
a
a0
Bn . exp
n 1
2
n
De
R2
Trong :
( ) - mc hon thnh (bo ha) ca th tch hp ph ca cc ht vo
thi im (thi gian khuch tn);
a,a0 - i lng hp ph tng ng vo thi gian v lc cn bng.
6 Bi 2
2
2
Bi 2
n( n
Bn
n
- h s, tra theo s tay;
- nghim ca phng trnh c trng;
tg
Bi
Bi )
i
i
1 Bi
R
- chun Biot; n - s t nhin;
D
De - D/H - h s khuch tn hiu qu (hay tng ng);

D - h s khuch tn ca cu t b hp ph qua lp vt liu hp ph xp
bo ha;
154

H - hng s Henry (h s hp ph);
R - bn knh ca ht vt liu hp ph.
Khi vn tc trao i cht (truyn kh) rt ln (Bi
) th nng ca cu t b hp
th trong dng kh v trn b mt ht vt liu hp ph rt gn nhau, do li gii bi ton
trn c dng n gin hn mt cht:
( ) 1
exp( n 2 ) / n 2
2
n 1
Ngc li, khi vn tc truyn kh ngoi thp (Bi

ton trn l:
( ) 1 exp
0,1) th li gii gn ng ca bi
2
1
2
Trong tnh ton k thut thc t c th xc nh gn ng h s De theo cng thc

sau:
De
KR 2
2
. 0, 5
Trong :
K - h s c trng hnh dng vt liu hp ph;
-
ht hnh cu : k = 0,308;
ht dng tr : L/d = 1
L/d = 2
K = 0,318
L/d = 4
K = 0,45
L/d =
K = 0,60
0,5
K = 0,168.
- thi gian bn k hon thnh (bo ha) th tch hp ph ca vt liu hp ph.
Cc vt liu hp ph trong cng nghip c cu trc rt phc tp, phi lm vic trong
rt nhiu iu kin khc nhau nn kh nng v tnh cht khuch tn trong ca chng rt
khc nhau (khuch tn thng, khuch tn theo b mt, khuch tn theo s chuyn dch
mao dn v cc dng chuyn vn khc). Do , vic tnh ton h s khuch tn hiu qu
nh trn ch l hnh thc, khng th hin c c ch ca qu trnh m ch c tc dng
so snh cc loi vt liu hp ph vi nhau. Cn c ch c th ca s hp ph phi c
xc nh trn c s nghin cu quan h gia h s khuch tn vi p sut, nhit , khi
lng phn t ca cht b hp ph, ca kh mang (tr) v cc c tnh khc. Khng th d
on gi tr bng s ca h s khuch tn hiu qu nn phi s dng mt lot cc phng
trnh ng hc hp ph c tnh ni suy, ty theo cch biu din ng lc ca qu trnh
ph thuc vo gii hn ca n l khuch tn ngoi hay khuch tn trong.
155

Phng trnh ng hc:
a
( a, c )
thng c biu din dng gn ng l:

a
0
[C C * (a)];
Trong :
0
- h s truyn khi, tnh theo h s truyn khi ngoi

khi trong
v truyn
2:
1 D*
2
2 w0
D* - h s khuch tn dc;
w0 - vn tc dng kh.
H s
c th tnh theo cng thc:

2
D'
d2
d- kch thc ca ht vt liu hp ph.
Khi tnh ton cc qu trnh hp ph c th p dng cc phng trnh ng hc biu

din i lng hp ph nh hm s ca thi gian thc hin qu trnh thc t.
Ngi ta cng chia cc qu trnh hp ph ra loi n nh v khng n nh. Cc qu
trnh hp ph n nh c c trng bi s c nh nng ca cht b hp ph theo
thi gian ti cc im bt k ca lp cht hp ph v l lin tc. Nhng trong thc t lm
sch cc kh cho mc ch v sinh thng xy ra cc qu trnh hp ph khng n nh v
c chu k.
M hnh vt l ng hc hp ph trong lp hp ph nm yn (hay cn gi l ng lc
hc hp ph) l m hnh din tin ng tuyn ca lp hp ph. Ni dung ca m hnh
nh sau: nng ca cu t b hp ph khng ngng tng ln nhanh chng theo thi gian
ti vng u tin (mt tin) ca lp vt liu hp ph v t trng thi bo ha. Nh vy
ng lc ca qu trnh trong vng b gim v lm cho dng kh c nng cao ca
cht b hp ph tin vo vng pha sau ca lp (pha sau mt tin). Mt khc, vi khong
thi gian nht nh, vi di nht nh ca lp hnh thnh mt vng vng cung xm
nhp ca dng kh sch. Nh vy, trong mt lp ca cht hp ph vo giai on no
ca qu trnh th bt u hnh thnh (v sau dch chuyn dn theo lp) mt vng c
chiu di hu hn L l lp lm vic (vng truyn khi) m trong vng c s bin i
nhanh nng ca cu t b hp ph t trong dng kh i qua. S bin i nng
c trng cho mt dng nht nh ca ng cong nng (tuyn hp ph, sng h). Do
s hu hn ca vn tc hp ph nn dng ca ng cong mt tin ca lp lun
156

lun bin i cho n lc t s bo ha ca lp y. Sau thi im , nu gi nguyn
cc iu kin hnh thnh nn ng cong nng th ng cong y dch chuyn
dc theo lp vt liu vi vn tc khng i to nn ch c gi l s dch chuyn
song song ca (ng) tuyn hp ph.
Ngi ta dng mt khi nim gi l thi gian t v ca vt liu hp ph ( 0) i vi
iu kin c th thc hin qu trnh hp ph. l thi im xut hin pha sau lp vt
liu hp ph mt dng kh sch c nng tng ng vi nng x ca cu t b hp
ph. Sau giai on tin hnh qu trnh lm bo ha thc s ca lp hp ph bng cu
t b hp ph th hin qua vic tng nhanh lin tc nng ca n sau lp ni trn theo
mt ng cong gi l ng cong p ng hp ph.
xc nh c tnh phn b nng ca cu t b hp ph trong pha kh v trong
lp hp ph vo mt thi im nht nh no trong trng hp tng qut cn phi
thit lp v gii mt h cc phng trnh vi phn cn bng vt cht, ng hp ph ng
nhit, ng hc hp ph v thy ng lc hc ca qu trnh vi cc iu kin bin tng
ng.
Thc t vic gii bi ton nh vy ch t c vi cc trng hp n gin nht,
chp nhn mt s gi thit v mt s quan h gn ng. Chng hn, i vi cc qu trnh
hp ph ng nhit mt cu t m khng c hiu ng dc (biu th qua h s hiu ng
khuch tn dc D*) th cho li gii thc t rt quan trng.
Do bn thn qu trnh hp ph xy ra hu nh tc khc, do nng ca cu t b
hp ph trong pha kh v trong pha rn l bng nhau v ng hc cn bng hp ph c
biu din theo phng trnh Vikke nh sau:
vc = w0 / [1 + f (c)]
i lng vc l vn tc di chuyn dc theo lp hp ph c nng cho C. Theo
phng trnh ny, mi im nng ca ng truyn hp ph phi vn chuyn vi mt
vn tc c trng v khng i, ty thuc vo o hm ca ng hp ph ng nhit
tng ng f (C) v khng vt qu vn tc ca dng kh w 0. Cng suy t phng trnh
Vikke vi ng hp ph ng nhit c dng li th cc im nng ng vi nng
cao hn th phi dch chuyn nhanh hn nhng im ng vi nng thp hn, bi v i
lng f (C) l tang gc nghing ca ng cong ti im C, do n gim dn khi nng
tng dn. Do , lc u trong lp cht hp ph c mt ng tuyn m trong qu trnh
hp ph, tuyn dch chuyn dc theo lp vt liu v xy ra s nn v chuyn ha n
thnh mt tuyn rt hp vi nng C0. Nh vy li ca ng ng nhit l yu t
nn ca tuyn hp ph. D l qu trnh cn bng hay cha cn bng th vn c phng
trnh ng hc hp ph (nh lut Wilson).
w = w0C0 / (C0 + a0)
157

Trong :
w - vn tc di chuyn ca ng tuyn rt hp dc theo lp vt liu hp ph;
a0 - i lng hp ph tng ng vi nng cn bng C0.
Theo nh lut Wilson th vn tc di chuyn ca ng tuyn c nng ng nht C
= C0 l mt gi tr khng i. Tc l mt ng tuyn c hnh thnh phi chuyn
ng trong ch truyn vn song song. C th chng minh rng vn tc w < v c (vc l
vn tc di chuyn ca mt nng tnh theo cng thc Vikke).
S phn b vt cht gia pha kh v cht hp ph trong vng ng tuyn n nh
khng ph thuc vo dng ng hc u tun theo phng trnh Zendovich:
C
C0
a
a0
Ngha l trong vng ng tuyn n nh ca ng lc hc hp ph khng cn bng

vi D* = 0 gia nng khng cn bng ca cht trong pha kh v trong cht hp ph
phi tun theo qui lut tuyn tnh. V phng trnh Zendovich c th xem l tng ng
vi ng lm vic ca qu trnh hp ph.
Trong thc t tnh ton k thut th phng trnh Silov l li gii xc nh ng
tuyn n nh hp ph c ng cong hp ph li (ng nhit v cn bng):
= KL -
= K (L - h) - thi gian bo v ca lp.
Trong :
K = 1/w - h s t v ca lp vt liu hp ph;
w - vn tc di chuyn ca ng tuyn hp ph;
0
= Kh - thi gian tn tht kh nng bo v ca lp di tc dng ca tr lc khuch tn;
h - phn th tch khng s dng ca cht hp ph trong chiu cao (hay chiu di) L ca
lp.
i lng h c lin quan n vng truyn khi 1 theo t l: h = .1 ( - yu t mc

i xng ca ng cong nng , l t s din tch phn gch cho trn ng cong p
ng v din tch tam gic bao n)
Vy ta c : = K(L - .1)
Khong thi gian
ng vi tng nng ca cu t b hp ph sau lp vt liu
hp ph t nng x n nng cn bng t l thun vi i lng vng truyn khi:
=
- = KL.
T ta c i lng vng truyn khi:
158

l
L(
(1
)
)
V c dng s dng tnh ton thc t l:

l
L( *
)
(1
)( *
l thi gian t nng cn bng cht hp ph sau lp hp ph).
Do nng tp cht trong kh thi cng nghip rt thp nn c th cho rng cc qu

trnh hp ph xy ra l ng nhit. Khi tnh ton qu trnh hp ph lm sch vt liu
kh thi bng lp vt liu hp ph tnh th cc s liu v cn bng ca tng cp c th cht
hp ph - b hp ph phi tra trong cc ti liu tham kho hay xc nh bng thc nghim
v ng cn bng (hp ph ng nhit) trong h ta a (kg/m3 hay kg/kg) v C (kg/m3,
kg/kg).
xy dng ng lm vic ca qu trnh, cn phi gi thit cc i lng dung tch
hp ph ng hc ca cht hp ph a theo cu trc hp ph i vi nng ca n ti
u vo v ra khi thp hp ph.
c trng c lin h vi nng hn hp kh a vo x l C0, vn tc biu kin
w0 (tnh cho tit din rng) v thi gian tc dng bo v ca lp hp ph theo cng
thc:
a = C 0 . w0 .
Thi gian tc dng bo v hoc xc nh bng thc nghim hoc tnh ton gn ng
theo m hnh nht nh no .
Thc t c th dng cng thc gn ng theo ng hp ph ng nhit kiu
Langmuir hay kiu hnh ch nht:
a0
w0 C 0 L
w0 1
C
Ln 0
p
C
0
Ln
C0
C
v
a0
w0 C 0 L
Trong :
w0
Ln
C0
C
p = C0/y ; y - hm lng cu t b hp ph trong kh nm cn bng vi

mt na gi tr ti hn ca i lng hp ph;
C - nng ca cu t b hp ph trong dng kh ra khi thit b hp ph.
Chiu di cn thit ca lp hp ph (L) c th c tnh theo phng trnh truyn

khi chung:
159

w0dC =
hay
w0
0
(C - C*)dL
C0
dC
C*
Ck C
m.he ;
Trong :
h0 = w0/
- chiu cao lp hp ph tng ng 1 n v truyn khi;
m - s n v truyn khi.
Do quan h gia C* v a rt khc nhau ty theo h cht b hp ph - cht hp ph c

th nn tch phn trn khng th biu din chung c (c th dng phng php tch
phn th hay phng php xy dng th xc nh cc bc bin i nng ).
H s truyn khi ( 0) lin h vi h s cp khi ngoi ( 1) v trong ( 2). C th tnh
ton h s 1 theo cc phng trnh chun s nh sau:
Nu = 0,395. Re0,64 . Pr0,33 vi Re > 30
Nu = 0,725. Re0,47 . Pr0,33 vi Re = 2 30
Nu = 0,515. Re0,85 . Pr0,33 vi Re < 2
Trong :
Nu
1
de
D
- h s trao i khi ngoi, tnh cho 1 n v th tch lp vt liu hp ph;
dc - ng kh tng ng ca ht cht hp ph
de = 4 / ; (vi ht hnh cu de = 0,4d);
- h s th tch t do ca lp hp ph;
- din tch b mt ring ca cht hp ph;
D - h s khuch tn phn t;
Re = w0de/ v - s Reynold bin dng;
v - nht ng lc ca dng kh;
Pr = v/D.
H s cp khi trong ( 2) ph thuc vo i lng hp ph v gim mnh khi tng

hp ph, do lm tng t l phn tr lc khuch tn ca tuyn khi ni. Ch thy
ng trong thit b hu nh khng nh hng ti h s 2.
Ni chung, h s truyn khi 0 l thay i. V ch xem n gn nh khng i khi ta
xem h s 2 khng ph thuc vo i lng hp ph hay gii hn qu trnh hp ph ch
do truyn khi ngoi.
160

Trong tnh ton thng phi xc nh cc h s truyn khi bng th nghim.
5.3.3 Gii hp
Thng thng cn phi thc hin qu trnh hp ph c chu k ti sinh (hon
nguyn) cht hp ph b bo ha cc cu t b hp ph. Trong vic ti sinh cht hp
ph th ring khu gii hp (nh) l quan trng nht, n chim t 40 - 70% chi ph lm
sch kh thi. Qu trnh gii hp c th thc hin bng cch tng nhit , ui cht hp
ph bng mt cht khc hp ph tt hn, gim p sut (k c to chn khng) hay phi
hp cc cch y vi nhau. Hiu qu ca phng php gii hp thng phi c xem xt
cng lc vi s la chn phng php lm sch kh thi (c nn dng phng php hp
ph hay khng).
+ Nhit gii hp: thc hin nhit gii hp bng cch gia nhit cht hp ph bo
ha n nhit cn thit cho qu trnh nh tip xc trc tip vi dng hi nc, khng
kh nng hay kh tr (hay truyn nhit gin tip). Vi chnh lch nhit 100 - 2000C
th gii hp cho than hot tnh, silicagel, v alumogel, cn i vi zeolit th phi n
200 - 4000C.
Trng hp gii hp cc dung mi bay hi t lp than hot tnh nm yn (khi cho
rng c th b qua s gii hp yu khi nng nhit ln n 1000C v b qua giai on nng
nhit rt ngn so vi c giai on gii hp) th c th biu din thi gian gii hp nh sau:
(1
g
) T
K
Ln
a0
a
Trong :
a0, a - Gi tr i lng ban u v gi tr bin thin;
pT - Khi lng ring o ca vt liu hp ph;
- rng xp ca lp;
k - h s, ph thuc ch yu vo vn tc trung bnh ca tc nhn gii
hp (xc nh bng thc nghim)
+ Gii hp bng cch ui: Gii hp bng cch ui (hay cn gi l gii hp lnh)
l dng mt tc nhn ui (desorbent) y cht b hp ph ra khi cht hp ph.
ui nhng cu t hu c b hp ph c th dng tc nhn ui l CO2, NH3, H2O. Mt
s cht hu c hay cht khc, min sao ui c hiu qu m bn thn chng cng d tch
khi cht hp ph. Cc zeolit c hot hp ph mnh i vi hi nc nn c th dng
n lm cht ui c hiu qu cc cht b hp ph trn zeolit.
+ Gii hp bng gim p sut: Phng php ny thc hin bng cch gim p sut
h thng sau khi cht hp ph bo ha (khi giai on hp ph tin hnh p sut d)
hay to chn khng h thng (nu khi hp ph p sut thng).
161

+ Gii hp chn khng: Phng php ny i hi h thng phi tht kn nn t
c dng trong thc t cng nghip.
5.4 CHT HP PH
5.4.1 Cc tnh cht
Cc cht hp ph c c trng quan trng nht bi bn cht ha hc ca n, din
tch b mt, th tch v ng knh cc l xp. Khc bit v ha tnh quan trng nht gia
cc cht hp ph l phn cc ca n.
Than hot tnh, bao gm nhiu nguyn t trung tnh ca mt nguyn t duy nht l C,
c s phn b in tch tng i ng nht trn ton b mt. Do , b mt than hot
tnh khng c phn bit kch thc phn t, nhng c nh hng chn lc v lin kt u
tin cho cc phn t cht khng phn cc.
Tr than hot tnh, tt c cc cht hp ph quan trng c bn trn th trng u l cc
oxyt n gin hay phc tp; b mt ca chng mang nhng phn t c in tch khc
nhau v do c phn cc. Cc cht hp ph ny u th hin tnh chn lc ng k so
vi than hot tnh, v u tin c bit cho cc phn t c cc. Do , cc cht hp ph
ny s tt hn than hot tnh khi cn tch mt hn hp nhiu loi kh nhim khc nhau,
nhng li km u vit hn nhiu khi cn lc sch mt dng kh. Chng tr nn v hiu
khi lc trc tip mt dng khng kh hay kh m. Ni chung cc cht hp ph phn cc t
c s dng v i a s gp cc vn trong kim sot cc ngun nhim khng kh
cn phi lc trc tip cc dng khng kh hoc kh m.
Bng 5.1 trnh by cc khong din tch b mt v th tch l xp ca mt s cht hp
ph. Trong , than hot tnh nhn chung l c din tch b mt v th tch l xp ln nht,
l nhng tnh cht hng u quyt nh kh nng hp ph tng th.
Bng 5.1: Din tch b mt v kch thc l xp ca cc cht hp ph
Than hot tnh
Nhm hot
tnh
Silica
gel
Ry phn t
Din tch b mt(m2/gm)
1100 - 1600
210 - 360
750
Din tch b mt(m2/cm3)
300 - 560
210 - 320
520
Th tch l xp(cm3/gm)
0,80 - 1,20
0,29 - 0,37
0,40
0,27 - 0,38
Th tch l xp(cm3/cm3)
0,40 - 0,42
0,29 - 0,33
0,28
0,22 - 0,30
ng knh l trung bnh (A0)
15 - 20
18 - 20
22
3-9
y ch cp n nhng loi c l xp nh (ng knh < 25 A0)
162

Than hot tnh
Than hot tnh cu to bi cc ht C tng i tinh khit hay tinh khit cao, c din
tch b mt tnh trn mt n v khi lng hay th tch ln. to thnh mt lp c nh
lc khng kh hay kh th cc ht than phi c kch thc sao cho hu nh khng gy
tr ngi cho vic t mt hiu qu hp ph cho trc, ngi ta thng s dng than trong
khong 4 - 20mesh (h ry M). gim thiu mi mn c hc trong qu trnh vn
chuyn v s dng, than hot tnh phi cng. cng ny mt phn l do bn cht ca
vt liu th sn xut than quyt nh, mt phn do qui trnh sn xut quyt nh.
Nguyn liu th sn xut than hot tnh c th l x da v cc loi v qu hch khc,
ht tri cy, than bitum, g cng, v cc loi cn du m.
Nh ni phn trc, than hot tnh c tc dng hp ph cc cht hu c vi
chn lc km hn so vi cc cht hp ph khc phn cc hn. Than hot tnh hp ph cc
phn t hu c ngay c khi lc 1 dng kh m. Cc phn t nc phn cc cao, th hin
i lc cao vi nhau, do cnh tranh vi i lc ca n i vi b mt than hot tnh
khng phn cc; do than hot tnh s hp ph chn lc cc phn t hu c ln hn, t
phn cc hn.
Tng dung lng hp ph ca mt mu than hot tnh c th o bng hot tnh ca n
hay gi li mt cht hi chun. Hot tnh l lng hi ti a c th c hp ph bi
mt khi lng than hot tnh cho trc trong iu kin xc nh v nhit , nng
hi, v nng cc loi hi khc (thng l nc). gi li tnh bng lng hi c
hp ph ti a c th gi li bi than hot tnh khi h nng hi trong khng kh hay
dng khng kh xung n 0.
V mt cht hp ph cn phi gi c cht m n hp ph ngay c trong khng kh
sch, nn kh nng gi li ca n biu th kh nng hot ng thc t.
Cc thng s k thut in hnh ca than hot tnh dng lc kh c trnh by
bng 5.2. Kch thc l xp ca than hot tnh l yu t quan trng quyt nh tnh cht
hp ph ca n. Cc l xp c ng knh nh hn 25 A0 c gi l micropore; cc l
xp m ng knh m ng knh ln hn gi l macropore. Cch phn bit ny quan
trng v hu ht cc phn t ca cht nhim khng kh c ng knh nm trong
khong 4 - 8,5 hay 9A0. Nu nh khng ln hn nhiu so vi 2 ln ng knh phn t
th hiu ng ro cn ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh hp ph do n d lm ngng
t mao qun. Kh nng hp ph ti a c quyt nh bi s lp y cht lng c th
xy ra nhng l nh.
p sut hi rt cao, hp ph a lp c th tch n ngng t mao qun ngay c
nhng l xp ln ( >25A ) nhng do trng hp nhim mi l do cc hi p sut
ring phn tng i thp nn th tch cc l nh ng vai tr quan trng hn.
163

Bng 5.2: Cc thng s k thut in hnh ca than hot tnh dng lc kh
TNH CHT
THNG S K THUT
Hot tnh i vi CCL4a
t nht 50%
gi li i vi CCL4a
t nht 30%
Mt biu kin
t nht 0,4gm/ml
cng ( mi mn bi)
t nht 80%
Thn b l gy
Khong 6-14 ( h ry Tyler)
a. bo ha than i a 20 C v 760 tor trong dng kh cn bng vi CCl4

0
0 C
b. Trng lng ti a ca CCL4 hp th c than gi li khi a ra khng kh
tinh khit 200 c v 760 torr.
c. % than 6-8 mesh cn li trn lc l ry 14 sau khi lc 50g than vi 30 vin bi
thp ng knh 0,25-0,37 in (0,635 -0,940 cm) trong 30pht trn my rung .
Cc cht hp ph oxy ha
Cc cht ny gm c silicagel, t ty mu , iatomit, cc loi t silic khc, v zeolic
tng hp hay ry phn t. Chng cng gm c cc oxyt kim loi, nht l Al2O3, cc loi
ny thm ch cn phn cc mnh hn cc hp cht silic. Nh ni, nhng cht hp th
ny th hin c hiu hp th cao hn than hot tnh, do u tin cho cc phn t
phn cc mnh hn. Ngoi ra, c th to zeolit tng hp c ng knh l xp ng nht
v c nh r trc, nh n c tnh hp th c hiu vi kch thc v hnh dng
cc phn t c hp th. Tuy nhin ngay c cu trc c o nh vy cng khng
khng ngn s hp ph u tin i vi nhng phn t phn cc, do , nhng vt liu
ny s khng hp ph cc phn t hu c trong mt dng kh m, ngay c khi chng c
kch thc ph hp vi l xp ca vt liu lc, m cc phn t nc s c u tin hp
ph trc.
Hng s in mi l mt ch s tt v phn cc, cng thay i gn nh tng ng
vi th t v i lc. Mi lin quan ny cho thy c th loi b hu hiu cc phn t phn
cc nh metanol hay formaldehyt khi cc dng kh kh bng cc cht hp ph phn cc
mnh nh Al2O3, v c th hon nguyn cht hp ph bo ha vi nc.
Tm cht hp ph
C th tm cht hp ph bng mt trong nhng cch sau:
1. Cht tm c th l mt tc nhn bin i ha hc cht b hp ph thnh mt cht
khng c hay hay c th hp ph, v d, nh c th tm brom vo than vi lng 5,15%
khi lung than. Brom c hp ph ny s phn ng vi cc ankel to thnh cc sn
164

phm cng hp. Etylen l kh gy c hi nghim trng cho thc vt, cht ny v c trng
lng phn t thp nn nu ch hp ph vt l s khng loi b c nhiu ra khi dng
kh. Khi hp ph bng than hot tnh c tm brom, etylen s phn ng vi brom, to
thnh 1,2-dibromethan, cht ny d c hp ph v gi li trn b mt.
2. Cht tm c th l mt cht xc tc hot ng lin tc. V cc cht phn ng
duy nht c sn l kh mang (khng kh) v bn thn kh nhim, nn cc phn ng duy
nht c th xc tc l phn ng oxy ha v phn hy. xc tc phn ng oxy ha lin
tc, cc yu t sau c th gy hn ch: nu dng cht hp ph l than hot tnh, mt cht
xc tc oxy ha c hot tnh cao s c khuynh hng lm C t chy dn la; nu hot
tnh xc tc thp th ch c nhng cht nhim d oxy ha mi tham gia phn ng; nu
dng kh mang khng oxy ha c th phi chn cc cht hp ph phn cc vi cc hn
ch tho lun trn. Trong phm vi phn ny, cc cht tm vo than hot tnh xc
tc oxy ha lin tc l crom, ng, bc, paladium v platin.
Cc kim loi thng b tch ra khi v tr tm do nh hng ca s phn hy ti ch
ca cc mui phc dng trong dung dch tm. nhit thng, bn thn than hot tnh
tm n nh cho s oxy ha, nhng do nhit bt chy ca n kh thp nn phi xem
n nh l cht c th chy. Thng cc phn ng oxy ha c xc tc trn cc kh mang
khng oxy ha c, c tin hnh nhit cao.
Khi phn ng phn hy c th lm gim tnh nhim ca cht th ngi ta tm cch
tng cng qu trnh phn hy ny nhm kim sot ngun nhim. Cch ny ch p dng
cho nhng cht vn khng bn vng, i a s chng c cha cc lin kt oxy - oxy
trong phn t nh: peroxit, hydroperoxit v c ozon. B mt than hot tnh khng x l g
ng vai tr l xc tc cho s phn hy nhanh chng cc cht ny.
Cc cht hp ph phn cc tm oxyt kim loi cng xc tc s phn hy cc cht .
Bng 5.3 Trnh by mt s cch tm cht hp ph v tm tt cch hot ng ca
chng.
165

Bng 5.3: Tm cht hp ph
Cht hp ph
Than hot tnh
Nhm hot tnh
Cht tm
Cht nhim
Hat ng
Brom
Etylen; cc anken
khc
Bin i thnh Bidromide,

vn gn trn C
Actat ch
H2 S
Bin i thnh PbS
Axit phosphoric
NH3, amin
Trung ha
Na Silicat
HF
Bin i thnh floro

silicat
It
Hg
Bin i thnh HgI2
Sulfur
Hg
Bin i thnh HgS
Na2SO3
Formaldehyt
Bin i thnh sn phm

cng hp
Na carbonat hay
bicarbonat
Hi axit
Trung ha
Oxyt ca Cu, Cr, V...;

kim loi qu (Pd,Pt)
Cc kh c th oxy
ha, trong c cc
hp cht S kh nh
H2S, COS v
mercaptan.
Xc tc phn ng oxy ha
khng kh
Permanganat K
Cc kh d oxy ha,
c bit l
formaldehyt
Oxy ha
Sodium carbonat hay

bicarbonat
Hi axit
Trung ha
5.5 THIT B V CC KIU H THNG

5.5.1 Thit b
NGUYN TC THIT K:
Thit k cc thit b hp ph phi tha mn cc yu cu chung nh sau:
(a) Thi gian tip xc lu gi dng kh v tng hp ph hiu qu;
(b) dung lng hp ph thit b c tui th mong mun;
(c) Lc cn nh i vi dng kh, cho php vn hnh thit b y kh;
166

(d) C s phn b ng nht ca dng kh ln tng hp ph m bo s dng ti a
cht hp ph;
(e) X l s b dng khng kh loi b nhng ht khng hp ph c, nhng ht
ny s nh hng n hot ng ca tng hp ph;
(f) D phng hon nguyn li cht hp ph khi n bo ha.
Cc cht hp ph xp trn gi mang

Khi sp xp cht hp ph, thng l dng bt mn, vo mt gi mang l cht tr, ta
s c mt tng hp ph kh linh ng. Gi mang c th l giy, cc loi vi v c hay
hu c, hay nhng si nha p. Giy dng lm gi mang cha 50-75% trng lng l
than hot tnh; cc si n cellulose p vi bt than hot tnh c th cha n 80% than
hot tnh. Tuy nhin, v c nhng hn ch v dung lng hp ph do gi mang v v
c nh ca n, nn ngi ta khng dng kiu ny trong kim sot cc ngun nhim
cng nghip.
Cc loi thit b hp ph ht, tng mn, tnh

Mt u im ln ca thit b hp ph tng mng l lc cn thp i vi dng kh.
dy ng nht ca tng hp ph l quan trng v ch cn mt khc bit nh v dy lp
hp ph gy nn nhng thay i quan trng trong tng dy v c th to rnh. Cc
loi c s dng c tng hp ph dng phng, hnh tr hay gp np, tng hp ph c th
c gi trn cc gi c l, lc hay nhng bn kim loi c l. Do p ng yu cu v
c nh nn cc bn kim loi c l c s dng rt rng ri. Loi thit b hp ph hnh
tr, c thit k lc 25ft3 khng kh /pht. Loi c tng gp np ln hn x l c
750-1000 ft3 khng kh /pht v cc bung hp ph cu to bi t hp cc tng hp ph
phng x l c 2000ft3 khng kh /pht.
Cc loi thit b hp ph ht, tng dy, tnh

Cc loi ny c dng trong nhng trng hp cn dung lng hp ph ln, Nhng
ni chung bn thn s tng hiu sut hp ph km theo vn cha quyt nh c nn
dng cc thit b hp ph c tng hp ph dy hay khng. Vi loi thit b hp ph ny,
cng cn c ng nht thch hp ca tng hp ph s dng cht hp ph c hiu
qu. Cc thit b hp ph trong cc h thng hon nguyn thng c dy tng hp ph
trong khong 1-6ft ( 0,3-1,8m), vi dng kh i t trn xung trnh lm lp cht hp
ph nng ln. Lu lng thit k ca dng khng kh ln n 40.000cfm
(67.960cm3/gi). T s khi lng than trn lu lng dng kh thit k khong 0,5
lb/cfm ( 0,27kg/m3/gi).
Cc thit b hp ph tnh c 2 nhc im c hu l:
167

(a) C vng bo ha (Sd) cha nhng C khng s dng, chon ch v lm hao ph
nng lng thi dng kh i qua vng ny. Phn ca tng hp ph trc (trn) truyn
khi cn mi hon ton v C u cng khng c s dng.
(b) Khi t tiu chun x l ( Ce=Ct), cn phi thay hay hot ha li tng hp ph
lp pha trn L-(S+T) c c nhng phn C cha bo ha v nh vy l C ny cha c
s dng trit . Cc h thng c tng hp ph chuyn ng m t di y c thit k
khc phc nhng im yu ny.
Cc thit b hp ph tng si
Khi mt dng kh c thi qua tng hp ph cha cc cht hp ph dng ht th s
gim p sut do tng ny s theo chiu ngc vi khi lng ca chnh n. Khi vn tc
dng kh cao, gim p s bng vi khi lng ca tng hp ph v cht hp ph
trong bt u chuyn ng, ngha l bt u qu trnh si. tc kh cao hn
(khong 259 ft./pht), cc ht cht hp ph c th chuyn ng khng ngng. gim p
cn c hin tng si l thuc vo dy tng hp ph v mt dng kh, mt
cc ht rn.
H thng tng xoay

gim lng C khng c s dng v gi tn tht nng lng mc ti thiu, cn
hng cho dng kh ch i qua vng hot ng ca tng hp ph, trong khi C bo ha
c ti hot s dng li. Mt thit k theo kiu ny l h thng tng hp ph xoay.
H thng ny c tt c 4 hnh tr. Tng C hot tnh nm khong gia 2 hnh tr ng
tm c c l, pha trong (s 2 v 3) v c ngn thnh cc on. Hnh tr ngoi cng
(s 1) khng c g ch tr nhng khe h u bn tri. Nhng khe khng che li l li
vo ca khng kh nhim, cn cc khe b che li l li ra ca hi nc v cc loi hi
hp ph trong qu trnh ti hot ha than. Hnh tr trong cng (s 4) cng c nhng khe
gn u bn phi, l li ra ca khng kh lc sch v li vo ca hi nc. Ton b h
thng s xoay mt tc sao cho cc on ca tng hp ph s chuyn t hp ph sang
gii hp ngay khi n t mc bo ha.
Mc d vic s dng than y c ci tin, nhng vic s dng hi nc li tr
nn km hiu qu. Vic bo tr cc mi hn kn v nhng b phn chuyn ng cng tn
km hn bo tr thit b hp ph c tng hp ph tnh.
5.5.2 Cc kiu h thng hp ph
Nguyn tc
Khng kh nhim c th a qua tng hp ph mt phn (phn cn li s khng
qua), ton b (i qua mt ln), hay tun hon (i qua nhiu ln).
Mt h thng kn tun hon dng cht hp ph lc kh cho d c hiu qu n u
cng vn c nhng hn ch v tc lm sch kh v tinh khit ca khng kh thu
168

c. Gi s tc pht sinh cht nhim v tc x l chng trong thit b hp ph l
hng s th nng cht nhim trong khng kh s gim theo hm m n mt gi tr
cn bng m ti tc pht sinh v tc loi b chng bng nhau.
C =C0e-Eqt/v + (G/EQ)(1-e-EqT/V)
V
C( = G/EQ
Trong :
V : th tch bung hp ph
T : thi gian
C : nng hi trong bung hp ph mt thi im bt k
C0 : nng hi ban u trong bung hp ph
C( : nng hi trong bung hp ph iu kin cn bng
E : hiu sut x l hi ca thit b hp ph
Q : lu lng (theo th tch) khng kh ra khi thit b hp ph
G : tc (s lng ) pht sinh hi trong (hay a vo) bung hp ph
Trong nhng trng hp c bit, khi s pht sinh cht nhim ngng li (G = 0) th
nng ban u s gim theo phng trnh sau:
C = C0e-EQT/V
v nng cui (C() bng 0.
Trc khi dng kh nhim x vo kh quyn, n s ch c a qua thit b hp
ph mt ln. Tuy nhin, trc bc hp ph ny, dng khng kh c th phi x l bng
mt trong nhng cch sau:
(a) Cc ht ln c th to mt lp ph gy cn tr ln tng hp ph phi c loi b
bng cch lc.
(b) C th tng kh nng hp ph cht nhim bng cch c c cht nhim, cng
c th hp ph p sut cao.
(c) Cc git m - c th gy tr ngi cho s hp ph kh, c th loi b bng cc bin
php in hc hay c hc. Mt cch khc tng dung tch ca dng kh mang khi lm
bay hi cc git m l pha long n trong khng kh xung quanh, nu nh m ca
khng kh xung quanh thp. Kh m tha bng cch lm lnh dng kh bng ng rut
g c vy ngng t hi m, sau un nng khng kh cho n khi m tng i
h xung di 50%.
(d) Nu dng kh qu nng (trn 1000F) th phi lm mt trnh s gim kh nng
hp ph ca than qu nhiu. Lm mt bng cch pha long vi khng kh xung quanh
169

chc chn s i hi tng th tch thit b hp ph v chi ph cho nng lng bm kh.
Tuy nhin, i vi nhng thit b hp ph tng mng th pha long i khi l bin php
kinh t nht lm mt dng kh. Chi ph cho thit b hp ph ln hn s c n b
nh tui th ca thit b cao hn.
(e) Nng kh qu cao cng l mt bt li v nhit tch ly ca qu trnh hp ph c
th lm tng nhit ca tng hp ph n mc m n nh hng n kh nng hp ph.
C th khc phc vn ny bng cch pha long dng kh, nhng tt nhin cng tn
km nh ni trn. Tuy nhin, iu quan trng hn l nng kh cao s dn n cht
hp ph b bo ha nhanh, do lm tng chi ph cho vic hon nguyn hay thay th cht
hp ph. Trong nhng trng hp ny, dng mt thit b khc kim sot lng hi
trc khi dng than s c li hn. V d, ngi ta dng thp lc kh t x l cc loi
hi ha tan c phn t lng thp, nh cc amin nh hay cc hp cht lin kt vi oxy.
Cn li cc kh t ha tan c phn t lng cao - thng c mi kh chu ngay c nng
thp - s c x l bng cch hp ph trn than hot tnh.
Tui th ca cht hp ph b gii hn bi cng sut s dng v ti trng nhim. Do
, phi d phng trc cho vic xc nh khi no cht hp ph bo ha hon nguyn
n. Khng th s dng khi lng ca mt cht hp ph o bo ha ca n v n
c khuynh hng thay i, do hm n ca n ph thuc vo m tng i ca dng
kh a qua. Nu c th th ly mt phn cht hp ph c tnh i din a i phn tch
ha hc xc nh mc bo ha ca ton b tng hp ph. Trong nhiu trng hp,
chng trnh hon nguyn cht hp ph s c quyt nh bi s gim hiu sut x l
trn thc t, hay da vo chng trnh c tnh ton t nhng ln x l trc y, hay
d on t nhng gi tr gi thit v cc h s bo ha khc nhau trong phng trnh.
Vic c tnh mc bo ha ca tng than hot tnh hay dung lng cn li ca n
bng phng php ha hc i hi phi c mt phng php sao cho khng ph hy hay
bo ha than hot tnh v nhy vi m.
Thay tng hp ph
Trong mt s h thng, cht hp ph c b i hoc a n mt ni no khc
hot ha li khi hiu qu x l ca n gim. C th s dng thit b hp ph tng dy
hay tng mng, ty nhng yu t ni phn trc.
Cc h thng ny s dng khi tui th ca n lu qu n ni chi ph cho thit b hon
nguyn ti ch khng cn bo m. Thi gian ny thng l mt thng hay lu hn.
Cc ngun nhim thng ri vo kiu phn chia ny c:
(a) Nhng ngun c nng hi thp (khong di 2ppm) nh cc dng kh mang
cc hi rt nng mi lng vt v.
170

(b) Cc ngun c kh nng thi ra ch mt ln nh r r phng x hay cc hi ha cht
c.
Hon nguyn ti ch:
Thu hi cht hp ph v cht b hp ph: thng s c li v kinh t khi thu hi cc
hi hp ph (thng l dung mi) t cc dng kh m nng ca n trn khong 700
ppm (0,07%), nhng khng qu 25% so vi gii hn chy di (LEL). V LEL ca hi
hu c thng vo khong 0,5% hay 5000ppm. thu hi, khng kh hi, khng cha
cc ht th v khng m qu 1000F, c a qua mt hay hai tng than hot tnh dy,
u ra s x vo kh quyn. Khi cht hp ph bo ha, dng khng kh hi nhim
c dn vo m thit b hp ph khc, mi tip tc kh cht nhim. Trong khi ,
tng hp ph bo ha c hon nguyn thi mt dng kh hay hi c tc dng hon
nguyn qua theo chiu ngc li vi chiu m kh nhim i qua.
Ngi ta chn tc nhn hon nguyn l hi nc nhit thp. S dng hi nc c
mt s u im sau y:
(a) p sut kh quyn, nhit hi nc (1000C) cao gii hp hu ht cc
dung mi thng s dng nhng khng cao lm h hi than hot tnh hay hi c
gii hp. Mt phn hi nc s ngng t trong tng hp ph, v nhit cao ca hi
nc ngng t cng gip cho qu trnh gii hp.
(b) Hi nc u ra c th tch d dng ra khi hi c hp ph bng cch ngng t,
sau lng hay chng ct.
(c) m cn li trong tng than hot tnh c th loi b d dng bng mt dng kh
lnh tinh khit hoc c cha mt t hi hu c.
Tuy nhin phng php ny c mt s bt li sau:
(a) Phi chi ph cho thit b v vn hnh qu trnh hon nguyn bng hi nc.
(b) Cc hi c phn t lng cao - l tp cht ca dung mi thu hi - khng c hp
ph hu hiu bi hi nc p sut thp, v c th tch ly li trn than hot tnh dng
cn nha vnh vin.
(c) Mc d hi thu hi khng phn ng vi hi nc p sut thp pha kh, nhng
n c th phn ng vi b mt than hot tnh - l mt cht xc tc hiu qu cho nhiu
phn ng, trong c c phn ng oxy ha.
Nh ni trn, cn ch trnh khng dng kh nhim i vo tng than hot
tnh nng v n s lm phn hy hay oxy ha khng hon ton, dn n kt qu l x ra
kh quyn kh c mi hay kh gy kch thch. Khng nht thit phi tch ring chu k
trnh lm ngui v lm kh v khng kh hi s nhanh chng lm mt v lm kh tng
than hot tnh nn lc no cng than mt v kh hp ph. Trong nhng trng hp
171

ny, sng lm mt i qua tng hp ph nhanh hn ng k so vi sng hp ph. Chnh
khi tc i qua tng hp ph ca hai sng ny bng nhau v c bn nng hi cao
th cn phi lm mt trc.
5.5.3 Thu hi cht hp ph v b cht b hp ph
Khi cht b hp ph khng ng thu hi, v lng t hay v quy trnh thu hi qu
kh hay qu tn km, th khng cn phi hon nguyn cht hp ph ngay ti ch. Cht
c gii hp sau s em b hay hy i. Nhng trng hp ny thng gp khi nng
hi trong khong trn 1 hay 2 ppm nhng di 700ppm.
Trong nhng trng hp ny, kh hon nguyn thng c chn l khng kh nng,
p sut kh quyn hay p sut thp. Cht b hp ph sau c th loi khi dng u ra
bng cch nung hay lc trong thp lc kh. Cht hp ph ng vai tr l mi trng c
c hi. V d nh benzen nng 150 ppm trong khng kh c th c loi ra hu
hiu bng tng hp ph v chuyn vo dng kh hon nguyn nng ln n 30.000
ppm, ngha l nng tng ln 200 ln, nh gim rt nhiu chi ph cho x l sau .
Hin tng oxy ha cht b hp ph cng c th xy ra b mt cht hp ph, nht l
khi c mt cht xc tc. Ngi ta thy cc xc tc l cc loi oxyt v kim loi qu xc tc
phn ng oxy ha c hiu qu, cc hydrocarbon v hp cht lin kt vi oxy c th b
oxy ha hon ton trc khi tng than hot tnh bt u oxy ha, v c th lp i lp li
cc chu k hp ph v oxy ha c xc tc m khng nh hng g n chc nng ca
than hot tnh. Phng php ny c mt li th l s to thnh ca cc polyme (nh
styrene
polystyrene) trn b mt cht hp ph s khng cn tr g cho s oxy ha b
mt, mc du n lm cho vic gii hp kh khn hn nhiu.
5.6 NHNG P DNG KIM SOT NGUN NHIM KHNG KH
5.6.1 nh hng ca cc bin s qu trnh
Lu lng kh
Lu lng dng kh t l nghch vi thi gian lu, hay thi gian tip xc gia dng
kh v tng hp ph. Cng cn phi lu cc nh hng c th c ca dng kh nhanh
trong cc rnh khng bng phng i qua tng hp ph, dn n s i ch hay mi mn
c hc. Tuy nhin, trong i a s cc trng hp, yu t quan trng hng u quyt nh
lu lng cho php ca dng kh l gim p ca tng hp ph ln dng kh chuyn
ng. Lu lng dng kh tiu biu trong mt s thit b hp ph c bn trn th trng
nm trong khong 25 ft/ pht (0,125m/giy) cc thit b hp ph tng mng n khong
80 ft/pht (0,4m/giy) cc tng hp ph thu hi dung mi dy hn.
S phn b kch thc ht trong tng hp ph dng ht l mt yu t quan trng quyt
nh hiu sut ca tng. C th t hiu sut trn 95% trong mt tng hp ph l cc ht
than kch thc 6-16 mesh sp xp rt tt, thm ch trong cc tng mng (0,5 - 0,7 in)
172

(1,27 - 1,78 cm) vn tc tuyn tnh 30 - 50 ft/pht (1,0 m/giy) m khng nh hng
xu n hiu sut ca tng hp ph. Yu t gii hn trong nhng trng hp ny thng
l chi ph cho nng lng vn chuyn kh i qua tng hp ph tng ln.
Nhit
Kh nng hp ph ca cht hp ph tng ln khi h nhit . Nh ni phn trn,
cn trnh nhit trn khong 1000F (300C). Nhng dao ng nhit tha gy ra bi qu
trnh tun hon cng l mt bt li v n c th lm gii hp ph hng lot khi nhit
tng.
m
Than hot tnh s hp ph hi m t dng khng kh m, nhng s nh hi m ny ra
kh quyn trong qu trnh hp ph cc phn t ln hn, t phn cc nh thng gp trong
dng kh nhim. Thc ra, c mt t hi m trong than l tt hn v s bc hi nc s
lm phn tn nhit ca qu trnh hp ph v gi cho nhit ca tng hp ph ng nht
hn. Do , s c mt ca mt lng tng i hi m trong dng kh t mt ngun
nhim s khng nh hng nghim trng n hiu qu hp ph kh ca than hot tnh.
Khi m tng i ca dng kh trn 50% th nh hng bt li ca n ln kh nng
hp ph ca than bt u ng k, nhng khng nht thit l lm mt kh nng hp ph.
hm m cao hn, s gim dung lng v hiu sut hp ph tng ln. Ngi ta thy
hin tng ny kh c lp vi nhit , khi nhit ny trong khong thng gp.
Nng hi
Thi gian hot ng ca cht hp ph c quyt nh bi nng hi ch yu theo
phng trnh sau:
t - 6,43 . (10)6 SW/EQMC
Trong :
t : thi gian hot ng ca cht hp ph trc khi bo ha (gi)
S : t l bo ha ca cht hp ph (dng phn s).
W : khi lng cht hp ph (pound)
E : hiu sut hp ph (dng phn s)
Q : lu lng dng kh i qua tng hp ph (ft3/pht)
M : phn t lng trung bnh ca hi c hp ph (gm/mol)
C : nng hi i vo, ppm (theo th tch)
Khi khi lng c tnh bng kg v lu lng dng kh c tnh bng m3/gi th h
s [6,43.(10)6] s i thnh 2,41.107.
173

Khi kim sot ngun nhim bng hp ph, chng ta c th ly gi tr kh nng gi
li trung bnh in hnh S = 0,29. i vi mt hi c M = 100, v hp ph hon ton (E =
1), phng trnh trn c th n gin thnh:
t = 1,29.(10)4W/QC
Mc hon nguyn
Mc bo ha ca mt cht hp ph c nh ngha nh sau:
Tuy nhin, khi hon nguyn mt cht hp ph bo ha, nht l trong cc thit b ti
ch, thng s khng kinh t khi loi b tt c cht b hp ph. Thay vo , ngi ta ch
tin hnh hon nguyn n mc m chi ph cho mt n v khi lng cht b hp ph
t gi tr ti thiu. Mc ny bao gi cng cha n mc gii hp ph hon ton.
Mt u im ca than cha gii hp ph l n lm h nhit ca cc chu k hp ph
tip theo. Kh nng hp ph ca than hot tnh c th ch bng kh nng bo ha l
thuc phn ln vo th tch mol ca cht b hp ph. Phng php ny s khng hon
nguyn hon ton cc cht b hp ph c th tch mol ln hn th tch mol ca n-octan
(162ml/mol). i vi cht c th tch mol trong khong aceton (75ml/mol) n n-octan,
th gii hp ph 2000C v 10-4 torr trong khong 2 gi thng l gii hp ph hon ton
nhit thp hn.
5.6.2 Cc qu trnh c trng
Thu hi hi cc quy trnh cng nghip
Cc ng dng ch yu l trong thu hi cc dung mi t cc dng kh khng cha cc
vt liu ht v c nng hi trn 700ppm. Nhiu ngnh cng nghip t cc tiu chun
ny, nh tuyn kh, ty du m, sn b mt (k c giy), ch bin cao su v in ni. Cc
ng dng khc l trong cc ngnh sn xut ha cht c lin quan n cc phn ng c
pha hi trong mt dng kh. V d nh oxy ha trong khng kh ca cumen sn xut
phenol.
Kh mi cc kh thi c mi
Nhiu cht kh c mi ngay c nng thp nh 10-7 (100ppb) hay ngay c nng
thp hn vn c th pht hin c v gy kh chu. Trong nhiu trng hp th kh
mi cc dng kh ny bng cch hp ph trn cht hp ph rn l c hiu qu v kinh t.
Cc kh c mi thi ra nng cao, ngay c cc dng kh u ra ca cc h thng lm
sch c hiu sut thch hp vn c th cn mi kh chu. Do c th dng cc phng
php hp ph trn cht hp ph rn lm bc kh mi cui cng.
Bng 5.4 a ra cc v d v cc kh thi c mi x vo kh quyn c th kim sot
c bng giai on lm sch cui cng l hp ph trn cht hp ph rn.
174

Bng 5.4 Cc qu trnh thi ra cc kh c mi c th hp ph c
Ngnh cng nghip
Quy trnh sn xut
Ch bin thc phm
Kh nc ng hp, nu, chin, nng, rang c ph.
Sn xut v s dng
hat cht
Mt lng nh cc vt liu nng mi trong quy trnh sn xut thuc

tr su, h, xi mng, keo, phn bn, v dc phm; sn xut sn v
vecni; cc loi hi c mi t cc bn cha khi np liu v vn
chuyn.
Cc qu trnh khc
Cc v tr c kh c mi, gm cc container, bn cha v nhng im

np nhng cht c mi; sn xut giy v bt giy; thuc da; c; sn
xut cc sn phm c nha ng nh mi lp; mi thot ra t cc
phng th nghim ng vt, v t nhiu ngun khc na.
Tht thot xng du do bc hi

Bt u t kiu xe nm 1970, cc loi xe my mi M c gn mt b lc than hot
tnh hp ph cc hi pht sinh t bnh xng v t b ch ha kh sau khi tt ng c
xe. Sau , khi ng c khi ng li, hi ny s c gii hp ph khi than bng cch
thi kh v hi s quay li u vo t trong ng c.
Nu khng c kim sot, hi xng du s tht thot ng k trong khi vn chuyn
v lu tr cc trm xng du. C th dng cc thit b hp ph dng than hot tnh
c c v kim sot cc hi ny, trnh phi dng n cc b gi hi ln.
X l cc kh cha sulfur
Than hot tnh ng vai tr l cht xc tc tip xc cho nhiu phn ng khc nhau ca
cc hp cht lu hunh, trong c phn ng oxy ha trong khng kh ca H2S to
sulfur, ca SO2 thnh SO3 hay thnh axit sulfuric, v kh SO2 hay axit sulfuric, v kh
SO2 hay axit sulfuric bi H2S thnh sulfur:
H2 S + 1 O 2
SO2 + O2
SO2 + H2O
(9)
SO3
SO2 + O2 + H2O H2SO4
(10)
(11)
2H2S + SO2
2H2O + 3S
(12)
3H2S + H2SO4
4H2O + 4S
(13)
Mt v d dng than hot tnh x l kh c cha lu hunh l qu trnh Reinluft.

l mt h thng hon nguyn dng mt tng than hot tnh ng va c vai tr hp
ph va xc tc phn ng oxy ha. Cc bc x l c lit k trong bng 5.5
175

Bng 5.5: Cc giai on trong qu trnh Reinluft
Cc giai on
Qu trnh l hay ha hc
A. Kh ng khi c cha SO2 v SO3 i vo SO3 c hp ph bi than hot tnh

thit b hp ph 3000F (1490C)
SO2 i qua
B. Kh ng khi c tho ra, lm lnh v quay Lm lnh SO2 t 3000F (1490C) xung
tr li tng hp ph nng cao hn.
2200F (1040C)
C. SO2 c oxy ha thnh SO3 v to thnh SO2 + O2 SO3
axit sulfuric. Axit ny c gi li trn than.
SO3 + H2O H2SO4
H2SO4
SO3 + H2O
2SO3 + C
CO2 + 2 SO2
D. Chuyn ng i xung ca tng than hot

tnh mang than c axit sulfuric vo ngn hon
nguyn (7000F) (3710C), ti y axit sulfuric s
phn ly. Mt t SO3 c thu hi, v mt s
phn ng vi than.
E. Sn phm kh ra khi thit b hon nguyn
3000F (1490C) c t nng ln n 7000F
(3710C) v quay tr li thit b hon nguyn.
Hp ph hi cc dung mi bay hi
Hin nay trn th gii c mt lng rt ln hi cc cht dung mi tn tht ra mi
trng gy tc hi v mi sinh v lng ph ln. thu hi chng, thng dng phng
php hp ph vi cc cht hp ph thng dng nh than hot tnh, silicagel, alumogel,
zeolit, thy tinh xp... c bit, than hot tnh l cht hp ph k nc nn rt hay c
dng: khi m tng i ca hn hp kh di 50% th khng nh hng n kh nng
hp ph cc dung mi hu c. Hiu qu kinh t ca cc thit b hp ph dng than hot
tnh ph thuc vo nng ti thiu (C) ca dung mi trong khng kh lm sch v C
c cho nh sau:
Dung mi
C(g/m3)
Dung mi
Axeton
3,0
Metylenclorit 2,0
Xng
2,0
CS2
176
C(g/m3)
6,0

Benzen
2,0
CCl4
4,5
Butylaxetat
1,5
Toluen
2,0
Xilol
2,1
Tricloetylen
1,8
Metylaxetat
2,1
Ru etylic
1,8
Vic hp ph hi cc dung mi c th xy ra trong cc lp vt liu hp ph nm yn,

tng si hay chuyn ng lin tc. Nhng trong thc t sn xut thng dng kiu thit
b c lp hp ph nm yn (thp hp ph kiu ng, nm ngang hay kiu vng).
Cc thp hp ph kiu ng dng vi cc dng kh thi t, cn loi nm v loi vng
dng cho trng hp lng kh thi rt ln (hng chc ngn n hng trm ngn m3/h).
Cc thit b ti sinh vi thp hp ph lm vic theo chu k (c lp vt liu hp ph c
nh) lm vic theo cc chu k cng ngh nh chu k bn giai on, chu k 3 giai on
hoc chu k hai giai on.
Chu k bn giai on ni tip nhau gm hp ph, gii hp, sy v lm lnh. Chng
hn, khi hp ph bng than hot tnh th khi gii hp phi dng hi nc, sy bng khng
kh nng ( thi hi m ra khi cht hp ph do s ngng t mt phn ca hi nc
trong giai on gii hp), sau phi lm ngui than bng khng kh bnh thng ngoi
tri.
Chu k ba giai on khc chu k bn giai on ch b qua giai on 4 ca chu k
bn giai on (lm lnh cht hp ph nh l mt giai on t thn: lp vt liu hp ph
c lm lnh bng dng khng kh x l khi hp ph - khng kh c tch hi
dung mi). C th b lun giai on sy: sau khi hp ph th tin hnh un nng cht hp
ph bo ha bng lung kh tr nng, ri a c hn hp hi vo thit b ngng t.
Sau thi qua lp than hot tnh mt lung hi nc kt thc gii hp v lm lnh
cht hp ph bng khng kh lnh.
Chu k hai giai on: qu trnh hp ph kt hp vi sy v lm lnh cht hp ph (lc
u thi qua lp vt liu hp ph mt lung khng kh v hi nng (50 - 600C), sau
lung khng kh hi khng un nng, hoc l sut c qu trnh hp ph cho lung kh hi
c nhit khng i 350C.
Vic la chn chu k lm vic ca thit b ti sinh ty thuc vo c tnh ca dung
mi, hm lng hi ca n trong hn hp kh phi x l, iu kin kinh t - k thut c
th, cng ngh sn xut sn sinh ra hi dung mi y... Ngi ta cho rng khi nng
hi dung mi kh cao trong hn hp kh thi (n 50% gii hn di ca nng n) th
nn dng chu k bn giai on, cn khi nng trung bnh v thp (2 - 3g/m3) th nn
dng chu k ba giai on (b giai on lm lnh). Chu k hai giai on thng dng
ti sinh khi dung mi khng tan ln trong nc (khi hp ph 350C khng i).
177

m bo cc qu trnh ti sinh lin tc th phi lp t nht 2 thp hp ph (thng
ti 3 6 thp, c khi hn). gim tn tht hi dung mi theo kh x ra ngoi tri th
ngi ta thng lp cc thp hp ph lm vic theo s ni tip nhau (gi l thp u,
thp cui). Tuy nhin, nh vy tuy s tng chi ph cng vn chuyn hn hp kh qua thp
nhng s b li bng lng dung mi thu hi c.
Trn th gii, phng php hp ph thu hi hi cc dung mi pht trin ch yu
theo hai hng: hng u tp trung vo ci tin thit b, cn hng kia tp trung vo s
dng than hot tnh lm cht hp ph.
Gn y ngi ta ch nhiu n thit b hp ph lm vic lin tc vi cc lp vt
liu hp ph gi lng (tng si) v chuyn ng lin tc. Loi thit b ny c u im l
vn tc cc dng x l cao, h s s dng cht hp ph cao, khng tn hao nng lng v
chi ph cho nung nng ri lm lnh chu k trong 1 thit b, d t ng v vn hnh n
gin. Thit b kiu thng quay c nhiu ngn dng than hot tnh c nghin cu nhiu
nht.
V than hot tnh ngi ta tp trung vo ci thin tnh cht c l (chu mi) vo vin,
to ht ( dng), to si c vi hay khng c vi, to lp vt liu lc bng si xenlul c
tm than hot tnh... Vt liu si t than hot tnh nng cao hn kh nng hp ph so vi
dng ht (thng t trn 99%), gim tn tht dung mi, dng c cho cc monomer v
dung mi vi nhit si cao, an ton chy n. thc hin qu trnh lm vic lin tc,
ngi ta cho vi-than hot tnh dng bng chuyn chuyn ng lin tc ngang qua thp
hp ph theo hng vung gc vi cc dng kh nh cc tang quay. Nh vy cho php
tin hnh gii hp lin tc.
lm sch tinh ngi ta phi kt hp nhiu phng php khc nhau. thu hi hi
phenol ngi ta dng phng php hp th, cn thu hi hi etanol th dng hp ph. Ban
u hn hp kh-hi (c 0,2 0,5g/m3 phenol v 5 - 7g/m3 etanol) 1200C c a vo
thit b lm lnh n 30 - 400C, ng thi tch cc tp cht nha bng dung dch xt tun
hon (dung dch c lm lnh trong mt thit b lm lnh). Cht nha c tch ra
thng lng-gn, sau em i x l hay t, cn hn hp kh a tip vo thp hp th
c ti dung dch xt hp th phenol (hiu qu lm sch 98 - 99%). Dung dch sau khi
bo ha phenol c a i x l tip. Dng kh a vo thp hp ph c cc b lc
bng than hot tnh hp ph etanol. Than hot tnh bo ha etanol c ti sinh bng
dng hi nc bo ha thu c dung dch 10 - 12% cn trong nc. Sau a n
thp chng ct thu c cn tinh khit.
178
Tch oxyt nit

C phng php hp ph hay phng php hp ph u km hiu qu i vi cc
oxyt nit thp (chng hn kh NO kh tr, khng to mui), nn c xu hng phi
chuyn oxyt thp thnh oxyt cao ( oxy ha cao). Trong cng nghip rt t khi ngi ta
dng cc cht hp ph nh l mt tc nhn tch t NOx lm sch kh thi. Trc tin l
than hot tnh: n c kh nng hp ph NOx cng kh, tuy nhin khi tip xc vi cc oxyt
nit th n b un nng lm than thng hoa v c th gy n. Mt khc, than hot tnh rt
km bn c hc v c tnh kh yu c tc dng chuyn ha NO2 thnh NO.
Kh nng hp ph i vi NOx ca silicagel cn cao hn than hot tnh. Dng
silicagel c th tch kit NOx n nng cn li di 0,005%. Tuy nhin, v l do kinh
t nn n cha c dng trong cng nghip.
Alumogel gi khng t lm, bn c hc v c tnh chu nhit kh cng c kh nng
hp ph NOx khng cao lm.
Qu trnh hp ph NOx trn ry phn t c nghin cu kh k, c bit i vi
zeolit trn c s mordenit. Kh nng hp ph ca chng trng thi hot ha khi nng
NOx thp gp 1 - 2 ln ca silicagel. Cc th nghim c bn cng nghip cho thy th
tch cht hp ph ry phn t ty iu kin qu trnh thc hin ch chng 2 - 10% so vi
lng oxyt nit.
C mt s anionit cng hp ph c NOx nhng vic s dng km hiu qu. m c
trong hn hp kh cng b hp ph cng vi cc oxyt nit. Do , lng hp ph ca n
(i vi ton b hay mt s cu t cc oxyt nit) hoc l b gim (nh i vi than hot
tnh, alumosilicat, zeolit) hoc c th, trong mt s iu kin nht nh, th li tng ln
(i vi silicagen, ionit...).
Cc cht hp ph v c, d t d nhiu, u c kh nng xc tc qu trnh chuyn ha
NO thnh NO2. Do khi lm sch hn hp kh c cha loi oxyt nit t oxy ( hp ph
km) th phi cho thm oxy. Vic tng t s NO2/NO ci thin c kh nng lm sch
kh thi. Cng ngh lm sch kh thi t cc t hp thit b nng lng c dng cht ti
nhit trn c s phn gii ca tetraoxyt nit (N2O3) th dng zeolit t N-mordenit. Hn
hp kh thi ny c NO, N2O, NO2 (trong NO2 ti 96 - 98%), ban u c lm ngui
n 2650K tch phn ln lng NOx (trong c 83 - 87% NO2 v c quay vo chu
trnh lm vic ca my nng lng), kh cn li c cha N2O, NO v NO2 st li c
a i hp ph 345 - 3500K tch NO v NO2. Sau , dng kh em i x l hp
ph bng zeolit t N-mordenit nhit 670 - 7700K tch ht N2O ri mi x ra
ngoi tri. Zeolit bo ha c ti sinh bng hi nc bo ha tch cc oxyt nit cho
quay vo chu trnh hot ng my pht in.
179

Vic lm sch kh thi bng phng php hp ph ha hc c th da trn c s
tng tc ha hc gia cht hp ph v cc cu t cn phi tch b. Chng hn, c th
dng cht hp ph t than bn trong cc thp hp ph kiu tng si tch cc NOx (hn
hp than bn + vi). Vi hn hp cha 0,1 - 2,0% NOx, thi gian tip xc 1,6 - 3 giy,
hp ph c 96 - 99%, hm lng NOx st t 0,01 - 0,04%. C th tng hiu qu lm
sch bng cch phun NH3 vo lp than bn tng si. Than bn c tc dng oxy ha cc
nitrit thnh nitrat. Than bn bo ha s l loi phn bn tt cho nhiu loi t, v c cha
8 - 12% nit tiu ha c v 27 - 30% axit humic l cht kch thch tng trng m cy
ci hp ph c.
(Axit humic to thnh do qu trnh oxy ha cc cht hu c ca than bn nh tc
dng xc tc ca cc oxyt nit khi c mt O2 trong kh sc vo).
Chng hn, h thng x l 60000m3/h kh thi t xng sn xut axit sunfuric c
cha 0,3 - 0,4% NOx, 0,3% SO2 v 0,3 g/m3 m axit sunfuric c cc ch tiu sau:
-
Than bn 50% m ..................... 3T/h

(25 - 35 Kg than kh cho 1000m3kh)
Lng NH3 .......................................294 Kg/h

( 5 Kg cho 1000m3 kh)
Thp hp ph:
7,3 m ; H 10,5 m
Lp than bn hp ph: 1,5m (tr lc 4,9 kPa
Thu hi: 2520T NOx; 3200T SO2; 95T H2SO4. Phn bn cha 15 - 25% nitrat v
sunfat amn, trn 15% humat amn ha tan trong nc.
500 mm ct nc)
Phng php hp ph bng than bn v vi (hay NH3) r hn cc phng php xc

tc khc nhng c nhc im d gy chy n. Ngoi ra, c th thay th than bn bng
than , nguyn liu photphat hay lignin, sau khng cn ti sinh m s dng lm phn
bn hay lm nguyn liu cho ngnh sn xut ha cht. Vi sng, vi ti, tro cng c th
dng hp ph NO3.
Tch kh SO2
Cc phng php hp ph x l kh SO2 trong kh thi c nhiu nhc im, cho
nn ngi ta chuyn sang hng s dng cc cht hp ph ha hc nh vi sng, vi ti
v dolomit dng ht bi vo l t v (hay l) ng dn kh thi ca thit b nng lng
(nh my nhit in). tng hot hp ph ha hc, gim qu trnh chuyn SO2 thnh
SO3 v gii quyt mt s nhim v khc na ngi ta thm mt cht ph gia v c r
tin nh oxyclorit ng, oxyt manh v mt s cht khc. Ngoi ra, c th dng mt s
oxyt kim loi ca Al, Bi, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hf, Mn, Ni, Sn, Th, Ti, V, U, Zr lm cht
hp ph ha hc.
180

Chng hn nh phng php Mitsubishi dng oxyt mangan bt x l kh thi nng
( 1350C) theo phn ng sau:
MnOx.nH2O + SO2 + 1
z
O2
2
MnSO4 + nH2O
(vi x = 1, 6 - 1, 7). Sau thp hp ph. kh c nhit
1150C.
Khi ti sinh th dng dung dch amoniac:

MnSO4 + 2NH3 + (n+1)H2O +
(x 1)
O2
2
MnO4.nH2O + (NH4)2SO4
Ban u khi l c ht vo thp hp ph c oxyt mangan, sau qua cc xyclon v

b lc in tch bi l lng ri mi x ra ngoi tri. Vt liu hp ph t xyclon v lc
in li quay vo tip xc vi khi mi, cn mt phn em i ti sinh bng dch amoniac
v O2 ca khng kh. M hng thu c trong dch i ra t thit b phn ng c tch
thng lng . Dng lc tch oxyt mangan v em dng tr li. Dch sunfat amn, sau
khi tch cc cht l lng, c a qua un si v vo thit b kt tinh chn khng, ri
lc, sy bng khng kh nng. Phng php ny m bo tch 90% kh SO2 t khi l c
nng 0,15% th tch.
Cc phng php kh lm sch kh thi khi SO2 m khng s dng li kh sch
c th tin hnh nhit cao lm gim kh nng n mn thit b, n gin ha cng
ngh v u t c bn. Ngoi ra, thng ngi ta c gng s dng cht hp ph v sn
phm ca qu trnh lm sch. Ngi ta cng nghin cu qu trnh hp ph kh SO2 bng
than hot tnh hay bn cc nhit 110 - 1500C. Kh nng hp ph ca 2 cht trn i
vi SO2 vi hm lng 0,5% th tch kh thi 50 - 1000C thng khong 3 - 43g/kg.
Khi c mt O2 v hi nc th i lng hp ph li tng ln nhng ng thi li xy ra
qu trnh oxyt ha c xc tc to nn axit sunfuric vi nng ty thuc vo iu kin
hp ph v m ca khi.
Cc thit b hp ph ny dng lp than nm yn hay chuyn ng, c tr lc lp vt
liu kh cao (0,4 - 0,6 Kpa), c th x l loi khi c 20g/m3 bi tro vi hiu qu lm
sch SO2 t 90 - 95%. Vi bin dng ca phng php ny cn c th kt hp x l oxyt
nit. C th dng phng php nhit v phng php trch ti sinh cht hp ph.
+ Phng php nhit tin hnh theo c ch phn ng sau:
H2SO4 + 0,5C
400 4500 C
SO2 + H2O + 0,5CO2
Hm lng SO2 trong hn hp kh ui ra t cht hp ph c th ti 40 - 50% th

tch, dng lm nguyn liu sn xut axit sunfuric, SO2 lng hay nguyn t lu hunh S.
+ Phng php trch: x l cht hp ph bng nc nng thu c dung dch
axit sunfuric long 10 - 15% th tch.
181

Cc phng php hp ph SO2 bng than v bn cc ni trn c cc hng Reinluft
(c), Hitachi (Nht), Westraco (M) s dng khi x l nhng lng kh thi khng ln
lm trong qui trnh sn xut axit sunfuric, xenlul, ch bin du m v mt s qu trnh
khc v kh t.
Kh nng ca silicagel hp ph SO2 kh ln c nhit kh cao (150 - 2000C) v
nng SO2 kh thp v hm m ca hn hp kh (c th ln ti 20%) nhit thch
hp l 25 - 600C, nhng i hi phi lc k bi trc . Ti sinh nha bng dung dch
xt 1N.
Cc zeolit ( c 1 s zeolit t nhin ) cng hp ph c SO2 kh hiu qu khi lm vic
nhit cao m nng SO2 thp. m trong kh thi lm gim kh nng hp ph SO2
ca zeolit. Mt khc, zeolit c tc dng xc tc chuyn SO2 thnh SO3 v tch t SO3
trong zeolit lm gim dn kh nng hp ph ca n i vi SO2. Hin nay vn s dng
zeolit bo ha SO2 cn nan gii v vic ti sinh zeolit i hi nhiu nng lng tn
km.
Phn ln cc phng php kh lm sch kh thi khi SO2 u kh t, chi ph nhiu
nhit cho khu ti sinh, u t cao v thit b i hi phi chng n mn. Do , cc
phng php ny cng b hn ch p dng.
Tch cc Halogen v hp cht ca chng

a) Tch flor
Nng cc hp cht c flor trong kh thi cng nghip dao ng trong khon rt
rng. Chng hn i vi sn xut phn bn, nng ny t 30-200mg/m3 trong sn xut
nhm c th t ti 200mg/m3. Cc phng php hp ph ch c th gim nng chng
xung ti 10-50mg/m3. Mun lm sch tinh v su hn na th phi dng cc phng
php hp ph ha hay ( v) trao i ion.
Cc cht hp ph ha hc c tc dng tt i vi HF l vi sng, alumogel,
xienitnephelinic, NaF. Cu to thit b hp ph HF nh sau:
Trong thit b phn ng, do phn ng nhit kh cao (> 3500C) v thi gian tip
xc 7,6 giy nn b mt xung quanh ca nhng ht vi sng ( c 6-40mm) cu to mt
lp florua canxin xp. Vt liu hp ph bo ha c em nghin ra qua ry vi l
3,3mm. Phn ht trn ry giu CaF2 ( 20-40C% CaF2) c dng li tip tc hp ph
HF. Phn qua ry, giu CaF2 ( 80-95% CaF2) l sn phm fluorit. Vi iu kin thit b
ni trn, hiu qu lm sch t ti 95%, hm lng HF trong kh thi, th 0,58%
xung cn 0,28% th tch.
Vic s dng nha trao i ion loi anionit AB -17x8 c th t ti nng kh HF
cn li 0,5-1-3 mg/m3 vi nhiu cao lp vt liu ht anionit 130 -150mm, vn tc dng
kh ( hm lng HF 32mg/m3) l 0,32m/s. Cc loi nha trao i ion dng si hp ph
182

HF t ti t l 12 miligam - ng lng cho 1g cht ht kh. Ti sinh nha bng cc
dung dch kim ( NaOH, NH4OH)
b) Tch Cl2 v HCl
C th hp ph kh Cl2 bng cc loi ht lignin v lignin-sunfonat canxi rn l nhng
cht ph thi ca cng nghip ch bin g, giy. Nhng tt hn l s dng chng di
dng dung dch v paste.
hp ph kh HCl t kh thi cng nghip, c th dng cc FeClO, CuCl hn hp
vi Mn02 cc sunfat v photphat ng, km, cadmi. Nhng cht ny to phc vi 2 phn
t HCl. Ngoi ra c th dng mt s vt liu cao phn t hu c, zeolit... a s cc cht
trn dng c cho trng hp nng kh HCl thp trong khong nhit rng .
T cc cht ph thi cng nghip dng rn c th s dng lm cht hp ph c nh
x l hi v l cao luyn thp, sn phm ca qu trnh x l kim cho boxit, tro t rc
thnh ph, oxyt nhm, mt vi loi t t nhin. Chng c th s dng vng nhit t
200-5000C, trong cc thit b kiu tng si hay phun vo dng kh cn x l dng ht c
t n 2000 micron, t l ht 20-40g/m3 kh x l, thi gian tip xc 0,2 n 5 giy ( vn
tc kh 2-30/ms).
tch kh HCl v cc cu t axit khc t dng kh thi, ngi ta dng bt hp ph
c iu ch t cn bi -bn c cha Fe203 v mt s mui kim loi nng, ri trn u,
vo vin, thnh lp trong thit b phn ng trn mt lp mn ca hay ht t nung...
Ngoi ra, c th dng vi sng cacbonat canxi hay oxyt manh hp ph HCl
(trong thit b phn ng kiu tng si hay ngay trong ng dn kh thi).
Trng hp kh thi do chy cc cht thi hu c c mt 02 th tch HCl nhit t
25-3000C bng vt liu hp ph dng ht cha oxyt manh v clorua ng CuCl ( trong
khi hp ph th CuCl chuyn thnh CuCl2). X l cht hp ph bo ha ( nhit 1005000C) bng O2, mtan, hydrocacbon bo, hi benzen, etylen, mt s hp cht hu c c
clor, nguyn liu v cht trung gian ca tng hp hu c th c th kh Clor.
Vic tch HCl v SO2 t kh thi ng thi c la chn c thc hin khong nhit
-100C+1000C trong iu kin c p sut v tip xc vi polyme glyxedylpiperazin. Ti
sinh cht hp ph bo ha bng cch gim p sut trong thit b phn ng.
C mt s zeolit t nhin tr thnh vt liu hp ph HCl t kh thi ( nh cc loi t
c cha st tilolit). Chng c s dng trc tip di dng ht c kch thc xc nh
hay qua gia cng s b bng cch amn ha ( tch khi zeolit tt c cc kim loi trao
i ion v tng th tch hp ph ) v tc dng vi axit ( tng kh nng bn axit bng
cch tng t l SiO2/Al2O3). to ht cho vt liu dng bt sau khi x l ngi ta trn
thm 3-8% cht kt dnh ( loi t st alumosilicat). Lu l HCl kh tr i vi cc
zeolit v gii php hp hon ton HCl ch nhit -3500C.
183

Than hot tnh, silicagen, anionit u c kh nng nht nh hp ph HCl. Nhng than
hot tnh hp ph HCl km nu nng HCl trong kh thi qu thp.
u im ch yu ca cc phng php kh tch HCl t kh thi nh ni trn l
kh nng thc hin nhit cao (>1000C). Tuy nhin do chi ph cao v ti sinh, gi
thnh sn xut vt liu hp ph cao, mt s chng l vt liu him... nn cng b hn ch
s dng trong thc t.
Tch I2 v HI: Dng than hot tnh m KAD hp ph it t kh thi nhit <
45 C vi kh nng hp ph c th t 120g I2 trn mt lt cht hp ph (ty nng I2
trong dng kh thi). C th dng vt liu trao i ion (nh anionit AB -17) hp ph
it nhng t hn than hot tnh.
0
Tch kh H2S v cc hp cht c c lu hunh

a) Tch kh H2S
tch kh H2S t kh thi (chng hn t kh thi ca xng sn xut visco c nng
H2S t 0,01-0,1%) th c th dng hydroxyt st, than hot tnh, zeolit... Lung kh thi
qua lp hydroxyt st v H2S c hp ph theo phn ng:
2Fe(OH)3 + 3H3S
Fe2S3 + 6H2O + FeS(t)
ng thi c phn ng:

Fe2S3 + 3/2 O2 + 3H2O
2Fe(OH)3 + 3S
Thc t trong cng nghip ngi ta dng bt c m 50 - 55% (ph liu sn xut
phn t boxit) c hm lng 45 - 48% Fe2O3 (theo cht kh).
Cht hp ph dng ht hay vin c kch thc nht nh tri u trn cc khay c li
(vi b dy lp vt liu nht nh < 0,4m). Kh phi lm sch cho i qua thp c b sung
khng kh vi khi lng tnh ton sao cho nng oxy trong kh khng qu 1%. n
khi hm lng lu hunh trong vt liu hp ph t 40 - 50% th phi thay vt liu hp
ph v lu hunh to thnh lp mng bao bc b mt hp ph ca Fe(OH)3 lm mt hot
tnh hp ph.
Thu hi lu hunh bng cch t vt liu hp ph bo ha lu hunh ri dn kh
to thnh (SO2) sang xng sn xut axit sunfuric. Trong mt s trng hp x l cht
hp ph bo ha lu hunh bng cc dung mi (sunfua cacbon, tetracloretylen...), sau
tch lu hunh bng cch kt tinh hay chng ct dung mi.
Thc t nhiu kh thi c kh H2S vi nng 20 - 25g/m3. Khi cch tt nht tch
H2S l u tin dng phng php hp ph tch phn ln H2S, sau lm sch tinh
bng Fe(OH)3 t nng H2S st trong kh sau x l di 0,02g/m3. Than hot tnh
cng l cht hp ph hiu qu i vi kh H2S. Do c O2 trong hn hp kh nn c qu
trnh oxy ha H2S b hp ph nh than lm xc tc theo phn ng:
184
ng thi:
H2 S + O 2
S + H2O + 220 kj/mol H2S
H2S + 2H2O
H2SO4 + 790 kj/mol H2S
T l phn ng sau cng cao khi kim loi (nm trong thnh phn ca than hot tnh)
cng nng, chng hn st lm cho t l H2S tham gia phn ng sau chim trn 1/3 so vi
tng H2S hp ph.
Cc qu trnh oxy ha H2S ta nhit ln lm nng lp than hot tnh v c th lm
chy than nu hm lng H2S cao. Do , ngi ta hn ch, ch cho php dng than hot
tnh khi nng H2S < 5g/m3 (thc t c th dng n nng 10 - 13 g/m3).
trung ha axit sunfuric to thnh trong lp than hot tnh c th dng dung dch
Na2CO3 (xa) hay hi NH3 (dng NH3 tin cho vic tch n khi than bng cch dng
nc ra than). Ngoi ra NH3 c tc dng tng cng oxy ha H2S, do c th a n
vo dng kh thi thc hin phn ng song hnh vi phn ng oxy ha chnh:
H2S + 2NH3 +H2O
(NH4)2SO4
Nu trong kh thi c CO2 th c phn ng ph sau:

CO2 + 2NH3
(NH4)2CO3
Cng c th dng NH3 ch vo giai on ti sinh than hot tnh thi.

Than hot tnh c kh nng hp ph 29 - 520kg H2S trn 1m3 than. Vi lp than dy
trn 1m th c th t bo ha hp ph ca than trn 90%. Thng ti sinh than bo
ha bng sunfit amn (NH4)2S theo phn ng:
2(NH4)2S + 3S2
hay
(NH4)2S + (n -1)S
2(NH4)2S4
(NH4)2Sn
Dung dch (NH4)2S c iu ch bng cch sc kh H2S vo dung dch amoniac

(110 - 120kg/m3 NH3 v 75 80kg/m3 H2S).
Dung dch polysunfua amn (200 - 250kgS/m3) c sc hi nc 125 - 1300-C, p
sut (1,6 - 1,9).105Pa tch lu hunh:
(NH4)2Sn
ng thi:
(NH4)2S
(NH4)2S + (n-1)S
NH3 + H2S
Hi NH3 v H2S c em i ngng t v a tr li vo chu trnh lm vic. Lu

hunh lng (99,92 - 99,97%S) c tch ra bng cch lng. Than hot tnh sau khi
trch tch lu hunh c ra li bng nc, sc hi nc tch cc mui amn v sau
sy kh.
trch lu hunh t than hot tnh bo ha hp ph c th dng xilol (v lu hunh
rt km ha tan trong xilol) nhit 100 - 1100C, p sut 2,5.105 Pa. Sau lm lnh
185

dch trch n 300C th thu c lu hunh ngui, cn than hot tnh c sc hi nc
ui sch xilol, ra li bng nc tch cc cht khc sinh ra trong lc hp ph v
gii hp, ri sau li sc hi nc.
Nu trong kh thi c nhiu kh CO2 th cc mui amn c th lm tc h thng ng
v thit b. trnh hin tng ny th phi sc lp than hot tnh bng dung dch kim
0,8% hay it (~ 1% khi lng than) hay KI (va tng kh nng hp ph H2S ca than
va tng cng s to thnh lu hunh nguyn t).
Chu trnh lin tc lm sch kh thi khi H2S c dng thit b hp ph kiu tng si
hot ng nh sau: kh thi c trn vi NH3 (NH3 t chai p lc) ri vo thp hp ph
kiu tng si dng than hot tnh, sau qua b thu hi bi. Than bo ha sau c
a qua b phn trch lu hunh, ri ra, sy, li quay vo chu trnh lm vic (c b sung
than mi b cho s than tht thot). Vi hm lng H2S trong kh thi di 100mg/m3 th
c th cho ta kh sch sau khi x l bng than hot tnh ny n nng st H2S di <
1,001%.
Cc zeolit tng hp (NaA, CaA, NaX) c kh nng hp ph cc cht phn cc (k c
H2S). Nu nng cc cu t phi hp ph tng ng p sut ring phn 13,33 ; 1,33 v
0,13KPa 250C th kh nng hp ph t ti 14 - 16; 9,5 - 10,5 v 4 - 4,8g trn 100g cht
hp ph (tng ng). Ring i vi kh H2S vi khong nng nh trn th kh nng
hp ph 1500C tng ng l 5,5 - 7,5; 2 - 2,5; 0,2 - 0,9 g trn 100g cht hp ph.
Ngoi tnh hp ph cao khi nng H2S thp, cc zeolit trn cn c chn lc hp
ph tt, nht l khi c mt CO2.
Zeolit NaX c kh nng hp ph H2S cao nht nhng khi c O2 trong hn hp th n
c tnh xc tc oxy ha H2S gii phng lu hunh lm gim b mt hp ph. Cc zeolit
NaA c c tnh ng hc thp, cm zeolit CaX c dung dch hp ph H2S ti hn thp
mt na so vi CaA. Ngha l zeolit CaA l thch hp nht.
Nng H2S trong kh thi 2% l thch hp dng cho cc zeolit tng hp v nng
H2S st c th t 1mg/m3.
C nhiu cch ti sinh zeolit bo ha: x l bng SO2 3150C (zeolit xc tc qu
trnh chuyn ha H2S v SO2 thnh nc v lu hunh (dng hi) sau ngng t ri t
1/3 lng lu hunh lng thnh SO2), gii hp bng hi nc sc 300 - 3500C, ri ra
bng nc.
Tuy nhin, v gi thnh cc zeolit tng hp kh cao nn phng php ny b hn ch
trin khai vo cng nghip.
Thc t ngi ta cn s dng cc oxyt km, oxyt km - ng tch H2S theo c ch
phn ng sau:
186

H2S + ZnO
H2S + Cu
H2S + 2Cu
ZnS + H2O
CuS + H2
Cu2S + H2
Thc t cc phn ng trn l khng thun nghch nhit 200 - 5000C, do phi
gia nhit cho hn hp kh cn x l. Cht hp ph bo ha c th ti sinh bng cch dng
O2 oxy ha cc sunfit 500 - 5500C, nhng gi thnh s rt cao nn thng cht hp ph
ny s khng ti sinh.
b. Tch cc hp cht hu c c cha lu hunh
Cc hp cht hu c c cha lu hunh nh CS2, COS, C4H4S (tiofen), RSH
(merocaptan), R-S-R... u l nhng cht gy nhim mi trng khi n theo cc kh
thi cng nghip x vo kh quyn.
Thng dng phng php hp ph ha hc v hp ph trn c s nhng vt liu hp
ph c cha oxyt km, st, ng v mt s kim loi khc thc hin nhit 200 4000C. Tuy nhin, cc phng php ny khng lm sch hon ton kh thi khi tiofen v
mt s sunfit hu c.
Phng php hp ph dng than hot tnh v zeolit tng hp th khng i hi gia
nhit hn hp kh. Than hot tnh hp ph rt tt i vi tiofen v CS2 v cng hp ph
tt COS v disunfit.
Phng php oxy ha cc hp cht cha S l dng than hot tnh xc tc oxy ha kh
c O2 v NH3 (vi t l 0,1% v d gp 2 ln so vi hm lng lu hunh tng ng) v
c nh sn phm oxy ha bng than. Thc t ch s dng oxy ha COS nhit
thng.
Qui trnh cng ngh lm sch kh thi t cng nghip si visco khi CS2 bng than
hot tnh loi APT, CKT trong thit b kiu tng si: kh thi t giai on lm sch pha
lng khi H2S a qua thit b trao i nhit gia nhit ri vo thit b hp ph kiu
tng si dng than hot tnh (trn cc mm li) tch CS2. Dng kh sch tip tc i
qua h thng thu hi bi (than hot tnh dng li) trc khi x ra kh quyn. Than hot
tnh bo ha CS2 c a vo thp nh (phn trn thp c nhit 1200C tch CS2
t than hot tnh, cn phn di c nhit 1500C sy n sau qua thit b trao i
nhit lm ngui n 1000C ri chuyn v thp hp ph, cn khng kh c lm nng
ln.
Khi hp ph CS2 trong than hot tnh c to thnh mt s hp cht m khng th tch
ra c trong iu kin nhit ca thp gii hp. Do mt phn than hot tnh khi ra
khi thp gii hp phi a i ti sinh bng hi cao p nhit 3500C.
187

Phn than hot tnh ti sinh k ny li trn vi phn i qua b trao i nhit vo
thp hp ph.
Hn hp hi H2O v CS2 t thp nh em i lm ngui, lm lnh, ngng t CS2, ri
n thit b phn ring tch CS2 lng a vo qui trnh sn xut si visco. Phn CS2 v
H2O cha ngng c lm lnh bng nc trong thp ra. Phn CS2 ngng ti y cng
vi nc ra a qua thit b phn ly, nc c bm vo thp ra. Phn CS2 ngng ti
y cng vi nc ra a qua thit b phn ly, nc c bm vo thp ra, cn CS2
a vo thng cha tn dng hon ton.
Cc zeolit tng hp loi CaA, NaX cho php lm sch tinh cc kh thi khi cc hp
cht hu c c lu hunh (nht l chng hp ph rt mnh i vi tiofen).
c im cc phng php k trn l kh nng ti sinh v s dng nhiu ln cht hp
ph.
Tch hi thy ngn
Kh thi t ngnh cng nghip luyn kim mu, t hp cung cp nhit nng, cng
nghip ha cht... thng c nhiu hi thy ngn v mt s hp cht ca thy ngn
dng xn kh hay dng b hp ph hay ha tan trong mt s bi cng nghip vi nng
dao ng trong mt khong kh rng.
Ty theo tnh hnh c th v nng , th tch kh b nhim bn m ngi ta p dng
mt s phng php lm sch chng nh:
-
Phng php vt l (ngng t, hp ph, hp ph, thu hi xn kh).
Phng php ha hc (hp ph ha hc, hp ph ha hc, phn ng pha kh).
Thng thng ngi ta dng phng php vt l lm sch s b, sau dng cc

phng php ha hc lm sch tinh.
Cc phng php lng ha hc (hp ph, hp ph) ch dng khi phi tch t kh thi
khng ch thy ngn m cn c mt s cu t khc m cc cu t ny kh hay khng th
tch bng cc phng php kh v nht l khi lng kh thi rt ln.
(Khi lu lng kh thi rt ln th c th dng than hot tnh hp ph thy ngn,
cn ngoi ra th t dng cc loi cht hp ph khc).
Trng hp than hot tnh kh hp ph hi thy ngn t hn hp hi c ln kh SO2
th hot tnh ca n b gim mnh v kh SO2 lm v hiu ha b mt hp ph ca than.
Nhng nu trong hn hp c hi nc v O2 th n tc ng tng cng kh nng hp
ph ca than theo c ch phn ng sau:
SO2 + H2O + O2
Hg(hi) + H2SO4
188
H2SO4
HgSO4

Do , khi lm sch kh thi c thy ngn th nn to m tng i ca kh t 40 100% (cho php tin hnh vi hn hp kh c nng SO2 gp hng trm hng ngn ln
ln hn nng thy ngn, nng thy ngn cn st li sau khi lm sch c th t ti
0,0075mg/m3).
Ti sinh than hot tnh bo ha thy ngn bng cch gia nhit ti 4000C, iu
kin chn khng c p sut 46,6 KPa (350mmHg) trong 60 pht th c th tch c 97%
thy ngn v than c th dng li.
Thng thng, than hot tnh dng hp ph thy ngn phi qua mt s giai on
x l s b bng cc tc nhn sunfat ha, cc sunfit kim loi, lu hunh, v..v...
Trong thit b hp ph dng than hot tnh loi AP (x l bng dung dch NaCl pha
ch trong thng cha ri trn vi than, sau than c sy bng khng kh nng do mt
calotife cung cp) np vo t ming np pha trn thp, vo cc khoang ng tm c vch
ng (li mn). Do tc dng ha hc vi NaCl m hi thy ngn c gi li trong
than. Than bo ha th thay bng than mi.
x l 40000m3/h kh thi c nng thy nhn 0,13mg/m3, thp hp ph np 5,5T
than hot tnh x l cha 3 - 5% NaCl, lp ht 0,2m, b mt lc 40m2 vn tc kh qua
lc 0,28 m/s, tng tr lc thit b khng qu 1KPa, tui th ca than l 1,5 nm th t
mc lm sch 99,0 1,0%.
Trng hp phi x l mt lng ln kh thi c cha thy ngn, vi ngnh sn xut
dng qung mangan (piroluzit) ht c 4 - 15 mm hp ph Hg theo phn ng sau:
2Hg + MnO2
Hg2MnO2
Khi c O2 v SO2 th xy ra qu trnh song hnh to thnh sunfat mangan v sunfat

thy ngn. Trng hp trong kh thi c nhiu SO2 qu (nh kh t nh my sn xut
thy ngn) th nn tch SO2 trc, bng sa vi chng hn, sau gia nhit hn hp kh
thi ti 50 - 700C trnh ngng t hi nc trong hn hp trc khi vo thp hp ph
tip xc vi qung mangan.
189
CHNG 7: KIM SOT NHIM KHNG KH T NGUN DI NG
CHNG 6
X L KH THI BNG PHNG PHP
T V XC TC
6.1 GII THIU
Cc cht nhim d chy c pht thi vo kh quyn di dng kh, hi hay cc ht
rn t nhiu qu trnh cng nghip. Cc qu trnh bay hi dung mi gy ra gn mt na
ti trng nhim; cng nghip lc du v bun bn xng du to mt phn 6 ti trng
nhim. Nhiu ngun khc nh nu chy cht bo v rang c ph c th gy ra nhng vn
nghim trng cho mt a phng, mc d chng to ra mt phn khng ng k trong
tng khi lng cht nhim d chy dng kh.
C 4 thit b oxy ha nhanh trin khai thnh cng phn hy cc cht nhim
ny: l t b sung bng nhit, l t b sung c xc tc, l nung v l la. Chn la s
dng loi no trong tng trng hp c th ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh nng cht
d chy trong kh thi (hay trong khi), n nh ca lu lng thi v s c mt ca
cc cht nhim khc. Do nguy c chy n khi x l cc cht d chy dng hi hay ht
nn thit k thit b x l cc cht thi d chy cn phi bit v qu trnh chy v thit
b an ton lin quan.
6.2 NGUYN L QU TRNH T
t l qu trnh oxy ha nhanh m chng ta thng hay lin tng n la. Qu trnh
ny gm cc giai on: trn, phn ng trc chy, chy v phn ng sau chy.
Qu trnh trn c th din ra trc khi bt u t (t c trn trc) hay trong khi
ang t (trn bng vi phun hay ngn la khuch tn). Ha hc s chy ph thuc vo
s c mt ca cc gc t do, nhng on phn t trung ha v in cha mt lin kt ha
tr n. Gc t do cc k hot ha v khng n nh. Ngay c khi tn ti khng lu v
nng thp, chng cng lm tng tc oxy ha ln rt nhiu. Trong vng trc chy,
190

cc gc t do bt u hnh thnh. Nhit vng ny ln khong 5000C do dn nhit v
bc x nhit t vng chy.
Trong vng chy, cc gc t do kt hp nhanh vi oxy v cc phn t nhin liu bng
mt chui cc phn ng ha hc phc tp, gm cc phn ng dy chuyn to ra cc gc
t do, cc phn ng to ra cc sn phm oxy ha khng hon ton nh andehyt, cacbon
monoxit v hydro, v cc phn ng to cc sn phm cui ca qu trnh chy nh cacbon
dioxit v nc. Cng vi cc bin i ha hc ny, nhit ca qu trnh chy gii phng ra
v lm nhit tng nhanh n 17000C v cao hn. V vng chy c nhit cao, cc
phn ng chy khng th xy ra hon ton. Hydro, cacbon monixit v oxy vn nng
cn bng l vi %. Cng vy, nhit 17000C hay cao hn, vn cn cc gc hydroxyt
t do v hydro nguyn t vi nng nh hn 1%.
Tip sau l vng sau chy. Trong vng ny, sn phm chy ngui i do truyn
nhit. Khi nhit h xung, sn phm chy khng hon ton cn li v cc gc t do
kt hp vi oxy v kt hp vi nhau cho n khi chy hon ton. Khi thi gian
hon thnh tt c cc qu trnh oxy ha, mt lng nh sn phm oxy ha, khong vi
phn triu, vn khng phn ng v c thi ra ngoi khng kh. Nu ngn la h nhit
qu nhanh (do vn hnh khng ng), c th to thnh m hng v nng aldehyt c
th tng cao n mc c nhng tc ng thy r nh c mi hi v kch thch mt.
Qu trnh chy ch c th xy ra khi nng cht chy trong tc nhn oxy ha, v d
nh khng kh, nm trong mt khong no . Khong ny c gii hn bi nng
gi l gii hn n (hay chy) di v trn. V d, i vi hn hp kh t nhin v khng
kh nhit phng, gii hn chy di (LEL) l 5,3% th tch kh t nhin. Gii hn
chy trn (UEL) l 15,0% s b dp tt bi chnh hn hp . Nhng gii hn ni trn l
khng tuyt i, chng chu nh hng ca nhit v p sut hn hp, hnh dng ca
vt cha v s c mt ca cc tp cht khc.
Khong chy c kim sot trc tin bi lng nng gii phng ra do qu trnh
chy. So snh 31 cht chy trn vi khng kh thng thng, ngi ta thy rng nhit
chy ca hn hp nm trong khong t 350 n 610 kcal/Nm3 (Normal cubic meters),
trung bnh l 500kcal/Nm3. Nh , ta c th c tnh mc LEL ca cht chy khi bit
hay c tnh c nhit chy mol ca n. Ta thng dng i lng hm nhit ca khi
biu din nhit chy trn mt n v th tch hn hp.
Da vo hm lng oxy v cht chy ta c th xc nh 4 loi dng kh thi khi x l
bng t. Loi I v II c hm lng cht chy di 25% ca gii hn chy di LEL.
Loi I c hm lng oxy cao hn 15% v loi II di 15%. Loi III khi nng cht
chy ln hn gii hn chy trn UEL. Loi IV khi nng cht chy v oxy nm trong
khong chy. Hai loi cui c khc mt cht so vi cch phn chia ca Hensath (4). Loi
IV l loi khng an ton. Cn thay i iu kin qu trnh gim hm lng oxy hay
191

cht chy v i dng kh thi v mt trong ba loi kia. Kh thi loi I v II thng c
x l trong l t b sung v rt t khi t bng l nung, cn loi III thng c x l
trong l la.
6.3 L T B SUNG
6.3.1 L t b sung dng nhit
L t b sung dng nhit c dng x l cht nhim trong dng kh thi c
nng cht chy nh hn mc LEL. N thng gm bung t bng gch chu la c
mt l t u. Thng n c vn hnh nhit 550-8500C v c th tch ln
lu dng cht thi 0,3 1 giy. L t c th s dng nhin liu l du nhng thng
dng gas. Nu dng kh thi c oxy (loi I) c th dng chnh dng kh thi ny lm
ngun cung cp oxy cho l. Nu khng oxy (loi II), ta cn phi b sung khng kh
cng vi nhin liu. Tuy nhin, cn trnh b sung khng kh nu c th v b sung khng
kh c th lm tng n 50% lng nhin liu cn dng .
Nu lng nhin liu b sung vo dng cht thi nhit hn hp sau khi hon
thnh phn ng chy l 8200C th hm nhit khi trong hn hp ny ch l 280kcal/Nm3,
thp hn nhiu so vi mc LEL. Ngn la hnh thnh trong hn hp ny s khng lan
truyn, v b dp tt. Nu la b dp tt, nhin liu cha chy v sn phm oxy ha khng
hon ton to thnh thng lm tng, ch khng lm gim, cht nhim trong dng kh
thi. Vn ny c gii quyt bng cch ch trn mt phn, thng l khong , dng
kh thi vi nhin liu, to mt hn hp thch hp cho s chy ca ngn la. Phn cn li
ca dng kh thi s khng cho qua bung t m trn vi sn phm chy nh ngn la
v tr sau bung t xa khng b dp tt.
Khi sn phm chy nng trn vi dng kh thi cn li, cc cht chy cn li b oxy
ha nhanh d khng cn ngn la. nhit ln hn 7000C, tc phn ng oxy ha
thng nhanh hn nhiu so vi tc trn 2 dng vi nhau.Do , tc oxy ha b
kim sot bi qu trnh c hc lu cht hn l qu trnh ha hc.
L t c dng c th c chia thnh 2 loi: l t phn b v l t ring r.
Trong l t phn b, nhiu bung t nh phn b trn ng vo ca l t b sung.
i vi l t ring r th ch c 1 hay vi bung t c dng. Thun li ca l t
phn b l ton b dng kh thi i vo trong khong khng gian cch ngn la vi inch,
ch c mt on ngn (1/10 1/20 ln khng gian l) l cn phi xo trn hon ton sn
phm chy v dng kh thi khng i vo gn ngn la. L t ring r i hi c chiu
di xo trn tng i ln hn v khong cch mt ct dng gia dng khng kh i vo
ngn la v sn phm chy ln hn. Ta thng dng tm chn v thit b gy xo trn
khc tng cng xo trn trn mt ct dng khi s dng l t ring r. Tuy nhin,
nhng l t nh vy c u im l chu c dng kh thi c mi hi. Hn na, chng
c th t bng du trong khi l t phn b hin nay ch t bng gas.
192

6.3.2 L t b sung c xc tc :
L t b sung c xc tc thng c 2 phn. Trc tin, kh thi c gia nhit trc,
thng l bng mt l t. Cng c th trao i nhit gin tip vi dng kh khc nng
hn. Sau , dng kh thi c a vo tip xc vi lp xc tc. Xc tc ph bin nht
l kim loi qu c ct tht nh, nh l platin mang trn mt cht rn khc. Cc cht
mang xc tc c th c nhiu dng khc nhau, v d li an, l t ong bng s, dng
thanh, dng ht... Ngoi cc kim loi qu, mt s oxyt kim loi cng l nhng xc tc
hiu qu, v d nh Co3O4,CoO,Cr2O3,MnO2,LaCoO2 v CuO. Th tch xc tc yu cu
khong 0,33 n 0,12m3/Nm3 khi/giy. Th tch ny gm c khng gian chim ch bi
khi khng kh bao quanh ht xc tc. Ngay c khi ton b th tch xc tc c xem l
sn sng tip xc vi dng kh thi th thi gian lu cng ch l 0,01 0,05 giy. Do ,
vng gia nhit trc chon gn nh ton b th tch bung t xc tc.
Cht xc tc t tin nhng do lng s dng t nn chi ph mua xc tc cho l t
xc tc khong bng hay ch ln hn mt cht so vi chi ph cho l t b sung dng
nhit. Tuy nhin, v l t b sung c xc tc vn hnh nhit thp hn nn vic xy
dng nh nhng hn, lp t d dng hn v gi r hn so vi l t b sung dng nhit.
Hiu qu oxy ha dng kh thi ca l t b sung c xc tc hot ng nhit
khong 400-5000C bng hiu qu l t b sung dng nhit hot ng 700-8000C. Nh
hot ng nhit thp hn, l t xc tc tit kim c khong 40-50% nng
lng. V d, mt l t b sung x l 4,7 Nm3/giy, kh thi c nhit vo l 2050C v
nhit ra l 7600C, nhin liu l kh t nhin, chi ph ht 0,053 $/Nm3. Chi ph nhin
liu c th ln n 20$/gi nu hm nhit ca khi khng ng k. Vn hnh cng sut
8000 gi/nm, tn khong 160.000 $/nm. Thc ra, chnh khon chi ph nhin liu tit
kim c l ng lc chnh khuyn khch ngi ta s dng l t b sung c xc tc.
Ngay c khi ch ph vn hnh gim nhiu v chi ph lp t tng i r hn cc l
t b sung dng nhit, cc l t dng xc tc vn khng c s dng rng ri nh l
t dng nhit. C mt s nguyn nhn. Nu dng kh c cha cc ht rn, chng s dn
dn bao bc ly xc tc lm n mt kh nng xc tc phn ng oxy ha. Hot tnh ca
xc tc thng c hi phc bng cch ra, nhng nh vy s lm tng chi ph bo
hnh. Cc ha cht c cha lu hunh , kim loi nng, photpho , halogen c th d dng
lm hng cc xc tc (cc hp cht lu hunh v halogen lm hng t nghim trng hn
v xc c th hi phc hu nh ton b hot tnh sau khi hp cht ny c loi ra khi
dng kh). Nhng ngay c khi khng c mt cc cht c hi v cc ht rn, xc tc cng
mt dn hot tnh. Nhit cng cao th s mt hot tnh ny xy ra cng nhanh. Trong
dng cht thi kim sot km, i khi nng cht chy cao c th lm cho cht xc tc
phi chu nhit tng ln qu cao. Nhng s c nh vy c th lm gim nghim trng
tui th hiu dng ca xc tc. Nu nhit lp xc tc ti a gi mc di 6000C,
xc tc c th c tui th hiu dng t 3 n 5 nm. nhit 675-7000C, tui th ny
193

gim xung ch cn 1 nm. Tuy nhin, d tui th hiu dng ca xc tc ch c 1 nm th
l t b sung c xc tc vn kinh t hn l t b sung bng nhit. Xc tc kim loi qu
sau s dng c th chuyn v cho nh my sn xut thu hi kim loi.
Tc oxy ha trn xc tc ph thuc vo bn cht ha hc ca cht nhim. ng
vi lng xc tc thng thng, nhit 425 4800C, c th oxy ha n 90% i vi
hu ht cc cht nhim. Cacbon monoxit d b oxy ha hn v ch yu cu nhit
khong 3700C ; metan c bit kh oxy ha, cn nhit n khong 6500C.
Ch khi l t bng nhit nh c hm nhit ca khi cao nn c th gim ng k nhu
cu b sung nhin liu. Tuy nhin, thay th nhin liu bng hm nhit khi thi khng
theo t l 1:1 v hm nhit ca khi cao ngha l nhit trong lp xc tc s tng nhiu.
Nhit u vo lp xc tc cng thp th cng cn phi c nhit u ra cao gi
cho hiu qu x l khng i. Theo Rolk v cng s, khi thi c hm nhit khi khng
ng k cn c nhit xc tc 4500C gim 90% nng cht nhim. Nu cht
nhim tng hm nhit khi thi l 44,5 kcal/Nm3 (khong 10%LEL) th c th h nhit
u vo xung cn khong 3400C gim c cng s % nng cht nhim,
nhng nhit u ra tng ln khong 4900C. Do , hm nhit ca khi c th thay th
khong 75% s gia nhit trc. l do nhit cng thp th tc oxy ha cng
chm. Phn ng nhit vo thp th cn phi c b li bng nhit cao u ra.
6.3.3 Thu hi nhit
Nh s dng xc tc trong l t b sung, ngi ta gim c nhu cu nhin liu.
Cng c th tit kim nhin liu bng cch s dng b trao i nhit truyn nhit t
thit b thu hi nhit t dng ra cho dng vo. Tuy nhin, y khng phi l cch s dng
nhit thi t l t b sung hay nht. V d, khi ngi ta cn hi nc th, ni chung sinh
hi nc bng nhit s kinh t hn l gia nhit cho dng kh v ni hi c h s truyn
nhit cao hn nhiu.
Mt cch khc hay hn l truyn nhit cho qu trnh sinh khi. Chng ta bit qu
trnh bay hi dung mi l ngun cht nhim d chy chnh ca khng kh. Trong qu
trnh ny, mt dng khng kh nng ln s cp nhit cho qu trnh v mang dung mi
bay hi ra ngoi. Thng nhit l thp hn nhit bung t b sung. Do , khi s
dng kh ca l t b sung trong qu trnh, cn phi trn chng vi khng kh xung
quanh hay dng tun hon ca kh l. Khng phi tt c kh ng khi ca l t b sung
u c th tun hon li qu trnh. Mt phn thot ra ngoi do dung mi bay hi, r r
khng kh trong l, v nhin liu t lin tc lm tng th tch kh tun hon. Hn na,
nu khng b sung khng kh vo dng tun hon, hm lng oxy s h xung n mc
khng duy tr c qu trnh chy trong l t b sung. Trong cc l lu ha cao su
thng cng cn gi hm lng oxy no trong dng kh tun hon nng v ha hc s
lu ha cao su i hi nh vy. Khng kh thm vo nhm hai mc ch ny cn trn vi
194

cng mt th tch kh ng khi ca l t b sung. Kh nng c x ra c th vn dng
gia nhit cho dng kh i vo l t b sung, gia nhit dng khng kh sch vo qu
trnh, hay sinh hi. Trong cc trng hp c bit c th tn dng dng kh thi t t
b sung vo nhng cng dng khc.
Thit b truyn nhit thng dng nht l thit b trao i nhit dng v ng.
Thng dng lnh i trong ng v dng khi thi l t b sung i ngoi ng vung gc
vi trc. Kiu ny gi l dng trc giao, c kt cu n gin hn v h s truyn nhit
b ngoi ng cao hn ng k so vi kiu c dng ngoi ng i song song vi ng. Bng
cch b tr nhiu ng, b trao i giao dng c th t hiu qu gn bng b trao i
nhit ngc dng.
L hi tun hon l loi thit b trao i nhit th hai thng c s dng. Cu trc
c in nht ca n gm hai lp m tnh cho dng nng v lnh thay phin nhau i qua.
Lp m c nhim v l mi trng gi nhit, thng lm bng ceramic c dng cu,
yn nga v gch. Trong mt s trng hp, c th dng c kch thc nh. Mt kiu
l hi khc l l hi xoay. N l loi my gia nhit khng kh Lungstrom v c mng gi
nhit hnh tr quay tc khng i. Khi quay, mi phn ca n ln lt cho dng
nng v lnh i qua. Mng thng c xy dng theo dng cu trc t ong lm bng
ceramic, thy tinh hay kim loi. Cc t ong l ng qua ca cc dng kh v tng c
vai tr gi nhit.
C thit b trao i nhit v ng v l hi d dng b bn bi lu cht bn. Anh
hng ca nhim bn khc nhau. Trong thit b trao i nhit v ng, nhim bn trc
tin s lm gim h s truyn nhit. Trong my pht in, tc ng ca nhim bn u
tin quan st c l tng st p.
so snh hiu qu vn hnh thit b trao i nhit v thit b ti sinh, thng ta dng
h s hiu qu. H s hiu qu c nh ngha l lng nhit truyn cho dng lnh chia
cho lng nhit thu hi t dng nng khi dng nng c lm ngui t nhit vo n
nhit vo ca dng lnh. V chi ph to b mt truyn nhit trong l hi r hn trong
thit b trao i nhit v ng nn l hi thng c h s hiu qu cao hn. Thc t l
hi c th t c h s hiu qu 96%, trong khi thit b trao i nhit dng ng ti a
l 60 70% v hn ch v mt kinh t.
Vic gia nhit khi gy kh khn v hm nhit b sung ca khi c th lm cho khi
b oxy ha ng k trc khi i vo l t b sung. Tng thm nhit c th to sc
nhit vt qu cng sut thit k thit b trao i nhit hay nhng b phn khc ca h
thng. Cn c bit ch n kh nng ny khi lu lng khi thay i trong mt
khong rng, v khi lu lng khi gim th tng nhit tc ng ln n trong thit
b trao i nhit s tng ln. V d, nu lu lng khi thay i trong khong t 4 n 1,
th tng nhit khi lu lng thp nht s tng ln gn 50% so vi lu lng
195

cao nht. Ngay c khi khng t trc, s tng nhit ny cng c th lm qu trnh
nhit l t b sung. Mt bin php khc phc vn ny l thm khng kh trn vo
dng khi kim sot nhit u ra ca thit b trao i nhit.
6.4 L NUNG
Nhiu nh my c cc qu trnh sinh khi s c lun c cc l nung. V cc l nung
thng vn hnh nhit cao hn l t b sung v c thi gian lu nn chng
c xem nh c tim nng x l tt i vi c 3 loi khi. u im ca vic s dng
khi lm nhin liu b sung hay cung cp khng kh trong thit b ny th hin r. Ngoi
ra, nhu cu nhin liu s thp hn l t b sung v d dng tn dng khi lm nhin
liu.
Tuy nhin, cc ng dng ny t khi c tnh thc tin. L nung thng phi nhn dng
b sung vi lu lng dao ng do mt qu trnh khc hn l theo nhu cu ca l. Ngha
l dng khi ch nn ng gp mt phn nh vo tng nhu cu khng kh nhin liu.
Cn kim sot dng khi vo l nung. Cn lp t thm cc ng dn kh dn khi n
l nung. Qu trnh sinh khi lc s ph thuc vo vn hnh l nung. C ngha l nu
tt l th qu trnh sinh khi cng phi ngng nu khng kh nhim s thot ra mi
trng. Cc cht nhim trong khi c th gy tn hi cho l nung hay cc vt liu b t
nng bi khi.
6.5 L LA
L la c s dng x l mt cch an ton v khng gy nhim cc loi kh d
chy trong trng hp phi vn hnh nhng iu kin khng c tnh ton thit k
hay trong trng hp khn cp i hi phi x kh ra mi trng. L la thng c
thit k cao 5 100m so vi mt t v cch xa so vi cc cng trnh xy dng
khc m bo an ton cho thit b v con ngi trc nh hng ca nhit, la, tn la
v ting n pht ra t l. Trong nhiu nm qua, l la cao ngang mt t tr nn
ph bin.
Mc d v thc cht l la cng ch l mt l t nhng n khc vi cc l thng
thng khc ch n i hi phi c mt s tnh cht hot ng ring. C th l phi
m bo an ton, t trit dng kh thi, mc d lu lng dng thay i nhanh v
nhiu. L t d kin c th t c t s gim (lu lng) n 1000 : 1. L la c
thit k cho lu lng dng trn 30.000 Nm3/gi v vn c kh nng t lu lng
dng kh ch 30 Nm3/gi.
V yu cu t gim lu lng dng kh thi cc k thp nh vy nn l la
thng l l t trn bng vi phun. Thng ngi ta dng u phun hi trn v cung
cp lu lng khng kh chy. Nhu cu hi trong khong t 0,05 n 0,30 kg/kg
kh thi. Cng c th cung cp khng kh bng qut. Dng qut th chi ph vn hnh s
196

thp hn v t gy ting n hn. Nu kh thi p sut th n c th dng ht khng
kh nh c ch ca n Bunsen. Cch ny c mt nguy him l c mt th tch ng k
hn hp n pha trc im mi la. Do , l la cn phi c thit k cn thn,
trnh dn n s hi ca ngn la trong khong vn hnh rng ca l. Vi tt c 3
phng php, thit k l la c th m bo qu trnh chy khng khi khi vn hnh
trong khong gii hn.
L la t cao thng c mt mang che bao quanh bung t. N thc y trn dng
kh chy thi vi khng kh c tt hn v bo v dng kh ng khi v tia la ca n
khi b thi ra do gi c tc trn 160 km/h.
L la st mt t s dng nhiu u phun c dng cho dng kh thi. ng khi
cu to bng mt v thp lt bng vt liu chu la, lp trn b vi phun. Trao i
momen t cc u phun cng vi hiu ng ng khi cung cp khng kh chy yu cu
mc n tng i thp. ng khi gip bo v khu vc xung quanh khi b nh hng ca
sc nng do hot ng ca l. Hn na, tn la t l la hu nh hon ton b ngn li.
L la c th chu c cht tr trong kh thi, nhng cn phi c gia nhit trc
gi cho qu trnh t n nh. iu ny c th thc hin c bng cch bao l la
bng mt l t vng ngoi cc l t pilot. Hm nhit khi ca hn hp kh thi, khng
kh v hi nc (nu c) phi gi trn 450 kcal/Nm3.
V l la c thit k x l cc loi kh d chy, cn phi tch lin tc hi u vo
v rt ra qua ng thi. L la cng phi c thit k ngn khng cho cn vo trong
ng dn kh thi.
Thit k l la cng l mt ngh thut v nh lng c tng tc phc tp gia cc
qu trnh trn lu cht, truyn nhit v ha hc s chy khng phi l d. iu ny dn
dn thay i cng vi s pht trin n nh ca khoa hc v s chy. Swithenbank
trnh by nghin cu v qu trnh chy ng dng trong thit k l la nh th no to
c t s gim rng, chy trit , lng pht thi cc oxyt nit thp v mc n thp.
6.6 X L KH THI BNG CC PHNG PHP XC TC
Thc cht vic x l kh thi bng phng php xc tc l dng cc cht xc tc
c bit chuyn ha cc kh c trong hn hp kh thnh nhng cht khng c hay d
tch khi hn hp. Cc cht xc tc khng lm thay i mc nng lng ca cc cht
tham gia phn ng v dch chuyn cn bng ca cc phn ng n gin. Vai tr ca
chng l lm tng vn tc phn ng ha hc. Cc phn ng c xc tc d th xy ra trn
b mt phn pha gia hn hp kh v cht xc tc, to nn cc phc cht hot ha dng
nhng hp cht b mt trung gian gia cht xc tc v cc cht phn ng, sau to
thnh sn phm ca qu trnh xc tc v cc phn ng, sao to thnh sn phm ca
197

qu trnh xc tc lm gii phng (khi phc) b mt hot ng ca cht xc tc. Chng
hn phn ng A + B
C c cht xc tc K c biu din nh sau:
A+B+K
K[AB]
K[AB]
C+K
Trong K[AB] l hp cht hot ng trung gian ti b mt cht xc tc.

Trong mt s trng hp, chc nng ca b mt cht xc tc l to mm mng ca
cc dy chuyn phn ng trong ton b th tch ca hn hp kh chuyn ha cu t
cn x l theo cc c ch va ng th, va d th.
C ch phn ng c cht xc tc nh trn s tun theo phng trnh Arrenius:
< = k0 . exp (-E/RT)
Trong :
k hng s vn tc phn ng;
k0 hng s nhn (thc nghim);
E nng lng hot ha;
R hng s kh;
T nhit tuyt i;
i vi mt s dng phn ng xc tc c gim nng lng hot ha th h s nhn k0
c gim. Do , gi tr tnh ton ca hng s vn tc v vn tc phn ng khi c gim
nng lng hot ha E th hi ln hn thc t. i vi nhng phn ng m k0 khng thay
i khi c v khi khng c cht xc tc th tc dng tng cng vn tc phn ng biu th
bng hot A ca cht xc tc c nh ngha v tnh ton nh sau:
'
A = pB
p B p B'
K p . p A'
pB
1 k p . p A' = [k0exp(-Ek / RT)] / [k0.exp(-E / RT)]
= exp ( E / RT)
Trong :
k, kk tng ng l hng s vn tc phn ng khi khng c v khi c xc tc;
E, Ek nng lng hot ha phn ng khi khng c v khi c xc tc;
E = E - Ek
Hot ca cht xc tc (A) thng c xc nh bi cc tnh cht ha l ca bn

thn cht xc tc v ca dng kh phn ng, nht l ph thuc nhit phn ng, cu trc
198

cht xc tc, p sut, lu lng, nng , phn t lng... ca cc tc nhn ban u v
sn phm sau phn ng.
Hot ca cc cht xc tc khc nhau cng iu kin chuyn ha ca cng mt
hn hp kh c so snh theo mc chuyn ha ca cc tc cht ban u.
Vic nh gi hot ca mt cht xc tc trong cc iu kin khc nhau cho mt
loi chuyn ha nht nh th c th biu din qua t s khi lng sn phm (G) to
thnh trong mt n v thi gian trn mt n v th tch V (hay khi lng Gk, hay din
tch b mt lm vic S hay din tch ring b mt s) ca cht xc tc:
A = G/V; A = G/Gk ; A = G/S; A = G/V.s
V mt l thuyt th khi lng v tnh cht ca cht xc tc khng i trong qu
trnh lm vic. Nhng trn thc t s dng, cc cht xc tc u b bin dng v cu trc
v b gim hot tnh vi cc mc khc nhau do cc tc ng ha hc nh b u c
bi mt s cu t ca hn hp kh, do s khim khuyt trong tnh chn lc ca cht xc
tc, do to thnh nhng sn phm khng bay hi trn b mt xc tc... hay do cc yu t
vt l nh b mi mn, nn p, vn cc..., do , phi nh k ti sinh cht xc tc hay
thay th cht mi. Cht xc tc cng nghip phi c tnh bn c hc, hot cao, dn
nhit tt, bn ha hc..., li phi r, d kin hay d sn xut, tr lc dng kh qua lp xc
tc phi thp...
Trong k thut x l kh thi cng nghip, cc cht xc tc c hot tnh cao l loi c
kim loi qu (platin, palladi, bc...), oxyt mangan, ng, coban...
6.7 QUY LUT NG HC CC PHN NG XC TC D TH
Qu trnh phn ng c xc tc d th l mt qu trnh nhiu bc (nhiu giai on) bao
gm giai on khuch tn ca tc cht ban u t trung tm dng kh n b mt ht
(vin) vt liu xc tc (gi l s khuch tn ngoi), giai on thm nhp ca cc cht
vo cc l rng v mao qun ca cht xc tc n cc tm im hot ng ca mt
trong (gi l s khuch tn ni), giai on hp th hot ha ca cc cht ti b mt xc
tc v to thnh cc hp cht ha hc b mt, giai on phn ng ha hc ca cc cht b
hp th to thnh cc sn phm, giai on gii hp th nh cc sn phm v chuyn
vn chng n b mt ngoi ca ht xc tc (khuch tn ni) v giai on cui cng l
sn phm khuch tn vo tm dng kh (khuch tn ngoi).
Vn tc quan trc (biu kin) ca mt qu trnh hn hp nh th c quyt nh bi
vn tc ca giai on chm nht khi thc t xem nh cc giai on khc t c cn
bng tc khc. Trng hp vn tc ca tng giai on l gn bng nhau th ta c mt qu
trnh phn ng c xc tc d th vng hn hp.
199

Vn tc W ca phn ng c xc tc (nh bt c phn ng ha hc no trong pha kh)
c tnh theo p sut ring phn ca cc tc cht v sn phm ca phn ng v n bin
i theo nhit nh sau:
W = kpa1 pb2 pc3....
Trong :
p1, p2, p3... p sut ring phn ca cc tc cht;
a,b,c... bc phn ng theo cu t tng ng ca hn hp phn ng;
k hng s vn tc phn ng, bin i theo nhit nh sau:
Lnk = Lnk0 E/RT.
Cng ca phn ng c xc tc d th trong cc cht xc tc c l rng (xp)

thng c xc nh bi t l gia vn tc vn chuyn cc tc cht trong mao qun ca
cht xc tc v vn tc ha hc ti b mt cc l rng.
Do , vn tc phn ng c xc tc khi tng nhit phn ng th c xc nh ch
yu bi qu trnh khuch tn thnh phn no c tc dng gii hn kh nng thc hin vic
phn ng trong su ca ht vt liu xc tc. iu ny nh hng n s ph thuc ca
vn tc phn ng vo nhit v nng ca cc tc cht trong dng kh biu hin qua
s thay i nng lng hot ha, bc phn ng v dng phng trnh ng hc.
Trong cc iu kin nhit thp, vn tc phn ng rt thp so vi vn tc khuch tn
lm cho c s chnh lch ng k nng ca cc cht ban u v sn phm phn ng
trong sut chiu su ca ht vt liu xc tc v trong dng kh. Khi , cc qu trnh
chuyn vn bng khuch tn khng nh hng n cng ca qu trnh phn ng ha
hc c thc hin, v nng lng hot ha vn gi nguyn gi tr. l phn ng xc
tc xy ra trong vng ng hc s 1. Trong vng ng hc ny th vn tc ca cc phn
ng xy ra t l thun vi i lng b mt ring ca cht xc tc m khng ph thuc
vo kch thc ht xc tc cng nh vn tc hn hp kh xuyn qua lp ht vt liu xc
tc. Cng phn ng ph thuc mnh vo nhit v cc iu kin bnh thng s
dng cc vt liu xc tc c l rng ln dng ht nh nhng nhit khng cao lm v
gn vi nhit bt la ca vt liu l ch chy xoy ni ca dng hn hp kh.
Vic tng nhit lm tng ng k vn tc phn ng ha hc, trong khi vn tc
khuch tn tng t hn nhiu nn khng m bo n nh thnh phn hn hp phn ng
dc theo su trong ht xc tc. Nh vy qu trnh chuyn sang vng hai ca khuch
tn ni. Gi tr nng lng hot ha gim so vi trng hp ch s i vi vng ng
hc. Bc ca phn ng theo cu t phi tch s l trung bnh gia bc phn ng trong
vng ng hc v bc 1. Trong mt s iu kin nht nh, tm ht xc tc, nng
ca mt trong nhng tc cht ca phn ng khng thun nghch thnh gn nh bng
khng, do thc t loi tr phn trung tm ca b mt bn trong ca ht xc tc khi
200

s xc tc. i vi cc phn ng c xc tc d th xy ra trong vng ng hc khuch tn
ni th vn tc phn ng ca chng khng ph thuc vo vn tc di ca dng kh xuyn
qua lp vt liu xc tc m ph thuc kch thc ht xc tc v rng xp ca n. Do
, trong trng hp ny, nn dng ht xc tc b (mn) c b mt bn trong rt pht
trin v d vn chuyn cc phn t tc cht tip cn cc trung tm hot ng xc tc (hp
th).
Cng tng thm nhit th cng tng s chnh lch vn tc phn ng v cng
khuch tn tc cht. Lc vng trung tm ca b mt bn trong ca ht xc tc tng ln
nhanh chng theo hng ra vng xung quanh, do c th xy ra tnh trng qu trnh
phn ng thc t ch xy ra b mt ngoi ca ht xc tc. Khi qu trnh chuyn sang
vng khuch tn ngoi (xem vng ng hc s III hnh 6.4), y nng lng hot ha
cng gim cn bc phn ng theo cu t phi tch tr thnh bc 1. Vn tc biu kin ca
phn ng xc tc vng ny xc nh bi vn tc vn chuyn tc cht t tm dng kh
n b mt ngoi ca ht xc tc (xem ng 3, hnh 6.4). Lng cu t G vn chuyn t
dng kh n b mt S ca ht xc tc l:
G = S(C0 - Cn)
Trong :
- h s truyn khi ca cu t cn tch t hn hp;
C0,Cn nng ca n trong dng kh v ti b mt ht xc tc;
Cc qu trnh c xc tc d th loi khuch tn ngoi thng thc hin vi cht xc
tc khng cn rng xp m cn tng din tch b mt tip xc ngoi. Vn tc phn ng
ca chng khng ph thuc vo xp ca cht xc tc, t ph thuc vo nhit m
ph thuc nhiu vo vn tc dng kh i xuyn qua lp vt liu xc tc.
Ngoi ra, gia cc vng ng hc ch yu ni trn cn c cc vng trung gian:
vng chuyn tip bn trong (gia vng ng hc v vng khuch tn ni) v vng chuyn
tip ngoi (gia vng khuch tn ni v vng khuch tn ngoi). Ni chung, cc qu trnh
x l kh thi bng phn ng c xc tc d th u c th thc hin tt c cc vng ng
hc, k c cc iu kin tin xc tc (tc iu kin m phn ng ha hc cha xy ra
c m ch do qu trnh hp th ca cu t cn tch nn b mt cht xc tc cht xc
tc ng vai tr cht hp th).
Do c im nng ca cu t cn x l trong kh thi rt thp, nn tt nht l thc
hin qu trnh phn ng c xc tc vi vng ng hc khuch tn ngoi xy ra ti b mt
ca ht vt liu xc tc. V nh vy, nhit phn ng ta ra cng t lm nng cht xc tc.
Tuy nhin, khng phi lc no thc t cng c th tin hnh x l kh thi vi vng ng
hc ni trn.
201

Trong qu trnh x l kh thi, i khi c mt s cu t (tp cht) cng gy ra nhng
phn ng song hnh hay cnh tranh tc dng vi cc trung tm hot ng ca b mt cht
xc tc, lm gim chuyn ha ca cu t cn x l. Khi nng cc tp cht v hi
thp th c th khng xy ra hin tng trn nn c th m bo tng cng tc dng lm
gim nhit bt u phn ng v phn ng ta nhit nhiu. Nhit phn ng ta ra c th
lm tng nhit trong vng xc tc c tc dng ci thin mc x l cc tp cht c
khi nhit ca dng kh thi khng cao lm. Vai tr ca cc cu t kh b sung khng
b gii hn bi s tng nhit phn ng xc tc. Trong mt s trng hp chng c th
hot ha b mt xc tc.
Vi thnh phn v nhit ban u bt k ca hn hp kh thi th chuyn ha ca
cu t cn x l ni chung b gii hn bi s cn bng ca phn ng ha hc tng ng.
tng chuyn ha phn ng c xc tc d th trong iu kin n nh dng chy ca
hn hp kh qua lp xc tc nm yn, ngi ta tin hnh cho tip xc nhiu ln c lm
ngui hay cp nhit tng phn trong thit b trao i nhit. Khi phi dng cc thit b
phn ng nhiu bc xc tc v cc thit b trao i nhit trung gian v vic vn hnh thit
b s kh phc tp. khc phc nhc im trn, Lin X(c) p dng cng ngh
mi x l kh thi trn nguyn tc ch xc tc khng n nh nh sau:
Khi cho dng kh cn x l i xuyn qua lpp xc tc c nh th xut hin sng nhit
(dng ng tuyn) c trng bi gi tr cc i hp ca nhit . Gi tr cao hn nhit
ca dng kh lc bt u vo lp xc tc hng trm , nn n lm nng lp xc tc
ln hng chc hay hng trm ln so vi trng hp thc hin qu trnh trong cc iu
kin n nh. Vn tc di chuyn ca sng nhit trong lp xc tc ng c vi vn tc
thot nhit m vn tc thot nhit ni chung l rt thp do chnh lch qu ln gia nhit
dung ring ca cht xc tc v hn hp kh. Do , hn hp kh chui mnh vo lp xc
tc lm tng nhit hm ca sng nhit hp chuyn ng chm m thc t khng thot
c nhit phn ng sinh ra. Dng hnh hc ca cht xc tc quyt nh s bo v sng
nhit. Chng hn, khi s dng lp xc tc n nh bnh thng c di nht nh khi
ln sng nhit tip cn vo mt u ca n th xy ra s bin i ng k hng cp dng
kh cn x l pha i din. Quy lut thc hin cc qu trnh xc tc trong cc iu kin
khng n nh cho php thc hin cc ch cng ngh tng ng gn vi ch ti
thch.
Vic la chn phn ng ha hc lm sch c xc tc cc kh thi cn phi da trn
cc yu cu cn lm sch dng kh thi. Mc chuyn ha ti a tc nng st ca
cu t phi x l trong dng kh thi, lun lun b gii hn bi iu kin cn bng ca
phn ng tng ng.
Chng hn phn ng th kh A + B
C c hng s cn bng Kp biu din nh sau:
Kp = pC / pA.pB
202

Trong : pA , pB , pC p sut ring phn cc cu t trong hn hp iu kin phn ng
cn bng.
Nu nh cu t phi x l (loi b) l B th p sut cn bng ca n cng nh nu

hng s cn bng cng ln:
pB = pC / Kp . pA
Trng hp ny, nu nng cu t A trong hn hp phn ng rt ln so vi nng
cu t B th gim ca n khng ng k. Nh vy, p sut ring phn ca sn phm
phn ng cn bng nn biu din qua s bin i p sut ring phn ca cu t b x
l:
pC = pB pB
(pB p sut ring phn ban u ca cu t B trong hn hp cn x l)
Vy nng cn bng ca cu t B cn li sau x l l:
p B'
p B p B'
K p . p A'
pB
, hay:
1 k p . p A'
pB / pB = 1/(1+Kp.pA)
Nh vy, p sut ring phn ca cu t cn x l (trong iu kin phn ng cn bng)
m cng thp th nng ban u ca n trong hn hp kh thi vo x l cng phi thp.
Trng hp nng cn bng ca cu t phi x l vt qu nng cho php trong
hn hp kh sch sau x l th phi tng cng phn ng (tng tip xc), tch sn
phm ca phn ng khi hn hp... Trong cng nghip, nhit cao (100 5000C) cc
hng s cn bng ca cc phn ng ha hc thng rt ln v phn ng thng l khng
thun nghch nn m bo c nng cu t cn x l trong kh x l khng vt
qu gii hn cho php nng cu t c.
Cng (hay vn tc) phn ng c xc tc c th biu din nh sau:
W
Trong :
dG
dT
dGsf
dT
k C
k C

C ng lc phn ng (theo nh lut tc dng khi lng) l tch s nng cc tc
cht.
Hng s vn tc chuyn ha c xc tc (k) mt nhit ni chung l hm s ca

cc hng s vn tc ca cc phn ng thun, phn ng nghch v cc phn ng song
hnh, cng nh cc h s khuch tn ca cc tc cht ban u v cc sn phm tng tc
ca chng. Vn tc cc phn ng c xc tc d th xc nh bi cc vn tc tng i ca
203

cc giai on ring bit ca n v b gii hn bi giai on chm nht trong s . V
vy, bc ca phn ng c xc tc hu nh khng bao gi trng vi bc ca phn ng
phn t tng ng vi quan h t lng trong phng trnh phn ng , v biu thc
tnh hng s vn tc chuyn ha c xc tc l c trng ring cho tng giai on c th
v cc iu kin thc hin n.
Chng hn, i vi phn ng c xc tc d th thc hin trong vng ng lc hc
trong cc iu kin m cc qu trnh khuch tn xy ra tc thi bo m cn bng hp th
tng ng vi phng trnh hp th ng nhit Langmuir v i vi s tng tc n
phn t ca cc phn t b hp th trn mt b mt ng nht th vn tc chuyn ha c
xc tc W ca phn ng n gin nht dng A B c th tnh theo cng thc:
w
k b1C1
1 b1C1 b2 C 2
(*)
Trong :
- kh nng hp th ring ca b mt cht xc tc;
b1, b2 v C1, C2 tng ng l cc h s hp th (c ngha vt l l hng s cn bng
hp th) v nng ca cht b chuyn ha ca n.
Khi mc ph y b mt cht xc tc thp (b1C1 << 1 v b2C2 << 1) th W = k

b1C, ngha l ng vi phn ng bc nht theo cht b chuyn ha.
Cn khi b1C1 >> 1 v b2C2 >> 1 th W = k b1C1/ b2C2, chng t phn ch yu ca
cc trung tm hot ng ca b mt cht xc tc b chim bi cc phn t ca sn phm
chuyn ha ca cht phi loi tr, ngha l lm gim cng chuyn ha c xc tc.
Nu qu trnh hp th cha t cn bng th phng php hp th ng nhit khng
phi l c s tnh vn tc chuyn ha c xc tc d th, bi v vn tc chuyn ha ny
b gii hn bi cng hp th (m chnh cng ny ph thuc vo hng s vn tc
ca phn ng v nng cc cht b hp th). Vi phn ng kiu ny v mt hnh thc,
phng trnh ng hc chuyn ha c xc tc ca n nh phn ng bc nht trc y:
W = (C0 - Cn)
Khi xy ra s chuyn ha thun nghch c xc tc kim theo s gii hp nhanh chng
ca sn phm khi cc trung tm hot ng ca b mt xc tc th vn tc phn ng c
tnh nh sau:
W
kMb1C1
k b1
1 b1C1
ka
Trong , ngoi nhng k hiu nh trc cn c ka l hng s vn tc hp th.

204

Trong qu trnh hp th c hng s ka ln th t s k b1/ka << 1, ngha l s hp th
khng cn l yu t gii hn qu trnh phn ng c xc tc na, v c th s dng cng
thc (*).
6.8 TCH OXYT NIT BNG CHT XC TC RN
tch oxyt nit t dng kh thi ngi ta dng cc phng php kh nhit cao
c xc tc, kh chn lc c xc tc v phn hy bng cc cht kh d th.
6.8.1 Kh nhit cao c xc tc
Qu trnh thc hin khi ch kh thi tip xc vi kh kh ti b mt cht xc tc rn
nh cc kim loi nhm platin (paladi, rutein, platin, ri) hay cc cht r hn (nhng km
hiu qu v n nh) c cha Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn, Vd, Ce... tng b mt tip xc ngi ta
gia cng v gn chng ln vt liu xp c l rng nh gm, oxyt nhm, silicagen, cc di
kim loi... c hnh dng khc nhau. Cc cht kh thng l mtan, kh thin nhin, kh
cc, kh t m du, CO, H2 hay hn hp N2 + H2.
Hiu qu kh NOx ty thuc ch yu vo hot ca cht xc tc c dng. Chng
hn cc cht xc tc thuc nhm platin cho php t n xt NOx5.10-4 5.10-2% (th
tch) khi vn tc th tch kh khong (2-12).104(1/h), (kg/kgh).
Cc kh thi c cha oxyt nit t dy chuyn sn xut axit nitric thng c gia
nhit t 30 350C ln n nhit bc chy ca cht xc tc (nhit ny ty thuc vo
mi loi cht kh, chng hn i vi kh mtan l 450 4800C, propan v butan 3500C,
H2 v CO 150 2000C).
Cc phn ng kh xy ra l:
4NO + CH4
2N2 + CO2 + 2H2O
2NO2 + CH4
N2 + CO2 + 2H2O
2NO + 2CO
N2 + 2CO2
2NO2 + 4CO
N2 + 4CO2
2NO + 2H2
N2 + 2H2O
2NO2 + 4H2
N2 + 4H2O
Thc t, ngi ta thng dng kh thin nhin v d kim v r. Do hu ht qu trnh

kh cc kh NO2 u ta nhit, nn vic gia nhit cho hn hp phn ng ch yu thc
hin phn ng gia cht kh vi oxyt c mt trong kh phi x l (m nng oxyt cao
gp nhiu ln nng NOx). Trong qu trnh kh, nhit kh nhanh chng t ti
7000C v cao hn na, do phi dng cc xc tc bn nhit hoc cc cht kh c nhit
chy thp hoc lm ngui tng bc hn hp kh phn ng.
205

Cc qui trnh cng ngh c dng x l NOx ca kh thi khc nhau ch yu
phng php truyn nhit, cht xc tc v bin php tc dng nhit nng tha ca kh.
Qui trnh x l kh NOx c xc tc trong kh thi trong sn xut axit nitric: u tin,
kh thi v b gia nhit phn ring lm sch khi hi axit v un nng n 500C
bng nhit ca kh nitr cng ngh, sau tip tc gia nhit n 110 1350C trong thit
b trao i nhit, ri vi khi l nng c hn hp kh c nhit t 340 5000C.
Ngi ta b sung vo hn hp 1 lng kh thin nhin sao cho t t l CH4/O2
khong 0,55 0,60. Hn hp ny vo thit b phn ng c xc tc (paladi) c t bng
kh thin nhin v NOx kh ti N2 nhit 700 7300C, p = (4,5 5,7).105Pa. Kh
nitr nng c a vo tuabin gii phng nng lng, gin n n 390 4100C ( u
ra), ri qua b sinh hi to hi nc qu nhit 2300C, p=13.105Pa.
Kh c lm ngui n 1850C mi thi ra ngoi tri. Kh thi c thnh phn (%V):
NOx: 0,005 0,01; CO 0,13; CH4 0,4; O2 0,15.
Chi ph kh mtan khong 120 130m3/T (theo sn phm axit nitric monohydrat), chi
ph cht xc tc: < 0,05g/T axit.
Qu trnh kh NOx nhit cao c xc tc thng t hiu qu cao nhng tn kh
nhiu kh kh, phi lm sch hn hp chuyn ha khi kh CO2(~0,1 ~ 0,15%) v ch
dng khi NOx< 0,5%, O2 < 4-5%.
6.8.2 Kh c xc tc chn lc kh oxyt nit
Qu trnh ny c u im ch yu l cht kh (NH3) ch tc dng vi NOx cn hu
nh khng tc dng vi O2. bo m qu trnh kh hon ton theo cc phn ng ta
nhit th ngi ta cp d kh NH3 10 50% so vi tnh ton t phng trnh:
6NO + 4NH3
5N2 + 6H2O
6NO2 + 8NH3
7N2 + 12H2O
8NO + 2NH3
5N2O + 3H2O
Khi c O2 th phn ng kh cng c y nhanh:

4NO + 4NH3 + O2
4N2 + 6H2O
S kh c xc tc chn lc xy ra nhit 180 3600C, c ta nhit lm cho kh

trong vng xc tc nng thm 10 200C.
Khi d kh NH3 th lng ch yu ca n tc dng vi oxy c trong dng kh theo
phn ng ta nhit sau:
4NH3 + 3O2 = 2N2 + 6H2O
Qui trnh kh c xc tc chn lc kh oxyt nit : Hn hp kh nitr (kh thi) 20
0
30 C i qua thit b gia nhit n 240 2800C ri vo thng ha trn vi hi NH3 theo t
l NH3 NOx khong (1,2 1,3) : 1. NH3 lng np vo h thng, cho bc hi nh cht
206

ngng nng. Hi NH3 t p sut (3,5 3,7).105Pa, qua b lc sch, gia nhit ti 1200C
ri a vo thng trn vi kh nitr. Hn hp c a vo bnh phn ng c xc tc
alumo vanai AVC 10 kh cc oxyt nit bng NH3.
Dng kh nitr (kh thi) t bnh phn ng ra c nhit 3000C c a qua tuabin
tn dng nng lng ca n, sau a qua b gia nhit ( gia nhit cho nhp liu)
v c lm ngui ti 150 1700C trc khi thi ra kh tri. Thnh thong phi dng
my v xng tuabin bng hi nc bo ha thp p tch cn mui nhm.
H thng ny tch trn 96% tp cht nitr. st tng NO + NO2 khng qu 0,01%
(th tch), cn NH3 di 0,015% (th tch). Chi ph cho sn xut 1 tn HNO3 100% l
6,12kg NH3, 16,7g cht xc tc, 4,03kg hi nc bo ha, 52,3kg nc ngng, 0,11 lt
nc sch v 9.10-4 Kwh in. Chi ph b sung vo gi thnh sn xut 1 tn HNO3 tng
ng gi 1/2 kg tht heo.
Trng hp nng NOx t 1 30% trong kh thi th c th kh chng bng NH3
vi xc tc Zeolit iu kin nhit 330 4800C.
Nu kh thi c ln bi v SO2 th phi tin hnh kh bi v SO2 trc. Chng hn,
vi kh thi c bi v kh SO2 vi vn tc th tch (3 9).10-3 l/h, nhit trong bnh
phn ng t 350 4000C, t l NH3 : NOx khong 0,8 1,2 th dng cc cht xc tc l
oxyt titan hay oxyt cc kim loi him. Chi ph cho cht xc tc khong 20 30% gi
thnh x l kh thi ny nn vn cht lng ca cht xc tc lun lun c quan tm
(bn nhit, bn c, bn ha, t nhim c, r...)
6.8.3 Phn hy oxyt nit bng phng php kh d th
nhit cao 500 13000C c th tin hnh c nh nit ca kh thi trn cc vt
liu rn c cha cacbon nh than, cc v graphit (khi cacbon va l cht xc tc, va
l nhin liu) v to phc cacbon-oxy:
C + NO
(C-O) + NO
(C-O) + 1/2N2
CO2 + 1/2N2
Tuy nhin, cc cht xc tc ny tn tht hot tnh rt nhanh nn vic kh oxyt nit s
khng hon ton (nht l vng u ca khong nhit ni trn). Do , tng mc
phn hy NOx, ngi ta ngh b sung vo graphit 1 lng Na2CO3. V khi tng
nhit t 8000C (mc kh khong 96%) ln ti 10000C th mc kh NOx gn t
100%. (Tt nhin ko theo vn ch tiu kinh t k thut ca cng ngh ).
6.8.4 Phn hy NOx bng phng php kh ng th v d th khng c xc tc
Ngi ta c th dng cc kh chy c v NH3 lm tc nhn kh ng th. Chng
hn nh ngi ta dng kh t thin nhin kh NOx trong kh thi t dy chuyn sn
xut axit oxalic(c cha 2 3% NOx v 10 15% O2): Ban u kh thi qua thit b gia
nhit (trao i nhit vi dng kh x l NOx) n 4000C ri vo thit b phn ng ng
207

thi vi khng kh v kh t nhin t chng. Trong thit b phn ng 1000
11000C NOx phn hy thnh nhng cht v hi. T thit b phn ng, hn hp chy c
a qua bung chy tip ( y c cp thm O2), sau hn hp cht 6000C c dn
n thit b gia nhit un nng kh nitr ban u vo ri x ra ngoi tri bng qut
2000C.
Cc cng thc tnh ton thc nghim khi c cc kh ra l:
- Vn tc khi tnh cho 1m3 thit b phn ng:
G = 0,2805 + 0,66.10-3.t (Kmol/m3)
- phn gii NOx:
L = 38,75 + 0,055t, %
- Th tch cn thit ca thit b phn ng:
V = kVnCNO / 100G. 22,4 , m3.
Trong :
t nhit phn ng, 0C;
k h s thc nghim; k = 2,1 2,2;
VN th tch kh phi x l, m3/h;
CNO nng kh NO (%) trong dng kh x l.
- Chi ph t t nhin Vk (m3/h):

Vk = q.k/[(VN + Vb)C2t2 (VNCN + VbCb)t1 VNOdNO], m3/h
Vi:
Vb,VNO (m3/h) lu lng khng kh v kh NO;
CN, C2, Cb (kJ/m3) nhit dung ring trung bnh ca kh x l, kh x sau x l v khng
kh tng ng.
t1,t2 (0C) nhit vo v ra khi thit b phn ng;
dNO (kJ/m3) hiu ng nhit phn gii kh NO;
q(kJ/m3) nhit tr t chy kh t thin nhin;
K = 1,1
1,2 : h s d kh t;
x l kh thi oxy ha yu lu lng nh th phng php phn hy NOx nhit

cao bng kh ng th s kinh t hn cc phng php kim v xc tc. Vi khong
nhit vng phn ng gn 10000C th phn gin NOx khong 92 96% v nng
NOx st sau x l ~ 0,05 0,1%, m bo tiu chun cho php cht c trong mi trng
khi thi n qua ng khi cao 50m.
208

x l mt khi lng ln kh thi c nng NOx thp th nn dng kh NH3 lm
cht kh ng th nhm gim nhit phn ng.
nhit 30 400C tng tc gia NOx vi NH3 khi c hi nc trong pha kh
xy ra cc phn ng ta nhit nh sau:
NH3 + H2O
NH4OH
2NO2 + 2NH4OH
NH4NO2 + NH4NO3
N2O3 + 2NH4OH
2NH4NO2 + H2O
Sau :
70-800C
NH4NO2
N2 + 2H2O
230 2400C
NH4NO3
N2 + 2H2O + 1/2O2
(gia nhit)
Vi hm lng cc kh NOx khong 0,4% th tch kh thi c np thm lng NH3

nh phng trnh phn ng th 2500C phn gii khong 98%, cn 3000C phn gii
100%.
vng nhit phn ng thp th c th phn ng chn lc gia NH3 v NOx v
khng phi b sung NH3 b vo lng tc dng vi O2.
Khi dng dung dch cacbamit trong nc hay trong cc axit kh cc kh NOx trong
kh thi th c th h thp nhit phn ng xung ng k, to cc cht N2, CO2 v H2O
khng c, nhng vn tc phn ng thp v hiu sut thp( 80%):
+Trong nc:
2NO2 + H2O
HNO3 + HNO2
2HNO2 + CO(NH2)2
N2O3 + CO(NH2)2
2N2 + CO2 + 3H2O

2N2 + CO2 + 2H2O
+ Trong axit nitric:

NO + NO2 + HNO3 + 2CO(NH2)2
2N2 + NH4NO3 + 2CO + H2O
Cacbamit c th s dng dng ht, bt hay tm ln cc vt liu mang xp nng

cao phn hy NOx (c th ln ti 85 99% hay hn na).
6.9 TCH KH SO2 BNG PHN NG C XC TC
Trong k thut sn xut axit sunfuric ngi ta x l kh SO2 v SO3 trong kh thi
bng thp nitr hay phng php tip xc.
209

+ Phng php nitr: X l SO2 v SO3 trong khi t chy nhin liu c thm
NO2 1400C (t s NO2 : SO2 2 : 1) theo phn ng sau:
t
SO2 + H2O + NO2 NO + H2SO4 (kh)
0
4NO + O2
2N2O3
Hn hp hi H2SO4 v N2O3 c hp th bng axit sunfuric m c 80% to

thnh axit nitrozyl sunfuric, sau sc khng kh vo th gii phng NO2 khi H2SO4
(ti sinh). Mt phn kh NO2 ny s theo khng kh a vo thit b kh SO2 ca kh thi,
cn mt phn tip xc vi nc c HNO3. Chng hn dng cng ngh trn x l
kh c cha 0,3% SO2, 0,01% SO3 v khong 0,06% NOx th tiu hy c 95% cc oxyt
lu hunh, 75% cc NOx, thu c sunfuric 80% v axit nitric 50%.
6.10 PHNG PHP TIP TC X L KHI
Khi sau khi tch 99% tro bi nhit 4500C a vo thp chuyn ha SO2 thnh
SO3 c xc tc vanai v O2, sau lm ngui kh n 2300C ri ra trong thp hp th
ti bng axit sunfiric, qua b lc si thu hi m axit trc khi thi vo ng khi. Sn
phm ca qu trnh x l kh thi ny l axit sunfuric 80%.
Phng n khc thc hin phng php ny l b sung NH3 vo kh phi x l
trc khi vo thit b phn ng c xc tc vanai to thnh xn kh sunfat amn, sau
qua b lc in thu hi xn kh, cn kh sch thi ra ngoi.
6.11 TCH CC CHT HU C BNG PHN NG C XC TC
Thng dng mt s xc tc trn c s l Cu, Cr, Co, Mn, Ni, Pt, Pd... phn hy
cc cht hu c trong kh thi. i khi ngi ta dng mt s cht t nhin nh boxit,
zeolit. Cc cht xc tc ny tm chia thnh cc nhm sau y:
+ Kim loi qu: gm cc kim loi nhm platin;
+ Kim loi thng: gm cc di, li, tm xon bng kim loi thng v thp
khng r;
+ Hn hp: gm kim loi nhm platin v cc oxyt kim loi thng ph ln oxyt
nhm, thp khng g hay cc kim loi khc;
+ Gm: gm kim loi nhm platin hay cc oxyt kim loi thng ph ln ct gm
dng tm li;
+ Ht, vin c hnh dng khc nhau t oxyt nhm c ph kim loi thuc nhm
platin hay oxyt kim loi thng hay i khi ch l nhng vin oxyt kim loi thng.
210

Cc cht xc tc c ct l kim loi c nhiu u im hn so vi cc dng khc nh
dn nhit ln, tui th s dng lu (trn 1 nm), chu mi mn v chu lc tt, b mt
ring cao, dung lng thp, d ti sinh, tr lc thp (< 196 245 Pascal).
Cc cht xc tc thng dng x l hi dung mi, phenol v nhiu cht hu c
c hi khc.
Cc cht xc tc trn c s l gm th rt n gin v r, tr lc cng thp, dung trng
thp, khng b nh hng bi bi trong dng kh thi nhng km chu nhit so vi cht
xc tc t kim loi nhm platin.
Cc cht xc tc c platin v palai l loi xc tc c hot cao nht trong s cc
cht xc tc.
Cc cht xc tc dng ri thng dng cht mang l oxyt nhm hot ha, c b mt
ring ln, lm tng hot (nht l khi c thm platin) v bn nhit, nhng tr lc cao,
km bn c hc, tui th phc v thp (i khi ch vi ba thng).
Qui trnh x l kh thi t sn xut vi sn: Kh thi t l sy vi sn c hi du la
(100 1000 mg/m3), du gas-oil (< 200 mg/m3) v nhiu hp cht hu c khc. u tin
kh t l sy 80 2000C c qut a qua thng phun sng vo b gia nhit, nh
nhit ca kh chuyn ha n 200 2200C, sau gia nhit bng khi l ti 250 3270C
(b sung khng kh t kh sch). Cc cht hu c chy cho CO2 v H2O trong thit b
phn ng c xc tc to ra hn hp kh chuyn ha.
X l cc cht hu c c lu hunh thng phi dng bin php tip xc nhit
cao, c O2, to cc hp cht oxyt lu hunh th s d x l tip.
Phng php hydrit ha c s dng x l cc CS2, tiofen, disunfit..., khi m
phng php hp th ( phn trc) khng m bo x l c. Phng php ny dng
H2 hay hi nc tip xc cc cu t cn x l 300 5000C c cht xc tc, to H2S ri
tch H2S bng phng php hp th ni phn trc (cht xc tc thng dng y
trn c s oxyt st, Co, Ni, Mo, Cu, Zn hay hn hp 5% CoO v 15% MoO3 hay hn hp
10% NiO v 10% MoO3) ph ln vt liu oxyt nhm hoc alumosilicat. Kh hydrit ha
bng hi nc (thy phn, chuyn ha cc hp cht hu c c lu hunh) th dng cc
cht xc tc c oxyt st l chnh v chuyn ha thng ti 90 99,9%.
6.12 X L CO BNG PHNG PHP XC TC
Phng php oxyt ha c xc tc kh CO l phng php ti u x l kh thi c
CO. Ngoi ra, ty thuc vo iu kin v qui trnh sn xut c th trong kh thi cn c
th c cc kh c khc nh SO2, NO2, H2S, v cc kh CO2, O2, N2, hi nc, bi... Mt
s loi bi c th l cht c i vi cht xc tc. Cc cht xc tc thng dng y c
cha cc kim loi thuc nhm platin, Mn, Cu, Cr...
211

Qui trnh x l kh thi trong sn xut nitryl axit bng tng hp t NH3 v propylen,
ra tch nitryl bng nc: Kh thi sau thit b hp th c chng 2,3% l CO, 0,5%
propyler, 0,004% propan, < 3% O2, phn cn li l kh tr.
u tin kh thi dn qua mt l t nung nng n 220 2500C (ty vo loi cht
xc tc). Khng kh y khng ch tnh cho s chy thin nhin m cn cho s
oxy ha CO v cc cacbua hydro khc trong kh thi. Hn hp khi v kh thi c khng
kh c a vo thit b phn ng lm vic on nhit, c cc ht xc tc SPK 2 c
cha 0,2% platin ph ln oxyt nhm. lm sch t 98 99%. Phn ng l ta nhit
nn d lm nng nhanh sn phm phn ng. Kh chuyn ha ny nhit < 7000C
c a vo t l hi sinh hi nc gia nhit n 3800C, p sut 4 Mpa.
Kh i ra t l t nhit 2000C thi ra ngoi tri. Khi x l 60.000 m3/h kh thi
th chi ph 500 Kwh in nhng thu c 26,5 T/h hi nc.
6.13 X L KH THI BNG NHIT CAO
Phng php t trc tip dng x l kh thi c cha cc cht c d oxy ha v
nhng hn hp c mi tanh hi. N khng i hi thit b phc tp v n rt a dng
(Dng trong cng ngh sn xut sn, vecni... k thut in ha, in t, thc phm, in
nhum...). Phng php ny s dng c khi nng cc cu t chy c trong kh
thi khng vt qu gii hn bt la, thc hin trong cc l t chuyn dng, l t cng
nghip, l t ca l hi, hay bng ngn la trn
Cu to ca l t phi c thit k sao cho thi gian lu ca kh x l trong thit b
lu, nhit cao t chuyn ha yu cu. Thi gian thng t 0,1 0,5 giy
(i khi n 1 giy), nhit lm vic a s trng hp nm gii hn di ca nhit
t bt la v trn nhit bc chy chng 110 1500C. i khi, nu t l kh chy c
kh cao th c th dng kh thi lm nhin liu.
Nu kh chy vi nhit tr 3,35 3,77 MJ/m3 v nhit cao th khi phi b
sung nhin liu. Cn trng hp t phi b sung nhin liu ch c li khi cc cu t
chy m bo cp trn 50% nhit ta ra. Nhng thng thng hm lng cc cht chy
c trong kh thi rt thp so vi gii hn bc chy, do phi chi ph mt lng nhin
liu b sung ng k, v tn dng nhit chy lc by gi l nhm gim gi thnh x l.
xc nh lng nhin liu t b sung gt (Kg/s), ta dng cng thc:
gt = gb [(1-x)(t3-t1)cp cHn]/(Ht t3cp);
212

Trong :
Cht
tb0C
tb,0C
Cht
Cht
tb,0C
Amoniac
649
Metan
537
Anhydric phtalic
584
Axeton
538
Ru metylic
470
Furfurol
393
Benzen
579
Ete metylic
350
Ru furfurolic
490
Butadien
449
Metyletylketon
516
Clo benzen
674
Ru butylic
367
Nitro benzen
496
Xyclo hexan
268
Vininaxetat
426
Axut oleic
363
Xyclo hexanon
495
Hydroxiamit
538
Propan
468
Epyclo hydrin
410
Glyxerin
393
Propylen
504
Etan
510
Dibutylphtalat
404
H2 S
260
Etyl axetat
486
Diclormetan
640
Nha thng
253
Etyl benzen
466
Dicloretylen
413
Styrol
491
Oxyt etylen
430
Kerosin
254
Toluen
552
Etylen glycol
413
Kresol
559
CO
652
Ru etylic
426
Xilol
496
Phenol
715
Ete etylic
186
Ht v Hn kJ/kg n nhit chy ca nhin liu v ca kh trung ha;

c (kg/kg) nng hn hp chy c;
cp (kJ/ kg.) nhit dung ring trung bnh ca khng kh (ly gn bng cho
nhit dung ring ca kh);
t1 0C nhit khng kh vo;
t3 0C nhit vng xy ra phn ng trung ha;
X mc hon nguyn;
gb (kg/s) lu lng khng kh (ca kh x l);
X = (t2 -1) / (t3 t1);

t2 (0C) nhit ca khng kh (kh x l) trong thit b.
213
CHNG 7
KIM SOT NHIM KHNG KH
T NGUN DI NG
7.1 PHN LOI NGUN DI NG
Theo cc phn loi thng dng hin nay, cc ngun nhim khng kh di ng c
chia thnh cc loi nh sau:
+ Ngun nhim do hot ng giao thng ng b, bao gm ngun thi l xe
t cc loi, xe 2 bnh, 3 bnh c ng c.
+ Ngun nhim t hot ng giao thng ng st, t cc u my xe la chy
than hoc du diezel.
+ Ngun nhim do cc hot ng giao thng ng bin v ng sng ...
+ Ngun nhim t cc hot ng ca hng khng.
Ngun gy nn nhim khng kh di ng ni trn th ngun nhim t hot ng
giao thng ng b l ng k nht do ti lng ln cng nh din phn b rng.
Bng di y gii thiu h s nhim ca xe t chy xng
Bng 7.1: H s nhim ca xe hi (kg/1.000 lt xng)
CHT NHIM
H S NHIM
CO
291
CxHy
33,2
NOx
11,3
SO2
0,9
Aldehyt
0,4
Ch
0,3
214

Thnh ph H Ch Minh l mt th ln, c mt dn c v mt cc phng
tin giao thng vn ti cao nht nc trong khi ng s cn cht hp nn chu p lc
nhim giao thng nng n nht. Ti thnh ph c rt nhiu loi xe vi nhiu hiu khc
nhau. Theo thng k, vo nm 197, Thnh ph c khong 1.28.754 xe gn my v
194.777 t cc loi. Trong s , tr mt phn ng k xe c gii 2 bnh v xe du lch
4 ch ngi l tng i mi, s cn li, nht l xe ti v cc loi xe lam, xe ba gc mi,
xch l my, l nhng xe c s dng nhiu nm, thm ch nhiu xe, t thi thp nin
1950. iu lm gia tng mc nhim mi trng khng kh do hot ng giao
thng vn ti ti TP H Ch Minh.
Kt qu quan trc mc nhim khng kh do hot ng giao thng vn ti trong
nhiu nm qua ti TP H Ch Minh cho thy nng cc cht nhim khng kh ti cc
im do ven cc trc ng chnh nh sau:
+ Nng CO tc thi gia cc thi im trong thng l thng s thay i nhiu
nht. N dao ng t 8 - 60 mg/m3 ti ng t inh Tin Hong - in Bin Ph. Nh
vy, c thi im nng CO vt 1,5 ln so vi tiu chun cho php (40 mg/m3).
+ Hm lng bi trung bnh gi l 1,6 - 2,3 mg/m3, thng xuyn vt tiu chun
cho php 5,3 - 7,6 ln (tiu chun Vit Nam 0,3 mg/m3)
+ Hm lng NO2 thay i trong khong 0,06 - 0,53 mg/m3, c nhiu thi im
vt tiu chun cho php 1,35 ln (TCCP : 0,4 mg/m3)
7.2 KIM SOT NHIM KHNG KH T T
D gim bt lng kh thi t t, cn tun theo mt s phng php chung nh sau:
+ Vn hnh ng quy trnh: tun th ng cc quy nh v tc , khng tng
gim t ngt.
+ Bo tr my mc thng xuyn, nht l b phn t v np nhin liu.
+ Dng n v chy n ph kh thi c t chy mt ln na trc khi thi
ra.
+ Dng cc cht xc tc cho s chy c din ra hon ton
+ Gii hn s bay hi ca nhin liu ...
Sau y, chng ta xt ti mt s bin php k thut c th kim sot nhim
khng kh thi do t.
7.2.1 K thut kim sot s thi
a. T khu thit k ng c, cc ng c c thit k vi ba yu cu chnh:
* R, cng sut ln, hiu sut cao
* bn tt, tin cy cao, tiu th nhin liu t
215

* Gim s lng cht thi
b. La chn ng c: cc ng c vn hnh vi t l kh/nhin liu l: 12/1 v 16/1.
c. Hiu sut ng c: Qu trnh chy lin quan trc tip vi vic thi ra kh thi.
Thng s nh hng ln n qu trnh chy l t l ha trn kh v nhin liu. Nu lng
kh nh hn yu cu th nng CO v hydrocacbon tng. Nu ln hn co gin cng
sut v bt u tc, khng n v qu trnh chch khng hon ton.
d. Nhin liu: nhin liu ng c c ngun gc t du m v n l mt hn hp
hydrocacbon vi cc cu trc phn t khc. Mt s dng nhin liu khc cng c
cp n nh ng c dng kh thin nhin hay kh hydro, nhng hin nay cha thng
dng.
Thnh phn cu to hydrocacbon ca hn hp nhin liu ng vai tr quan trng
trong vic kim sot cht thi. Nhin liu khng c hydrocacbon thm vo l hon ho
cho s chy. Xng c cha lu hunh th s thi ra cc ht sng axt.
Vi nhin liu, c tnh quan trng khc c nh hng n s nhim l tnh bay hi.
7.2.2 Kim sot s bay hi ca nhin liu
Vic kim sot s mt mt do bay hi t bnh cha carburetor i hi k thut phc
tp. Mt dng h thng kim sot l s dng mt hp cha cacbon hot tnh nh l mt
cht hp th v lu gi hydrocacbon.
Mt h thng kim sot thng thng gm:
-
Mt bnh cha
Mt thit b tch hi lng
Van kim tra
Hp cacbon hot tnh ( cha 300 -800g ), hp cacbon c lm sch bi p sut

ca h thng cp kh.
7.2.3 Kim sot kh thi ca cc loi t thng dng

Vic kim sot kh thi ca cc ng c t trong c thc hin bng cch:
-
Kim sot s ha trn
Thay i qu trnh chy
X l cht thi
hoc ton b cc bin php
Thit b x l khi bao gm:

-
Thit b phn ng nhit
216

-
Thit b xc tc
Thit b thu bi
S kim sot kh thi t ng c c trnh by hnh v 7.1
k. kh
N.liu
ng c
Kim sot s ho trn
. o t l K.K / nhin liu
. Ho trn KK / nhin liu
. S bay hi ca nhin liu
. S phn b ho trn
. Tnh cht nhin liu
. Dng kh thi ti lu thng
H thng thi
Ci tin s chy
. S nh la
. Hnh dng bung t
. Thi im nh la
. Cp chy
. t chy bn ngai
Thi
X l kh thi
. Phn ng nhit
. Phn ng xc tc
. B phn lc bi
Hnh 7.1: S kim sot kh thi t ng c

S dng cc lut l c lin quan nh Lut Bo v mi trng, tiu chun mi
trng, cc qui nh di lut lm c s thc hin vic kim sot kh thi t ngun di
ng.
7.2.3.1 Cng tc gim st mi trng khng kh
Mt cng tc gp phn quan trng vic kim sot kh thi l mng li gim st cht
lng mi trng khng kh. Mng li monioring dng gim st cc thng s
nhim khng kh nh ozon, NO2, CO, SO2, H2S, HC, bi, VOC, TSP, ma axt v cc
thng s kh tng nh gi (tc , hng), nhit , m, p sut kh quyn, bc x
mt tri.
7.2.3.2 Kim tra khi thi ca xe
y l mt bin php c thc hin nghim ngt hn ch lng khi thi t
ngun di ng. Tt c cc loi xe a ra lu hnh u phi c kim tra cc b phn k
thut lin quan n vic thi khi v kim tra s thi khi. Nu xe no khng t th phi
sa cha iu chnh sau kim tra li. Cc thng s nhim trong khi thi phi kim
tra l CO2, NO2, HC, CO. Thng thng, sau 2 nm th cc xe phi kim tra li.
217

7.2.3.3 Bin php s dng nhin liu sch
y l bin php tch cc nht hn ch kh thi t xe c. C th thc hin bin
php ny bng cc hnh thc nh sau:
+ S dng xe dng in (Electric Vehicles): T ch trng s dng xe khng gy
nhim ca c quan ti nguyn khng kh, t nm 1990 n nm 1998 c 2% tng s
xe hi CALIFORNIA l xe s dng ng c in v gp phn n 9% trong vic
gim nhim do kh thi t phng tin vn chuyn. Hin nay trn th trng c cc
loi xe ca cc hng Honda, Toyota, Nissa, General, Motor, Chrysler vi cc thng s c
bn nh: thi gian np in: 8h, qung ng s dng: 70 100 miles. Hin nay chnh
quyn ang c nhiu bin php khuyn khch s dng xe dng in.
+ Chuyn i xe s dng nhin liu l xng hay du diesel thnh xe s dng nhin
liu l kh ha lng (CNG) hoc kh thin nhin (NG) cng lm gim ng k cht
nhim, nht l cc thng s nh bi (Particulates) CO, NO, HC. Chnh quyn cng c cc
bin php tr gi ng k cho bin php ny.
+ S dng cc nhin liu khc nh Hydrogen, metanol, etanol, nhin liu giu oxy
(Oxygenated Fuel), nng lng mt tri. Cc bin php ny c nghin cu v c
nhng thnh cng ng k c a vo ng dng trong thc t.
7.2.3.4 Hn ch s bay hi ca nhin liu
y cng l mt bin php c ch trng nhm gim bt cc cht nhim do s
dng nhin liu. Nhiu bin php rt n gin nhng a li hiu qu cao nh vic ci
tin vi bm xng
7.2.3.5 Bin php k thut tng cng s chy.
Cng ty Turbcdyne ch to loi thit b cp kh cao p TurbopacTM kt hp vi s
dng xc tc cung cp cho xe s dng nhin liu diesel a li kt qu l gim c
80% HC, 80% CO, 52% bi. Hin nay c nhiu cng ty nh Honda, GM s dng k
thut ny.
7.2.3.6 Cc bin php h tr khc
Hng lot cc bin php h tr khc c thc hin gp phn gim lng pht thi
t ngun di ng nh gio dc nhn thc, khuyn khch s dng phng tin cng cng,
khuyn khch dng chung xe ( Carpool ), khuyn khch dng xe p...
218
PH LC
PHN PH LC
219
PH LC
PHU LUC 1
TON THAT AP SUAT MA SAT N V TREN ONG DAN KHONG KH TIET DIEN TRON
(t = 200C va K = 0,1mm)
v 2v
2g
kG/m2
v
m/s
0,0036
0,1
0,0024
0,2
0,0055
0,3
0,0098
0,4
0,0153
0,5
0,022
0,6
0,03
0,7
0,0391
0,8
0,0495
0,9
0,0612
0,074
1,1
0,0881
1,2
0,103
1,3
0,12
1,4
0,138
1,5
0,157
1,6
0,177
1,7
0,198
1,8
0,221
1,9
0,245
0,27
2,1
0,296
2,2
0,324
2,3
0,352
2,4
0,382
2,5
0,413
2,6
0,446
2,7
0,48
2,8
0,514
2,9
0,550
Lu lng khong kh m3/h (dong tren) va ton that ap suat do ma sat kG/m2
tren 1m dai cua ong (dong di) ng vi ng knh ong theo mm
100
110
125
140
160
180
200
225
250
280
315
355
2,8
0,0004
5,6
0,001
8,4
0,003
11,3
0,004
14,1
0,006
16,9
0,009
19,8
0,012
22,6
0,015
25,4
0,018
28,3
0,022
31,1
0,026
33,9
0,03
36,7
0,035
39,6
0,04
42,4
0,045
45,2
0,051
48
0,056
50,9
0,062
53,7
0,069
56,5
0,075
59,3
0,082
62,2
0,089
65
0,097
67,8
0,104
70,6
0,112
73,5
0,12
76,3
0,129
79,1
0,138
81,9
0,147
84,8
0,156
28
0.0001
56
0.0003
84
0.0006
112
0.001
140
0.002
168
0.002
196
0.003
224
0.004
252
0.004
250
0.005
308
0.006
306
0.007
365
0.008
393
0.009
421
0.011
449
0.012
477
0.013
505
0.015
533
0.016
561
0.018
589
0.02
617
0.021
645
0.023
633
0.025
701
0.027
729
0.029
757
0.031
785
0.033
813
0.035
841
0.037
236
0.0001
71
0.0003
107
0.0005
142
0.0009
178
0.001
214
0.002
249
0.002
285
0.003
321
0.004
356
0.004
392
0.005
427
0.006
453
0.007
499
0.008
534
0.009
570
0.01
605
0.012
641
0.013
677
0.014
712
0.015
748
0.017
734
0.018
819
0.02
865
0.021
890
0.023
926
0.025
962
0.026
997
0.028
1033
0.03
1068
0.032
3,4
0,0003
6,8
0,001
10,2
0,002
13,7
0,004
17,1
0,006
20,5
0,008
23,9
0,01
27,3
0,013
30,8
0,016
34,2
0,019
37,6
0,023
41
0,027
44,4
0,031
47,9
0,035
51,3
0,04
54,7
0,45
58,1
0,05
61,5
0,055
65
0,061
68,4
0,067
71,8
0,073
76,2
0,079
78,6
0,086
82,1
0,093
85,5
0,1
88,9
0,107
92,3
0,114
95,7
0,122
99,2
0,130
103
0,138
4,42
0,0003
8,8
0,001
13,3
0,002
17,7
0,003
22,1
0,005
26,5
0,007
30,9
0,009
36,3
0,011
39,7
0,014
44,2
0,017
48,6
0,02
53
5,023
57,4
0,026
61,8
0,03
66,2
0,034
70,6
0,038
75,1
0,043
79,5
0,047
83,9
0,052
88,3
0,057
92,7
0,062
97,1
0,068
101
0,073
106
0,079
110,4
0,085
115
0,091
119
0,098
124
0,104
128
0,111
133
0,118
5,64
0,0003
11,1
0,0008
16,6
0,002
22,1
0,003
27,4
0,004
33,2
0,006
38,8
0,008
44,3
0,01
49,8
0,012
56,4
0,014
60,9
0,017
66,5
0,02
72
0,023
77,5
0,026
83,1
0,03
88,6
0,033
94,2
0,037
99,7
0,041
105
0,045
111
0,049
116
0,054
122
0,059
127
0,063
134
0,068
139
0,074
144
0,079
150
0,085
155
0,09
161
0,096
166
0,102
7,2
0,0002
14,5
0,0007
21,7
0,001
28,9
0,002
36,2
0,004
43,4
0,005
50,6
0,006
57,9
0,008
65,1
0,01
72,3
0,012
79,6
0,014
86,8
0,017
94
0,019
101
0,022
109
0,025
116
0,028
123
0,031
130
0,035
137
0,028
145
0,042
162
0,046
169
0,05
172
0,054
174
0,058
181
0,062
188
0,067
195
0,072
203
0,076
210
0,081
217
0,087
9,2
0,0002
18,3
0,0006
27,5
0,001
36,6
0,002
45,8
0,003
54,9
0,004
64,1
0,006
73,2
0,007
82,4
0,009
91,6
0,011
101
0,012
110
0,015
119
0,017
128
0,019
137
0,022
147
0,024
156
0,027
165
0,030
174
0,033
183
0,036
192
0,039
201
0,043
211
0,046
220
0,05
229
0,054
238
0,058
247
0,062
256
0,066
266
0,07
275
0,075
220
11,3
0,0002
22,6
0,0005
33,9
0,001
45,2
0,002
56,5
0,003
67,8
0,004
79,1
0,005
90,4
0,006
102
0,008
113
0,009
124
0,011
136
0,013
147
0,015
158
0,017
170
0,019
181
0,021
192
0,024
204
0,026
215
0,029
226
0,032
237
0,034
249
0,037
260
0,041
271
0,044
282
0,047
294
0,05
305
0,054
316
0,057
328
0,061
339
0,065
14,3
0,0001
28,6
0,0005
42,9
0,001
57,2
0,002
71,5
0,002
85,8
0,003
100
0,004
114
0,005
129
0,007
143
0,008
157
0,009
172
0,011
186
0,013
200
0,014
0,15
0,016
229
0,018
243
0,02
268
0,023
272
0,025
286
0,027
300
0,03
315
0,032
329
0,035
343
0,038
358
0,041
372
0,044
386
0,047
401
0,05
415
0,053
429
0,057
18
0.0001
35
0.0004
53
0.0008
71
0.001
38
0.002
106
0.003
124
0.004
141
0.005
159
0.006
177
0.007
194
0.008
212
0.01
230
0.011
247
0.013
265
0.014
283
0.016
300
0.018
318
0.02
336
0.022
353
0.024
371
0.026
389
0.028
406
0.031
424
0.033
442
0.036
459
0.038
477
0.041
495
0.044
512
0.047
530
0.05
22
0.0001
44
0.0004
66
0.0007
89
0.001
111
0.002
133
0.002
155
0.003
177
0.004
199
0.005
222
0.006
244
0.007
266
0.008
288
0.01
310
0.011
332
0.012
354
0.014
377
0.016
399
0.017
421
0.019
443
0.021
465
0.023
487
0.025
510
0.027
532
0.029
554
0.031
576
0.033
598
0.036
620
0.038
643
0.04
665
0.043
PH LC
Phu luc 1 (tiep)
v
m/s
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,8
1,9
2
2,1
2,2
2,3
2,4
2,5
2,6
2,7
2,8
2,9
3
Lu lng khong kh m3/h (dong tren) va ton that ap suat do ma sat kG/m 2
tren 1m dai cua ong (dong d i) ng vi ng knh ong theo mo men
400
450
500
560
630
710
800
900
1000 1120
1250
1400
45
0.0001
90
0.0002
136
0.0005
181
0.0008
226
0.001
271
0.001
317
0.002
362
0.003
407
0.003
452
0.004
497
0.005
543
0.005
588
0.006
633
0.007
678
0.008
723
0.009
768
0.001
814
0.011
859
0.012
904
0.013
920
0.015
995
0.016
1040
0.017
1085
0.018
1170
0.02
1176
0.021
1221
0.023
1266
0.024
1311
0.028
1356
0.028
442
883
0,0001
1325
0,0001
1766
0,0002
2203
0,0003
2649
0,0004
3091
0,0005
3533
0,0006
3974
0,0008
4416
0,0009
4857
0,001
5299
0,0001
5740
0,001
6182
0,002
6623
0,002
7065
0,002
7507
0,002
7948
0,003
8390
0,003
8831
0,003
9273
0,003
9714
0,004
10156
0,004
10598
0,004
11039
0,005
11481
0,005
11922
0,005
12364
0,006
12805
0,006
13247
0,007
554
1108
1662
0,0001
2216
0,0002
2769
0,0002
3323
0,0003
3977
0,0004
4431
0,0005
4985
0,0007
5539
0,0008
6093
0,001
6647
0,001
7201
0,001
7155
0,001
8308
0,002
8862
0,002
9416
0,002
9970
0,002
10524
0,003
11078
0,003
11632
0,003
12186
0,003
12739
0,004
13293
0,004
13847
0,004
14401
0,004
14955
0,005
15509
0,005
16063
0,005
16617
0,006
57
0.0001
114
0.0002
172
0.0004
229
0.0007
286
0.001
343
0.001
401
0.002
458
0.002
515
0.003
572
0.003
629
0.004
687
0.005
744
0.005
851
0.006
858
0.007
916
0.008
973
0.009
1030
0.01
1087
0.01
1145
0.011
1202
0.013
1259
0014
1316
0015
1373
0.016
1431
0.017
1488
0.018
1545
0.02
1602
0.021
1660
0.022
1717
0.024
71
0,0001
141
0,0002
212
0,0004
283
0,0006
353
0,0009
424
0,001
495
0,002
565
0,002
636
0,002
707
0,003
777
0,003
848
0,004
918
0,005
989
0,005
1060
0,006
1130
0,007
1201
0,008
1272
0,008
1342
0,009
1413
0,01
1484
0,011
1554
0,012
1625
0,013
1696
0,014
1766
0,015
1837
0,016
1908
0,017
1978
0,018
2049
0,02
2120
0,021
89
177
0,0001
267
0,0003
354
0,0005
443
0,0008
532
0,001
620
0,001
709
0,002
798
0,002
886
0,003
975
0,003
1063
0,004
1152
0,004
1241
0,005
1329
0,005
1418
0,006
1507
0,007
1595
0,007
1684
0,008
1772
0,009
1861
0,01
1950
0,01
2038
0,011
2127
0,012
2216
0,013
2304
0,014
2393
0,015
2481
0,016
2570
0,017
2659
0,018
112
224
0,0001
336
0,0003
449
0,0004
561
0,0006
673
0,0009
785
0,001
897
0,001
1009
0,002
1122
0,002
1254
0,003
1346
0,003
1458
0,003
1570
0,004
1682
0,005
1795
0,005
1907
0,006
2019
0,006
2131
0,007
2243
0,0008
2355
0,008
2468
0,009
2580
0,01
2692
0,01
2804
0,011
2916
0,012
3028
0,013
3141
0,014
3253
0,015
3365
0,016
142
285
0,0001
427
0,0002
570
0,0004
712
0,0006
855
0,0008
997
0,001
1140
0,001
1282
0,002
1425
0,002
1567
0,002
1710
0,003
1852
0,003
1994
0,003
2137
0,004
2279
0,004
2422
0,005
2564
0,005
2707
0,006
2849
0,006
2992
0,007
3134
0,008
3277
0,008
3419
0,009
3561
0,01
3704
0,01
3846
0,011
3989
0,012
4131
0,013
4274
0,013
221
181
362
0,0001
543
0,0002
723
0,0003
904
0,0005
1085
0,0007
1266
0,0009
1447
0,001
1628
0,001
1809
0,002
1990
0,002
2170
0,002
2351
0,002
2632
0,003
2713
0,003
2894
0,004
3074
0,004
3256
0,005
3436
0,005
3617
0,006
3798
0,006
3979
0,007
4160
0,007
4341
0,008
4522
0,008
4702
0,009
4883
0,01
5064
0,01
5245
0,011
5426
0,012
229
458
0,0001
687
0,0002
916
0,0003
1145
0,0004
1373
0,0006
1602
0,0007
1831
0,0009
2060
0,001
2289
0,001
2518
0,002
2747
0,002
2976
0,002
3205
0,003
3434
0,003
3662
0,003
3891
0,004
4120
0,004
4349
0,004
4578
0,005
4807
0,005
5036
0,006
5265
0,006
5494
0,007
5723
0,007
5952
0,008
6180
0,008
6409
0,009
6638
0,009
6867
0,01
229
458
0,0001
687
0,0002
916
0,0003
1145
0,0004
1373
0,0006
1602
0,0007
1831
0,0009
2060
0,001
2289
0,001
2518
0,002
2747
0,002
2976
0,002
3205
0,003
3434
0,003
3662
0,003
3891
0,004
4120
0,004
4349
0,004
4578
0,005
4807
0,005
5036
0,006
5265
0,006
5494
0,007
5723
0,007
5952
0,008
6180
0,008
6409
0,009
6638
0,009
6867
0,01
364
709
0,0001
1063
0,0001
1418
0,0002
1772
0,0003
2127
0,0004
2481
0,0006
2836
0,0007
3190
0,0009
3545
0,001
3899
0,001
4254
0,001
4608
0,002
4963
0,002
5317
0,002
5672
0,002
6026
0,003
6380
0,003
6735
0,003
7090
0,004
7444
0,004
7799
0,004
8153
0,005
8508
0,005
8862
0,005
9217
0,006
9571
0,006
9926
0,007
10280
0,007
10635
0,008
PH LC
Phu luc 1 (tiep)
v2 y
2g
kG/m2
v
m/s
0,588
3,1
0,626
3,2
0,666
3,3
0,707
3,4
0,749
3,5
0,793
3,6
0,837
3,7
0,883
3,8
0,93
3,9
0,979
1,03
4,1
1,08
4,2
1,13
4,3
1,18
4,4
1,24
4,5
1,29
4,6
1,35
4,7
1,41
4,8
1,47
4,9
1,53
1,59
5,1
1,65
5,2
1,72
5,3
1,78
5,4
1,85
5,5
1,92
5,6
1,99
5,7
2,06
5,8
2,13
5,9
2,2
2,28
6,1
100
110
125
140
160
180
200
225
250
280
315
355
87,6
0,165
90,4
0,175
93,3
0,185
96,1
0,195
98,9
0,206
102
0,216
105
0,228
107
0,239
110
0,251
113
0,263
116
0,275
119
0,287
122
0,3
124
0,313
127
0,326
130
0,339
133
0,353
136
0,36
139
0,381
141
0,395
144
0,409
147
0,424
150
0,44
153
0,455
155
0,470
158
0,486
161
0,502
164
0,519
167
0,535
170
0,552
172
0,569
106
0,147
109
0,156
113
0,164
116
0,174
120
0,183
123
0,193
127
0,202
130
0,212
133
0,223
137
0,233
140
0,244
144
0,255
147
0,26
150
0,278
154
0,289
157
0,301
161
0,313
164
0,325
168
0,338
171
0,35
174
0,364
178
0,37
181
0,39
185
0,404
18
0,418
192
0,432
195
0,446
198
0,46
202
0,475
205
0,49
209
0,505
1104
0,034
1140
0,036
1175
0,038
1211
0,04
1247
0,042
1282
0,045
1318
0,047
1353
0,049
1389
0,052
1425
0,054
1460
0,056
1496
0,059
1531
0,062
1567
0,064
1603
0,067
1638
0,07
1674
0,072
1710
0,075
1745
0,078
1781
0,081
1810
0,084
1854
0,087
1888
0,09
1923
0,093
1959
0,097
194
0,1
2030
0,103
206
0,107
2101
0,11
2137
0,113
2172
0,117
137
0,125
141
0,132
146
0,14
150
0,148
154
0,156
159
0,164
163
0,173
168
0,181
172
0,19
177
0,198
181
0,208
186
0,217
190
0,227
194
0,237
19
0,247
203
0,257
208
0,267
212
0,27
216
0,28
221
0,29
225
0,31
226
0,321
234
0,333
238
0,344
243
0,356
247
0,368
252
0,38
256
0,392
261
0,405
265
0,418
269
0,43
172
0,109
17
0,115
183
0,122
18
0,128
194
0,135
19
0,142
205
0,15
211
0,157
216
0,165
222
0,172
227
0,18
233
0,18
238
0,197
244
0,205
249
0,214
255
0,223
260
0,232
26
0,24
271
0,25
27
0,259
283
0,269
28
0,279
294
0,289
29
0,29
305
0,309
310
0,319
316
0,33
321
0,341
327
0,351
332
0,362
337
0,373
224
0,092
231
0,097
239
0,103
246
0,109
253
0,114
260
0,12
268
0,127
275
0,132
282
0,139
289
0,145
297
0,153
304
0,159
311
0,16
318
0,174
326
0,181
333
0,18
340
0,196
347
0,203
355
0,211
362
0,219
369
0,227
376
0,236
383
0,244
391
0,253
398
0,261
405
0,27
412
0,279
420
0,288
427
0,297
434
0,306
441
0,316
284
0,08
293
0,084
302
0,039
311
0,094
321
0,09
330
0,104
339
0,109
348
0,115
357
0,12
36
0,126
375
0,132
385
0,138
394
0,144
403
0,15
412
0,156
421
0,163
430
0,169
440
0,176
449
0,183
458
0,189
467
0,197
476
0,204
485
0,211
494
0,218
503
0,226
513
0,233
522
0,241
531
0,249
540
0,257
549
0,265
559
0,273
222
350
0,069
362
0,073
373
0,078
384
0,082
396
0,086
407
0,091
418
0,096
430
0,1
441
0,105
452
0,11
463
0,115
475
0,12
486
0,126
497
0,131
509
0,137
520
0,142
531
0,148
543
0,154
554
0,16
565
0,165
57
0,172
58
0,178
59
0,184
610
0,191
622
0,197
633
0,204
644
0,21
656
0,217
667
0,224
678
0,231
690
0,238
444
0,06
458
0,0064
472
0,0067
486
0,071
501
0,075
515
0,079
529
0,083
544
0,087
558
0,091
572
0,095
587
0,1
601
0,104
615
0,109
629
0,113
644
0,118
658
0,123
672
0,128
687
0,133
701
0,138
715
0,143
730
0,149
744
0,154
758
0,159
773
0,165
787
0,171
801
0,176
915
0,182
830
0,18
844
0,194
858
0,2
873
0,206
548
0,053
565
0,056
583
0,059
601
0,062
618
0,06
636
0,069
654
0,073
671
0,076
689
0,08
706
0,083
724
0,087
742
0,091
759
0,095
777
0,09
795
0,104
812
0,108
830
0,112
848
0,117
865
0,121
883
0,126
901
0,13
918
0,135
936
0,14
954
0,145
971
0,15
989
0,155
1007
0,16
1024
0,165
1042
0,170
1060
0,176
1071
0,181
687
0,046
709
0,048
731
0,051
753
0,054
775
0,057
798
0,06
820
0,063
842
0,06
864
0,069
886
0,072
908
0,076
931
0,079
953
0,083
975
0,087
997
0,9
1019
0,094
1041
0,097
1063
0,101
1086
0,105
1108
0,109
1130
0,113
1152
0,117
1174
0,121
1196
0,126
1219
0,13
1241
0,134
1263
0,139
1285
0,143
1307
0,148
1329
0,152
1352
0,157
869
0,039
897
0,042
925
0,044
953
0,047
981
0,049
1009
0,052
1038
0,054
1066
0,057
1094
0,06
1122
0,062
1150
0,005
1178
0,068
1208
0,071
1234
0,075
1262
0,078
1290
0,081
1318
0,084
1346
0,087
1374
0,091
1402
0,094
1430
0,098
1458
0,101
1486
0,105
1514
0,108
1542
0,112
1570
0,116
1598
0,12
1626
0,124
1654
0,128
1682
0,132
1711
0,136
PH LC
Phu luc 1 (tiep)
v
m/s
3,1
3,2
3,3
3,4
3,5
3,6
3,7
3,8
3,9
4
4,1
4,2
4,3
4,4
4,5
4,6
4,7
4,7
4,9
5
5,1
5,2
5,3
5,4
5,5
5,6
5,7
5,8
5,9
6
6,1
400
tren 1m dai cua ong (dong di) ng vi ng knh ong theo mo men
450
500
560
630
710
800
900
1000 1120 1250
1400
1402
0,03
1447
0,031
1492
0,033
1537
0,035
1583
0,036
1628
0,038
1673
0,04
1718
0,042
1763
0,044
1809
0,046
1854
0,049
189
0,051
1944
0,053
190
0,055
2035
0,058
2080
0,06
2125
0,062
2170
0,065
2216
0,067
2201
0,07
2306
0,072
2351
0,075
2396
0,078
2442
0,08
2487
0,083
2535
0,086
257
0,089
2623
0,092
2668
0,095
2713
0,098
2758
0,101
1774
0,025
1831
0,027
188
0,028
1946
0,03
2003
0,031
2060
0,033
2117
0,035
2175
0,037
2232
0,038
2289
0,04
2346
0,042
2404
0,044
2461
0,046
2518
0,048
2575
0,05
2632
0,052
2690
0,054
2747
0,056
2804
0,058
2861
0,06
2919
0,062
2976
0,065
3033
0,067
3090
0,069
3147
0,072
3205
0,074
3262
0,07
3319
0,079
3376
0,082
3434
0,084
3491
0,087
17171
0,006
17725
0,006
18279
0,007
18832
0,007
19386
0,008
19940
0,008
20494
0,008
21048
0,009
21602
0,009
22156
0,01
22710
0,01
23264
0,011
23818
0,011
24371
0,012
24925
0,012
25479
0,013
16033
0,013
26587
0,014
27141
0,014
27695
0,015
28248
0,015
28803
0,016
29356
0,016
2910
0,017
30464
0,017
31018
0,018
31572
0,019
32162
0,019
32680
0,02
33234
0,02
33788
0,021
2190
0,022
2261
0,023
2331
0,025
2402
0,026
2473
0,028
2543
0,029
2614
0,031
2685
0,032
2755
0,034
2826
0,035
2897
0,037
2967
0,038
3038
0,04
3109
0,042
3179
0,044
3250
0,045
3321
0,047
3391
0,049
3462
0,051
3532
0,053
3603
0,055
3674
0,057
3744
0,059
3815
0,061
386
0,063
3956
0,065
4027
0,067
4098
0,069
4168
0,072
4239
0,074
4310
0,076
2747
0,019
2836
0,02
2925
0,021
3013
0,023
3102
0,024
3190
0,025
3279
0,026
3368
0,028
3456
0,029
3545
0,03
3634
0,032
3722
0,033
3811
0,035
389
0,036
398
0,038
407
0,039
4165
0,041
4254
0,043
4343
0,044
4431
0,046
4520
0,048
4608
0,049
4697
0,051
4786
0,053
4874
0,055
4963
0,056
5052
0,058
5140
0,06
5229
0,062
5317
0,064
5406
0,06
3477
0,017
3589
0,018
3701
0,019
3814
0,02
3926
0,021
4038
0,022
4150
0,023
4262
0,024
4374
0,025
4481
0,026
459
0,028
4711
0,029
4825
0,03
4935
0,031
5047
0,033
5160
0,034
5272
0,035
3384
0,037
5496
0,038
5608
0,04
5720
0,041
5833
0,043
5945
0,044
6057
0,046
6169
0,047
6281
0,049
6393
0,05
6506
0,052
6618
0,054
6730
0,055
6842
0,057
4416
0,014
4559
0,015
4701
0,016
4844
0,017
4986
0,018
5129
0,019
5271
0,02
5413
0,021
5556
0,022
5698
0,023
5841
0,024
5983
0,025
6126
0,026
6268
0,027
6411
0,028
6553
0,029
6696
0,03
6838
0,032
6980
0,033
7123
0,034
7265
0,035
7408
0,037
7550
0,038
7693
0,039
7835
0,041
7978
0,042
8120
0,043
8263
0,045
8405
0,046
8548
0,048
8690
0,049
223
5607
0,012
578
0,013
5969
0,014
6149
0,015
6330
0,015
6511
0,016
6692
0,017
6873
0,018
7054
0,019
7235
0,019
7415
0,02
7596
0,021
7777
0,022
7958
0,023
8139
0,024
8320
0,025
8501
0,026
8631
0,027
8862
0,028
9043
0,029
9224
0,03
9405
0,032
9536
0,033
9767
0,034
9948
0,035
10128
0,036
10309
0,037
10490
0,039
10671
0,04
10852
0,041
11033
0,042
7096
0,011
7325
0,011
7554
0,012
7783
0,013
8012
0,013
8242
0,014
8470
0,015
8698
0,015
8927
0,016
9156
0,017
9385
0,018
9514
0,018
9843
0,019
10071
0,02
10301
0,021
10530
0,022
10759
0,023
10987
0,023
11216
0,024
11445
0,025
11674
0,026
11903
0,027
12132
0,028
12361
0,029
12590
0,03
12819
0,031
13047
0,032
1327
0,033
13505
0,034
13734
0,035
13963
0,036
8761
0,009
9043
0,01
9326
0,01
9608
0,011
9891
0,012
10174
0,012
10456
0,013
10739
0,013
11021
0,014
11304
0,015
11587
0,015
11869
0,016
12152
0,017
12434
0,018
12717
0,018
13000
0,019
13282
0,02
13565
0,021
13847
0,021
14130
0,022
14413
0,023
14695
0,024
14978
0,025
15260
0,026
15543
0,026
15826
0,027
16108
0,028
16391
0,029
1673
0,03
16956
0,031
17239
0,032
10989
0,008
11344
0,009
11698
0,009
12053
0,01
12407
0,01
12762
0,011
13116
0,011
13471
0,012
13825
0,012
14180
0,013
14534
0,013
1489
0,014
15243
0,015
15598
0,015
15952
0,016
16307
0,017
1661
0,017
17016
0,018
17370
0,019
17725
0,019
18079
0,02
18434
0,021
18788
0,021
19143
0,022
19497
0,023
19851
0,024
20208
0,025
20561
0,025
20915
0,026
21270
0,027
21624
0,028
13688
0,007
14130
0,007
14572
0,008
15013
0,008
15455
0,009
15896
0,009
16338
0,01
16779
0,01
17221
0,011
17662
0,011
18104
0,012
18546
0,012
18987
0,013
19429
0,013
19870
0,014
20312
0,014
20753
0,015
21195
0,016
21637
0,016
22078
0,017
22520
0,017
22961
0,018
23403
0,019
23844
0,019
24286
0,02
14727
0,021
25169
0,021
25611
0,022
26052
0,023
26494
0,023
26935
0,024
PH LC
Phu luc 1 (tiep)
v2 y
2g
kG/m2
v
m/s
2,35
6,2
2,43
6,3
2,51
6,4
2,58
6,5
2,66
6,6
2,75
6,7
2,83
6,8
2,91
6,9
3,08
7,1
3,17
7,2
3,26
7,3
3,35
7,4
3,44
7,5
3,53
7,6
3,63
7,7
3,72
7,8
3,82
7,9
3,91
4,01
8,1
4,11
8,2
4,21
8,3
4,32
8,4
4,42
8,5
4,52
8,6
4,63
8,7
4,74
8,8
4,84
8,9
4,95
5,07
9,1
5,18
9,2
100
110
125
140
160
180
200
225
250
280
315
355
175
0,587
178
0,604
181
0,622
184
0,64
187
0,658
189
0,677
193
0,696
195
0,714
198
0,734
201
0,753
204
0,773
206
0,794
209
0,814
212
0,834
215
0,855
218
0,876
220
0,897
223
0,918
226
0,94
229
0,962
232
0,984
235
1,01
237
1,03
240
1,05
243
1,08
246
1,1
249
1,12
252
1,13
254
1,17
257
1,2
260
1,22
212
0,521
215
0,536
219
0,552
222
0,568
226
0,584
229
0,6
233
0,617
236
0,634
239
0,651
242
0,669
246
0,686
250
0,704
253
0,722
257
0,741
260
0,759
263
0,777
267
0,796
270
0,815
274
0,834
27
0,854
280
0,874
284
0,894
287
0,914
291
0,934
294
0,955
298
0,976
301
0,996
304
1,02
308
1,04
311
1,06
315
1,08
2208
0.12
2244
0.124
2279
0.128
2315
0.131
2351
0.135
2386
0.139
2422
0.143
2457
0.147
2493
0.151
2529
0.155
2564
0.159
2600
0.163
2639
0.167
2671
0.171
2707
0.175
2742
0.18
2778
0.184
2814
0.189
2849
0.193
2885
0.197
2920
0.202
2956
0.207
2992
0.211
3027
0.216
3063
0.221
3098
0.226
3134
0.231
3170
0.236
3205
0.241
3241
0.246
3277
0.251
274
0,444
278
0,457
283
0,47
287
0,484
291
0,498
296
0,512
300
0,526
305
0,54
309
0,555
314
0,57
318
0,585
322
0,601
327
0,616
331
0,631
336
0,647
340
0,663
344
0,678
349
0,695
353
0,711
358
0,728
362
0,745
367
0,762
371
0,779
375
0,797
380
0,814
384
0,832
389
0,85
393
0,868
397
0,886
402
0,905
406
0,924
343
0,385
349
0,396
355
0,408
360
0,42
36
0,432
371
0,444
37
0,457
382
0,469
38
0,482
393
0,494
399
0,508
404
0,521
410
0,534
415
0,548
421
0,561
427
0,575
432
0,589
438
0,603
443
0,617
449
0,632
454
0,646
460
0,661
465
0,676
471
0,691
476
0,706
482
0,722
487
0,737
493
0,753
49
0,769
504
0,785
510
0,802
449
0,326
456
0,335
463
0,345
470
0,355
478
0,365
485
0,376
492
0,386
49
0,396
506
0,407
514
0,418
521
0,429
528
0,441
535
0,452
543
0,463
550
0,475
557
0,486
564
0,498
572
0,51
579
0,522
586
0,534
593
0,547
601
0,559
608
0,572
615
0,584
622
0,597
629
0,61
637
0,623
644
0,637
651
0,65
658
0,664
666
0,678
568
0,282
57
0,29
586
0,298
595
0,307
604
0,316
614
0,325
623
0,334
632
0,343
641
0,352
650
0,361
659
0,371
668
0,381
678
0,39
687
0,4
696
0,41
705
0,42
714
0,43
723
0,441
733
0,451
742
0,462
751
0,472
760
0,483
769
0,494
778
0,505
782
0,516
797
0,527
806
0,539
815
0,551
824
0,562
833
0,574
842
0,586
224
701
0,246
712
0,253
724
0,261
735
0,268
746
0,276
757
0,284
769
0,292
780
0,29
791
0,308
802
0,316
814
0,324
825
0,333
837
0,341
848
0,35
859
0,358
870
0,367
882
0,376
893
0,385
904
0,394
916
0,403
927
0,413
938
0,422
949
0,432
961
0,441
972
0,451
983
0,461
995
0,471
1006
0,481
1017
0,491
1029
0,501
1040
0,512
887
0,213
901
0,219
916
0,226
930
0,232
944
0,239
959
0,245
973
0,252
987
0,259
1001
0,26
1015
0,273
1030
0,281
1044
0,288
1059
0,295
1073
0,303
1087
0,31
1102
0,318
1116
0,325
1130
0,333
1145
0,341
1159
0,349
1173
0,357
1187
0,365
1202
0,374
1216
0,382
1230
0,39
245
0,39
1259
0,407
1273
0,416
1288
0,425
1302
0,434
1316
0,443
1095
0,187
1113
0,192
1130
0,198
1148
0,203
116
0,209
1183
0,215
1201
0,221
1219
0,227
1236
0,233
1254
0,24
1272
0,246
1289
0,252
1307
0,259
1325
0,265
1342
0,272
1360
0,279
1378
0,285
1395
0,292
1413
0,29
1431
0,306
1448
0,313
146
0,32
1484
0,327
1501
0,335
1519
0,342
1537
0,35
1554
0,357
1572
0,365
1590
0,373
1607
0,38
1625
0,388
1374
0,162
1396
0,167
1418
0,172
1440
0,17
1462
0,182
1484
0,187
1501
0,192
1529
0,197
1551
0,203
1573
0,208
1595
0,214
1617
0,219
1640
0,225
162
0,23
1684
0,236
1706
0,242
1728
0,248
1750
0,254
172
0,26
1795
0,26
1817
0,272
1839
0,278
1861
0,284
1885
0,291
1905
0,297
1928
0,303
1950
0,31
1972
0,317
194
0,323
2016
0,33
2038
0,337
1739
0,14
1761
0,144
1795
0,148
1823
0,152
1851
0,157
1879
0,161
1907
0,16
1935
0,17
1963
0,175
191
0,179
2019
0,184
2047
0,189
2075
0.194
2103
0.199
2131
0.204
2159
0.209
2187
0.214
2215
0.219
2243
0.224
2271
0.229
2299
0.235
2327
0.24
2355
0.245
2383
0.251
2412
0.256
2440
0.262
2468
0.268
2496
0.273
2524
0.279
2552
0.285
2580
0.291
PH LC
Phu luc 1 (tiep)
v
m/s
6,2
6,3
6,4
6,5
6,6
6,7
6,8
6,9
7
7,1
7,2
7,3
7,4
7,5
7,6
7,7
7,8
7,9
8
8,1
8,2
8,3
8,4
8,5
8,6
8,7
8,8
8,9
9
9,1
9,2
Lu lng khong kh m3/h (dong tren) va ton that ap suat do ma sat kG/m2
400
2303
0.104
2849
0.107
2894
0.11
2939
0.113
2984
0.116
3029
0.12
3075
0.123
3120
0.126
3165
0.13
3210
0.133
3256
0.137
3301
0.14
3346
0.144
3391
0.18
3436
0.151
3482
0.155
3527
0.159
3572
0.162
3617
0.166
3662
0.17
3708
0.174
3753
0.178
3198
0.182
3843
0.186
3889
0.19
3934
0.194
3979
0.198
4024
0.203
4069
0.207
4115
0.211
4160
0.216
450
3548
0.090
3605
0.092
3662
0.095
3120
0.098
3777
0.100
3834
0.103
3892
0.106
3949
0.109
4006
0.112
4063
0.115
4120
0.118
4178
0.121
4235
0.124
4292
0.127
4349
0.130
4406
0.134
4464
0.137
4521
0.14
4578
0.143
4635
0.147
4693
0.15
4750
0.154
4807
0.157
4864
0.161
4921
0.164
4979
0.168
5036
0.171
5093
0.175
5150
0.179
5208
0.182
5265
0.186
500
4380
0.078
4451
0.081
4522
0.083
4592
0.086
4663
0.088
4734
0.09
4804
0.093
4875
0.096
4945
0.098
5016
0.01
5087
0.103
5157
0.106
5228
0.109
5299
0.112
5369
0.114
5440
0.117
5511
0.120
5581
0.123
5652
0.126
5723
0.129
5793
0.132
5864
0.135
5935
0.138
6005
0.141
6076
0.144
6147
0.147
6217
0.15
6288
0.153
6359
0.157
6429
0.160
6500
0.163
560
5495
0.068
5583
0.07
5672
0.072
5761
0.074
5849
0.076
5938
0.079
6026
0.081
6115
0.083
6204
0.085
6292
0.087
6381
0.09
6470
0.092
6558
0.094
6647
0.097
6735
0.099
6824
0.102
6913
0.104
7001
0.107
7090
0.109
7178
0.112
7267
0.114
7356
0.117
7444
0.119
7533
0.122
7622
0.125
7710
0.128
7799
0.13
7887
0.133
7976
0.136
8065
0.139
8153
0.142
630
6954
0.059
7066
0.06
7178
0.062
7291
0.064
7403
0.066
7515
0.068
7627
0.07
7739
0.072
7851
0.074
7964
0.075
8076
0.077
8188
0.079
8300
0.081
8412
0.084
9524
0.086
8637
0.088
8749
0.09
8861
0.092
9873
0.94
9085
0.096
9197
0.099
9310
0.101
9422
0.103
9534
0.105
9646
0.108
9758
0.11
9870
0.112
9983
0.115
10095
0.117
10207
0.12
10319
0.122
710
8832
0.051
8975
0.052
9117
0.054
9260
0.055
9402
0.057
9545
0.058
9687
0.06
9830
0.062
9972
0.063
10115
0.065
10265
0.067
10405
0.068
10545
0.07
10685
0.072
10830
0.074
10969
0.076
11112
0.077
11254
0.079
11397
0.081
11539
0.083
11682
0.085
11824
0.087
11967
0.089
12109
0.091
12251
0.093
12394
0.095
12536
0.097
12679
0.099
12821
0.101
12964
0.103
13106
0.105
225
800
11214
0.044
11394
0.045
11575
0.046
11756
0.048
11937
0.049
12118
0.05
12299
0.052
12480
0.053
12660
0.055
12841
0.056
13022
0.057
13203
0.059
13384
0.06
13565
0.062
13746
0.063
13907
0.065
14107
0.067
14288
0.068
14469
0.07
14650
0.071
14831
0.073
15012
0.075
15193
0.076
15373
0.078
45554
0.08
15735
0.082
15916
0.083
16097
0.085
16277
0.087
16459
0.089
16640
0.091
900
14191
0.038
14421
0.039
14650
0.04
14879
0.041
15108
0.042
15337
0.043
15566
0.045
15795
0.046
16023
0.047
16252
0.048
16481
0.05
16710
0.051
16939
0.052
17168
0.053
127397
0.055
17626
0.056
17854
0.057
18084
0.059
18312
0.06
18541
0.062
18770
0.063
18999
0.065
19228
0.066
19457
0.067
19686
0.069
19915
0.07
20144
0.072
20373
0.074
20602
0.075
20830
0.077
21059
0.078
1000
17521
0.033
17804
0.034
18086
0.035
18369
0.036
18652
0.037
18934
0.038
19217
0.039
19499
0.04
19782
0.041
20065
0.042
20341
0.043
20630
0.045
20912
0.046
21195
0.047
21478
0.048
21760
0.049
22043
0.05
22325
0.052
22608
0.053
22891
0.054
23173
0.055
23456
0.057
23738
0.058
24051
0.059
24304
0.061
24586
0.062
24869
0.063
25151
0.065
25434
0.066
25717
0.067
25999
0.069
1120
21979
0.029
22333
0.029
22688
0.03
23042
0.031
23397
0.032
23751
0.033
24106
0.034
24460
0.035
24815
0.036
25169
0.037
25524
0.038
25878
0.039
26233
0.04
26687
0.041
26942
0.042
27296
0.043
27690
0.044
28005
0.045
28359
0.046
28714
0.047
29068
0.048
29423
0.049
29777
0.05
30132
0.051
30486
0.053
30841
0.054
31195
0.055
31550
0.056
31904
0.057
32259
0.058
32613
0.06
1250
27377
0.025
27818
0.026
28260
0.026
28702
0.027
29143
0.028
29585
0.029
30026
0.03
30468
0.03
30901
0.031
31351
0.032
31792
0.033
32234
0.034
32676
0.035
33117
0.036
33559
0.036
34000
0.037
34442
0.038
34883
0.039
35325
0.04
35766
0.041
36208
0.042
36650
0.043
37091
0.044
37533
0.045
37974
0.046
38416
0.047
38858
0.048
39299
0.049
39741
0.05
40182
0.051
40624
0.052
1400
34342
0.022
34895
0.022
35449
0.023
36003
0.024
36557
0.024
37111
0.025
37665
0.026
38219
0.026
38773
0.027
39327
0.028
39881
0.029
40434
0.029
40988
0.03
41542
0.031
42096
0.032
42650
0.032
43204
0.033
43758
0.034
44312
0.035
44856
0.036
45419
0.036
45973
0.037
46527
0.038
47081
0.039
47635
0.04
48189
0.041
48743
0.041
49297
0.042
49851
0.043
50405
0.044
50958
0.045
PH LC
Phu luc 1 (tiep)
v2 y
2g
kG/m2
v
m/s
5.29
9.3
5.4
9.4
5.52
9.5
5.64
9.6
5.76
9.7
5.87
9.8
5.99
9.9
6.12
10
6.24
10.1
6.33
10.2
6.49
10.3
6.62
10.4
6.74
10.5
6.87
10.6
10.7
7.13
10.8
7.22
10.9
7.4
11
7.54
11.1
7.67
11.2
7.81
11.3
7.95
11.4
8.09
11.5
8.23
11.6
8.37
11.7
8.32
11.8
8.66
11.9
8.81
12
8.95
12.1
9.1
12.2
9.25
12.3
100
110
125
140
160
180
200
225
250
280
315
355
263
1.24
266
1.27
269
1.3
271
1.32
274
1.35
277
1.37
280
1.4
283
1.43
285
1.45
288
1.48
291
1.51
2.4
1.54
297
1.56
300
1.59
302
1.63
305
1.65
308
1.68
311
1.71
314
1.73
317
1.76
319
1.79
322
1.82
325
1.85
328
1.88
331
1.92
334
1.95
336
1.98
339
2.01
342
2.04
345
2.07
348
2.10
318
1.1
321
1.13
325
1.15
328
1.17
322
1.2
335
1.22
339
1.24
342
1.27
345
1.29
349
1.31
352
1.34
356
1.36
359
1.39
363
1.41
366
1.44
369
1.46
373
1.49
376
1.51
380
1.54
383
1.57
386
1.59
390
1.62
393
1.66
397
1.69
400
1.7
404
1.73
407
1.76
410
1.78
414
1.81
417
1.84
421
1.87
3312
0.256
3348
0.261
3383
0.266
3419
0.271
3455
0.277
3490
0.282
3526
0.287
3561
0.293
3597
0.298
3633
0.304
3668
0.31
3704
0.315
3740
0.321
3775
0.327
3811
0.332
3846
0.338
3882
0.344
3918
0.35
3953
0.356
3989
0.362
4020
0.368
4060
0.374
4096
0.381
4131
0.387
4167
0.393
4203
0.399
4238
0.406
4274
0.412
4309
0.419
4345
0.426
4381
0.432
411
0.942
415
0.961
420
0.98
424
1
428
1.02
433
1.04
437
1.06
442
1.08
446
1.1
450
1.11
455
1.14
4.59
1.16
464
1.18
468
1.2
473
1.22
477
1.25
481
1.27
486
1.29.
490
1.31
495
1.34
498
1.36
503
1.38
508
1.4
512
1.43
517
1.45
512
1.47
526
1.5
530
1.22
534
1.54
539
1.57
543
1.59
515
0.817
521
0.833
526
0.851
522
0.868
537
0.885
543
0.901
548
0.918
554
0.936
555
0.954
565
0.972
571
0.99
576
1.01
582
1.03
587
1.04
593
1.06
598
1.08
604
1.1
609
1.12
615
1.14
620
1.16
626
1.18
631
1.2
637
1.22
643
1.24
648
1.26
654
1.28
659
1.3
665
1.32
670
1.34
676
136
681
1.38
673
0.691
680
0.705
687
0.719
695
0.734
702
0.748
709
0.762
716
0.777
724
0.792
731
0.807
738
0.822
745
0.837
752
0.853
760
0.860
767
0.884
774
0.899
781
0.915
789
0.931
796
0.947
803
0.963
810
0.98
817
0.996
825
1.01
832
1.03
839
1.05
846
1.06
854
1.08
861
1.1
868
1.12
875
1.13
883
1.15
890
1.17
852
0.597
861
0.609
870
0.622
879
0.634
888
0.647
897
0.659
906
0.671
916
0.684
925
0.697
934
0.711
943
0.723
952
.0.737
961
0.75
971
0.764
980
0.777
989
0.791
998
0.805
1007
0.818
1016
0.832
1026+
0.847
1035
0.861
1045
0.875
1053
0.89
1062
0.904
1071
0.919
1018
0.934
1090
0.949
1099
0.964
1108
0.979
1117
0.995
1126
1.01
226
1051
0.522
1063
0.532
1074
0.543
1086
0.554
1097
0.565
1108
0.576
1119
0.586
1130
0.598
1142
0.609
1153
0.621
1164
0.532
1176
0.644
1187
0.655
1198
0.577
1209
0.679
1221
0.691
1232
0.703
1243
0.715
1255
0.727
1266
0.14
1277
0.752
1289
0.764
1300
0.777
1311
0.79
1323
0.803
1334
0.816
1345
0.829
1356
0.842
1368
0.855
1379
0.869
1390
0.82
1330
0.452
1345
0.461
1359
0.47
1373
0.480
1388
0.489
1402
0.498
1416
0.507
1431
0.17
1445
0527
1459
0.537
1474
0..547
1488
0.557
1502
0.567
1516
0.577
1531
0.587
1545
0.598
1559
0.608
1574
0.619
1588
0.629
1602
0.64
1617
0.651
1631
0.662
1645
0.673
1660
0.684
1674
0.695
1688
0.706
1702
0.717
1717
0.729
1731
0.74
1745
0.752
1760
0.764
1643
0.396
1660
0.404
1678
0.412
1696
0.42
1713
0.429
1731
0.437
1749
0.445
1766
0.454
1784
0.462
1802
0.471
1819
0.48
1837
0.488
1455
0.497
1872
0.506
1890
0.515
1908
0.524
1925
0.533
1943
0.542
1961
0.552
1978
0.561
1996
0.57
2014
0.58
2031
0.59
2049
0.6
2067
0.609
2084
0.619
2102
0.629
2120
0.639
2137
0.649
2155
0.659
2172
0.669
2060
0.344
2080
0.35
2105
0.358
2127
0.365
2149
0.372
2171
0.379
2193
0.386
2216
0.394
2238
0.401
2260
0.409
2282
0.416
2304
0.424
2326
0.431
2349
0.439
2371
0.447
2393
0.455
2415
0.463
2437
0.471
2459
0.479
2481
0.487
2504
0.495
2526
0.503
2548
0.512
2570
0.52
2592
0.529
2614
0.537
2637
0.546
2659
0.555
2681
0.563
2703
0.572
2725
0.581
2608
0.296
2636
0.302
2664
0.309
2692
0.315
2720
0.321
2748
0.327
2776
0.333
2804
0.34
2832
0.340
2860
0.353
2888
0.359
2916
0.366
2944
0.372
2972
0.379
3000
0.386
3028
0.393
3056
0.4
3084
0.406
3113
0.413
3141
0.42
3169
0.427
3197
0.435
3225
0.442
3253
0.449
3281
0.457
3309
0.464
3337
0.471
3365
0.479
3393
0.486
3421
0.494
3449
0.502
PH LC
Phu luc 1 (tiep)
v
m/s
9,3
9,4
9,5
9,6
9,7
9,8
9,9
10
10,1
10,2
10,3
10,4
10,5
10,6
10,7
10,8
10,9
11
11,1
11,2
11,3
11,4
11,5
11,6
11,7
11,8
11,9
12
12,1
12,2
12,3
400
4205
0.22
4250
0.224
4296
0.229
4341
0.234
4386
0.238
4431
0.243
4476
0.247
4522
0.252
4567
0.257
4612
0.262
4657
0.267
4702
0.272
4748
0.276
4793
0.281
4838
0.286
4883
0.291
4929
0.296
4974
0.301
5019
0.307
5064
0.312
5109
0.317
5155
0.322
5200
0.328
5245
0.333
5290
0.339
5335
0.344
5381
0.35
5426
0.355
5471
0.361
5516
0.367
5562
0.372
450
500
560
630
710
800
900
1000 1120 1250
5322
0.19
5379
0.194
5437
0.198
5494
0.202
5551
0.206
5608
0.209
5665
0.213
5723
0.218
5780
0.222
5837
0.226
5894
0.23
5952
0.234
6009
0.238
6066
0.243
6123
0.247
6180
0.251
6238
0.256
6295
0.26
6352
0.265
6409
0.269
6467
0.274
6524
0.278
6581
0.283
6638
0.288
6696
0.292
6753
0.297
6810
0.302
6867
0.306
6924
0.311
6982
0.316
7039
0.321
6570
0.166
6641
0.17
6712
0.173
6782
0.177
6853
0.18
6924
0.184
6994
0.187
7065
0.191
7136
0.194
1206
0.198
7277
0.202
7348
0.205
7418
0.209
7489
0.213
7650
0.217
1630
0.22
7701
0.224
7772
0.228
7842
0.232
7913
0.236
1983
0.24
8054
0.244
8125
0.248
8195
0.252
8266
0.256
8337
0.26
8407
0.246
8478
0.269
8549
0.273
8619
0.277
8690
0.281
8242
0.144
8331
0.147
8419
0.15
8508
0.153
8596
0.156
8685
0.159
8774
0.162
8862
0.165
8951
0.169
9040
0.172
9128
0.175
9217
0.178
9305
0.181
9394
0.185
9483
0.188
9571
0.191
9660
0.195
9749
0.198
9837
0.201
9926
0.205
10014
0.208
10103
0.212
10192
0.215
10280
0.219
10369
0.222
10458
0.226
10546
0.229
10635
0233
10723
0.237
10812
0.241
10900
0.244
10431
0.125
10543
0.127
10656
0.13
10768
0.132
10880
0.135
10992
0.138
11104
0.14
11216
0.143
11329
0.146
11441
0.148
11553
0.151
11655
0.154
11777
0.157
11889
0.159
12002
0.162
12114
0.165
12226
0.168
12338
0.171
12450
0.174
12562
0.177
12675
0.18
12787
0.183
12899
0.186
13011
0.189
13123
0.192
13235
0.195
13348
0.198
13460
0.201
13572
0.204
13684
0.208
13796
0.211
13242
0.107
13391
0.109
13534
0.112
13676
0.144
13818
0.116
13961
0.118
14103
0.121
14246
0.123
14388
0.125
14531
0.128
14673
0.13
14816
0.132
14958
0.135
15101
0.137
15243
0.14
15368
0.142
15528
0.145
15670
0.147
15813
0.15
15955
0.152
16098
0.155
16240
0.157
16383
0.16
16525
0.163
16668
0.165
16810
0.168
16953
0.171
17095
0.173
17237
0.176
17380
0.179
17522
0.182
227
16820
0.092
17001
0.094
17182
0.096
17363
0.098
17544
0.1
17724
0.102
17906
0.104
18086
0.106
18267
0.108
18448
0.11
18629
0.112
18810
0.114
18991
0.0116
19172
0.118
19352
0.12
19533
0.122
19714
0.125
19095
0.127
20076
0.129
20257
0.131
20438
0.133
20618
0.135
20799
0.138
20980
0.14
21161
0.142
21342
0.145
21523
0.147
21704
0.149
21885
0.152
22065
0.154
22246
0.156
21288
0.08
21517
0.081
21846
0.083
21975
0.085
22204
0.086
22433
0.088
22662
0.09
22890
0.091
23120
0.093
23348
0.095
23577
0.097
23806
0.098
24035
0.1
24264
0.102
24493
0.104
24722
0.106
24951
0.108
25180
0.109
25409
0.111
25647
0.113
25866
0.115
26095
0.117
26324
0.119
26553
0.121
26782
0.123
27011
0.125
27240
0.127
27469
0.129
27698
0.131
27927
0.133
28155
0.135
26282
0.07
26564
0.072
26847
0.073
27130
0.074
27412
0.076
27695
0.077
27977
0.079
28260
0.08
28543
0.082
28825
0.083
29708
0.085
29390
0.087
29673
0.088
29956
0.089
30238
0.091
30521
0.093
30803
0.094
31086
0.096
31369
0.098
31651
0.099
31934
0.101
32216
0.103
32499
0.104
32781
0.106
33064
0.108
33347
0.109
33629
0.111
33912
0.113
34195
0.115
34477
0.117
34760
0.118
32958
0.061
33322
0.062
33677
0.063
34031
0.065
34386
0.066
34740
0.067
35095
0.068
35449
0.07
35804
0.071
36158
0.072
36513
0.074
36847
0.075
37222
0.076
37576
0.078
37931
0.079
38285
0.08
38640
0.082
38994
0.083
39349
0.085
39703
0.086
40058
0.088
40412
0.089
40767
0.091
41121
0.092
41476
0.094
41830
0.095
42185
0.097
42539
0.098
42894
0.1
43248
0.0101
43603
0.103
41065
0.053
41507
0.054
41948
0.055
42390
0.056
42832
0.057
43273
0.058
43715
0.06
44156
0.061
44598
0.062
45039
0.063
45481
0.064
45923
0.065
46364
0.067
46806
0.068
47247
0.069
47689
0.070
48130
0.071
48572
0.073
49013
0.074
49455
0.015
49897
0.076
50338
0.078
50780
0.079
51221
0.08
51663
0.082
52104
0.083
52546
0.084
52988
0.086
53429
0.087
53871
0.088
54312
0.09
1400
51512
0.46
52066
0.014
52620
0.048
53174
0.049
53728
0.09
54282
0.051
54896
0.052
55389
0.053
55943
0.054
56497
0.055
57051
0.056
57605
0.057
58159
0.058
58713
0.059
59267
0.06
59821
0.061
60375
0.062
60929
0.063
61482
0.064
62036
0.065
62590
0.066
63144
0.067
63698
0.068
64252
0.07
64806
0.07
65360
0.072
65914
0.073
66468
0.074
67021
0.075
67575
0.077
68129
0.078
PH LC
Phu luc 1 (tiep)
v2 y
2g
kG/m2
v
m/s
9,4
12,4
9,56
12,5
9,71
12,6
9,86
12,7
10,02
12,8
10,18
12,9
10,34
13
10,5
13,1
10,66
13,2
10,82
13,3
10,98
13,4
11,15
13,5
11,31
13,6
11,48
13,7
11,65
13,8
11,82
13,9
11,99
14
12,16
14,1
12,33
14,2
12,51
14.3
12,68
14,4
12,86
14,5
13,04
14,6
13,22
14,7
13,4
14,8
13,58
14,9
13,76
15
13,95
15,1
14,13
15,2
14,32
15,3
14,5
15,4
14,69
15,5
100
110
125
140
160
180
200
225
250
280
315
350
2,14
353
2,17
356
2,2
359
2,24
362
2,27
364
2,3
367
2,34
370
2,37
373
2,41
376
2,44
379
2,47
381
2,51
384
2,54
387
2,58
390
2,62
393
2,65
396
2,69
398
2,73
401
2,76
404
2,8
407
2,83
410
2,87
413
2,91
415
2,95
418
2,99
421
3,03
424
3,07
427
3,11
429
3,14
432
3,18
435
3,22
438
3,26
424
1,9
427
1,93
431
1,95
434
1,98
438
2,01
441
2,04
445
2,07
448
2,11
451
2,14
456
2,17
458
2,2
462
2,23
465
2,26
468
2,29
472
2,32
475
2,36
479
2,39
482
2,42
486
2,45
489
2,48
492
2,52
496
2,55
49
2,58
503
2,62
506
2,65
509
2,69
513
2,72
516
2,76
520
2,79
523
2,82
527
2,86
530
2,89
5,48
1,62
552
1,64
556
1,67
561
1,69
565
1,72
570
1,74
574
1,77
578
1,8
583
1,82
587
1,85
592
1,87
596
1,9
600
1,93
605
1,95
609
1,98
614
2,01
618
2,04
623
2,06
627
2,09
631
2,12
636
2,14
640
2,17
645
2,2
649
2,23
653
2,26
658
2,29
662
2,32
667
2,35
671
2,38
676
2,41
680
2,44
684
2,47
687
1,4
692
1,42
698
1,45
703
1,47
709
1,49
714
1,51
720
1,53
726
1,56
731
1,58
737
1,6
742
1,62
748
1,65
753
1,67
759
1,69
764
1,72
770
1,74
775
1,77
781
1,79
786
1,81
792
1,84
798
1,86
803
1,89
809
1,91
814
1,94
820
1,96
825
1,99
831
2,01
836
2,04
842
2,06
847
2,09
853
2,11
858
2,14
897
1,19
904
1,2
911
1,22
919
1,24
926
1,26
933
1.28
940
1.3
948
1.32
955
1.34
962
1.36
969
1.37
977
1.39
984
1.41
991
1.43
998
1.45
1006
1.47
1013
1.49
1020
1.51
1027
1.53
1034
1.55
1042
1.57
1049
1.6
1056
1.62
1063
1.64
1071
1.66
1078
1.68
1085
1.71
092
1.72
1100
1.75
1107
1.77
1114
1.79
1121
1.81
1135
1.03
1144
1.04
1154
1.06
1163
1.07
1172
1.09
1181
1.11
1190
1.12
1199
1.14
1209
1.15
1218
1.17
1227
1.19
12336
1.2
1245
1.22
1254
1.24
1264
1.25
1273
1.27
1282
1.29
1291
1.31
1300
1.33
1309
1.34
1319
1.36
1328
1.38
1337
1.4
1346
1.42
1355
1.43
1364
1.45
1373
1.47
1386
1.49
1392
1.51
1401
1.53
1410
1.54
1419
1.56
228
1402
0.896
1413
0.909
1424
0.923
1436
0.937
1447
0.951
1458
0.966
1470
0.98
1481
0.995
1492
1.01
1503
1.02
1515
1.04
1526
1.05
1537
1.07
1549
1.06
1560
1.1
1571
1.11
1584
1.13
1594
1.14
1605
1.16
1616
1.17
1628
1.19
1639
1.2
1650
1.22
1662
1.24
1673
1.25
1684
1.27
1696
1.28
1707
1.3
1718
1.32
1729
1.33
1741
1.35
1752
1.37
1774
0.776
1788
0.787
1803
0.799
1817
0.811
1831
0.823
1846
0.836
1860
0.848
1874
0.861
1888
0.873
1903
0.886
1917
0.898
1931
0.91
1946
0.923
1960
0.936
1974
0.949
1989
0.963
2003
0.976
2017
0.989
2032
1
2046
1.02
2060
1.03
2074
1.04
2089
1.06
2103
1.07
2117
1.08
2132
1.1
2146
1.11
2160
1.13
2175
1.14
2189
1.15
2203
1.117
2218
1.18
2190
0.68
2208
0.69
2225
0.7
2243
0.711
2261
0.722
2278
0.733
2296
0.744
2314
0.755
2331
0.765
2349
0.776
2367
0.787
2384
0.798
2402
0.809
2420
0.821
2437
0.832
2455
0.844
2473
0.855
2490
0.867
2508
0.878
2526
0.89
3543
0.901
2561
0.914
2579
0.926
2596
0.938
2614
0.951
26323
0.962
2649
0.975
2667
0.988
2684
1
2702
1.01
2720
1.02
2738
1.04
2747
0.59
2769
0.599
2792
0.608
2814
0.617
2836
0.626
2858
0.636
2880
0.645
2902
0.655
2925
0.664
2947
0.674
2969
0.683
2991
0.693
3013
0.703
3035
0.712
3058
0.722
3080
0.733
3102
0.743
3124
0.753
3146
0.763
3168
0.773
3190
0.783
3213
0.793
3235
0.804
3257
0.814
3279
0.825
3302
0.835
3323
0.846
3346
0.858
3368
0.868
3390
0.879
3412
0.889
3434
0.9
3477
0.509
3505
0.517
3533
0.525
3561
0.533
3589
0.541
3617
0.549
3645
0.557
3673
0.565
3701
0.573
3729
0.582
3757
0.59
3786
0.598
3814
0.606
3842
0.615
3870
0.623
3898
0.632
3926
0.641
3954
0.65
3982
0.658
4010
0.667
4038
0.676
406+6
0.685
4094
0.694
4122
0.703
4150
0.712
4178
0.721
4206
0.73
4234
0.74
4262
0.749
4290
0.758
4318
0.767
4346
0.777
355
4416
0.439
4452
0.445
4487
0.452
4523
0.459
4559
0.4666
4594
0.473
4630
0.48
4665
0.487
4701
0.494
4737
0.501
4772
0.508
4808
0.515
4844
0.522
4879
0.53
4915
0.537
4950
0.545
4986
0.552
5022
0.56
5057
0.567
5093
0.575
5129
0.582
5164
0.59
5200
0.598
5235
0.606
5271
0.614
5307
0.621
5342
0.629
5378
0.638
5413
0.646
5449
0.653
5485
0.661
5520
0.669
PH LC
Phu luc 1 (tiep)
v
m/s
12,4
12,5
12,6
12,7
12,8
12,9
13
13,1
13,2
13,3
13,4
13,5
13,6
13,7
13,8
13,9
14
14,1
14,2
14,3
14,4
14,5
14,6
14,7
14,8
14,9
15
15,1
15,2
15,3
15,4
15,5
400
tren 1m dai cua ong (dong d i) ng vi ng knh ong theo mm
450
500
560
630
710
800
900
1000 1120 1250
1400
5607
0.378
5652
0.383
5697
0.389
5742
0.395
5788
0.401
5833
0.407
5878
0.413
5923
0.419
5969
0.425
6014
0.431
6059
0.437
6104
0.444
6149
0.45
6195
0.456
6240
0.462
6285
0.469
6330
0.475
6375
0.482
6421
0.488
6466
0.495
6511
0.501
6556
0.508
6602
0.515
6647
0.521
6692
0.528
6737
0.535
6782
0.542
6828
0.549
6873
0.556
5918
0.\563
6963
0.569
7001
0.576
7096
0.326
7153
0.331
7211
0.336
7268
0.341
7327
0.346
1382
0.352
7439
0.357
7497
0.362
1554
0.367
7611
0.372
1668
0.377
7726
0.383
7783
0.388
1840
0.394
7897
0.399
7954
0.405
8012
0.41
8069
0.416
8126
0.421
8183
0.427
8241
432
8298
0.438
8355
0.444
8412
0.45
8470
0.456
8528
0.462
8584
0.468
8641
0.474
8698
0.48
8756
0.485
8813
0.491
8870
0.497
68683
0.079
69237
0.080
69791
0.081
70345
0.083
70899
0.084
71453
0.085
72006
0.086
72560
0.088
73114
0.089
73668
0.09
74222
0.091
74776
0.093
75330
0.094
75884
0.095
76438
0.097
76992
0.098
77545
0.099
78099
0.101
78653
0.102
79207
0.103
79761
0.105
80315
0.106
80869
0.108
81483
0.109
81977
0.11
82531
0.112
83084
0.113
83638
0.115
84192
0.116
94746
0.118
85300
0.119
85854
0.12
8761
0.286
8831
0.29
8902
0.295
8973
0.299
9043
0.303
9114
0.308
9185
0.313
9255
0.317
9326
0.322
9396
0.326
9467
0.331
9538
0.336
9608
0.34
9679
0.345
9750
0.35
9820
0.355
9891
0.36
9962
0.365
10032
0.369
10103
0.374
10174
0.379
10244
0.384
10315
0.39
10386
0.395
10456
0.4
10527
0.405
10598
0.41
10668
0.415
10739
0.42
10809
0.426
10880
0.431
10951
0.436
10989
0.248
11078
0.252
11167
0.256
11255
0.259
11344
0.263
11432
0.267
11521
0.271
11610
0.275
11698
0.279
11787
0.283
11876
0.287
11964
0.291
12063
0.295
12141
0.299
12230
0.303
12318
0.308
12407
0.312
12496
0.316
12585
0.321
12675
0.325
12762
0.329
12850
0.333
12939
0.338
13028
0.342
13176
0.347
13205
0.351
13294
0.356
13382
0.36
13471.
0.365
13559
0.369
13648
0.374
13737
0.378
13908
0.214
14020
0.217
14133
0.221
14245
0.224
14357
0.227
14469
0.231
14581
0.234
14693
0.238
14806
0.241
14918
0.244
15030
0.248
15142
0.251
15254
0.255
15366
0.258
15479
0.262
15491
0.266
15703.
0.269
15815
0.273
15927
0.277
16039
0.28
16152
0.284
16264
0.288
16376
0.292
16488
0.295
16600
0.299
16712
0.303
16825
0.307
16937
0.311
17049
0.315
17161
0.319
17273
0.323
17385
0.327
17665
0.184
17807
0.187
17953
0.19
18092
0.193
18235
0.196
18377
0.199
18520
0.202
18662
0.205
18805
0.208
18947
0.211
19080
0.213
19232
0.216
19374
0.219
19517
0.223
19659
0.226
19802
0.229
19944
0.232
20087
0.235
20229
0.238
20372
0.241
20514
0.244
20657
0.248
20799
0.251
20941
0.254
21084
0.258
21226
0.261
21369
0.264
21511
0.268
21654
0.271
21796
0.274
21939
0.278
22081
0.281
229
22427
0.159
22608
0.161
22789
0.164
22970
0.166
23151
0.169
23331
0.171
23512
0.174
23693
0.176
23874
0.179
24055
0.181
24236
0.184
24417
0.186
24598
0.189
24778
0.192
24959
0.194
25140
0.197
25321
0.2
25502
0.203
25683
0.205
25864
0.208
26044
0.211
26225
0.213
26406
0.216
26587
0.219
26768
0.222
26939
0.225
27130
0.228
27310
0.231
27491
0.233
27672
0.236
27853
0.239
28034
0.042
28384
0.137
28613
0.139
28842
0.141
29071
0.143
29300
0.145
29529
0.148
29758
0.15
29987
0.152
30216
0.154
30444
0.156
30673
0.159
30902
0.161
31131
0.163
31360
0.165
31589
0.168
31818
0.17
32047
0.172
32276
0.175
32505
0.177
32734
0.179
32962
0.182
33191
0.184
33420
0.187
33649
0.189
33878
0.192
34107
0.194
34336
0.197
34565
0.199
34794
0.202
35023
0.204
35252
0.206
35480
0.209
35042
0.20
35325
0.122
35657
0.124
35890
0.126
36173
0.128
36455
0.13
36738
0.131
37021
0.133
37303
0.135
37586
0.137
37868
0.139
38151
0.141
38434
0.143
38716
0.145
38991
0.147
39281
0.149
39564
0.151
39847
0.153
40129
0.155
40412
0.156
40694
0.159
40977
0.162
41260
0.164
41542
0.166
41825
0.188
42107
0.17
42390
0.172
42673
0.175
42955
0.177
43238
0.179
43520
0.181
43803
0.183
43957
0.104
44312
0.106
44666
0.108
45027
0.09
45375
0.111
45730
0.112
46084
0.114
46439
0.116
46793
0.117
47148
0.119
47502
0.121
47857
0.123
48211
0.124
48566
0.126
48920
0.128
49275
0.13
49629
0.131
49984
0.133
50338
0.135
50693
0.137
51047
0.138
51402
0.14
51756
0.142
52111
0.144
52465
0.146
52820
0.148
53174
0.15
53529
0.152
53883
0.153
54237
0.155
54592
0.157
54946
0.159
54754
0.091
55195
0.092
55637
0.094
56078
0.095
56520
0.097
56926
0.098
57403
0.01
57845
0.101
58286
0.102
58728
0.104
59169
0.105
59611
0.107
60053
0.108
60494
0.11
60936
0.111
61377
0.113
61819
0.114
62260
0.116
62702
0.118
63143
0.119
63585
0.121
64027
0.122
64468
0.124
64910
0.126
65351
0.127
65793
0.129
66234
0.13
66676
0.132
67118
0.134
67559
0.135
68001
0.137
68442
0.139
PH LC
Phu luc 1 (tiep)
v2 y
2g
kG/m2
14,88
v
m/s
15.6
15,08
15.7
15.27
15.8
15,46
15.9
15.66
16
15.85
16.1
16.05
16.2
16.25
16.3
16.45
16.4
16.65
16.5
16.85
16.6
17.06
16.7
17.26
16.8
17.47
16.9
17.68
17
17.88
17.1
18.09
17.2
18.3
17.3
18.52
17.4
1873
17.5
18.94
17.6
19.16
17.7
19.38
17.8
19.6
17.9
19.82
18
20.04
18.1
20.26
18.2
20.48
18.3
20.71
18.4
20.93
18.5
21.16
18.6
21.39
18.7
100
110
125
140
160
180
200
225
250
280
315
355
441
3.3
444
3.34
446
3.38
449
3.42
452
3.46
455
3.51
458
3.55
461
.3.59
463
3.63
466
3.67
469
3.71
472
3.76
475
3.8
478
3.84
480
3.89
483
3.93
486
3.97
489
4.02
492
4.06
494
4011
497
4.15
500
4.2
503
4.25
506
4.29
509
4.34
512
4.38
514
4.43
517
4.48
520
4.52
523
4.57
527
4.62
529
4.67
533
2.89
537
2.97
540
3
544
3.04
547
3.07
550
3.11
554
3.15
557
3.19
561
3.22
564
3.26
568
3.3
671
3.34
574
3.37
578
3.41
581
3.45
585
3.49
588
3.53
592
3.57
595
3.61
598
3.65
602
3.69
6056
3.73
609
3.77
612
3.81
616
3.85
619
.386
622
3.93
626
3.97
629
4.02
633
4.06
636
4.1
639
4.14
5556
0.669
5592
0.686
5627
0.695
5663
0.703
5698
0.711
5734
0.72
5770
0.729
5805
0.737
5841
0.746
5876
0.754
5912
0.763
5948
0.772
5983
0.78
6019
0.79
6054
0.799
6090.
0.807
6126
0.816
6161
0.825
6197
0.835
6233
0.44
6268
0.853
6304
0.862
6339
0.872
6375
0.881
6411
0.891
6446
0.9
6482
0.91
6517
0.919
6553
0.929
6583
0.938
6624
0.948
6660
0.958
689
2.47
693
2.53
698
2.56
102
2.59
706
2.62
711
2.65
715
2.68
720
2.72
724
2.75
729
2.78
733
2.81
737
2.85
742
2.88
746
2.91
751
2.94
755
2.97
759
3.01
764
3.04
768
3.08
733
3.11
777
3.14
782
3.18
786
3.21
790
3.25
795
3.28
799
3.32
804
3.35
808
3.39
813
3.42
817
3.46
821
3.49
826
3.53
864
2.14
870
2.19
875
2.22
881
2.25
886
2.27
891
2.3
897
2.33
903
2.36
908
2.38
914
2.41
919
2.44
925
2.47
930
2.49
936
2.52
942
2.55
947
2.56
953
2.61
958
2.64
964
2.67
969
2.7
975
2.73
980
2.76
985
2.79
992
2.82
997
2.85
1008
2.88
1008
2.91
1014
2.94
1019
2.97
1025
3.00
1030
3.03
1036
3.06
1129
1.81
1136
1.86
1143
1.88
1150
1.9
1157
1.92
1165
1.95
1172
1.97
1179
1.99
1186
2.02
1194
2.04
1201
2.06
1208
2.09
1215
2.11
1223
2.13
1230
2.16
1237
2.18
1244
2.21
1252
2.23
1259
2.26
1266
2.28
1273
2.31
1281
2.33
1288
2.36
1295
2.38
1302
2.41
1309
2.43
1317
2.46
1324
2.48
1331
2.51
1338
2.54
1346
2.56
1353
2.59
1228
1.56
1437
1.60
1447
1.26
1456
1.64
1465
1.66
1474
1.68
1483
1.7
1492
1.72
1502
1.74
1511
1.76
1520
1.78
1529
1.8
1538
1.82
1547
1.85
1557
1.87
1566
1.89
1575
1.91
1584
1.93
1593
1.95
1502
1.97
1512
1.99
1621
1.01
1630
1.04
1639
2.06
1648
2.08
1657
2.1
1666
2.13
1676
2.15
.1685
2.17
1694
2.19
1703
2.22
1712
2.24
230
1763
1.37
1775
1.4
1786
1.42
1797
1.44
1809
1.45
1820
1.47
1831
1.49
1842
1.5
1854
1.52
1865
1.54
1876
1.56
1888
1.58
1899
1.59
1910
1.61
1922
1.63
1933
1.65
1944
1.67
1956
1.69
1967
1.7
1978
1.72
1990
1.74
2001
1.76
2012
1.78
2023
1.8
2035
1.82
2046
1.84
2057
1.86
2069
1.88
2080
1.9
2091
1.92
2103
1.94
2114
1.96
2232
1.18
2246
1.21
2260
1.23
2275
1.24
2289
1.26
2303
1.27
2318
1.29
2332
1.3
2346
1.32
2361
1.33
2375
1.35
2339
1.36
2404
1.38
2418
1.39
2432
1.41
2446
1.43
2461
1.44
2485
1.46
2489
1.47
2504
1.49
2518
1.51
2532
1.52
2547
1.54
2561
1.56
2575
1.57
2589
1.59
2604
1.61
2618
1.62
2632
1.64
2647
1.66
2661
1.68
2675
1.69
2555
1.04
2773
1.06
2791
1.08
2808
1.09
2826
1.1
2844
1.12
2861
1.13
2879
1.4
2897
1.16
2914
1.17
2932
1.18
2950
1.2
2967
1.21
2985
1.22
3003
1.24
3020
1.25
3028
1.26
3056
1.28
3073
1.29
3091
1.31
3109
1.32
3126
1.34
3144
1.35
3162
1.36
3179
1.38
3197
1.39
3215
1.41
3232
1.42
3250
1.44
3268
1.45
3285
1.47
3303
1.48
3456
0.9
3478
0.923
3501
0.934
3523
0.945
3545
0.956
3567
0.968
3589
0.98
3611
0.991
3634
1
3656
1.01
3678
1.03
3700
1.04
3722
1.05
3744
1.06
3766
1.07
3789
1.09
3811
1.1
3833
1.11
3855
1.12
3877
1.14
3899
1.15
3922
1.16
3944
1.17
3966
1.18
3988
1.2
4010
1.21
4032
1022
4055
1.24
4077
1.25
4099
1.26
4121
1.27
4143
1.29
4374
0.777
4402
0.797
4430
0.806
4459
0.816
4487
0.826
4515
0.836
4543
0.846
4571
0.855
4599
0.866
4627
0.875
4655
0.885
4683
0.896
4711
0.906
4739
0.916
4767
0.927
4795
0.937
4823
0.947
4851
0.958
4879
0.969
4907
0.98
4935
0.99
4963
1
4991
1.01
5019
1.02
5047
1.03
5075
1.04
5108
1.06
5132
1.07
5160
1.08
5188
1.09
5216
1.1
5244
1.11
PH LC
Phu luc 1 (tiep)
v
m/s
15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9
16
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9
17
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
17.6
17.7
17.8
17.9
18
18.1
18.2
15.3
18.4
18.5
18.6
18.7
400
7054
0.583
7099
0.591
7144
0.598
7189
0.605
7235
0.612
7280
0.62
1325
0.627
7370
0.635
7415
0.642
7461
0.649
7506
0.657
7551
0.665
7596
0.672
7642
0.679
7687
0.688
7732
0.695
7777
0.703
7822
0.711
7868
0.719
7913
0.727
7958
0.734
8003
0.742
8048
0.751
8094
0.758
8139
0.767
8184
0775
8229
0.783
8275
0.791
8320
0.8
8365
0.808
8410
0.816
8455
0.825
450
500
560
630
710
800
900
1000 1120 1250
1400
8927
0.503
8985
0.51
9042
0.516
9099
0.522
9156
0.528
9213
0.535
9271
0.541
9328
0.548
9385
0.554
9442
0.56
9500
0.567
9557
0.574
9614
0.58
9671
0.586
9729
0.594
9786
0.6
9843
0.606
9900
0.613
9957
0.62
10015
0.627
10072
0.634
10129
0.64
10186
0.648
10244
0.654
10301
0.622
10358
0.668
10415
0.676
10472
0.683
10530
0.69
10587
0.697
10644
0.705
10701
0.712
86408
0.122
.86952
0.123
87516
0.125
88069
0.126
88623
0.128
89177
0.13
89731
0.131
90285
0.138
90839
0.134
91392
0.136
91947
0.137
92500
0.139
93055
0.14
93606
0.142
94162
0.144
94716
0.145
95270
0.147
95524
0.148
96378
0.15
96932
0.152
97486
0.153
98040
0.155
98593
0.157
99147
0.158
99701
0.16
100255
0.162
100809
0.164
101363
0.165
101917
0.167
102471
0.169
103026
0.171
103579
0.172
11021
0.441
11092
0.447
11163
0.453
11233
0.458
11304
0.463
11373
0.469
11445
0.475
11516
0.48
11587
0.486
11657
0.491
11728
0.497
11799
0.503
11869
0.508
11940
0.514
12011
0.52
12061
0.526
12152
0.532
12222
0.538
12293
0.544
12364
0.55
12434
0.555
12505
0.561
12576
0.568
12646
0.574
12712
0.58
12788
0.586
12858
0.593
12929
0.599
13000
0.605
13070
0.611
13141
0.518
13211
0.624
13828
0.383
13914
0.388
14002
0.393
14091
0.397
14180
0.402
14268
0.407
14357
0.412
14446
0.417
14534
0.422
14623
0.426
14711
0.431
14800
0.437
14889
0.411
14977
0.446
15066
0.452
15155
0.456
15243
0.461
15332
0.466
15420
0.472
15509
0.477
15598
0.482
15686
0.487
15775
0.493
15864
0.498
15952
0.503
16041
0.508
16129
0.514
16218
0.519
16307
0.525
16395
0.53
16484
0.536
16573
0.541
17498
0.331
17610
0.335
17722
0.339
17834
0.343
17946
0.347
18058
0.351
18171
0.355
18283
0.359
18395
0.364
18507
0.368
18619
0.372
18731
0.377
18844
0.381
18956
0.385
19063
0.39
19180
.0.394
19292
0.398
19404
0.403
19517
0.407
19629
0.412
19741
0.416
19853
0.42
19965
0.425
20077
0.43
20190
0.435
20302
0.439
20414
0.444
20526
0.448
20638
0.453
20750
.0.458
20862
0.463
20975
0.467
22224
0.285
22366
0.288
22508
0.292
22651
0.295
22793
0.299
22936
0.302
23078
0.306
23221
0.31
23363
0.313
23506
0.317
23648
0.32
23791
0.324
23933
0.328
24076
0.332
24218
0.336
24360
0.339
24503
0.343
24645
0.347
24788
0.351
24930
0.355
25037
0.358
25215
0.362
25357
0.366
25500
0.37
25643
0.374
25785
0.378
25927
0.382
26070
0.386
26212
0.390
26355
0.394
26497
0.398
26640
0.402
231
28215
0.245
28395
0.248
28576
0.251
28757
0.254
28938
0.257
29119
0.261
29300
0.264
29481
0.267
29662
0.27
29843
0.273
30023
0.276
30204
0.279
30385
0.282
30566
0.286
30747
0.289
30928
0.292
31109
0.295
31289
0.299
31470
0.302
31651
0.305
31832
0.308
32013
0.312
32194
0.315
32375
0.319
32556
0.322
32736
0.325
32917
0.329
33098
0.332
33279
0.336
33460
0.339
33641
0.343
33822
0.347
35709
0.212
35968
0.214
36167
0.217
36396
0.219
36625
0.222
36854
0.225
37083
0.227
37312
0.23
37541
0.233
37769
0.236
37998
0.238
38227
0.241
38456
0.244
38685
0.246
38914
0.249
39143
0.252
39372
0.255
39601
0.258
59829
0.261
40059
0.264
40287
0.266
40516
0.269
40745
0.272
40974
0.275
41203
0.276
41432
0.281
41661
0.284
41890
0.287
42119
0.29
42348
0.293
42577
0.296
42805
0.299
44086
0.186
44368
0.188
44651
0.190
44933
0.193
45216
0.195
45499
0.197
45781
0.200
46064
0.202
46306
0.204
46629
0.207
45912
0.209
47194
0.212
47477
0.214
47759
0.216
48042
0.219
48325
0.221
48607
0.224
48890
0.226
49172
0.229
49455
0.231
49738
0.234
50020
0.236
50303
0.239
50585
0.241
50868
0.244
51151
0.246
51433
0.249
51716
0.252
51998
0.254
52281
0.257
52564
0.26
52846
0.262
55301
0.161
55655
0.163
56010
0.165
56364
0.167
56719
0.169
57073
0.171
57428
0.173
57782
0.175
58137
0.177
58491
0.179
58840
0.181
59200
0.184
59555
0.186
59909
0.188
60264
0.19
60618
0.192
60973
0.194
61327
0.196
61682
0.198
62036
0.201
62391
0.203
62745
0.205
62100
0.3207
63454
0.209
63809
0.212
64163
0.214
64518
0.216
64872
0.218
65227
0.221
65581
0.223
65936
0.225
66290
0.228
68884
0.14
69325
0.142
69717
0.144
70208
0.146
70650
0.147
71092
0.149
71533
0.151
71975
0.153
72416
0.155
72858
0.156
73299
0.158
73741
0.16
74183
0.162
74624
0.164
75066
0.166
75507
0.167
75949
0.169
76390
0.171
76832
0.173
77273
0.175
77715
0.177
78157
0.179
78598
0.181
79040
0.183
79481
0.185
79923
0.187
80364
0.189
80806
0.191
81248
0.193
81689
0.195
82131
0.197
82572
0.199
PH LC
Phu luc 1 (tiep)
v2 y
2g
kG/m2
V
m/s
21.62
18.8
21.85
18.9
22.08
19
22.31
19.1
22.55
19.2
22.78
19.3
23.02
19.4
23.26
19.5
23.5
19.6
23.74
19.7
23.98
19.8
24.22
19.9
24.46
20
21.71
20.1
24.96
20.2
25.2
20.3
25.45
20.4
25.7
20.5
25.95
20.6
26.21
20.7
26.46
20.8
26.72
20.9
26.97
21
27.23
21.1
27.49
21.2
27.75
21.3
28.01
21.4
28.27
21.5
28.53
21.6
28.8
21.7
29.07
21.8
29.33
21.9
100
110
125
140
160
180
200
225
250
280
315
355
531
4.72
534
4.76
537
4.81
540
4.86
543
4.91
545
4.95
548
5
551
5.05
554
5.1
557
5.15
560
5.2
562
5.25
565
5.31
568
5.36
571
5.41
574
5.46
577
5.51
579
5.56
582
5.61
585
5.66
588
5.72
591
5.78
594
5.82
596
5.88
599
5.93
602
5.99
605
6.04
608
6.09
610
6.15
613
6.2
616
6.26
619
6.31
643
4.19
646
4.23
650
4.27
653
4.31
657
4.35
660
4.4
663
4.44
667
4.49
670
4.53
674
4.57
677
4.62.
681
4.66
384
4.71
687
4.75
691
4.8
694
4.84
698
4.89
701
4.93
704.
4.98
708
5.03
711
5.08
715
5.13
718
5.17
722
5.22
725
5.26
728
5.31
732
5.36
735
5.41
739
5.46
742
5.51
745
5.56
749
5.6
6696
0.968
6731
0.978
6767
0.988
6802
0.997
6838
1.01
6874
1.02
6909
1.03
6945
1.04
6980
1.05
7016
1.06
7052
1.07
7087
1.08
7123
1.09
7159
1.1
7194
1.11
7230
1.12
7265
1.13
7301
1.14
7337
1.15
7372
1.16
7408
1.17
7443
1.19
7479
1.2
7515
1.21
7550
1.22
7586
1.23
7622
1.24
7657
1.25
7693
1.26
7728
1.27
7764
1.29
7800
1.3
830
3.57
835
3.6
839
3.64
843
3.67
348
3.71
852
3.75
857
3.79
861
3.82
866
3.86
870
3.9
874
3.94
879
3.98
883
4.02
888
4.05
892
4.09
896
4.13
901
4.17
905
4.21
910
4.25
914
4.29
918
4.33
923
4.37
927
4.41
932
4.45
936
4.49
941
4.53
945
4.57
949
4.61
954
4.65
958
4.69
963
4.74
967
4.77
1041
3.1
1047
3.13
1052
3.16
1058
3.19
1064
3.22
1069
3.25
1075
3.28
1080
3.32
1086
3.35
1091
3.38
1097
3.41
1102
3.45
1108
3.48
1113
3.52
1119
3.55
1124
3.58
1130
3.62
1135
3.65
1141
3.69
1147
3.72
1152
3.75
1158
3.79
1163
3.82
1169
3.86
1174
3.89
1180
3.93
1185
3.96
1191
4
1196
4.04
1202
4.07
1208
4.11
1213
4.14
1361
2.62
1367
2.64
1375
2.67
1382
2.7
1389
2.72
1396
2.75
1404
2.78
1411
2.81
1418
2.83
1428
2.86
1432
2.89
1440
2.92
1447
2.95
1454
2.97
1461
3
1469
3.03
1477
3.06
1483
3.09
1490
3.12
1498
3.15
1505
3.18
1512
3.21
1519
3.23
1527
3.26
1534
3.29
1541
3.32
1548
3.35
1555
3.38
1563
3.41
1570
3.44
1577
3.47
1584
3.5
1721
2.26
1731
2.28
1740
2.31
1749
2.33
1758
2.35
1767
2.38
1776
2.4
1786
2.43
1795
2.45
1804
2.47
1813
2.5
1822
2.52
1831
2.55
1840.
2.57
1850
2.6
1859
2.62
1868
2.64
1877
2.67
1886
2.69
1895
2.72
1905
2.74
1914
2.77
1923
2.79
1932
2.82
1941
2.85
1950
2.87
1959
2.9
1969
2.92
1978
2.95
1987
2.98
1996
3
2005
3.03
232
2125
1.98
2137
2
2148
2.02
2159
2.04
2170
2.06
2182
2.08
2193
2.1
2204
2.12
2216
2.14
2227
2.16
2238
2.18
2250
2.2
2261
2.22
2272
2.25
2283
2.27
2295
2.29
2306
2.31
2317
2.33
2329
2.35
2340
2.37
2351
2.4
2363
2.42
2374
2.44
2385
2.46
2396
2.49
2408
2.51
2419
2.53
2430
2.55
2442
2.58
2453
2.6
2464
2.62
2476
2.65
2690
1.71
2704
1.73
2718
1.75
2733
1.76
2747
1.78
2761
1.8
2775
1.82
2790
1.83
2804
1.85
2818
1.87
2833
1.89
2847
1.91
2861
1.93
2876
1.94
2890
1.96
2904
1.98
2919
2
2933
2.02
2947
2.04
2961
2.06
2976
2.08
2990
2.1
3004
2.11
3019
2.13
3033
2.15
3047
2.17
3062
2.19
3076
2.21
3090
2.23
3105
2.25
3119
2.27
3133
2.29
3321
1.5
3338
1.51
3356
1.53
3374
1.54
3391
1.56
3409
1.58
3427
1.59
3444
1.61
3462
1.62
3480
1.64
3497
1.65
3515
1.67
3533
1.69
3550
1.7
3568
1.72
3585
1.74
3603
1.75
3621
1.77
3638
1.79
3656
1.8
3674
1.82
3691
1.84
3709
1.85
3727
1.87
3744
1.89
3762
1.9
3780
1.92
3797
1.94
3815
1.96
3833
1.97
3850
1.99
3868
2.01
4165
1.3
4187
1.31
4210
1.33
4232
1.34
4254
1.85
4276
1.37
4298
1.38
4320
1.4
4343
1.41
4365
1.42
4387
1.44
4409
1.45
4431
1.47
4453
1.48
4475
1.49
4498
1.51
4520
1.52
4542
1.53
4564
1.55
4586
1.56
4608
1.58
4631
1.59
4653
1.61
4675
1.62
4697
1.64
4719
1.65
4741
1.67
4764
1.68
4786
1.7
4808
1.71
4830
1.73
4852
1.74
5272
1.12
5300
1.13
5328
1.15
5356
1.16
5384
1.17
5412
1.18
5440
1.19
5468
1.2
5496
1.22
5524
1.23
5552
1.24
5580
1.25
5608
1.26
5636
1.28
5664
1.29
5692
1.3
5720
1.31
5748
1.32
5776
1.34
5804
1.35
5833
1.36
5861
1.38
5889
1.39
5917
1.4
5945
1.41
5973
1.43
6001
1.44
6029
1.45
6057
1.47
6085
1.48
6113
1.49
6141
1.5
PH LC
Phu luc 1 (tiep)
v
m/s
18.8
18.9
19
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5
19.6
19.7
19.8
19.9
20
20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
20.5
20.6
20.7
20.8
20.9
21
21.1
21.2
21.3
21.4
21.5
21.6
21.7
21.8
21.9
400
8501
0.834
8546
0.842
8591
0.851
8636
0.859
8681
0.867
8727
0.876
8772
0.885
8817
0.894
8862
0.902
8908
0.911
8953
0.919
8998
0.929
9043
0.938
9088
0.947
9134
0.956
9179
0.965
9224
0.974
9269
0.983
9314
0.992
9360
1
9405
1.01
9450
1.02
9495
1.03
`9541
1.04
9586
1.05
9631
1.06
9676
1.07
9721
1.08
9767
1.09
9812
1.1
9857
1.11
9902
1.12
450
500
560
630
710
800
900
1000 1120 1250
1400
1059
0.719
10816
0.726
10873
0.734
10930
0.741
10987
0.748
11045
0.756
11102
0.763
11159
0.771
11216
0.779
11274
0.786
11331
0.793
11388
0.802
11445
0.81
11503
0.817
11560
0.825
11617
0.833
11674
0.841
11731
0.848
11789
0.856
11849
0.864
11903
0.873
11960
.0.881
12018
0.888
12075
0.897
12132
0.905
12189
0.913
12246
0.921
12304
0.93
12361
0.938
12418
0.946
12475
0.955
12533
0.963
104132
0.174
104686
0.176
105240
0.178
105794
0.179
106348
0.181
106901
0.183
107456
0.185
108010
0.187
108564
0.188
109118
0.190
109671
0.192
110225
0.194
110779
0.196
111333
0.198
111887
0.2
112441
0.202
112995
0.203
113549
0.205
114103
0.207
114656
0.209
115210
0.211
115764
0.213
116318
0.215
116872
0.217
117426
0.219
117980
0.221
118534
0.223
119088
0.225
119642
0.227
120195
0.229
120749
0.231
121303
0.233
13282
0.719
10816
0.726
10873
0.734
10930
0.741
10987
0.748
11045
0.756
11102
0.763
11159
0.771
11216
0.779
11274
0.786
11331
0.793
11388
0.802
11445
0.81
11503
0.817
11560
0.825
11617
0.833
11674
0.841
11731
0.848
11789
0.856
11849
0.864
11903
0.873
11960
0.881
12018
0.888
12075
0.897
12132
0.905
12189
0.913
12246
0.921
12304
0.93
12361
0.938
12418
0.946
12475
0.955
12533
0.963
1661
0.547
16750
0.533
16838
0.558
16927
0.564
17016
0.569
17104
0.575
17193
0.581
17182
0.587
17370
0.592
17459
0.598
17547
0.604
17636
0.61
17725
0.616
17813
0.622
17902
0.628
17991
0.633
18079
0.639
18168
0.645
18256
0.651
18345
0.657
18434
0.664
18522
0.67
18611
0.676
18700
0.682
18788
0.688
18877
0.695
18965
0.701
19054
0.707
19143
0.714
19231
0.72
19320
0.727
19409
0.732
21087
0.472
21199
0.477
21311
0.482
21423
0.485
21535
0.491
21648
0.496
21760
0.501
21872
0.506
21984
0.511
22096
0.516
22208
0.521
22321
0.526
22433
0.531
22545
0.536
22657
0.542
22769
0.547
22881
0.552
22994
0.557
23106
0.562
23218
0.567
23330
.0.573
23442
0.578
23554
0.583
23667
0.589
23779
0.594
23891
0.6
24003
0.605
24115
0.61
24227
0.616
24340
0.621
24452
0.627
24564
0.632
26782
0.407
26925
0.411
27067
0.415
27209
0.419
27352
0.423
27495
0.427
27637
0.432
27779
0.436
27922
0.44
28064
0.445
28207
0.449
28349
0.453
28492
0.458
28634
0.462
28777
0.467
28919
0.471
29062
0.475
29204
0.479
29346
0.484
29489
0.489
29631
0.493
29774
0.498
29916
0.502
30059
0.507
30201
0.511
30343
0.516
30486
0.521
30629
0.526
30771
0.53
30914
0.535
31056
0.54
31198
0.544
233
34022
0.35
34183
0.354
34364
0.357
34545
0.361
34726
0.364
34907
0.368
35088
0.372
35268
0.375
35449
0.379
35630
0.383
35811
0.386
35992
0.39
36173
0.394
36334
0.398
36535
0.402
36715
0.405
36896
0.409
37077
0.417
37258
0.417
37439
0.421
37620
0.425
37801
0.429
37981
0.433
38162
0.437
38343
0.441
38524
0.445
38705
0.449
38886
0.453
39067
0.457
39247
0.461
39428
0.465
39609
0.469
34002
0.35
34183
0.354
34364
0.357
34545
0.361
34726
0.364
34907
0.368
35088
0.372
35268
0.375
35449
0.379
35630
0.383
35811
0.386
35992
0.39
36173
0.394
36334
0.398
36535
0.402
36715
0.405
36896
0.409
37077
0.413
37258
0.417
37439
0.421
37620
0.425
37801
0.429
37981
0.433
38162
0.437
38343
0.441
38524
0.445
38705
0.449
38886
0.453
39067
0.457
39247
0.461
39428
0.465
39609
0.469
53129
0.265
53411
0.268
53694
0.271
53977
0.273
54259
0.276
54542
0.279
54824
0.281
55107
0.284
55493
0.287
55672
0.29
55955
0.292
56237
0.295
56520
0.298
56803
0.301
57085
0.304
57368
0.307
57650
0.31
57933
0.313
56216
0.316
58498
0.319
58731
0.322
69063
0.325
59346
0.327
59629
0.331
59911
0.334
60194
0.337
60476
0.34
60759
0.343
61042
0.346
61324.
0.349
61607
0.352
61889
0.355
66645
0.23
66999
0.232
67354
0.235
67708
0.237
68063
0.239
68417
0.242
68772
0.244
69126
0.247
69481
0.249
69835
0.252
70190
0.254
70544
0.256
70899
0.259
71253
0.261
71608
0.264
71962
0.266
72317
0.269
72671
0.271
73026
0.274
73380
0.277
73735
0.279
74089
0.282
74443
0.284
74798
0.287
75153
0.289
75507
0.292
75862
0.295
76216
0.297
76571
0.3
76925
0.303
77280
0.360
77634
0.308
83014
0.201
83455
0.203
83897
0.205
83338
0.207
84700
0.209
85222
0.211
85663
0.213
86105
0.215
86546
0.217
86988
0.219
87429
0.221
87871
0.224
88313
0.226
88754
0.228
89196
0.230
89637
0.232
90079
0.235
90520
0.237
90962
0.239
91403
0.241
91845
0.243
92287
0.246
92728
0.248
93170
0.25
93611
0.252
94053
0.255
94494
0.257
94936
0.259
95378
0.262
95819
0.264
96261
0.267
96702
0.269
PH LC
Phu luc 1 (tiep)
v2 y
2g
kG/m2
v
m/s
29.6
22
29.87
22.1
30.14
22.2
30.41
22.3
30.69
22.4
30.96
22.5
31.24
22.6
31.52
22.7
31.79
22.8
32.07
22.9
32.35
23
32.64
23.1
32.92
23.2
33.20
23.3
33.49
23.4
33.78
23.5
33.06
23.6
34.35
23.7
34.64
23.8
34.94
23.9
35.23
24
35.52
24.1
35.82
24.2
36.11.
24.3
36.41
24.4
36.71
24.5
37.01
24.6
37.31
24.7
37.62
24.8
37.92
24.9
38.23
25
100
110
125
140
160
180
200
225
250
280
315
355
622
6.37
625
6.43
621
0.48
630
6.54
633
6.59
636
6.65
639
6.71
642
6.76
644
6.82
647
6.86
650
6.94
653
7
656
7.05
659
7.11
661
7.17
664
7.23
667
7.29
670
7.35
673
7.41
675
7.47
678
7.53
681
7.59
684
7.65
687
7.71
690
7.77
692
7.83
695
7.9
698
7.96
701
8.02
704
8.08
707
8.14
752
5.65
756
5.7
759
5.75
763
5.8
766
5.85
769
5.9
773
5.95
776
6
780
6.05
783
6.1
787
6.16
790
6.21
793
6.26
797
6.31
600
6.37
804
6.42
807
6.47
810
6.52
814
6.57
817
6.63
821
6.69
824
6.73
828
6.79
831
6.85
834
6.9
838
6.95
841
7.01
845
7.06
848
7.12
851
7.17
855
7.23
7835
1.31
7871
1.32
7906
1.33
1942
1.34
7978
1.35
8013
1.37
8049
1.38
8085
1.39
8120
1.4
8156
1.41
8191
1.42
8227
1.44
8263
1.45
8298
1.46
8334
1.47
8369
1.48
8405
1.5
8441
1.51
8476
1.52
8512
1.53
8548
1.55
8583
1.56
8619
1.57
8654
1.58
8690
1.6
8726
1.61
8761
1.62
8797
1.63
8832
1.65
8868
1.66
8904
1.67
971
4.82
976
4.86
980
4.9
985
4.95
989
4.99
994
5.03
998
5.08
1002
5.12
1007
5.16
1011
5.2
1016
5.25
1020
5.29
1024
5.34
1029
5.38
1033
5.43
1037
5.47
1042
5.51
1047
5.56
1051
5.6
1055
5.65
1060
5.7
1064
5.74
1069
5.79
1073
5.84
1077
5.88
1082
5.93
1086
5.98
1091
6.02
1095
6.07
1100
6.11
1104
1.16
1219
4.18
1224
4.22
1230
4.25
1235
4.29
1241
4.33
1246
4.36
1252
4.4
1257
4.44
1263
4.48
1268
4.51
1274
4.55
1280
4.59
1285
4.63
1291
4.67
1296
4.71
1302
4.75
1307
4.78
1313
4.83
1318
4.86
1324
4.9
1329
4.94
1335
4.98
1340
5.02
1346
5.06
1352
5.1
1357
5.14
1363
5.18
1368
5.22
1374
5.26
1379
5.3
1385
5.35
1592
3.54
1599
3.57
1606
3.6
1613
3.63
1621
3.66
1628
3.69
1635
3.72
1642
3.76
1650
3.79
1657
3.82
1664
3.85
1671
3.88
1678
3.92
1686
3.95
1693
3.98
1700
4.01
1707
4.05
1715
4.08
1722
4.11
1729
4.15
1736
4.18
1744
4.21
1751
4.25
1758
4.28
1765
4.31
1773
4.35
1780
4.39
1787
4.42
1704
4.45
1801
4.48
1809
4.52
2014
3.06
2024
3.08
2033
3.11
2042
3.14
2051
3.16
2060
3.19
2069
3.22
2079
3.25
2088
3.27
2097
3.3
2106
3.33
2115
3.36
2124
3.38
2133
3.41
2143
3.44
2152
3.47
2161
3.5
2170
3.53
2179
3.55
2188
3.58
2198
3.61
2207
3.64
2216
3.67
2225
3.7
2234
3.73
2243
3.76
2252
3.79
2262
3.82
2271
3.85
2280
3.88
2289
3.91
234
2487
2.67
2498
2.69
2510
2.72
2521
2.74
2532
2.76
2543
2.79
2555
2.81
2566
2.84
2577
2.86
2589
2.88
2600
2.91
2611
2.93
2623
2.96
2634
2.98
2645
3.01
2656
3.03
2668
3.06
2679
3.08
2690
3.1
2702
3.13
2713
3.16
2724
3.18
2736
3.21
2747
3.23
2758
3.26
2770
3.28
2781
3.31
2792
3.33
2803
3.36
3815
3.39
3826
3.41
3147
2.31
3162
2.33
3176
2.35
3190
2.37
3205
2.39
3219
2.41
3233
2.43
3248
2.45
3262
2.47
3276
2.49
3291
2.52
3305
2.54
3319
2.56
3333
2.58
3348
2.6
3362
2.62
3376
2.64
3391
2.67
3405
2.69
3419
2.71
3434
2.73
3448
2.75
3462
2.78
2477
2.8
3491
2.82
3503
2.84
3518
2.87
3532
2.89
3546
2.91
3561
2.93
3575
2.95
3886
2.03
3903
2.04
3921
2.06
3939
2.08
3956
2.1
3974
2.11
3992
2.13
4009
2.15
4027
2.17
4045
2.19
4062
2.21
4080
2.23
4098
2.24
4115
2.26
4133
2.28
4151
2.3
4168
2.32
4186
2.34
4204
2.36
4221
2.38
4239
2.4
4257
4.41
4274
2.43
4292
2.45
4310
2.47
4327
2.49
4345
2.51
4363
2.53
4380
2.55
4398
2.57
4416
2.59
4874
1.76
4896
1.77
4919
1.79
4941
1.8
4963
1.82
4985
1.84
5007
1.85
5029
1.87
5052
1.88
5074
1.9
5096
1.91
5118
1.93
5140
1.95
5162
1.96
5184
1.98
5207
2
5229
2.01
5251
2.03
5273
2.04
5295
2.06
5317
2.08
5340
2.09
5362
2.11
5384
2.13
5406
2.14
5428
2.16
5450
2.18
5472
2.2.
5495
2.21
5517
2.23
5539
2.25
6169
1.52
6197
1.53
6225
1.54
6253
1.56
6281
1.57
6309
1.58
6337
1.6
6365
1.61
6393
1.63
6421
1.64
6449
1.65
6477
1.67
6506
1.68
6534
1.69
6562
1.71
6590
1.72
6618
1.74
6646
1.75
6674
1.76
6702
1.78
6730
1.79
6758
1.81
6786
1.82
6814
1.84
6842
1.85
6870
1.87
6898
1.88
6926
1.9
6954
1.91
6982
1.92
7010
1.94
PH LC
Phu luc 1 (tiep)
v
m/s
22
22,1
22,2
22,3
22,4
22,5
22,6
22,7
22,8
22,9
23
23,1
23,2
23,3
23,4
23,5
23,6
23.7
23,8
23,9
24
24,1
24,2
24,3
24,4
24,5
24,6
24,7
24,8
24,9
25
400
450
500
560
630
710
800
900
1000 1120 1250
1400
9948
1.13
9993
1.14
10038
1.15
10083
1.16
10128
1.17
10174
1.18
10219
1.19
10264
1.2
10309
1.21
10354
1.22
10400
1.23
10445
1.24
10490
1.25
10535
1.26
10581
1.27
10626
1.23
10671
1.29
10716
1.3
10761
1.31
10807
1.32
10852
1.33
10897
1.34
10942
1.35
10987
1.36
11033
1.37
11078
1.38
11123
1.4
11168
1.41
11214
1.42
11259
1.43
11304
1.44
12590
0.927
12647
0.981
12704
0.988
12762
0.997
12819
1.01
12876
1.01
12933
1.02
12990
1.03
13048
1.04
13105
1.05
13162
1.06
13219
1.07
13277
1.08
13334
1.09
13391
1.09
13448
1.10
13505
1.11
13564
1.12
13620
1.13
13677
1.14
13734
1.15
13792
1.16
13829
1.17
13906
1.18
13963
1.19
14020
1.2
14078
1.2
14135
1.21
14192
1.22
14249
1.23
14307
1.24
121857
0.235
122411
0.237
122965
0.239
123520
0.241
124073
0.243
124627
0.246
125180
0.248
125734
0.25
126288
0.252
126842
0.254
127390
0.286
127950
0.258
128504
0.26
129058
0.263
129612
0.265
120166
0.267
130719
0.269
131273
0.271
131827
0.273
132381
0.276
132953
0.278
133489
0.28
134042
0.283
134597
0.285
135151
0.286
135705
0.289
136258
0.292
136812
0.294
137366
0.296
137920
0.298
138474
0.301
15543
0.852
15614
0.86
15684
0.866
15755
0.874
15826
0.882
15896
0.889
15967
0.897
16038
0.905
16108
0.912
16179
0.920
16250
0.928
16320
0.936
16391
0.943
16401
0.951
16532
0.959
16603
0.967
16673
0.975
16744
0.983
16815
0.99
16885
0.999
16956
1.01
17027
1.01
17091
1.02
17168
1.03
17239
1.04
17309
1.05
17380
1.06
17451
1.06
17521
1.07
17592
1.08
17663
1.09
19497
0.739
19586
0.746
19674
0.752
19763
0.759
19852
0.765
19940
0.772
20029
0.779
20118
0.785
20206
0.792
20295
0.798
20383
0.805
20472
0.812
20561
0.818
20649
0.825
20738
0.832
20826
0.839
20915
0.846
21004
0.853
21092
0.859
21181
0.867
21270
0.874
21358
0.881
21447
0.888
21535
0.985
21624
0.902
21713
0.909
21809
0.917
21890
0.923
21979
0.931
22067
0.937
22156
0.945
24676
0.638
24788
0.644
24900
0.649
25013
0.655
25125
0.66
25237
0.666
25349
0.672
25461
0.677
25573
0.683
25686
0.689
25798
0.695
25910
0.701
26022
0.706
26134
0.712
26246
0.718
26359
0.724
26471
0.73
26583
0.736
26695
0.742
26807
0.748
26919
0.755
27032
0.76
27144
0.766
27256
0.772
27368
0.778
27480
0.785
27592
0.791
27704
0.797
27817
0.803
27929
0.809
28041
0.816
31341
0.549
31433
0.554
31626
0.559
31768
0.564
319 1
0.569
32053
0.573
32196
0.579
32338
0.583
32481
0.583
32623
0.593
32765
0.598
32903
0.603
33050
0.608
33193
0.613
33335
0.619
33478
0.624
33620
0.629
33763
0.634
33905
0.639
34047
0.644
34190
0.65
34333
0.655
34475
0.66
34617
0.665
34760
0.670
34902
0.676
35045
0.681
35187
0.686
35330
0.692
35472
0.697
35615
0.702
235
39790
0.473
39971
0.477
40152
0.481
40333
0.486
40514
0.49
40694
0.494
40875
0.498
41056
0.502
41237
0.507
41418
0.511
41599
0.515
41780
0.52
41960
0.524
42141
0.528
42322
0.533
42503
0.537
42684
0.541
42865
0.546
43045
0.55
43226
0.555
43407
0.56
43588
0.564
43769
0.568
43950
0.573
44131
0.577
44312
0.582
44493
0.587
44673
0.591
44854
0.596
45035
0.6
45216
0.605
50359
0.408
50588
0.412
50817
0.415
51046
0.419
51275
0.423
51504
0.426
51733
0.430
51962
0.434
52191
0.437
52420
0.441
52648
0.445
52877
0.449
53106
0.452
53335
0.456
53564
0.46
53793
0.463
54022
0.467
54251
0.471
54479
0.475
54709
0.479
54937
0.483
55166
0.486
55395
0.49
55624
0.494
55823
0.498
56082
0.502
56311
0.506
56540
0.51
56769
0.514
56998
0.518
57227
0.522
62172
0.358
62455
0.361
62737
0.364
63020
0.368
63302
0.371
63585
0.374
63868
0.377
64180
0.38
64433
0.384
64715
0.386
64998
0.39
65281
0.393
65563
0.397
65846
0.4
6618
0.403
66411
0.407
66691
0.41
66976
0.4123
67259
0.416
67541
0.42
67824
0.424
68107
0.427
68389
0.43
68672
0.434
68954
0.437
69237
0.441
69520
0.444
69802
0.447
70085
0.451
70367
0.454
70650
0.458
77989
0.311
78343
0.314
78698
0.316
79052
0.319
79407
0.322
79761
0.325
80116
0.327
40470
0.33
80825
0.333
81179
0.336
81533
0.339
81888
0.342
82242
0.344
82597
0.347
82951
0.35
83306
0.353
83660
0.356
84015
0.369
84369
0.362
84724
0.365
85078
0.368
85433
0.27
85787
0.374
86142
0.376
86496
0.379
86851
0.382
87205
0.386
87560
0.388
87914
0.392
88269
0.394
88623
0.397
97144
0.271
97585
0.274
98027
0.276
98468
0.278
98910
0.281
99352
0.283
99793
0.286
100235
0.288
100676
0.29
101118
0.293
101559
0.295
102001
0.298
102443
0.30
102884
0.03
102326
0.305
103767
0.308
104209
0.31
104650
0.13
105092
0.315
105533
0.318
105976
0.321
106416
0.323
106858
0.326
107300
0.328
107741
0.331
108183
0.33
108624
0.336
109066
0.339
109508
0.341
109949
0.344
110341
0.347
PH LC
PH LC 2: BIU C TNH V KCH THC CA MT S LOI QUT THNG DNG
Lu lng L, 103m3/h
Lu lng L, 103m3/h
Qut ly tm 4 70 N 2
Qut ly tm 4 70 N 3
236
PH LC
Ph lc 2 (tip theo)
Lu lng L, 103m3/h
Lu lng L, 103m3/h
Qut ly tm 4 70 N 4
Qut ly tm 4 70 N 5
237
PH LC
Ph lc 2 (tip theo)
Lu lng L, 103m3/h
Lu lng L, 103m3/h
Qut ly tm 4 70 N 6
Qut ly tm 4 70 N 7
238
PH LC
Ph lc 2 (tip theo)
Lu lng L, 103m3/h
Lu lng L, 103m3/h
Qut ly tm 4 70 N 8
Qut ly tm 4 70 N 10
239
PH LC
Ph lc 2 (tip theo)
Lu lng L, 103m3/h
Lu lng L, 103m3/h
Qut ly tm 4 70 N 12
Qut ly tm 4 70 N 16
240
PH LC
Phu luc 2 (tiep theo)
KCH THC CHE TAO VA LAP AT (mm) CUA QUAT LY TAM 4-70 LOAI CHONG TIA LA
N0
quat
2,5
3,2
4
5
6,3
8
10
b1
b2
C1
C2
C3
A1
A2
C4
C5
d1
n2 cai
n cai
d2
nx cai
545
630
761
936
1195
1461
1826
554
726
702
838
1090
1282
1475
481
603
743
918
1146
1453
1807
197
240
291
354
435
531
656
204
256
316
391
486
611
765
162.5
208
260
325
409.5
520
650
126
160
200
230
285
255
426
400
560
650
730
1000
1100
1260
260
340
370
390
480
720
840
12
12
12
12
15
18
18
156.5
181
210
246.5
290.5
388
454
175
224
280
350
445
564
700
204
255
310
380
480
600
750
204
200
200
300
400
600
750
102
100
100
100
100
150
150
27.5
55
40
40
-
7
7
7
7
7
10
12
2
2
2
3
4
4
5
8
12
12
16
20
16
20
280
345
430
530
660
830
1035
7
7
7
7
7
10
12
8
8
8
16
16
24
24
241
PH LC
KCH THC CHE TAO VA LAP AT (mm) CUA QUAT LY TAM 4-70 N 2 , 3 7
N0
quat
2,5
ong c ien
Cong
So
Loai
suat
vong
kW
quay
v/ph
AO
21-
Kch thc (mm)

H
b1
b2
b3
b4
b5
C1
C2
C3
C4
Trong
lng
KG
Mieng thoi
A1
CS
h
Kch thc (mm)

Mieng hut
So
D
D1
b6
lo
So
lo
Be quat
Thep goc
0,18
0,6
2890
2800
287
90
232
188
251
200
109
250
162
129
175
37
225
227
22,6
24,2
178
218
101
250
270
17,5
15
30 x 30 x 4
2
222
A 31 - 2
A 31- 4
AO 31- 4
AO 41- 6
AO 41- 4
AO 41- 6
AO 42 - 5
AO 51 - 4
AO 51 - 6
AO 62 - 4
1,0
0,6
0,6
1,0
1,7
1,0
1,7
4,5
2,8
10,0
2850
1410
1420
930
1420
930
930
1440
950
1460
350
100
27
228
300
240
136
300
194
162
210
20
270
255
42
214
264
122
300
325
25
12
19
40 x 40 x 5
435
460
575
100
125
125
365
28
403
315
181
410
258
197
280
25
360
330
285
335
158
400
425
25
12
19
50 x 50 x 5
455
358
502
390
221
490
323
255
350
24
450
416
70.0
86.0
121.0
356
416
98
16
500
535
30
16
22
50 x 50 x 6
645
690
775
805
125
170
170
200
541
421
602
466
270
600
389
290
420
33
540
495
426
486
92
16
600
635
30
16
22
65 x 65 x 6
613
504
707
541
311
690
453
344
490
65
630
605
178.0
213.0
281,0
366,0
496
566
134
16
700
735
30
16
25
65 x 65 x 6
AO
3
4
5
6
7
242
PH LC
KCH THC CHE TAO VA LAP AT (mm) CUA QUAT LY TAM 4-70
N0
quat
b1
b2
b3
b4
b5
c1
c2
c3
c4
b6
8
10
12
1236
1836
890
1100
1310
518
768
616
758
918
870
1200
1400
365
415
485
926
1260
1470
1455
1810
2160
520
650
780
1040
1100
1200
1255
1375
1625
350
325
350
74
100
150
776
895
1050
110
112
150
400
500
600
243
Trong
lng
kg
(khong
ke
ong
c)
340
480
732
N0

8,10,12
Mieng thoi
Mieng hut
A1
A2
So
lo
D1
D2
So
lo
560
700
840
636
786
890
600
750
600
16
16
16
720
904
1024
760
944
1124
800
976
1158
16
16
16
PH LC
KCH THC CHE TAO VA LAP AT (mm) CUA QUAT BUI
N0quat
3
6
8
N0 quat
5
6
8
H
530
620
820
C6
346
405
540
b
376
450
595
C7
344
405
534
b1
300
360
475
b2
435
516
688
n, cai
3
2
5
b3
338
405
535
n1, cai
2
2
4
b4
250
300
400
d
11
11
12
C
250
300
400
n2 cai
11
13
17
C1
490
550
774
d1
M10
M10
M12
244
C2
500
600
900
C3
490
570
710
n2
3
3
5
D
300
360
480
C4
150
160
230
D1
342
402
530
7-40
d3
18
18
20
A
300
360
480
D2
368
428
562
A1
372
433
588
d2
11
11
12
A2
372
434
570
n1, cai
12
12
16
Cg
100
100
100
Trong lng kg
147
217
571
PH LC
KCH THC CAU TAO VA BIEU O AC TNH

CUA QUAT TRUC 06-300
C quat
N0
D1
D2
D3
D4
b1
b2
C1
4
5
6,3
8
10
12,5
400
500
630
800
1000
1250
403
503
633
805
1006
1258
430
530
660
830
1035
1285
460
560
690
860
1060
1320
160
200
252
320
400
500
200
250
315
320
400
500
32,5
32
47
32,5
32
47
750
900
1100
250
300
400
806
960
1160
550
670
850
7
7
7
10
12
12
8
16
16
16
16
24
245
Trong lng
(khong ke ong c)
Kg
10
17
32
51
102
157
PH LC
TI LIU THAM KHO

Sch ting Vit
1. Trn Ngoc Chn (2000), nhim khng kh v x l kh thi Tp 1, Nh xut bn
khoa hoc v k thut.
2. Trn Ngoc Chn (2001), nhim khng kh v x l kh thi Tp 2, Tp 3, Nh xut
bn khoa hoc v k thut.
3. Phm Ngc ng (1997), Mi trng khng kh, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut ,
1997
4. V Th Ngc Ti (1993), Qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ha hc Tp 3, Trng
i hc Bch khoa Thnh ph H Ch Minh.
5. Nhiu tc gi (1992), S tay qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ha cht, Nh xut bn
khoa hc v k thut.
6. Vin hn lm khoa hc Lin x (1985), Bo v mi trng v hiu qu kinh t x
hi ca n, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut.
7. L Huy B (1996), Mi trng kh hu thay i mi him ha ca ton cu, Nh xut
bn Thnh ph H Ch Minh.
8. Nguyn inh Tun (1998), Nghin cu thc nghim cng ngh x l kh thi ngnh
cng nghip m km, Hi ngh mi trng ton quc, H Ni.
9. Lm Minh Trit, Nguyn inh Tun (1998), nh gi hin trng cng ngh x l
nhim khng kh ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh v vng kinh t trng im Min Nam,
Cng ngh mi trng, NXB Nng nghip, H Ni
10. Phm Quang DZnh (1974), U nhim mi sinh, Vn phng thng trc Uy ban quc
gia dn s, Si Gn.
Sch Ting nuc ngoi
1. Henry C. Perkins (1974), Air Pollution, McGraw-Hill Book Company.
1. G.R Chhatwal(1997), Encyclopaedia of Environmental air pollution Vol. 1, 2, 3,
Anmol Publications PVT Ltd, New Delhi,.
2. Arthur C. Stern (1976), Air Pollution Vol 3: Measuring , monitoring and surveillance
of air pollution, New York, San Francisco London.
3. Arthur C. Stern (1976), Air Pollution Vol 4: Engineering control of air pollution,
New York, San Francisco London.
246
PH LC
4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1996), The emission enventory: Programs
and Progress, Air & Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh.
5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1995), The emission enventory: Application
and Improvement, Air & Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh.
6. Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment (1983), Handbook of
emission factors- Part 2: Industrian sources, Government Publishing office.
7. Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment (1983), Handbook of
emission factors- Part 3: Stationary combustion sources, Government Publishing
office, The Hague
8. Environmetla Department (1988), Environmental guidelines, The Wolrd Bank.
9. World Health Organization (1987), Air Quality Guidelines for Europe, WHO regional
Publications, Copenhagen.
10. World Health Organization (2000), The Guidelines for Air Quality, WHO regional
Publications, Geneva.
11. Jaime Benitez (1980), Process engineering and design for air pollution control, PTR
Prentice Hall, New Jersey USA.
12. Albert Parker (1983), Industrial aip pollution handbook, McGraw-Hill Book
Company (UK), L.t.d., London.
13. Kenneth E. Noll & Wayne T. Davis (1985), Air pollution control and Industrial
energy production, Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc, Mich USA.
14. C. C. Koe & T. Z. Liu (1996), Comparing the perfomence of a packed scrubber a
with a mist scrubber for gaeous H2S removal, Asia Pacific Conference on
sustainable energy & environmental Technology, 19-21 June 1996, Singapore.
15. Noel de Nevers (1995), Air pollution control engineering, McGraw-Hill, Inc, New
York.
16. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist (1992), Industrial
ventilation 21st Edition, Ohio.
17. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist (1988), Air pollution
manual II, Ohio.
18. Anthony J. Buonicore & Wayne T. Davis (1992), Air Pollution engineering Manual,
Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
19. Robert H. Prery (1983), Perrys Chemical Engineershandbook, Vol. 2
20. Armfield Ltd. (1985), Proposal for the supply of chemical engineering equipment,
Hamspshire.
247

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I HC QUC GIA TP H CH MINH

VIN MI TRNG V TI NGUYN

KIM SOT NHIM KHNG KH

NH XUT BN I HC QUC GIA TP H CH MINH

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4.4.1 Chiu cao v s n v truyn khi .................................................................. 98

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Hnh 3.18: Cc phng in ................................................................................................ 74

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Chiu rng vng cch ly cn xc nh (m) theo hng i.

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Chiu rng vng cch ly ly theo mc c hi ca tng nh my, ly theo cc

Tn sut gi trung bnh tnh u cho mi hng (%).

Tn sut gi trung bnh thc t ca hng i (%).

C th tnh kt qu cho nhiu phng n khc nhau v d dng so snh kt qu.

C th dng nh gi s tc ng tng i ca mt ngun ring bit m khng

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C kh nng d bo tc ng ca mt hot ng no ln mi trng khng kh.

Cc m hnh tnh pht tn cc cht nhim khng kh thng c xy dng theo

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M hnh Lagrangia: trong nng ca mt ti kh l mt hm ca thi gian

M hnh Eularian: y nng trong mt hay nhiu hp c nh l hm ca thi

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Hnh 1.1: H thng ta ca m hnh chm khi Gaussian v phn b nng

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: khong cch trn trc x theo phng gi thi (m)

: khong cch trn trc y vung gc vi phng gi thi trn mt

: chiu cao t mt t (m)

: tc gi trung bnh cao He (m/s2)

: thng s pht tn theo phng ngang (m)

: thng s pht tn theo phng thng ng (m)

: ti lng cht nhim pht tn ( g/s)

: chiu cao hiu dng (m)

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Hnh 1.2: S phn x ca chm khi mt t c gi thit cho ngun o

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nh ngha bc x mt tri i vo mnh, va phi, yu l khng r rng. N

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vi : Cz0 = (10.z 0 ) 0,53x

Thi gian trung bnh

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p dng cho thi gian trung bnh t1 (m).

: s m xc nh bng kinh nghim, c gi tr trong khong 0,15 n

0,5 trong ti liu, p=0,3 c khuyn co p dng cho iu kin H Lan.

Hnh 1.3: Hm tc gi theo chiu cao (ng vi n nh kh quyn) khc

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Hnh 1.4: Chiu cao hiu dng ca ng khi (He)

Tc gi : tc gi cng cao, s xo trn v pha long chm khi din ra cng

n nh kh quyn: iu kin n nh hn gy ra s xo trn km hn v ko

Phng trnh dng ct khi

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Phng trnh sau p dng cho iu kin n nh ( bt c hm nhit no)

Trong cc phng trnh thc nghim ny:

Hm nhit (entanpi) ca khi

Lu lng (thng thng tnh bng m3/s), QV0

Nhit dung ring ca khng kh (1,36kJ.K-1), v

Nhit ca khi thi(tnh bng K), T: