Walter Ripmans Classified Vocabulary

Introduction
When it comes to learning any language, mastering as quickly as possible as much as possible of the vocabulary is one of the most important tasks in store for the student. Ay, there's the rub, as Hamlet says. How can you do so? It is impossible to learn all words, the vocabulary of most languages being far too large for such a brute force approach. While it might be possible to do so for the vocabulary of a single book, it may be wiser to choose a different approach, one giving heed to the law of diminishing returns. There are two ways of selectively learning the important vocabulary: 1. Using word lists derived from word frequency 2. Using a topical vocabulary The first approach is exemplified by Paul B. Diederich's "The frequency of Latin words and their endings", in which paper he lists word frequencies for more than 4,000 words. The second approach is also exemplified by a piece of work by Paul B. Diederich, the Basic Vocabulary of about 1,500 words, attached to the aforementioned paper. These words are sorted into word types (nouns, adjectives, etc.) and further into various categories like Gods, City and Buildings, Verbs Mental and Sensory Operations. However, a far more detailed vocabulary was published by Walter Ripman as part of his Handbook 1 of the Latin Language. It was used by Evan Millner, the creator of the Latinum language course, to create a set of Vocabulary Building audio files. It closely follows the text. The original text, however, includes additional information useful to the student, for example concerning case constructions. I also found these audio files rather hard to digest without having first read the text itself or looking at the text while listening to the files. Unfortunately, Ripmans Classified Vocabulary has been been unavailable online until now, which is all the more lamentable as the dictionary part of it is very good as well, as it contains many sample phrases. Therefore I decided to bring at least the Classified Vocabulary to the wider public, in the hope that it may help in getting a better grasp of the Latin language. I want to stress that this publication is in no way connected with the Latinum course which I can heartily recommend, by the way. So, any fault lies solely with me. I mostly stuck with the original text, making some changes to the formatting to improve its readability. The transcription as opposed to a facsimile edition results in a loss of (a little) part of the information contained in the original book as Mr. Ripman used a rather ideosyncratic layout which sometimes juxtaposed contrasting words. I used the macrons as given in the original publication, so use them at your own risk. In a few cases, however, I added or removed macrons when these were obvious errata (relying on the information given in the dictionary part of the book). The most important changes made by me can be found in Appendix 2. The abbreviations used in the text are collected in Appendix 1.

22 April 2011 Carolus Raeticus

Walter Ripman, A Handbook of the Latin Language Being a Dictionary, Classified Vocabulary, and Grammar

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Index

1-3 4-6 7 8 9 10 11 12-20 21 22 23 24-27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41-43 44 45 46 47 48-50

Time Place Land Farming Sea, River, etc. Sky Seasons, Winds, Weather Physical Properties Animals Plants Minerals Man Town House Government Religion Chance; Fate Property, Trade Offer, Request, Order, Give, Allow Amusement, Sport Tools, Materials, etc. Army Character Work, Duty Learning, Knowledge Voice, Speech Emotions Law Danger, Protection, Help Guilt, Punishment Sundry Groups

p. 3 p. 8 p. 16 p. 18 p. 19 p. 21 p. 21 p. 22 p. 31 p. 33 p. 34 p. 34 p. 42 p. 43 p. 45 p. 48 p. 50 p. 51 p. 54 p. 55 p. 56 p. 57 p. 63 p. 66 p. 68 p. 74 p. 79 p. 83 p. 85 p. 86 p. 88

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The Classified Vocabulary

1-3 TIME
1.1 time
tempus, time; t. dcere, agere, dgere, spend time; t. terere, waste, lose time; t. (annus, dis) intercdit, intervenes, passes aeternus, eternal, everlasting; noun aeternits sempiternus, perennis, perpetual, enduring; noun perennits perpetuus, continuous, permanent; noun perpetuits; verb perpeture, continue without stopping aevum, period, age aets, age, lifetime saeculum, age, lifetime, generation, century; dubus saeculs ante, 200 years before; aliquot saeculs post, some centuries later ______________________________________ compositi ann, calendar year annus, year; integer a., complete y.; ann interiect, after a y.; ann vertente, in the course of a year; intr trs anns, within three y.; mults post anns or mults anns post, after many y.; prire ann, in the previous y.; superior annus, the previous y. annuus, lasting a year, yearly anniversrius, yearly anntinus, last year's perennis, lasting a year quotanns, yearly, annually biennium, space of two years; triennium, do. of three; quadriennium, do. of four; qunquennium, do. of five lstrum, period of five years mnsis, month; adj. mnstruus bimnstris, lasting two months ______________________________________ quand? when cum, quand, ubi, ut, qu tempore, when simulac, as soon as quamdi? qutenus? how long? quamdi, as long as dum, whilst intere, interim, meanwhile simul, at the same time ______________________________________ spatium, space of time; s. nancsc, gain time tempus breve, short time pnctum temporis, moment mment temporis, at the decisive moment q.v. seasons, 11.1 day dis, day; in dis singuls, daily; diem dcend eximere, spend the day in talking; diem smere ad Actg, choose a day for; adj. diurnus, by d. lce, lc, interdi, by day, in the daytime bduum, space of two days; trduum, of three; quadrduum, of four; trdu intermiss, after an interval of three days; hebdomas, seven days hra, hour hrae, clock; slrium, sundial, clock antelcnus, before dawn dlcscere, illcscere, dawn; noun dlculum lcet, lcscit, it is dawning prm lce, ort sle, lce ort, at dawn, sunrise mne, morning; adj. mttnus ante merdiem, in the forenoon; adj. antemerdinus; merdis, noon; post merdiem, d merdi, in the afternoon; adj. postmerdinus crepusculum, dusk vesper, vespera, evening; prm vespere or prm vesper [hr], in first evening hour; adv. vesper; pervesper, very late in the evening; adj. vespertnus; verb vesperscere slis occs, at sunset prma fax, early torchlight (just after dark) nox, night; sub noctem, towards nightfall; prma nocte, at nightfall, early in the night; nocte intermiss, n. having meanwhile fallen; medi nocte, at midnight; proxim 3/93

nocte, last n.; mult nocte, late at n.; ad multam noctem, far into n.; adv. noct; adj.

nocturnus, by n.; pernoctre, spend the n.; vigilia,quarter of the n. (about three hours);
prma, secunda, tertia, quarta v.

antecdere, go before, precede; noun antecessi anticipre, praecipere, praecurrere, anticipate; noun anticipti

srus, late, too late; adv. sr, too late hs paucs dibus, a few days ago nudis tertius, the day before yesterday her, yesterday; adj. hesternus hodi, to-day; adj. hodiernus crs, to-morrow; adj. crstinus dis crstinus, the morrow (in the future); di poster, on the morrow (of a past date) perendi, on the day after to-morrow; adj. perendinus dis superior, the previous day prdi, on the day before postrdie, poster di, on the day after, on the next day post diem quntum, after five days cottdi, adv. daily; adj. cottdinus

1.3 first and last

prmus, first; adv. prm, at first, prmum, firstly postrmus, suprmus, novissimus, last postrm, lastly, postrmum, suprmum, for the last time (ad) extrmum, at last, finally ultima tempora, earliest or latest times

q.v. beginning and end, 3.1, 3.3

1.4 always...never
quotins, how often; totins, so often semper, numquam nn, perpetu, always, constantly plrumque, fer, generally, usually; quod fer fit, as generally happens vulg, generally, commonly saepe, persaepe, often; saepissim, saepenumer repeatedly, again and again crbr, often (of a regular sequence) trtus, common, commonplace, hackneyed nnnumquam, sometimes (fairly often) interdum, quondam, subinde, identidem, occasionally, now and then, repeatedly aliquand, on certain occasions, sometimes (not often) rr, rarely singulris, rare, remarkable semel et saepius, pls quam semel, more than once semel, once umquam, ever; numquam, never; nec umquam, and never

1.2 before and after

ante (prep. with Ac, adv.); adv. ante, antehc; conj. antequam, priusquam, before prior, former, previous; adv. prius, before, sooner, previously tempus prius or superius, former days; superiribus temporibus, in earlier times praeteritus, past; praeterita, praeteritum tempus, the past prope est or in e est ut subj., ... is on the point of happening. post (prep. with Ac, adv.), after, afterwards; adv. poste, posthc, afterwards, hereafter; postquam, after haud ita mult post, poste aliquant, brev poste, nn mult poste, a little later posthc, hereafter, henceforth posterus, later, next, future posterits, the future posterior, latter, later; adv. posterius subinde, just after, then aliquot post dibus, some days after ex intervll, after some time futrus, future reliquum tempus, the future porr, in future praesentre, have a presentiment, foresee; noun praesnsi; praevidre, prspicere, prvidre, foresee; noun prvsi

q.v. custom, usual, unusual 49.1

1.5 already, still, not yet, at length

iam, by this time; iam nunc, iam tum, already iamddum, iamprdem, this long while etiam, etiam tunc or nunc, adhc, still nndum, neque adhc, not yet dmum, aliquand, at last; dnique, at last, in short tandem, at length 4/93

1.6 formerly, now, then

prdem, long ago, of old, formerly aliquand, at some time (past, present or future) quondam, once (past only, usually during some space of time) lim, formerly, a long time ago, once (past or future) abhinc quattuor anns, four years ago; a. tribus dibus, three days ago mtr, early, in good time; mtrius, earlier nper, nn (or haud) prdem (or ita prdem), lately, recently paul ante, but lately ddum, a little while ago ad hc tempus, until now nunc, iam, in praesenti, now tempus praesns, present time; in (tempus) praesns, for the present commodum, just in time, at the very moment nstns, present; nstantia (P), the present situation hs temporibus, nostr aette, in our time, in modern times, nowadays lic, extempl, prtinus, statim, continu, cnfestim, sine mor, vestgi, immediately, then and there, forthwith mox, brev, mtr, soon, presently propediem, very soon quam prmum, as soon as possible ante tempus, too soon deinde, inde, exinde, tum, tunc, then e tempestte, tum temporis, id temporis, at that time tum dmum, then and then only aliquand, hereafter

dubitre, delay (intrans.); noun dubitti dnec, quoad, until sque ad, until ad hunc sque diem, up to this day adhc, thus far, hitherto quosque (tandem), how much longer

1.8 again
rrsus, again iterum, for the second time dnu, afresh, once more integrre, renew iterre, duplicre, repetere, repeat; nouns iterti, repetti iterum atque iterum, semel iterumque, semel atque iterum, repeatedly frequns, repeated; frequentre, do again, repeatedly etiam atque etiam, again and again retractre, take up again non poste or posthc, not again

2.1 gradually, suddenly

paultim, snsim, pedetemptim, gradtim, little by little, by degrees repente, subit, suddenly; adj. repentnus, sudden, unexpected dsubit, quite suddenly

2.2 for a long or short time

in omne tempus, for ever di, long; comp. ditius, superl. ditissim; ditinus, diturnus, lasting, long, prolonged iamprdem, iamddum, now for a long time longus, longinquus, tedious aliquamdi, aliquantum temporis, for some time paulisper, for a little time parumper, for a little while, for a moment

1.7 delay; until

mora, delay; trdu mor interposit, after a delay of three days; nllam moram interpnere qun subj., not lose a moment in; morri, cnctr, tardre, retardre, distinre, make slow, delay, defer; noun cnctti; mortor, cncttor, one who delays, mginr, hesitate, delay differre, postpone; noun dlti prcrstinre, prtrdere, sustentre, put off, delay; nouns prcrstinti, sustentti prdcere, propgre, prrogre, ricere, protract, prolong; nouns prducti, propgti, prrogti

2.3 fast
celer, swift; adv. celeriter; noun celerits vlx, swift; adv. vlciter; noun vlcits pernx, swift; noun perncits rapidus, citus, quick; noun rapidits; adv. cito volucer, swift, fleeting cursim, raptim, quickly praeceps, headlong, hasty 5/93

slow tardus, slow; noun tardits lentus, slow, lingering, sluggish

2.6 opportunity, occasion

occsi, facults, potests, opportunity;
occsinem or faculttem or potesttem dare, or potesttem facere, G gerund,

q.v. make slow, delay, 1.7 ______________________________________ accelerre, festnre, properre, hasten, make haste; propert opus est, there is need of haste; nouns festnti, properti; adv. festnt.

2.4 old and young

senex (usually noun) old; old man; comp. senior, older; noun senects, old age; adj. senlis nt grandis, old; mior, mximus (with or without anns or nt), older, oldest quot anns ntus es? how old are you?; anns XXX ntus sum or vx aequlis, of the same age iuvenis (usually noun), youthful; one in prime of life; comp. inior, younger; noun iuvents, youth nt (or anns) minor, minimus, younger, youngest parvus, young, e.g. parv lber

give an o. locum or cpiam dare G gerund or ad gerund, give an opportunity; dare suspcin locum, give occasion for suspicion loc or in loc, opportunely tempus, right time, opportunity; prm quque tempore, at the first opportunity; su tempore, at a fitting time; tempor or temper, at the right time

BEGINNING AND END

3.1 beginning
org, fns, source auctor, originator crere, generre, ingenerre, ggnere, create; nouns cretor, genertor, genitor, creti (Deus) effector (mund), creator (God) dere, produce, bring forth cnstruere, construct, make; noun cnstrcti initium, prncipium, exrdium, prmrdium, exrsus, incepti, introitus, beginning; adj. prnciplis, original incipere, rdr, incohre, exrdr, begin orr, coorr, exorr, exsistere, arise; noun ortus coepisse, have begun nstituere, institute, begin suscipere, take up cnr, attempt, undertake; noun cntus experr, try; noun experientia

q.v. ages of man, 24.2

2.5 old and new

vetus, old (still existing); comp. vetustior; noun vetusts; verb inveterscere, grow old antquus, vetustus, old (no longer existing), ancient; antquitus (adv.), in or from ancient times; noun antquits; ultima a., extreme antiquity obsolscere, grow old prscus, primitive, olden, old-fashioned prstinus, primitive, original novus, new; quid nov what news? noun novits recns, fresh, recent novre, renovre, reficere, restituere, redintegrre, nstaurre, make new, restore; nouns renovti, restitti, nstaurti d, ab or ex integr, anew

3.2 growth
alere, rear crscere concrscere, grow recrscere, grow again flrre, flourish

3.3 end
cnficere, peragere, perficere, absolvere, complete terminus, goal; terminre, end dcrscere, decrease ptscere, decay, rot; ptidus, rotten

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abolre, comminuere, cnfringere, cnsmere, dlre, dstruere, dmlr, druere, disperdere, dissolvere, dvellere, vellere, vertere, exstinguere, percellere, perdere, destroy excdere or exscindere or prruere (e.g. doms), destroy dissolti, versi, exitium, exstncti, interiti, interitus, lbs, naufragium, obitus, perncis, pestis, runa, destruction, ruin; ad interitum ruere, rush to destruction; adjs. exitibilis, exitilis, exitisus, pestifer, pestilns, perncisus interre, perre, disperre, mor, intermor, perish, decay ad nihilum venre or recidere, come to naught, perish ruere, go to ruin; runsus, ruinous, in ruins collabefier, be brought to ruin dsinere, dsistere, cease dficere, come to an end effluere, pass away, vanish finis, end; fnem facere, with Dtg, Gtg or G gerund, bring to and end; fnem statuere, assign an end to, make an end of; verb fnre, end clausula, end (of letter), last sentence (of period), last verses (of play) epistulam concldere, end a letter exitus, conclusion exitisus, exitibilis, disastrous, fatal, deadly fnus, destruction, end; e.g. repblicae occsus, downfall, ruin

excdere puers, pass out of childhood adolscere, grow up consenscere, grow old, weak

q.v. ages of man, 24.2

3.6 death
mors, obitus, discessus d vt, excessus ( vt), ftum, death; m. eum absmpsit, carried off; mortem obiit, he died; mortlis, subject to death; moribundus, dying; noun mortlits mortifer, deadly, causing death mor, abre vt, cursum vtae cnficere, obre, cdere vt, dcdere (also with d vt), discdere vt, excdere vt or vt, ex or d vt exre or migrre, vt migrre, hinc dmigrre, perre, dperre, occidere, occumbere (also with mortem or morte), animam agere or efflre, animam or vtam dere, vtam mittere, dscscere vt, exsprre, die; vtam abicere, surrender life; vtam complre, conclude life s quid mihi hmnitus accidisset, if I were to die mors voluntria, suicide; mortem or necem sibi cnscscere, vt s prvre, s interimere, vt recdere, commit suicide s suspendere, hang oneself; suspendium, hanging mortem oppetere, encounter death, die (a violent or unnatural death) ltum, violent death; see 47.2 extrmus (or postrmus) spritus, dying breath concidere, fall lifeless in aci cadere, fall in battle vtae cursum cnficere, finish one's career mortuus, dfnctus, exsanguis, dead nfer, the dead; apud nfers, among the dead nferiae, sacrifices in honour of the dead; parentre mortus, bring sacrifices to dead relations ista, funeral ceremonies mourning vestem or vesttum mtre, go into mourning ad vesttum suum redre, go out of morning sords P, mourning garment; mourning toga sordida or pulla, dark grey toga, worn in mourning 7/93

BIRTH AND DEATH

3.4 birth
parere, give birth to; partus, birth; offspring nsc, be born; ntlis, natal; dis n., or n., birthday; nt, by birth; mior n., older; mximus n., oldest rensc, be born again ingred vtam, be born vvere, live; vta, life; introre in vtam, enter on l.; manre in vt, remain alive; vt fru, enjoy life, live; vvus, alive; mtre tu vv, in your mother's lifetime revvscere, live again, revive animns, living being

3.5 growth
ntrre, foster, rear; ntrx, nurse

lgubris, mourning (adj.)

q.v. inheritance, 33.6 funeral cadver, dead body, corpse lectus, bier fnus, funeral; f. dcere, conduct a f.; in f. venre, go to a f.; adj. fnebris, e.g. cnti; fnebria, funeral rites exsequiae, funeral train, obsequies; exsequis prsequ, attend a funeral efferre, carry to burial cremre, cremate; cinis, ashes rogus, funeral pile humre, inter sepelre, inter, cremate; sepultra, burial, funeral obsequies; sepultr afficere, bury sepulcrum, monumentum, bustum, tomb, grave, burial place; Acpn in sepulcr condere, inter tumulus, sepulchral mound, barrow urna, cinerary urn logium, epitaph inhumtus, unburied

praest (adv.) sum, am present, ready, at hand dom mlitiaeque, at home and abroad long ltque, far and wide sds, base, foundation regi, quarter, region locus, place; (n P loca, region, locality) ______________________________________ ubque, undique, omnibus locs, omnibus (in) partibus, everywhere ubivs, usquam, uspiam, anywhere alicub, in some place mults locs, multifriam, in many places passim, at different places nusquam, in no place, nowhere ______________________________________ septentrins, (m P), north merdis, south occidns, (slis) occsus, west orins, (slis) ortus, east spectat in merdiem, it faces south vergit in occidentem, it lies to the west

4.2 be at rest
stre, stand; stati, stay, sojourn; status, posture, position; stabilis, firm, steady; noun stabilits assistere, take up a position, stand cnsistere, take one's stand, halt resistere, stand still cnstre, remain; cnstit, stand nstre, stand in restre, stand firm sistere, subsistere, stand still, stop sedre, sit; noun sessi obsidre, sit in or at cause to be at rest sistere, statuere, set up pnere, locre, collocre, place; collocti stabilre, fix, establish iacere, iactre, throw; noun iactti sternere, stretch flat suspendere, hang up

4-6 PLACE
4.1
nfnits, immnsum, unlimited space orbis terrrum, mundus terrae, niversum, world, universe; mundnus, citizen of the world intermundia, space between worlds deus artifex or mltor mund, God the creator of the world ______________________________________ ubi? where? ubi gentium?, where in the world? ubi, qu, where; qucumque, ubicumque, wherever hc loc, hc, here, in this place illc, istc, ibi, e loc, there, in that place ibdem, edem loc, in the same place alib, in another place ______________________________________

noun

______________________________________ subsdere, stay iacre, cubre, lie

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hum strtus or fsus, lying (flat) on the ground supnus, lying on one's back prnus, lying face downward pendre, hang, be suspended

______________________________________ veh, be conveyed; curr v., drive; in equ v., ride; in nv v., sail currere, run; nouns cursus, running, voyage; currus, car, chariot proficsc, set out, travel; pedibus p., set out on a land journey; profecti, departure iter facere, go on a journey viam ingred, take a road cursum tenre, hold on a course; cursum drigere ad Ac, make for errre, vagr, pervagr, wander, roam, rove about; vagus, wandering about peragrre, wander or travel through; noun peragrti make to go cire, movre, commovre, move; permovre, move (thoroughly); nouns mtus, mmentum; adj. mbilis dcere, perdcere, lead, conduct drigere, direct mittere, send; noun missi ferre, portre, carry trahere, draw, drage; noun tractus intorqure, hurl ______________________________________ incdere, walk (with dignity); incessus, walking, gait prsequ Acpn, accompany contendere, festnre, mtrre, properre, approperre, hasten; noun ruere, rush ______________________________________ vehere, transport, convey ferr, travel obre Ac, traverse, travel through, visit perlustrre Ac, travel over peregrnr, travel, go abroad; peregrnto, travel or stay in foreign country migrre, dmigrre ex Ab in Ac, migrate; noun migrti vitor, traveller viticum, money for journey

4.3 stay
versr, dwell, stay, abide manre, remain; noun mnsi permanre, perstre, persevrre, remanre, stay to the end, endure, remain; nouns permnsi, remnsi, persevrantia residre, remain, be left edem remanre vestgi, stay in the same place restre, superesse, be left, remain over reliquus, residuus, left over; reliquum, residuum, pars reliqua, the rest cram Ab, in the presence of leave s loc movre, leave relinquere, leave behind; noun relicti linquere, leave drelinquere, abandon (neglect); noun drelicti dserere, desert; noun dsertor dstituere, abandon (in destitution) discdere ab Ab, forsake, leave (person); noun discessus excdere Ab or ex Ab, leave (place)

q.v. other verbs in 5.1

4.4 go
re, go; noun iti commere, go in and out, to and fro s cnferre, betake oneself, go tendere, go, march, travel pergere, proceed, go on s in viam dare, set out gradr, ingred, walk, step out gradus, passus, step; ingressus, walking; gradtim, step by step titubre, reel, stumble vacillre, sway, stagger, reel lb, illb, slip; noun lpsus ambulre, walk (at leisure) baculum, walking-stick inambulre, spatir, take a walk; noun inambulti vdere, walk (briskly)

q.v. transport by land, see 7.6 q.v. by water, see 9.3, .4

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4.5 turn, bend, roll, fold

vertere, turn (trans.); vert, turn (intrans.); versr, turn often, twist about; invertere, turn round flectere, bend, turn; flexus, turning, turning point; flexi, bending; flexibilis, flexible; flexusus, winding; nflectere, bend; noun nflexi; reflectere, bend or turn back intendere, bend, turn torqure, twist, turn, bend; tortusus, twisted; obtorqure, twist, wrench; retorqure, twist back inclnre, bend, incline, turn; noun inclnti volvere, turn round, roll (trans.); volv, roll (intrans.); voltre, roll, twist; volbilis, turning, rolling revolvere, roll back, unroll plicre, fold explicre, replicre, pandere, unfold

nstre, approach; vr nstat, spring is near rct itinere petere, make straight for tendere (e.g. Venusiam), make for incidere in Ac, come upon, meet unexpectedly accurrere, occurrere, run up advolre, rush up assilre, jump to nferr, rush against admovre, bring, lead to; noun admti appellere, adigere, drive towards or up; noun adcti apportre, carry to or up addcere, lead to or up afferre, bring to or up advehere, convey to advertere, turn towards; oculs ad eum a., turn one's eyes towards him obicere, throw against, in the way offendere, knock against; come upon obviam re or prcdere Dpn or prdre, to to meet away from unde? whence? hinc, from this place illinc, istinc, istim, inde, from that placd indidem, from the same place alicunde, from some place ex intervll, from some distance undique, ex omnibus partibus, from all sides extrnsecus, fors, from the outside unde, from which place , ab Ab, from; N.B. abs t abstinre, keep away abre, dveh, go away; noun abitus exre, absistere, depart (from); noun exitus cdere, scdere, withdraw; noun scessi abscdere, dcdere ab, d or ex Ab, discdere ab Abpn, excdere ex Ab place, dgred ab Ab, leave, depart from; longius discdere, go farther away; nouns abscessus, dcessi, discessus, dgressi, dgressus gred, quit; noun gressus dgred, go away vertere, versr, dclnre, dvertere, turn away or aside; noun dclnti aufugere, run away, abscond volre, dvolre, fly away diffluere, flow away lb, slip away excldere, keep away, remove dpellere, push aside, remove abiungere, separate, remove

5.1 towards
qu? or qursum? whither? utr? to which side, whither? hc, to this place illc, istc, e, to that place edem, to the same place aliqu, to some place nusquam, to no place passim, in omns parts, in all directions qu, to which place qucumque, ququ, whithersoever ad Ac, to sub Ac, to usque ad Ac, (all the way) to adversus, versus Ac, towards venre, come ventitre, come often advenre, pervenre, arrive; noun adventus; prm advent, immediately on arrival prvinciam tetigit, he reached the province accdere, succdere, appropinqure, adre, subre, approach; nouns accessi, accessus, successus, aditus; aditum Dpn ad Actg intercldere, bare one's way to; omns adits Gtg praecldere, saepre, bar all approaches to obrpere, creep up, draw near adventre, approach, advance (espec. of hostile forces) adveh, come (ride, sail, etc.) to adnre, swim to allb, glide to arrpere, creep up

10/93

abigere, expellere, extrdere, exturbre, prturbre, drive away; nouns expulsi, expulsor ablgre, relgre, send away; noun ablgti movre, dmovre, dmovre, removre, retrahere, smovre, submovre, remove; nouns mti, remti abdere, dpnere, put away trahere, draw away; noun tractus arcre, prevent from approaching, keep at a distance abdcere, ddcere, dcere, lead away; noun dducti asportre, dportre, dvehere, bring or carry away abstrahere, dtrahere, distrahere, subtrahere, draw or take away; noun dtracti dmere, take away auferre, vehere, carry off adimere, ripere, take away; nouns admpti, repti surripere, take away secretly revellere, tear away succdere, cut off abrdere, scrape off dtrdere, thrust off vocre, svocre, call of from, withdraw, divert; noun vocti mittere, dmittere, dismiss; nouns missi, dmissi abicere, pricere, throw away vellere, abripere, dripere, abrumpere, eximere, abscindere, tear away, break off; noun abrupti praeripere, tear or snatch away abscdere, dcdere, dsecre, resecre, cut off abluere, dluere, luere, wash away, remove abstergre, wipe away

nsidre, sit in, adhere to nsitus, inborn, inherent out extr Ac, without, on the outside of extr (adv.), without fors, out of doors externus, outward exterior, on the outer side extrmus, outermost exstre, stand out prspicere, prspectre, look out; noun prspectus

5.3 into
in Ac, into intr (adv.), intrrsum or -us, in, to the inside inre, introre, intrre Ac or in Ac, ingred Ac, immigrre, invdere, enter (trans.); also intrans.; introitus, ingressi, ingressus, entrance intrspicere, look into penetrre, permnre, s nsinure, get into incidere, fall into incurrere in Ac, run into nscendere, climb into irrpere, creep or steal into nsilre, nsultre, leap in irrumpere, irruere, rush into; noun irrupti involre, fly or rush into nfluere, flow into inveh, ride, drive, etc., into; noun invecti nserere, impnere, inculcre, interpnere, put into, insert, introduce; noun interpositi indcere, intrdcere, lead into; nouns inducti, intrducti nferre, ingerere, invehere, carry into; noun invecti inicere, throw into importre, import involvere, wrap up; involcrum, wrapper, covering nflre, blow into; noun nfltus nfundere in Ac, pour into nfgere, fasten in, thrust into imprimere, press into incdere, cut into nsinure, thrust into intexere, wave into immittere, send, cast into out of , ex Ab, out of fors (adv.), to the outside, out of doors 11/93

5.2 in
in Ab, in intr Ac, in intus (adv.), intrnsecus, intrrsum or -us, within penitus, inwardly, internally, far within dom, in the house internus (late), internal interior, on the inner side intimus, inmost inesse, be in inhaerre, be inherent

exre, go out; noun exitus gred, go out; noun gressus mergere, exorr, rise, come forth vdere, come out or forth minre, stand out excidere, fall out excurrere, run out or forth; noun excursus exsilre, prsilre, leap out rumpere, sally or burst forth; noun rupti volre, fly out, break forth prrumpere, break forth veh, ride, etc., out effluere, mnre, prfluere, flow out extrahere, prtrahere, draw out licere, draw or entice out ruere, pluck out dcere, gerere, vehere, lead forth efferre, prmere, bring out, bring forth ripere, exceptre, take out vellere, pull out volvere, unroll; noun volti explicre, unfold exprimere, press out fundere, diffundere, effundere, prfundere, pour out; nouns fsi, effsi offundere, perfundere, pour over excutere, shake out excldere, shut out prripere, drag or snatch out pellere, expellere, exigere, icere, extrdere, exturbre, drive out; nouns expulsi, expulsor, excti, iecti prtrdere, thrust out verrere, sweep out vellere, excerpere, revellere, pluck out; noun vulsi extorqure, wrench out excdere, exsecre, cut out dere, mittere, send forth; noun missi vomere, spit or cast out

summus, (poetic) suprmus, highest; summus mns, the top of the mountain culmen, summit vertex, top summus locus, highest point nsistere, stand on surgere, assurgere, cnsurgere, exsurgere, rise, get up suspicere, look up; noun suspectus scandere, ascendere, cnscendere, scendere, cnt, ascend, climb; noun ascnsus, cnscnsi salre, jump; noun saltus exsilre, exsultre, prsilre, leap up sublme ferr, fly up tollere, attollere, extollere, levre, sublevre, raise, lift up rigere, set up subvehere, carry or take up (stream) down and low nfr Ac, subter Ac, sub Ac, below, under nfr, subter (adv.), below deorsum, downwards humilis, low; noun humilits prclvis, descending, downhill praeceps, steep, precipitous profundus, deep; noun profundum nferus, lower nferior, lower (of two) nfimus, mus, lowest; sub nfim colle, at the foot of the hill fundus, bottom recumbere, lie down dpendere, prpendre, hang down dveh, go down dsdere, sink down cnsdere, sink, subside cadere, dcidere, fall; noun csus prcumbere, fall to the ground dlb, prlb, slip down, fall; noun prlpsi concidere, fall down dscendere, climb down; noun dscnsus dfluere, flow, swim or glide down salre d Ab, dsilre, leap down ruere, rush down, tumble dcurrere, run or flow down; noun dcursus dvolre, fly or hasten down dvolv, rush down s praecipitre, throw oneself down dmittere, drop; s manibus d., let oneself down; noun dmissi dferre, ddcere, dportre, bring down dvehere, carry down 12/93

5.4 up and high

supr Ac, super Ab, above, over supr (adv.), above nsuper, on top, from above dsuper, from above sursum or s. versus, upwards altus, high (also deep); noun altitd celsus, excelsus, sublmis, ditus, high, lofty prcrus, tall, high; noun prcrits arduus, high, steep superus, above, upper, higher superior, higher

pnere, dpnere, put down afflgere, abicere, dicere, dturbre, throw down; Acpn praecipitem dicere or praecipitre, cast down headlong premere, supprimere, press down dtrdere, thrust down sternere, fell, knock down dvolvere, roll down dmergere, immergere, sink, plunge (trans.) succdere, cut down

interpnere, place between, insert; noun interpositi intermittere, allow to intervene; noun intermissi

5.7 side
latus, side, flank; latere, lateribus, on or at the side(s), on the flank(s) dextra, right side; sinistra, laeva, left side dextr (laev), on the right (left) dextrrsum (sinistrrsum, ad laevam), to right (left) utrimque, on or from both sides ex omnibus partibus, from all sides ultr citrque, on this side and on that, to and fro ab alter parte...ab alter, on one side...on the other n ex parte, from one side oblquus, sidelong, slanting; oblqu, sideways cis Ac, citr Ac, on this side of citr, citr adv., on this side citerior adj., nearer, on this side praeter Ac, past praeterre, praetergred, pass by praeterveh, drive, ride or sail by; noun praetervecti trns Ac, ultr Ac, on the farther side of ultr, ultr, ulterius adv., beyond ulterior adj., beyond, farther, on the other side

5.5 through
per Ac, through pervius, what can be passed through pervdere, go through percurrere, run through perequitre, ride through perveh, ride, sail, etc., through pervolre, fly or hasten through trns- (or tr-)-nre or -natre, swim through or across perfringere, perrumpere, break through intercdere, succdere, cut through perferre, pervehere, carry through perlcre, shine through perspicere, see through

q.v. pierce, 48.8 across trns Ac, across trnsversus, lying across trnsre, go across trnsgred, tricere, cross (a river), also make to cross, e.g. exercitum flmen tricit; trnsgressus, triectus, triecti, crossing, passage trnscendere, cross (a mountain, etc.) trnscurrere, run across trnsilre, leap across tr(ns)ferre, trnsportre, trnsvehere, carry across; noun trlti, trnsvecti trdcere, lead, bring or carry across trnsmittere, send across; noun trnsmissi

5.8 opposite
contr Ac, opposite regine G or D, ex advers G or D, contr (adv.), opposite adversus, contrrius, opposite; in contrris partes, in opposite directions oppnere, set opposite; noun oppositus

5.9 on, over

super Ac Ab, over; also adv. ntor, rest on, lean on subnsus or subnxus, resting on trnsgred, go over; noun trnsgressi trnscendere, step over trnsilre, leap over superfluere, run over, overflow superfund, overflow superpnere, put on trdcere, lead, bring or carry over tricere, throw over 13/93

5.6 between
inter Ac, between intervllum, space between interesse, be or lie between intercidere, fall between intericere, throw between; noun interiectus

suffundere, superfundere, pour over imminre, impendre, prominre, overhang under sub Ac, (to) under; Ab, under subesse, be under subre, succdere, go under surrpere, creep under subdere, submittere, put under subscrbere, write below; noun subscrpti subdcere, subtrahere, draw from under suppnere, put under subigere, bring under subicere, bring or throw under suggerere, lay under substernere, spread or lay under submergere, dip under, submerge suffundere, pour under subruere, suffdere, undermine

remtus, remote

q.v. words meaning approach and depart, 5.1

6.2 before, in front and forward

pr Ab, in front of ante Ac, before prae Ab, in front of, ahead of ante adv., before prtinus, forward frns, front; fronte, in front, before prnus, leaning forward adversus, in front; e.g. adversum vulnus; adverss aggressus est, attacked them in front praere, praecdere, praegred, go in front; nouns praecursi, praecursor praedcere, take or draw in front praeferre, carry in front praefgere, fasten in front praemittere, send in advance praepnere, set before; noun praepositi praerumpere, break off in front praesecre, cut off in front prcdere, prgred, prdre, advance, come forward; nouns prcessi, prgressi, prgressus prcumbere, fall forward prcurrere, run forward; noun prcursus prveh, advance (esp. of riding or sailing) succdere, move forward (intrans.) exsistere, come forward prdere, go forth prruere, rush forward s prripere, burst forth prmovre, move forward (trans.) prdcere, lead forward prferre, bring forward impellere, prpellere, drive forward, urge on; noun impulsi prtrdere, thrust forward trdere, pellere, push obstre, stand before obsistere, place oneself before obdcere, lead or draw before obicere, throw before; noun obiectus praevertere, put before obstruere, erect in front; noun obstrcti obtendere, draw in front of oppnere, set before behind and backward, back post Ac, pne Ac, behind 14/93

6.1 near
quoad? qutenus? quousque? how far? spatium, intervllum, discrmen, distance distre, be distant passus, pace prope Ac, near; also adv., e.g. prope absum, am not far away apud Ac, (quite) near comminus, adv., near adesse, be near, close at hand ante peds positum esse, stare in the face adstre, stand at or near adhaerre, keep close to; noun adhaesi iuxt Ac, propter Ac, close to, hard by propter, iuxt, adv., near propinquus, near; noun propinquits; propior, nearer; proximus, nearest subicere, bring or throw near continns, appositus, subiectus, cnfnis, lying near, adjacent vcnus, neighbouring; nouns vcnits, vcnia subesse, be near accolere, live near; accola, neighbour suppetere, be at hand, be present haerre, cling, adhere ad manum habre, have at hand far procul or ab Ab, far from procul, minus, adv., at a distance abesse, be absend; long a., be far away longinqu, from afar longinquus, distant ultimus, farthest, very remote

post, pne, adv., behind retr, back retrrsum, rursum, backwards tergum, back rear; terg, (from) behind, at the back versus, behind; verss aggressus est, he attacked them from behind sequ, follow subsequ, follow up succdere, succeed; noun successor cdere, recdere, retractre, s subdcere refl., withdraw, retire; noun recessus reveh, drive, sail, etc., back recurrere, run or hasten back redre, regred, revenre, revert, come back, return; nouns reditus, regressus, reversi, return; redit intercld, be prevented from returning remigrre, wander back, return redux, returning recidere, fall back resilre, leap back, rebound repnere, put back revehere, bring back retrahere, draw or drag back redcere, redigere, lead back; noun reducti referre, reportre, carry back pellere, repellere, reftre, drive back revolvere, roll back repercutere, cast back refundere, pour back remittere, send back; noun remissi retinre, retentre, refrnre, supprimere, hold back; noun retenti restringere, revincre, bind back

compnere, place together, join; noun compositi stringere, bind together adnectere, cnsocire, connect cnfgere, fasten together iungere, coniungere, cnserere, serere, cogmentre, join; nouns incti, conincti; cogmentum, joint colligre, nectere, cnectere, innectere, cpulre, bind together, combine; nouns nexus, cpulti socire, cnsocire, combine, associate; noun societs contexere, interweave, connect miscre, commiscre, immiscre, permiscre, combine admiscre, admix cnfundere, pour together, combine; noun cnfsi immiscr D, or s immiscre, mingle with (intrans.) intexere, join together inctus, united, combined core, combine, be joined ndus, bond apart hitus, cleft, opening, fissure lacna, cavity, cleft rma, crack, slit, crevice spartim, less often seorsum, adv., apart distinre, keep apart dlb, diffugere, scatter, disperse (intrans.) spargere, aspergere, scatter, sprinkle; s s. or sparg, scatter (intrans.); noun aspersi cnspergere, nspergere, respergere, strew, sprinkle dispergere, scatter about, disperse; noun dispersus cnsternere, strew differre, diffundere, dispellere, dissipre, scatter; noun dissipti perfundere, sprinkle disicere, scatter (enemies) findere, diffindere, scindere, discindere, interscindere, discerpere, dvellere, cleave, tear, rend asunder; noun fissi ddcere, dvidere, dmovre, dirimere, disiungere, disparre, distinre, siungere, scernere, scldere, sgregre, sparre, separate; nouns dducti, dvsi, dirmptus, disincti, sincti, scrti, sparti dissolvere, loosen, separate; noun dissolti drumpere, break asunder, sever 15/93

6.3 together
cum Ab, with simul, n, adv. together, at the same place congred, convenre, occurrere, meet; nouns congressi, congressus, occursus concurrere, assemble; noun concursus legere, colligere, gather, collect; noun collcti condcere, cnferre, cnstruere, bring together; noun collti, cnstrcti cgere, bring together (by force) cnflgere, strike together; noun cnflctus congregre, comportre, bring together conicere, throw or bring together cnficere, get together continre, hold together contrahere, draw together; noun contracti

dripere, tear asunder; noun drepti spartus, separate (adj.)

q.v. circle etc. in 12.1 medius, middle; in medi mund, in the centre of the universe; media pars, centre

q.v. divide, distribute, 17.6 ______________________________________ ligre, alligre, obligre, bind illigre, tie, knit, fasten together dligre, bind fast religre, bind back, bind astringere, draw together, bind restringere, bind back or fast vincre, bind dvincre, bind fast vincre, bind round revincre, bind back innectere, bind, fasten round

7 LAND
7.1
patria, (native) country solum, terra, country, region fnis, boundary; fns P, territory, frontier; fnibus t, stay in one's country cnfnis, adjoining, neighbouring; noun cnfnium, boundary agr nostr, our land indigena, native barbaria or barbaris, foreign country; barbarus, foreign, barbarian, as noun foreigner prvincia, province; prvincils, provincials prcnsul, governor cohors, staff, retinue colnia, settlement; colniam collocre, ddcere, found, plant a colony colnus, colonist regi, tractus, district situs, lying, situated; situs, situation, site

q.v. whole, part, 17.6

6.4 around and middle

circum, circ Ac, around circum, circ, adv., around circumiectus, surrounding circumscrbere, enclose (in a circle); circumscrpti, circle, outline cingere, circumplect, surround; gladi cingitur, he girds on his sword circumsistere, circumstre, stand round circumre, go, march around; noun circuitus circumcldere, circumvenre, surround, encompass circumveh, ride or sail round; noun circumvecti circumequitre, ride round circumdare, place round, surround; c. bracchia coll, embrace circumdcere, lead around circumagere, drive round circumferre, carry round circumicere, throw round; noun circumiectus circumfundere, pour round circumflre, blow round ambre, go round, surround; noun ambitus circumfluere, flow round circumspicere, circumspectre, look round; noun circumspectus

7.2 country
rs, country (not town) rsticus, rsticnus, rural ager, territory, district, domain, field; in agrs habitre, live in the country agrestis, of the country, rustic campus, field prtum, meadow; adj. prtnsis

7.3 hill and dale

mns, mountain; summus m., the top of the m.; mus m., the foot of the m.; sub monte, at the foot of the m.; sub ipss rdcibus montis, at the very foot of the m.; montusus, montnus, mountainous iugum, ridge prmunturium, headland, promontory collis, hill; advers colle, up the hill tumulus, mound, hillock agger, mound mls, mound, mole, massive pile saxum, rock scopulus, rock, crag; adj. scopulsus 16/93

q.v. in, 5.2

rps, steep rock cauts, cts, pointed rock antrum, caverna, splunca, specus, cavern, grotto vallis, valley convallis, enclosed valley angustiae, faucs, saltus, narrow pass, defile vorg, abyss, chasm scrobis, ditch arduus, steep, lofty sublmis, minns, lofty praeceps, steep, headlong circumcsus, steep, sheer praeruptus, abruptus, abscsus, steep, rugged apex, crest, peak fastgium, summit; slope, descent dvexus, sloping, steep clvus, slope, ascent acclvis, uphill, ascending; noun acclvits locus ditus, rising ground; loca dita, uplands dclvis, prclvis, sloping down, downhill ex loco superore (nferire), from higher (lower) ground dmissus, dpressus, humilis, low-lying ascendere, scandere, climb attingere, reach dscendere, climb down loca aspera, uneven ground plnus, aequus, campester, level aequus locus, aequum plnum, plnitis, campus, plain

7.5
nsula, island; nsulnus, islander pals, stgnum, marsh, swamp, pool, fen; adj. palster, poet. paldsus

7.6 transport by land

via, road; mnre viam, make a r.; viam sternere, pave a r.; mnti virum, road building; v. fert, the r. leads; viam ingred, nstituere, take a r. viae transversae, cross-street compitum, crossroads trivium, crossroads trmes, smita, bypath, footpath, lane callis, (stony, uneven) path, mountain path, cattle track ______________________________________ vehiculum, raeda, (four-wheeled) carriage; carpentum, (two-wheeled) carriage raedrius, aurga, coachman currus, chariot; curr veh, drive essedum, war chariot of Gauls and Britons; later, travelling carriage plaustrum, wagon, lorry carrus, cart (two-wheeled) cisium, light two-wheeled vehicle rota, wheel; axis, axle-tree orbita, track (of wheels) habnae, reins; lra, reins, whip frnum, bridle; frns dare, give reins to; verb frnre lectca, litter, palanquin; lectca octaphora, or octaphoron, litter carried by eight ferculum, bier, litter sella, sedan chair iter, journey; s itiner committere, iter nstituere, set out on a journey; i. habre ad, make one's way to impedtus (e.g. locus), difficult of passage invius, impassable, pathless obsaepre, render impassable dsertus, desolate ______________________________________ dverticulum, iter dvium, bypath, byway lmes, cross-path oblqu itinere, by a side road via compendiria, short cut circuitus, nfrctus, round-about way d vi dflectere, stray from the road 17/93

7.4 earth
terra, earth; t. continns, mainland, continent; adjs. terrnus, terrestris terrae mtus, earthquake; terrae lbs or lpsus, landslide tells, earth humus, ground; hum, on the ground solum, ground harna, sand pulvis, dust; pulverulentus, poet. pulvereus, dusty lutum, mud, clay; adjs. luteus, lutulentus lapis, stone asprtum, stony place saxtum, rocky region silex, stone, pebble, flint glrea, gravel; adj. glresus glba, lump of earth, clod tesca (P), wastes, steppes

______________________________________ in equ veh, equitre, ride equum cnscendere, mount horse; equ dscendere, dismount equ citt, concitt or admisso, at full gallop calcar, spur; equ calcria subdere, equum calcribus concitre, spur on

8.2
serere, obserere, sow, plant; sator, sower smen, seed; s. spargere, sow seed grnum, grain, seed messis, harvest; messem facere, reap; metere, dmetere, mow, reap; messor, reaper seges, crop annna, yearly produce (of grain) trticum, wheat; avna, oats; hordeum, barley spca, spcum, arista, ear of corn lolium, tares terere, thresh; rea, threshing-floor horreum, barn; grnrium, granary acervus, heap molere, grind; pstor, miller (also baker); pstrnum, molae, mill; mola, millstone farna, flour palea, chaff strmentum, straw, litter

q.v. travel, 4.4 q.v. transport by water, 9.3, 9.4

8 FARMING
agr cultra, arti, agriculture opera rstica, farm work, agriculture praedium, farm fundus, rs, farm, country estate vlla, country house, farm; diminutive vllula familia rstica, farm hands vlicus, bailiff, overseer

8.3
pecus (n -oris), herd, cattle pecus (f -udis), head of cattle, beast pecuria, breeding of cattle; pecurius, cattlebreeder; pecuria (P), herds of cattle bs, ox, cow; adj. borius, bovillus; iuvencus, bullock, ox; iuvenca, bcula, heifer; taurus, bull; vacca, cow; vitulus, calf (vitulna, veal) lac, milk; adj. lacteus; cseus, cheese mgre, low, bellow; noun mgtus praespe, stable, stall, pen stabulum, stable bble, stall for oxen saeptum, saepmentum, fence

8.1
colere, cultivate; nouns cultor terrae, farmer; cultus, tilling agricola, colnus, husbandman, farmer, peasant agrestis, peasant, farmer rsticus, rsticnus, peasant ager, seges, field igerum, (2/3 English) acre fertilis, pinguis, ber, ferx, frgibus, ftus, opmus, fcundus, fertile; nouns fertilits, berts, fcundits sterilis, barren; noun sterilits macer, meagre, lean ridus, dry artrum, plough; vmer, ploughshare; dentlia, sharebeam; verb arre, exarre; artor, bubulcus, ploughman, farmer armenta P, cattle for ploughing, herd; iugum, yoke (of oxen), team; stimulus, goad arvum, ploughed land sulcus, furrow occre, harrow rstrum, rake, mattock dolbra, mattock, pickaxe

8.4
grex, flock; ovle, sheepfold ovis, sheep; gnus, lamb; gna, ewe lamb pili, shepherd lna, wool; adj. lneus; vellus, fleece aris, ram vervx, wether caper, f capra, goat; hircus, he-goat; haedus, kid porcus, pig; verrs, male swine; porca, sow, adj. porcnus; porcna f, pork subulcus, swineherd perna, ham lrdum, bacon hara, pigsty 18/93

q.v. domestic quadrupeds, 21.2 q.v. domestic birds, 21.5

alluere, wash, bathe inundre, inundate, overflow; noun inundti luvi, inundation vapor, steam; verb vaprre

8.5
pascere, pasture, feed; pstus, feeding; fodder; pasture; vsc, feed on; pscua, pasture sagina, feeding, fodder, fatted animal; verb sagnre pstor, herdsman; adjs. pstrlis, pstricus grmen, grass, pasture; adj. grmineus prtum, meadow; fnum, hay falx, sickle fnlia, hayloft

9.2
flmen, stream; flmine advers, up-stream; flmine secund, down-stream; pedibus f. trnsre, ford a s. amnis, fluvius, river; adjs. fluvitilis, fluvilis canlis, canal, channel fluere, flow; dfluere, flow down or towards confluns, confluence of two rivers pns, bridge; pontem in flmine facere, throw a b. over a river; pontem or interrumpere, rescindere interscindere, break down b. rvus, brook, stream; diminutive rvulus torrns, torrent fns, spring, fountain; diminutive fonticulus salients, fountains, springs caput, source (rarely mouth) of river vadum, shallow water, shoal, ford; flmen vad trnsre, ford a river; adj. vadsus, shallow rpa, bank; diminutive rpula sinus, bay aesturium, estuary fretum, eurpus, strait, channel lacus, lake, pond puteus, well; puteal, curb of well haurre, draw (water); noun haustus exhaurre, draw out, drain off

9 SEA, RIVER, ETC.

9.1
mare, sea aequor, poet. pontus and pelagus n, sea marnus, maritimus, of the sea; trnsmarnus, across the sea altum, high sea, deep; in a. prveh, sail out to sea ceanus, ocean ra, coast ltus, shore acta, beach aestus, tide, surge unda, flctus, wave; flcture, wave, undulate salum, movement of sea; s. aerumnsum, sea of troubles gurges, vorg, whirlpool vertex, older vortex, eddy; adj. vorticsus spma, foam; verb spmre, foam, cover with foam; adjs. spmeus, spmsus aqua, water; adjs. aqurius, water-; aqusus, rainy, moist; aqutilis, living in water; aqur, fetch water; nouns aquti, aqutor ridus, siccus, dry; rre, be dry; siccre, exrscere, dry up midus, moist; noun mor; vidus, poet., soaked; madidus, dripping; madre, drip mnre, drip, flow rrre, drip, trickle stllre, drip, let drip imbuere, madefacere, perfundere, wet (trans.) irrigre, water, irrigate; noun irrigti

9.3 transport by water

rs nauticae, naval matters nvis, nvigium, ship; dim. nvicula nvis onerria, merchant vessel, transport lembus, yacht, cutter; cturia, celx, swift sailing vessel, cutter; phaslus, light vessel; scapha, boat; linter, row-boat; ratis, raft, pontoon rmus, oar; rms incumbere, nvem rms concitre, prpellere, row; rms incitre nvs rms, row hard rmex, rower; rmigium, rowing, oars, oarsmen; rmigre, row scalmus, rowlock trnstrum, bench for rowers birmis, trirmis, quadrirmis, vessels with two, three, four banks of oars cnscnsi in nvs, embarkation gressus, scnsi, landing (from ship) 19/93

portus, harbour, haven; portum petere, capere, make land; in portum venre, enter h.; in portum pervenre or s recipere or portum tenre, reach h.; in port stre, ride at anchor mls, mole iactr tempestte, be tossed about by storm nvis afflcta or afflctta, damaged ship naufragium, shipwreck; n. facere, be shipwrecked; naufragi perre or interre, be lost in s.; nvis frangitur or dperit, ship founders; naufragus, iectus in ltus or in ltore, shipwrecked

9.4 navigation
ars gubernand, navigation nvigre, sail, navigate; noun nvigti, voyage, travelling by sea veh, in altum prveh, put or sail out to sea ram legere, sail along the coast applicre (sc. nvem) ad terram, steer to shore dferr, fluitre, drift nauarchus, captain of ship nauta, poeta nvita, sailor hom maritimus, seaman guberntor, pilot, mate, helmsman; gubernre, steer; gubernculum, helm mlus, mast vlum, linteum, sail; vla dare, pandere, set sail; vla contrahere, reef sails armmenta P, tackle, rigging; fnis, rope; ancorle, cable prra, prow; rstrum, beak, ram alveus, hull of ship carna, keel; poet. ship puppis, poop, stern (also ship) ancora, anchor; ancoram iacere, cast a.; a. tollere or mlr, weigh a., set sail; stre or cnsistere in ancors, ride at a.

land or disembark soldiers proelium nvle, pgna nvlis, sea fight nvem expedre, clear the decks for action classs concurrunt, the fleets charge; concursus, collision, shock mans ferreae, cpulae, harpag, grappling irons in nvem trnscendere, nvem expgnre, board a ship nvem rstr percutere, ram a ship nvem dmergere, submergere, dprimere, sink a ship; usu. in past part. submersus; s mergere or merg, sink (intrans.) nvem in ltus agere, drive a ship on shore

(in terram, in terr, in ltora),

q.v. transport by water, 9.3, 9.4

9.6 clean, pure

prus, clean, spotless mundus, clean, neat incorruptus, integer, unspoilt, pure; noun integrits lavre, wash; lbrum, bath tergre, wipe, clean mantle, towel prgre, exprgre, clean, purify unclean, soil immundus, imprus, spurcus, unclean; noun imprits; verb spurcre, defile luteus, lutulentus, filthy lutum, mud; lmus, slime, mire; adj. limsus; caenum, mire, filth; illuvis, dirt, filth macula, stain, blemish; verb maculre; adj. maculsus situs, dirt, mould, rust sordre, be dirty; noun sords; adj. sordidus squlre, be dirty; noun squlor; adj. squlidus contminre, inquinre, oblinere, polluere, turpre, defile, soil, besmirch imbuere, taint nficere, spoil, infect contctus, defiled, infected dprvre, pervert, corrupt; noun dprvti

9.5 fleet
classis, fleet; classem nstruere, draw up f.; class pgnre, fight a naval battle; adj. classicus; nvis longa, man-of-war nvibus plrimum posse, have a powerful fleet praefectus classis, commander, admiral; nvis praetria, flagship classic mlits, classiri, marines mlits in nvs impnere, put s. on board, embark s.; m. (ex nvibus) expnere

9.7 liquid, oily

liqure, be liquid; noun liquor; liquidus, liquid, clear; liquefacere, melt; liquscere, grow liquid, melt 20/93

fluere, flow; cnfluere, flow together; dfluere, flow down; effluere, flow forth fundere, pour; cnfundere, pour together; diffundere, pour out or forth; effundere, pour forth oleum, oil; adj. olerius lbricus, slippery linere, oblinere, smear ung(u)ere, anoint, smear; unguentum, ointment, salve; ncti, anointing; nctor, anointer dlibtus, smeared, anointed gutta, drop (thin and clear); stlla, drop (thick and viscous)

orr, rise; sl orins or slis ortus, sunrise occidere, set; sl occidns or slis occsus, sunset obitus, setting (of heavenly bodies) aprcus, sunny; aprcr, take the sun, bask obscrus, opcus, dark, dusky, shady; obscrum, darkness, shade; opcre, cast shade on

q.v. heat, 15; light, 16

11 SEASONS, WEATHER
11.1 season

WINDS,

q.v. wet, drip, 9.1

10 SKY
10 sky
aethr, (pure upper) air, ether; adj. aetherius; r, (lower) air anima, air (as element) aura, air; P poet., sky caelum, heaven, sky; sernum c., clear sky; caelestis, heavenly, of the sky sub dv, under the open sky caelestia P, heavenly bodies stlla, poet. astrum, star; stlla errns or inerrns, planet; sphaera, orbit of planet; triecti stllae, shooting star; stllns, stlltus, starry sdus, star, constellation; adj. sdereus sgnum, constellation lna, moon; l. plna, full m.; l. nova, new m.; dfecti lnae, eclipse of the m.; dfectus lnae, waning of m.; adjs. lnris, moon-, lntus, crescent-shaped vesper, evening star lcifer m G -er, morning star comets, comet; crns, tail of comet; fax caelestis or cael, meteor cael interpres, astronomer mts stllrum observre, observe the moments of the stars sl, sun, heat of sun; lx, lx slis, or sl, sunlight; obscrti or dfecti slis, eclipse of the sun calor, warmth; adj. calidus; verbs calre, be hot; calefacere, make hot rdor, heat; verb rdre aestus, heat, glow; adj. aestusus; verb aesture

vr, spring; adj. vernus aests, summer; a. media, mid-summer; summ aestte, at the height of summer; adj. aestvus; aestva tempora, summer time autumnus, autumn; adj. autumnlis hiemps, winter; init hieme, at the beginning of w.; summ hieme, in the depth of w.; ante exctam hiemem, before the end of w.; iam prope hieme cnfect, when w. was nearly over; adj. hbernus

11.2 winds
ventus, wind; v. secundus, favourable w.; v. adversus, unfavourable w.; v. remissus, gentle w.; vs ventrum, fierce wind; adj. ventsus anima, aura, breeze etsiae, winds, during dog-days flre, blow; noun fltus, blast, wind septentrins vent, septentri, north wind bores, north-east wind aquil, north wind (stricly NNE.) caurus or crus, north-west wind auster, poet. notus, south wind; austrlis, southern eurus, south-east wind; eurus, eastern vulturnus ventus, ESE. wind favnius, poet. zephyrus, west wind

11.3 weather
caelum, climate, weather; temperti caeli, moderate climate tempests, weather; t. bona, gregia, serna, sernits cael, fine weather; 21/93

rough, stormy weather; commtti cael, change of weather sdum, bright weather tranquillits, tranquillum, calmness, calm malacia, calm (at sea) nbs, nimbus, cloud; diminutive nbcula; adj. nbilus nbila P, clouds nebula, mist, fog clg, dense fog; adj. clginsus pluvia, rain; imber, heavy rain; assidu imbrs, steady downpour; pluit, it rains; pluvius, pluvilis, rainy; aquae pluviae, rainwater

t. turbida, turbulenta,

multifrmis, of many shapes nfrmis, shapeless, misshapen dfrmis, prvus, distortus, misshapen, deformed; nouns dfrmits, prvits; verb dfrmre longus, long; noun longitd brevis, short; noun brevits q.v. high, low, 5.4 ltus, amplus, capx, wide; nouns ltitd, amplitd angustus, artus, narrow; coartre, compress q.v. large, small, 17.1 crassus, thick, coarse; noun crassitd tenuis, thin; noun tenuits; verb extenure dnsus, spissus, thick, dense; verb spissre rrus, of loose texture, thin; noun rrits rctus, drctus, straight; adv. rct (sc. vi), straight on, directly; linea, line; perpendiculum, plumb-line; ad p., perpendicularly prvus, curvus, incurvus, crooked; noun prvits; verbs curvre, incurvre aduncus, hooked cavus, concavus, hollow, concave; verb cavre convexus, rounded, convex, concave quadrtus, square; noun quadrtum rotundus, teres, round circulus, circle orbis, anything round (circle, etc.) grus, circle globus, ball; adj. globsus centrum, media pars, centre radius, radius (of circle) circinus, pair of compasses actus, sharp; verb acuere hebes, retsus, blunt; verbs hebre, be blunt; hebetre, retundere, blunt senses snsus, sense, sensation, feeling; ea quae subiecta sunt snsibus, what can be perceived by the senses sentre, feel, perceive, be sensible of

q.v. wet, 9.1 tempests, procella, turb, storm; tempests cooritur, a s. rises imprvsus, unforeseen subitus, sudden arcus (pluvius), rainbow rs, dew; rrs, dewdrops; adj. rscidus; rrre, drop dew ningit, it snows; nix, snow; adjs. niveus, nivlis pruna, hoar-frost grand, hail, hailstorm frgus, gel, frost, cold; vs frgoris, keen frost; frgre, freeze; adjs. frgidus, gelidus glacis, ice; adj. glacilis stria, icicle gelre, glacire, freeze (trans.); impers. gelat, it freezes tonat, it thunders; noun tonitrus or tonitrum fulgur, lightning; verb fulgre fulmen, thunderbolt, flash ictus cael, d cael percussus, fulmine or d cael tctus, struck by lightning

12-20 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

q.v. sound, 13; sight, 14; heat, 15; light, 16; size, 17; weight, 19

12.1 shape and consistency

frma, figra, specis, shape; verbs frmre, fingere, figrre, cnfrmre, nfrmre cnfrmti, shaping

12.2 touch
tctus, sense of touch, act of touching tangere, contingere, tractre, attrectre, contrectre, touch; pertractre, feel all

22/93

over; noun tractti, touching; adj. tractbilis drus, hard; noun dritia; verbs drre, obdrscere mollis, soft; noun mollitia, mollitis; verb mollre, soften; mollscere, grow soft tener, tender, soft; noun tenerits solidus, firm, hard; solidum, firmness frmus, firm; nouns frmits, frmitd rigidus, stiff; rigre, be stiff; rigscere, become stiff flaccidus, fluidus, flabby asper, rough; noun asperits; verb exasperre horridus, rough, prickly lvis, smooth; noun lvits touch lightly, touch upon tangere, touch upon, refer to rdere, touch, graze, pass close by Actg ortine percurrere, touch upon stringere, touch lightly; strictim, superficially, summarily perstringere, trnsre, touch upon

13 SOUND
13.1
snsus aurium, (sense of) hearing sonus, sonitus, sound; sonum percipere, hear a s.; sons fundere, utter s.; verb sonre, emit a s., utter, call, sing, cause to s.; personre, resound, ring with, echo with; resonre, resound, re-echo clrus, loud, distinct; noun clrits argtus, shrill, distinct, murmuring, rattling, etc. actus, high; gravis, low tacitus, silns, noiseless, silent clangor, noise (espec. of birds) strepitus, din; verb strepere strdor, harsh sound; verb strdre, strdere, hiss, creak, rattle, buzz crepitus, rattling, etc., sound; verb crepre, crepitre, increpre tinnre, clink, jingle; tintinnbulum, bell sbilus, whistling; verb sbilre fremitus, roaring sound; verb fremere fragor, crash, din mgtus, roaring, crashing sound; verb mgre murmur, humming, roaring, growling sound; verb murmurre gemitus, sigh, groan, moan; verb gemere, ingemscere gemere, also roar, creak q.v. voice, speech, 41 audtus, sense of hearing; verb audre, exaudre auribus percipere, hear aurem or aurs admovre D, or aurs praebre, lend an ear auscultre, listen

12.3 smell
odrtus, sense of smell, act of smelling odor, smell (good or bad); o. suvis, or icundus, fragrance, scent; o. taeter or gravis, or ftor, bad smell; adj. ftidus olre, redolre, smell of; nihil olre, have no smell; olfacere, smell, follow a scent ndor, smell (of things burnt, singed, cooked) ptre, stink

12.4 taste
gusttus, sense of taste sapor, taste, flavour; sine sapre, tasteless gustre, taste; prms labrs g., get a slight taste of; sapere, have a taste dulcis, suvis, sweet, agreeable; nouns dulcd, dulcitd palt icundus, toothsome, palatable acerbus, harsh, sour; intensive peracerbus; noun acerbits acidus, sour, tart; acscere, grow sour; salsus, salt (adj.); amrus, bitter

13.2 music
msica, msic, msica P, music; adj. msicus, as noun, musician modus, melody, harmony, rhythm; espec. in P, tune, strain numerus, musical measure, harmony; numersus, rhythmical harmonia, harmony canrus, melodious, sweet-sounding absonus, discordant tbia, flute; tbcen (m), tbcina (f), fluteplayer 23/93

cithara, lute; fids (P), lyra, lute, lyre; fidibus discere, docre, learn, teach the l.; fidibus canere, play the l.; fidicen, lute-player psallere, play on the cithara plectrum, quill fistula, red pipe cymbalum, cymbal tympanum, tambourine tuba, (straight) trumpet; tubcen, trumpeter bcina, corn, (curved) trumpet; cornicen, horn-blower lituus, curved trumpet (of cavalry); liticen, trumpeter classicum, trumpet signal

intur, contur, look at or towards, consider; rcts oculs intur, look at with unyielding glance obttus, contemplation, look contemplr, view attentively, survey; noun contemplti aspectre, look at intently intrspicere, perspicere, nspectre, look on, examine, inspect, consider collstrre, look at from all sides oculum (or oculs) adicere D or ad Ac, turn the eyes to, contemplate oculs in Ac dfgere, fix one's eyes on oculs in Ac conicere, look at

14.2 in sight; display, search for, find

q.v. song, 41.13 praesns, present cram, palam, openly; cram adesse, be present; cram with Ab, in the presence of nspectantibus nbs, before our eyes vulg, openly, publicly, before all the world in medium venre or prcdere in slem et pulverem, appear in public habitre oculs, vvere in oculs cvium, be in the public eye in re omnium cottdi versr, be always in the public eye haerre in oculs, be ever before the eyes scaenae servre, live in the public eye ______________________________________ patre, stand, lie, be open exhibre, mnstrre, ostendere, ostentre, explicre, exprmere, indicre, ante oculs or in oculs pnere, praeferre, prdere, show, display prae s ferre or gerere Actg., manifest, display repraesentre, show, display, represent patefacere, recldere, in aspectum lcemque prferre, prmere, dtegere, retegere, reveal, throw open, disclose, bring to light; noun patefacti apprre, comprre, s offerre Dpn., in medium prcdere, prdre, appear dlcre, lcre, be clear aperre, open, reveal; apertus, open, uncovered quaerere, conqurere, exqurere, inqurere, requrere, petere, seek, search for; perqurere, petessere, search keenly for; nouns conqusti, inqusti explrre, try to find out 24/93

14 SIGHT
14.1
snsus vidend or oculrum, aspectus, (sense of) sight vsus, sight, vision; look, glance vidre, see; bene oculs v., have good sight; crius v., have keen sight; cernere, see (distinctly); parum act c., have poor sight ocul crs atque act, keen sight; acis, sharpness of sight cnspicere, dispicere, cnspicr, oculs percipere, see, behold; cnspectus, view, range of sight, attention; venre in cnspectum, come into sight; cnspect abre, go out of sight; cnspicuus, visible prspicere, prspectre, look out; long or multum prspicere, have an extensive prospect; prspectus, view, prospect, sight spectre, see (as a spectator), gaze at; spectculum, spectacle, sight, show; Dpn. s. praebre, s. (or spectcul) esse, present a sight; specttor, onlooker, witness; speculre, look round, spy out, watch aspicere, respicere, vsere, look at, regard; nouns aspectus, look, appearance, sight; quae sub aspectum veniunt or cadunt, all things visible; respectus, looking back or about tur, look at, watch

scrtr, look through, examine vestgre, track, seek out repetere, seek again invenre, reperre, find; inventi,invention recuperre, recover; noun recuperti out of sight; hide, lose absns, absent clam, clanculum, secretly; with Ab, without the knowledge of, unknown to frtim, stealthily latre, latitre, lie hid; noun latibulum, latebrae, hiding-place; latebrsus, full of hiding-places dlitscere, hide (intrans.) clre, dissimulre, occulere, abdere, abstrdere, contegere, obtegere, hide (trans.); noun occultum, hiding-place recondere, stow away, hide, conceal abscondere, put out of the way, hide (carefully) frr, remove secretly operre, tegere, prtegere, cover, keep secret; cooperre, cover completely rs opertae, secrets integumentum, cover, cloak vlre, veil, conceal abditus, abstrsus, clandestnus, frtvus, occultus, concealed, secret reconditus, hidden, sequestered, abstruse scrtus, remote, secret; noun scrtum, solitude; secret recessus, scessus, hidden place, retreat vnscere, disappear remtus, distant, remote arcnus, hidden, secret; noun arcnum, secret mttere, lose; noun missi perdere, dperdere, lose (through my fault)

aureolus, dlictus, charming, delightful exqustus, choice, excellent amoenus, lovely, delightful, picturesque (espec. of scenery, e.g. loca amoena); noun amoenits laetus, delightful, pleasing rnre, adrnre, exrnre, decorre, expolre, illminre, polre, adorn, embellish; nouns rnmentum, ornament; rntus, ornament (collective); exrnti, decus, ornament, embellishment; expolti, embellishing commendre, make agreeable, grace; noun commendti ugly dfrmis, ugly; noun dfrmits nfrmis, hideous taeter, revolting turpis, ugly, foul foedus, disgusting, loathsome; noun foedits obscnus, ugly, filthy squlidus, dirty, ugly dfrmre, disfigure, mar foedre, make foul, defile, pollute commaculre, soil, defile inquinre, soil, stain, besmirch nfuscre, disfigure

14.4 colour
color, colour; verb colrre pgmentum, colour, paint pingere, paint; pictor, painter; pictra, (art of) painting, picture; tabula (picta), picture tingere, nficere, sufficere, dye; nfector, dyer fcre, dye, paint; fctus, fcsus, painted suffundere, tinge, colour albus, (dull) white; candidus, candns, (glossy) white; verbs albre, be white; albscere, become white nivlis, niveus, snow-white candor, whiteness ter, (dull) black; niger, (glossy) black caeruleus, poet. caerulus, azure, dark-blue caesius, glaucus, bluish grey lvidus, bluish, of leaden colour ruber, rfus, red; noun rubor; pniceus scarlet ferrg, dark-red colour fcus, red or purple colour purpura, crimson (colour); adj. purpureus, crimson, reddish, brownish viola, violet colour spdx, chestnut brown 25/93

14.3 beautiful, charming

pulcher, beautiful, fine; noun pulchritd frma, (personal) beauty; adj. frmsus, noun frmsits specis, beauty; adj. specisus nitns, brilliant, beautiful candidus, fair; noun candor venustus, comely, charming, winsome, graceful; noun venusts concinnus, pretty, dainty, graceful dulcis, blandus, pleasant, charming; dulcd, charm; blandior, allure, attract lepor, charm, agreeableness; adj. lepidus, of charming manners, graceful bellus, pretty, charming, elegant

roseus, rose-coloured, rosy viridis, green; verb virre, be green rutilus, red, golden yellow; verb rutilre flvus, poet. flvns, (golden) yellow lteus, croceus, saffron yellow, golden yellow lridus, gilvus, pale yellow fulvus, (deep) yellow, tawny rvus, greyish yellow, tawny fuscus, dark, tawny pullus, dark grey, blackish discolor, of different colour(s) varius, versicolor, many-coloured; noun variets

tcts gns nferre, set fire to houses gnem comprehendere, flammam concipere, catch fire rere, burn, scorch, parch (trans.); adrere, burn, singe; ambrere, scorch, singe; combrere, drere, exrere, or perrere, burn up, consume; noun exsti effervscere, refervre, refervscere, boil up flagrre, blaze; noun flagrantia; exrdscere, blaze up torrre, dry, parch exstinguere, restinguere, put out; noun restncti

q.v. colours of charioteers, 35.5

16 LIGHT
lmen, lux, light; adhibre l. Dtg., throw light on; adjs. lminsus, lcidus, dlcidus; verbs llminre, light; lcre, shine radius, ray, beam; raditus, beaming clrus, illstris, bright; verbs clrre, be bright; clrre, illstrre, make bright splendor, nitor, brightness; adj. splendidus, nitidus, shining, bright; verbs splendre, nitre and splendscere, become bright collcre, shine brightly (also be lit up) nitre, shine forth fulgre, flash, gleam; micre, glitter, flash candre, shine, glisten obscrus, dark; noun obscrum; verb obscrre opcus, dark, shady; verb opcre umbra, shade; verb obumbrre; adjs. umbrifer, umbrsus, umbrtilis tenebrae, darkness; adj. tenebricsus; clg, gloom, darkness lucerna, lmen, oil lamp lanterna, lantern, lamp lychnus, lamp; lychnchus, lampstand taeda, fax, lampas, torch fnle, wax torch

15 HEAT
calor, heat; adj. calidus; verb calre, be hot; calefacere, make hot; calscere, grow hot; concalefacere, heat thoroughly; concalscere, throw thoroughly hot; recalscere, grow hot again candre, glow rdor, (burning) heat; verb rdre, be on fire fervor, (glowing) heat; adj. fervns, fervidus; verb fervre aestus, (excessive) heat; adj. aestusus; verb aesture, feel hot tepor, lukewarmness; adj. tepidus; tepre, be lukewarm tepefacere, make warm; tepscere, become warm flbellum, fan frgus, gel, cold; frgidus, cold; gelidus, (icy) cold; verb frgre, be cold; refrgerre, grow cold, cool; gelre, congelre, freeze (trans.) algre, feel cold; noun algor gnis, fire; gniculus, little fire, spark; adj. gneus flamma, flame; adj. flammeus; scintilla, spark; fmus, smoke; verb fmre; adj. fmidus, fmsus; cinis, ashes; favilla, glowing ashes, hot cinders; flg, soot focus, hearth fornx, stove camnus, stove, fire accendere, incendere, nflammre, set on fire, light; incnsi, nflammti, burning succendere, light from below incendium, fire, conflagration; i. facere, set fire cnflagrre, be burnt up; noun cnflagrti

q.v. sunlight, 10

17-20 SIZE AND QUANTITY

q.v. shape, 12.1

17.0
quantus? how great?; tantus, so great 26/93

spatium, size, bulk, extent modus, size, quantity tantus... quantus..., as great... as...

17.1
large mgnus, great, large; adv. mgnopere; noun mgnitd mgnam partem, in great part grandis, large; subgrandis, rather large amplus, great, large, wide, spacious; amplitd, extent, size quantuscumque, however great quantusvs, as large as you like laxus, spatisus, spacious, roomy; noun laxits immodicus, immoderate immnis, immnsus, ingns, vstus, nrmis, huge; nouns immnits, immnsits small parvus, small; adv. paulum, slightly; diminutive parvulus mediocris, middling, ordinary; noun mediocrits modicus, of a moderate or reasonable size; middling, scanty, small aliquantus, somewhat, tolerable, not a little mintus, small, minute exiguus, very small, tiny, scanty, trifling; noun exiguits ngtrius, trifling, futile rs parva or levis or minta, trifle; indviduum, atom exlis, small, weak, feeble; noun exlits pusillus, very small, petty, insignificant tantulus, so trifling, insignificant; noun tantulum n pil quidem minus, not a hair's breadth less

crscere, grow; noun incrmentum glscere, grow gradually antere Ac or D, antecdere Ac or D, antecellere D, excellere Dp, exsuperre Ac, praecdere Ac, praecellere Ac, praecurrere Ac, praestre D, superre Ac, vincere, surpass, excel prmrius, chief, excellent prnciplis, chief praecipuus, excellent, extraordinary mximus, largest; adv. mxim mximam partem, for the most part suprmus, greatest, extreme smaller and smallest minor, smaller; adv. minus minuere, dminuere, imminuere, extenure, make smaller, lessen; noun imminti coartre, compress, contract dcrscere, minor fier, minu, grow smaller, decrease circumcdere, reduce redigere ex Ab ad Ac, reduce dterere, wear down, reduce attenure, diminish, reduce minuere, lessen, reduce, restrict minimus, smallest; adv. minim

q.v. growth, 3.2, 3.5

17.3
much and many quantum? how much?; tantum, tantopere, so much, so greatly, to such a degree quot? how many?; tot, so many multus, much (adj.); noun multitd; multum (noun and adv.) mls, heavy mass pondus, mass acervus, cumulus, heap, pile; verbs coacervre, cumulre congerere, struere, heap or pile up; nouns congeris, strus, pile; congestus, carrying together vald, admodum, abund, perquam, summ, much, very (adv.), exceedingly, extremely impns, greatly, very much mgn ex parte, to a great extent ade, so much mult, many; plrim, very many nnnm, several, many a one complrs, several, very many plrque, most, very many; adv. plrumque 27/93

17.2
larger and largest mior, larger; nihil m., no greater; mior (or mgna) pars, majority; adv. magis mirem in modum, in a higher degree augre, make larger, increase addere, adicere, adiungere, add; noun adiecti aggregre, add, join with exaggerre, amplificre, increase, amplify; nouns amplificti, amplifictor

mgn or mire or mxim ex parte, mostly in prms, chiefly, mainly, specially multiplex, manifold too much nimis, nimium, too much; also adv. nimius, immodicus, excessive extr modum, immoderately supervacneus, superfluous satis superque, superabundantly more and less, more and fewer pls (n), more; G plris, e.g. plris t faci, value you more amplius, more, further, besides plrs, more; plrs sumus quam ..., we outnumber minus (n), less; verb minuere little and few tantum ... quantum ..., as much ... as ... tot ... quot ..., as many ... as ... totidem, just as many aliquantus, some; noun aliquantum, a quantity, some amount; advs. aliquantum, aliquant nn nihil, somewhat qudam ex parte, ex aliqu parte, to some extent paulum, paululum, a little parum, only a little mediocriter, fairly, not very, not much pauc, few; perpauc, very few; noun paucits nus aut alter, one or two semel aut iterum, once or twice rrus, scattered, far apart; noun rrits aliquot, a few nus, one; n nus quidem, not even one, not a single too little parum, too little, not enough; also adv. ______________________________________ minus (n), less; verb minuere

almost paene, fer, ferm, prope, propemodum, almost, nearly vix, fer, ferm (with neg.), scarcely vixdum, scarcely yet

17.5
all, some omnis, all; omns ad num, all to a man nivers, all (as a body); opposite singul, single, individuals; singilltim, singly, separately cnctus, all (together) omns rs, omnia, nihil nn, everything aliquis (f quae or qua), nesci quis, someone llus, any nnnll, some aliquid, something qudam, someone, a certain one ali ... ali ..., partim ..., partim ..., some ... others ... only, none slus, only (adj.); slitd, loneliness; slitrius, lonely, alone nicus, only, sole proprius, praecipuus, special, particular slum, tantum, dumtaxat, only (adv.), merely nllus, no (adj.) nihil, nothing nm, nobody; nec quisquam, and no one

17.6
whole ttus, whole, complete; ex tt, quite, completely plnus, expltus, perfectus, complete, perfect; noun perfecti; perficere, complete solidus, complete, entire, whole integer, whole niversus (e.g. exercitus), whole ttum, whole (noun) summa, whole (amount); in summ, in omn summ, in all omnn, penitus, prrsus, omn ex parte, rdcitus or funditus (e.g. tollere), stirpitus (e.g. extrahere), wholly, entirely, absolutely fer, ferm, quite, entirely, just

17.4
enough satis, enough; s. superque, enough and to spare; satire, saturre, satisfy, sate affatim, sufficiently, abundantly sufficere, suppetere, be enough

q.v. together and apart, 6.3 28/93

part incohtus, imperfectus, incomplete pars, part, share; mior (or mgna) p., majority; diminutive particula ex parte, inpart porti, share, part commnicre Ac cum Ab, share with cnsocire, share; noun cnsociti cnsors, sharing partr, dispertre, share, divide, distribute particeps, sharing, partaking; p. sum, take part; participre, share partim, partly; partim ..., partim ..., partly ..., partly ... dvidere, divide, distribute; noun dvsi; indviduus, indivisible tribuere, divide dligere, ligere, sligere, choose, select; nouns dlctus, lcti, slcti discrbere, distribuere, divide, distribute, allot; nouns discrpti, distribti assgnre, attribuere, assign, allot; nouns assgnti, attribti

differre, distre, discrepre cum or ab Abtg, dissentre ab Abtg, differ; multum distre ab Ab, differ greatly from; nouns discrepantia, distantia abhorrre ab Ab, differ from interesse, differ alius ac, different from discernere, distinguere, diudicre, distinguish; noun distncti

17.8
same dem, eadem, idem, same nn or haud alius, same itidem, nn or haud aliter, in the same way un tempore, n, at the same time ibdem, in the same place indidem, from the same place other alius, other alter, other (of two), also second cter, cterum, the rest varius, varied, various, diverse; noun variets; verb varire aliter, aliqu(n), otherwise contrri, in an opposite direction mtre, alter, change; noun mtti; adj. mtbilis commtre, permtre, change completely; noun permtti immtre, change (partially) vicissitd, change

17.7
equal and like pr, aequlis, aequus, equal; noun aequlits; verbs adaequre, exaequre; s cum Abpn e., pit oneself against pariter, ex aequ, aequ, equally; hunc aequ ac patrem (as a father) vereor par intervll, at the same distance similis, like; superl. simillimus, closely resembling; noun similitd; verb simulre, make like; assimulre, copy, imitate propior (proximus) D, more (most) like imitr, imitate; nouns imitti, imittor; adj. imitbilis img, effigis, likeness; effingere, portray nstar, likeness; . montis, like a mountain vicem or ad vicem or vice G, like comparre, cnferre, compare; nouns comparti, collti

17.91 quotus
quotus? which? (in numerical order) prmus, first prnceps, first (in rank, importance) prmum (adv.), first, in the first place postrmus, ultimus, extrmus, novissimus, last postrm, lastly, finally postrmum, for the last time

17.92 numbering
q.v. correspond, 49.3 unequal and unlike dispr, impr, inaequlis, unequal impariter, unequally dissimilis, dversus, absimilis, unlike; noun dissimilitd numerus, number; numerre, number, reckon dnumerre, count up; dnumerti, enumeration studia or scientia numerrum, arithmetic ratinem dcere or habre or subdcere, raticinr, make a computation, calculate; subducti, calculation 29/93

numerre, inre numerum, rdinre, reckon up, enumerate Acpn d numer excerpere, exclude one from a number recnsre (e.g. mlits), count, muster addere, add summam facere or subdcere, calculate the total ddcere, subtract multiplicre, multiply dvidere, divide

decempeda, measuring rod (10 ft. long) passus, pace (5 Roman feet) stadium, 125 paces (just over 600 English feet) mlle passuum, mile lapis, mllirium, milestone

18.2 limit
modus, limit, right measure, bounds; Dtg modum appnere or impnere or adhibre, set a limit to; extr modum prdre (e.g. smpt), observe no limit; modum trnsre, overstep the limit; ultr modum, beyond the limit; modicus, moderate; immodestus, immoderate fnis, limit; certs sibi fns cnstituere, set oneself definite limits; fnem trnsre, extr fns gred, overstop the limit; fnre, limit terminus, limit; terminre, limit, mark off; terminti, delimitation, limit cancell, limits (lit. railings)

17.93 two
amb, both alteruter, one of both uter, which (of two), one (of two) uterlibet, one of two uterque, each of two, both utercumque, whichever of the two utervs, either, whichever (of two) you please utrimque, from or on both sides utrque, in both directions alternus, one after another, alternate alterum tantum, as much again anceps, double (extending on two opposite sides) duplex, double (existing in two like forms) duplus, double geminus, double; verb geminre biparttus, divided into two parts dubus partibus amplius, twice as much mtuus, reciprocal, mutual; adv. mtu

19 weight
pondus, weight exminre, expendere, weigh statra, steelyard, balance; trutina, pair of scales, balance; lanx, scale (of balance) lbra, balance; pound (of 12 ounces) uncia, ounce; smncia, half-ounce pond, adv., in weight; as indecl. noun pounds, e.g. aur sex pond gravis, heavy; noun gravits levis, light; noun levits mls, weight, burden onus, burden; onustus, loaded; onerre, load, burden opprimere, burden, weigh upon

17.94 order, row

rd, order, row; rdine or in (or per) rdinem, or ex rdine, in turn; extr rdinem, out of turn; rdinre, arrange in rows seris, row, sequence passim, without order, anyhow dgerere, struere, nstruere, arrange, set in order

20.1 fulness
cpia, plenty abundre, be rich in; noun abundantia redundre, have an excess of, overflow; noun redundantia affluere, abound; adj. affluns; noun affluentia circumfluere, flow over, abound cnfluere, crowd together (intrans.) cnstpre, crowd together (trans.) plnus, repltus, full

18.1 measure
mnsra, measure; verbs mtr, dmtr modus, measure modius, peck; amphora = 6 gals. 7 pts.; congius, one-eighth of amphora; sextrius, one-sixth of congius, = about one pint; one sixteenth of modius ulna, cubitum, ell ps, foot; uncia, inch

30/93

farcre, cnfercre, refercre, stpre, stuff, pack together; cnfertus, refertus Ab, full of, crammed with complre, explre, implre, opplre, replre, fill; noun complmentum supplre, refill frquns, celeber, crowded; nouns frequentia, celebrits; verb frequentre crber, thick with

cauda, tail saeta, hair (of animal), bristle horrre, horrscere, bristle

21.2 domestic mammals

ccur, tame equus, horse; equa, mare; pullus, foal; adj. equnus hinnre, neigh; noun hinntus q.v. riding, 7.6

20.2 lack
sine Ab, without inops G, destitute of, without; inopia, lack, scarcity innis, vacuus, empty, bare, void, free from; noun innits vacre, be empty, void carre Ab, be without, in want of abesse D, be wanting egre, indigre, G or Ab, lack; noun indigentia egnus, destitute, void of; noun egests expers G, devoid of, without orbus Ab, deprived of, without ndus Ab, void, without, e.g. urbs nda praesidi; verb ndre, e.g. mrus
ndtus dfnsribus

q.v. racing, 35.3 asinus, donkey; mlus, mule; mli, muleteer imentum, beast of burden canis, dog; c. sagx, d. with keen scent; catulus, catula, catellus, catella, lap-dog ltrre, bark fls or flis, cat ms, mouse

q.v. farmstock, 8

21.3 wild mammals

fera, wild beast ferus, wild domre, mnsufacere, tame intracttus, untamed cunculus, rabbit; lepus, hare cervus, stag; cerva, hind alcs, elk lupus, lupa, wolf; vulps, fox; dimin. vulpcula; lynx, lynx aper, wild boar ursus, ursa, bear le, lea, leaena, lion; tigris, tiger panthra, panther hyaena, hyena elephs, elephantus, elephant ebur, ivory; adj. eburneus camlus, camel dromas, dromedary dorcas, gazelle, antelope onager, wild ass smia, monkey castor, beaver mustla, weasel nitdula, dormouse talpa, mole ______________________________________ 31/93

dficere, be lacking, fail; Pass. Ab or ab Ab, lack; noun dfecti desse; dsunt mihi libr, I am in want of books prvre, e.g. Acpn somn, vt, approbtine, deprive, strip of dsertus, vstus, solitary, waste, unoccupied nfrequns, not numerous, sparsely attended; noun nfrequentia exhaurre, empty

21 ANIMALS
21.1
animal, animal bstia, beast (any living creature, except man) blua, (huge) animal sexus, sex ms, male; fmina, female pullus, young animal pellis, skin, hide, pelt; pelltus, clad in skins corium, hide, leather alta, soft leather corn, horn; adj. corneus ungula, hoof iuba, mane

vnr, captre, hunt; vntor, hunter; vnti, hunting, chase laqueus, snare; collum nserere in laqueum, get caught; illaquere, ensnare illigre, entangle, ensnare plaga, snare, trap; rte, net excipere, catch

strix, screech-owl aucupr, go birdcatching; aucupium, birdcatching; auceps, birdcatcher, fowler

21.7 fish
piscis, fish nre, natre, swim; noun natti squma, scale piscr, fish; pisctor, fisherman, fishmonger; pisctus, fishery; piscna, fishpond rte, net; hmus, hook; lnea, line delphn, delphnus, dolphin lollg, spia, cuttlefish mrx, crimson fish cancer, crab; ostrea, oyster conchylium, shellfish, oyster margarta, pearl

21.4 birds
avis, volucris, bird; les, (large) bird ndus, nest; diminutive ndulus vum, egg; parere, pnere, lay (eggs) avirium, aviary la, wing; volucer, les, liger, poet. winged penna, feather, wing plma, feather; P down; adj. plmtus volre, fly; volitre, fly to and fro, flutter rstrum, beak; unguis, talon

21.5 domestic birds

gallus, cock; gallna, hen; pullus, chicken; pullrius, chicken keeper canere, crow, sing; strepere, cackle crista, cockscomb nser, gander, goose anas, duck columba, dove, pigeon; columbrium, dovecot pv, peacock cavea, bird cage

21.8 reptiles
anguis, serpns, coluber, colubra, snake vpera, viper serpere, rpere, crawl lacerta or -us, lizard rna, frog bf, toad vermis, worm testd, tortoise

21.9 insects
apis, bee; fcus, drone; exmen, swarm mel, honey; adj. melltus favus, honeycomb cra, wax; adj. creus acleus, sting; pungere, compungere, sting; noun pnctum alvrium, alveus, cavea, beehive vespa, wasp susurrre, buzz, hum musca, fly crbr, hornet aslus, oestrus, gadfly arnea, spider ppili, butterfly, moth formca, ant cicda, tree-cricket tinea, moth, bookworm hird, leech

21.6 wild birds

passer, sparrow hirund, swallow cicnia, stork cycnus, olor, swan; adj. olrnus corvus, raven; cornx, crow merula, blackbird palumbs, wood-pigeon turtur, turtle-dove pca, magpie pcus, woodpecker mondula, grculus, jackdaw coturnx, quail grs, crane ardea, heron alcd, alcyn, kingfisher aquila, eagle accipiter, hawk vulturius, vulture mlvus, kite bb, noctua, owl

32/93

22 PLANTS
22.1
arbor, tree; arbustus, planted with trees; arbustum, plantation, orchard trichila, arbour truncus, stpes, trunk; ramus, branch; virga, twig, rod; diminutive virgula stirps, trunk (with roots), stem; adv. stirpitus, root and branch planta, shoot, twig, cutting lgna (P), (fire)wood sarmenta (P), twigs, brushwood clvicula, tendril rbur, hardwood; mteria, timber plus, sublica, stake succdere, fell; caedere, fell, lop; frondtor, pruner of trees; scindere, split; dolre, hew cortex, bark spna, thorn; adj. spnsus rdx, root; rdcs agere, strike root; arbors ab rdcibus subruere, uproot; adv. rdcitus, root and all culmus, stalk (of corn) folium, leaf; frns, leaf, leafy branch, foliage; garland of leaves; coma, foliage scus, sap

larix, larch salix, willow; salictum, plantation of willows acer, maple tilia, lime-tree ulmus, elm lex, holm-oak ppulus, poplar abis, silver fir arbutus, wild strawberry-tree murra, myrrh tree iniperus, juniper tree buxus, box-tree; buxum, wood of box-trees corulus, hazel-shrub veprs, thorn-bush, bramble sentis, briar vmen, osier genista, broom hedera, ivy harund, reed iuncus, rush; scirpus, rush, bulrush; ulva, sedge fungus, mushroom alga, seaweed muscus, moss; adj. muscsus viscum, mistletoe

22.3
hortus, garden; dimin. hortulus saeps, fence; saepre, fence, hedge in herba, grmen, grass, herb; adj. herbidus caespes, turf, sod gemma, germen, bud; verb gemmre fls, flower; diminutive flsculus; flrre, be in flower; efflrscere, bloom, flourish; adjs. flrns, flridus corna, serta (P), garland, wreath rosa, rose, rose-tree, roses; rosrium, rostum, rosary llium, lily viola, violet; violrium, bed of violets amracus, marjoram amaranthus, amaranth caltha, marigold rta, rue thymum or -us, thyme serpullum, wild thyme crocum or -us, saffron narcissus, narcissus myrtus, myrtle-tree; myrttum, myrtle grove; adj. myrteus papver, poppy lupnus, lupin cicta, hemlock carduus, thistle 33/93

22.2
silva, forest; adj. silvestris nemus, wood virgulta (P), thicket, copse, bush lcus, grove (sacred to a deity); poet., wood saltus, glen; adj. saltusus fgus, beech; adjs. fgineus, fginus laurus, laurea, laurel; lauretus, crowned with laurel palma, palm-tree; palmtum, palm grove; palmsus, rich in palms cedrus, cedar taxus, yew-tree pnus, pine; pntum, pine wood; adj. pneus picea, pitch-pine quercus, oak; querqutum, oak wood; glns, acorn; rbustus, of oak aesculus, Italian oak cupressus, cypress fraxinus, ash; adj. fraxineus rnus, mountain ash platanus, plane-tree castnea, chestnut-tree alnus, alder

22.4 fruit-trees
frctus, fruit; frctum dere, yield f.; f. tempestvus, ripe f.; adj. frctusus, fruitful frgs, fruits, field produce; f. fundere, bring forth f.; adj. frgifer, fruitful fertilis, fcundus, fruitful; nouns fertilits, fcundits mtrus, ripe; noun mtrits; verb mtrre, mtrscere smen, seed; germen, germ pmum, fruit, fruit-tree mlum, fruit (e.g. peach, orange) pmrium, orchard mlus, apple-tree; mlum, apple pirus, pear-tree; pirum, pear prnus, plum-tree; prnum, plum cerasus, cherry-tree; cerasum, cherry fcus, fig-tree, fig mrus, mulberry-tree; mrum, mulberry amygdala, almond tree amygdalum, almond

22.5
vtis, vnea, vine; va, grape, bunch of grapes; pampinus, tendril or leaf of vine vnea, vntum, vineyard; vnum, wine, see 29.8; vndmia, vintage; vndmitor, vintager; vnitor, vinedresser olva, olive, olive-tree; olvtum, olive plantation; oleum, olive oil; adj. olerius nux, nut frgum, strawberry

aurum, gold; adjs. aureus, aurtus; verbs aurre, inaurre; aurifex, goldsmith argentum, silver; adj. argenteus ferrum, iron; adj. ferreus chalybs, steel; adj. chalybius rbg, ferrg, rust aes, bronze, copper; adjs. anus, later aneus, aertus aerg, verdigris orchalcum, brass plumbum, lead; adj. plumbeus plumbum album, tin lapis, saxum, stone; diminutive lapillus; adj. lapideus lapicda, mason; lapicdnae, quarry caementum, stone rough from the quarry; quadrtum saxum, hewn stone metallum, mine, quarry aerria, mine gemma, poet. lapis, precious stone, gem, jewel cs, any hard stone, flint calculus, pebble marmor, marble; adj. marmoreus; marmor or sgnum marmoreum, marble statue statua, statue; statuam statuere, erect a s. ars fingend, sculpture; fictor, sculptor scalpere, sculpere, exsculpere, carve; sax sculptus, carved in stone onyx, onyx carb, coal sulpur, sulphur calx, crta, chalk argilla, (potter's) clay; rota, (potter's) wheel figulus, potter; fictilis, earthen, of clay vitrum, glass; adj. vitreus

24-27 MAN
24.1
genus hominum or hmnum, or gns hmna, or homins, mankind hom, man (not animal); diminutives homunci, homunculus hmnus, human; noun hmnits, human nature mortlis, human being; as adj. mortal, human post homins nts, since men have lived qu nunc sunt homins, the present generation vir, man (not woman); adj. virlis; virtim, singly, individually; virts, manliness fmina, woman; diminutive fmella; adj. fmineus mulier, woman; diminutive muliercula; adj. muliebris 34/93

22.6
olus, vegetable legmen, leguminous plant lens, lentil caulis, cramb, cabbage bta, beet faba, bean cucumis, cucumber bulbus, cpa, onion lium, garlic apium, parsley, celery

23 MINERALS
metallum, metal

24.3 relationship
q.v. name, 24.6 org, source, descent, progenitor; orginem dcere or trahere ab Ab, trace one's descent from genus, prspia, race, stock; family mirs, patrs, ancestors, forbears avus, atavus, ancestor poster, posterits, poet. nepts, posterity, descendants prgntus, ortus, descended; noun prgntus, descendant, child subols, progeny, offspring, descendant saeculum, generation cgntus, coninctus sanguine, cnsanguineus, blood relation, connected (by birth); nouns cgnti, cnsanguinits gntus, related on the father's side; noun gnti propinquus, necessrius, relation, kinsman; Mrc necessrius et propinquus, a near relation of M.; propinquits, relationship atavus, great-great-great-grandfather abavus, great-great-grandfather proavus, great-grandfather; proavia, greatgrandmother proneps, great-grandson; proneptis, greatgranddaughter avus, grandfather; avia, grandmother neps, grandson; neptis, granddaughter mtertera, mother's sister frtris (sororis) flius, flia, nephew, niece (frter, soror) patrulis, cousin (child of father's brother or sister) sobrnus, cnsobrnus, -a, cousin (child of mother's brother or sister) alumnus, foster-son; alumna, foster-daughter parns, parent; P also grandparents pater, genitor, father; vestgis patris ingred, follow in father's footsteps; adj. paternus, patrius, paternal mter, genetrx (poet. and late), mother; diminutive mtercula; adj. mternus mtrna, married woman, mother vitricus, stepfather; noverca, stepmother flius, ntus, son flia, nta, daughter patre cert (opposite nll) nsc, be a legitimate child prvgnus, -a, stepson, stepdaughter frter, brother; adj. frternus soror, sister; adj. sorrius germnus, of brothers and sisters who have the same parents, e.g. g. frter 35/93

24.2 ages of man

extrmae (exctae) aettis hom, a man advanced (far advanced) in years prvect aette, at an advanced age grandis, grandis nt, aged man senex, old man; adj. senlis; verb senscere; senects, aets senscns, old age anus, old woman; adj. anlis omns aettis superiris, all older men senior, elderly man paulum aette prgressus, become rather older; prgrediente aette, with advancing years adulta aets, maturity iam adultus, one in mature life aets iam corrborta, aetts cnfrmtae, years of discretion iuvenis, man or woman in prime of life; iuvents, fls aettis, prime of life in suam ttlam venre, come of age togam virlem (or pram) smere, assume the garb of manhood pbs, grown up, adult; as noun, youth, young man; verb pbscere adulscns, youth, maid; admodum a., in quite early manhood; noun adulscentia adolscere, grow up virg, maiden; adj. virginlis, poet. virgineus impbs, under age, youthful adulscentulus, youngster aettula, tender age, youthful age ex puers excessit, has ceased to be a child lber, nt, children (in relation to parents); lbers suscipere, tollere, acknowledge, bring up children puer, children (generally) puer, boy; diminutive puerulus; pueritia, boyhood; puer, puers, pueriti, from boyhood; puerlis, boyish, childish puella, girl; diminutive puellula parv, young children; parvs, from childhood cnbula, cradle crepundia, rattle

geminus, gemellus (poet.), twin patruus, father's brother avunculus, mother's brother amita, father's sister

24.4 marriage
rs uxria, matrimony, wedlock caelebs, unmarried, single procus, suitor spnsus, -a, betrothed man or woman fliam Dpn. dspondre, promise one's daughter in marriage to condici, match, alliance mtrimnium, marriage; in m. dare, in m. or in mtrimni collocre, give in m.; in m. dcere Dliam, or simply dcere D., take D. to wife cnbium, coniugium, wedlock nbere D, marry (a man); noun nptiae, wedding; npta, bride, wife; prnuba, bridesmaid innbere, marry into (a family) nbere, marry out of one's rank or town compti, a form of mock marriage ds, dowry vir, martus, husband coninx, wife, sometimes husband uxor, wife prgenis, prls (poet.), offspring

vidua, widow; vir viduus, widower orbus, bereaved, fatherless, orphan, childless; orbits, childlessness; orbre, deprive of parents or children pupillus, orphan, minor; as noun pupillus, pupilla, ward superesse, survive; superstes, surviving

24.6 name
nmen, name, designation; Dpn n. impnere, give a n.; ex Abtg n. capere, invenre or trahere, get, derive a n. from; verb nminre; nmintim, by name; nminti, nomination cgnminis, having the same name praenmen, first name (like our "Christian name"); cgnmen, third name; in Mrcus Tullius Cicer, Mrcus is the praenmen, Cicer the cgnmen nncupre, name, call (by name) titulus, title; srpre titulum, assume a t.; qu Sapins srptur, is called S. dnotre, dsgnre, designate, specify; noun dsgnti

24.7 mark, sign

nota, index, mark, sign; notre, mark, indicate sgnum, mark, token; sgnificre, indicate; sgnificti, sign, indication specimen, sign, token

24.5 relations by marriage

affnis, related by marriage; noun affnis, relation by marriage; affnits; affnitte coninctus, related by marriage socer, father-in-law socrus, mother-in-law nurus, daughter-in-law sorris martus, brother-in-law ______________________________________ repudire, mtrimni dmittere, divorce; noun repudium, (compulsory) divorce nntium uxr remittere, send a letter of divorce dvortium, separation (by consent) clvs adimere uxr, separate from one's wife istam sus rs sibi habre iussit, he divorced her ______________________________________

25.1 household
familia, domus, household; adj. familiris, belonging to h.; domesticus, belonging to one's family or household; domesticus sus et cnsutd, family life; domestic, members of a family ad focum sedre, be in the midst of one's family paterfamilis, head of family; mterfamilis, mistress of house patria potests, power of father over children; sevrum imperium in sus exercet, he is a strict father and master mancipre, free from "patria potests"; noun mancipti dominus, erus, master domina, era, mistress surum dsderium, home-sickness ad suum larem familirem redre, return home 36/93

patrnus, clins, The clins (client, follower) was a plebeian, freedman or foreigner who enjoyed the favour and protection of the patrnus (patron, defender, advocate) whom he had chosen and to whom he rendered minor services.

25.4 gatherings
coetus, grex, globus, caterva, company, crowd frequentia, crowd, throng multitd, turba, crowd, throng, mob chorus, band, company

25.2 servants
trinsis, overseer of house, steward minister, famulus, servant ministra, famula, ancilla, maid pedisequus, pedisequa, attendant initor, door-keeper coquus, cook prmus, slave who distributed food to household condus, slave in charge of stores paedaggus, slave in charge of children, tutor servus man, secretary vlicus, steward, bailiff servre Dpn, serve, be a servant of

q.v. crowded, 20.1 concilium, cnsilium, assembly, meeting, council conventus, cnti, meeting corna, crowd, assembly (espec. judicial) congregr, crowd (intr.), assemble circulr, gather in groups congressi, congressus, meeting, intercourse plbs or plbs, vulgus, common people

25.5 social life

invtre, invite, entertain; Acpn domum suam i., invite to one's house; noun invtti vsere, invsere, Acpn or domum Gpn, convenre Acpn, visit saltre, visit, call on, pay a (ceremonial) call; receive visitors; saltti, visit frequentre domum Gpn, frequent, visit frequently intervsere, visit occasionally hospes, (hereditary) friend; host, guest; hospits accipere or recipere, have as guests; adj. hospitlis; hospitium, hospitlits, hospitality, (hereditary) friendship; h. facere (or iungere) cum Abpn, become guest and friend of; apud Acpn esse or commorr, be paying a visit to, staying with; noun commorti advena, hospes, stranger ______________________________________ cnsutd, social intercourse, companionship, acquaintance convcti, convctus, social intercourse, companionship, acquaintance amcus, amca, friend; praest t amcum, prove a true friend; Mrcum amcrum in numer habe, Mrcum amcum or pr amc habe, amc tor Mrc, enjoy the friendship of M. amcitia, friendship concors, harmonious; concordia, union, harmony; concordre, agree 37/93

q.v. slavery, 33.7 q.v. messenger, 48.33

25.3 nation
nti, nation populus, nation, people; secund popul (Actg facere), with the consent of the people; Populus Rmnus Quirtsque, official title of Roman people; Sentus Populusque Rmnus (SPQR); adj. populris; as noun countryman, fellowcountryman gns, people, race, clan gentlis, fellow-clansman stirps, stock, breed genus, race tribus, tribe, each consisting of ten criae; adv. tribtim, by tribes cria, ward, each consisting of ten gents; adv. critim, by wards aborgins, early inhabitants, ancestors of the Romans vernculus, native, Roman fnitim, neighbours alinus, foreign; alinigena, foreigner, alien

favre Dpn, be a friend to cnsentre cum Abpn d Abtg, agree with; nouns cnsnsi, cnsnsus familiris, friend; familirits, intimacy, friendship intimus, close friend socius, companion, associate; societs, fellowship, society; vtae s., social life; societtem cum Abpn inre, enter into partnership with necessrius, friend; comes, sodlis, comrade; sodlits, necessits, necessitd, conincti, friendship, intimacy; amcitiae necessitdins, ties, bonds of friendship; (hom) summ sodlitte, with a wide circle of freinds grtia, favour, regard; apud t grtiam ine, win your favour fautor, fautrx, patron(ess), favourerer coninctus, friendly, intimate collga, colleague, companion circulus, company (for social intercourse) collgium, society, company, fraternity sodlits, society, club cnsors, partner, colleague, comrade; cnsortium, fellowship ______________________________________ aemulus, aemula, rvlis, rival; verb aemulr; noun rvlits compettor, rival certtim, with rivalry discordia, discord; discordis sdre, remove d.; adj. discors discidium, discord rxa, quarrel, brawl; verb rxr irgium, dispute (among friends); verb irgre contenti, concertti, contrversia, dispute, contention; verb concertre ls, dispute (among adversaries), general and legal altercr, quarrel; altercti, (violent) quarrel dcertre, dispute simults, strained relations, enmity obsistere, obstre, oppose; resistere, resist subigere, reduce to submission nfnsus, inimcus, hostile; as noun (private) enemy; inimcitiae (P), enmity pgnx, quarrelsome alinus, averse, unfriendly; alinti, dislike implcbilis, irreconcilable tcum in grtiam rede, am reconciled with you; amcitam d integr reconcilire,

restore friendship; nouns reconciliti, reconcilitor amcitiam cum Abpn concilire, win someone over; noun conciliti Acpn or animum Gpn Dpn reconcilire, Acpn in grtiam cum Abpn redcere, Acpn Dpn plcre, reconcile A with B ______________________________________ patrnus, patron clins, client

25.6 commotion, tumult

turba, uproar, disorder; turbulentus, restless, confused; turbre, disturb, throw into confusion, agitate tumultus, uproar, disturbance; tumultusus, full of commotion, disturbed mtus popul, unrest procellae, commotion, tumult

26 BODY
26.1
corpus, body; diminutive corpusculum; adj. corporeus cadver, dead body, corpse statra, height or size of body figra, frma, figure cutis, skin callum, hard, thick skin; occallscere, get thick-skinned sdre, sweat; noun sdor s, bone; adj. osseus; medulla, marrow crnis, hair (generally); adjs. crnlis, crntus; villus, shaggy hair; pilus, single hair car, flesh, meat torus, nervus, muscle vna, vein; artria, artery sanguis, blood; cruor, gore, blood(shed); adj. cruentus; verb cruentre, stain with b. corporis habitus, personal appearance, build gestus, bearing, posture, gesture s iactre, make gestures grandis, prcrus, tall; noun prcrits brevis, short pinguis, plp. obsus, fat, stout; pinguscere, grow fat macer, thin, lean; noun macis gracilis, slender, slim, lean; noun gracilits 38/93

tenuis, thin; noun tenuits

26.2 head, face

head caput, head; c. dmittere, hang, bow one's head calva, skull vertex, top of head cerebrum, brain ntre, nod; noun ntus hair capillus (P rare), coma or comae, hair; comns, comsus, hairy pectere, comb; noun pecten cmere, comb, arrange, dress (hair) hirstus, shaggy capillum compnere, do one's hair intnsus, unshorn, with long hair calamistrum, curling-irons crispus, calamistrtus, curled; verb crispre cincinnus, (artificial) curl calvus, bald; noun calvitium cnus (poet.), greyhaired, hoary; cn (sc. capill), grey hair barba, beard; mentum, beard (on chin); diminutive barbula; barbtus, bearded; imberbis, beardless tondre, clip, trim, shave; tnsor, barber; tnstrna, barber's shop rdere, shave; novcula, razor face facis, os, face, countenance; nsse Acpn d faci, know one by sight vultus, face, mien, expression, features color, complexion; c. albus, fair c. frns, forehead, brow; frontem contrahere, knit the brows rga, wrinkle; adj. rgsus tempora P, temples supercilium, eyebrow palpebra, eyelid oculus, poet. lmen, eye; ppula, pupil lacrima, tear; lacrims commovre, cause tears; lacrims effundere, shed t.; vim lacrimrum profundere, shed a flood of t.; flre, lacrimre, weep; noun fltus; reprimere fltum, check tears; adj. flbilis; plrre, weep aloud, wail caecus, oculs captus, blind; caecits, blindness; caecre, blind luscus, one-eyed ocul pervers, squinting eyes

strab, one who squints; also adj. paetus, having a cast in the eye; diminutive paetulus

q.v. sight, 14 auris, ear surdus, auribus captus, deaf; obsurdscere, grow deaf surdus demque mtus, deaf mute

q.v. sound, 13 nsus, nose nris, nostril; P nrs, nose silus, snub-nosed olfacere, smell

q.v. smell, 12.3 corrgre nrs, turn up the nose s mungere or mung, blow one's nose sternuere, sneeze gena, cheek; bucca, cheek (puffed out); both usu. P. rubre, rubscere, blush; noun rubor; pallscere, expallscere, grow pale; pallre, be or grow pale; noun pallor; adj. pallidus, pale fcus, rouge crta, face powder mouth s, mouth rictum, rictus, (open) mouth hire, gape; hitus, open mouth paltum, palate faucs, gula, guttur, throat, gullet sorbre, absorbre, suck in, swallow lbrum, lip ridre, laugh; noun rsus; rss dere, laugh; rsum movre or commovre or concitre, raise laughter; rsum rumpere, check laughter; adj. rdiculus; subrdre, smile; arrdre, smile upon; cachinnre, laugh aloud; noun cachinnus, loud laugh, guffaw svium or suvium (early), sculum, bsium (poet.), kiss; dare svium, s(u)vir, sculr, bsire, kiss scitre, yawn lingua, tongue; lambere, lick 39/93

q.v. taste, 12.4 dns, tooth; mordre, bite; noun morsus; adj. mordx; rdere, gnaw; mandre, chew, devour

q.v. voice, speech, 41 mentum, chin

26.3 trunk, limbs

collum, cervcs (P), neck iugulum, collarbone; throat gurguli, windpipe pectus, mamma, breast; sinus, bosom spna, backbone costa, rib umerus, shoulder dorsum, dorsus, tergum, back lumbus, loin gremium, lap internal organs viscera (P), internal organs intestnum, intestine cor, heart artria, windpipe pulm, lung; sprre, resprre, breathe; anima, spritus, hlitus, breath; spritum dcere, draw b.; susprre, breathe deeply, sigh; resprti, taking breath; susprium, sigh; anhlre, pant; noun anhlitus; exanimr, lose breath venter, abdomen, alvus, paunch lia, groin stomachus, gullet, windpipe, stomach praecordia, diaphragm; stomach iecur, liver rns, kidneys limbs arts (P), membrum, limb lacertus, arm, upper arm bracchium, arm, forearm bracchia circumdare or inicere or implicre coll, or amplect or complect, embrace; noun complexus ulna, elbow; poet. arm cubitum, elbow

hand manus, hand tractre, handle; noun tractti; adj. tractbilis plaudere, clap the hands dexter, right; dextram tendere, porrigere, offer one's hand sinister, laevus (poet.), left; noun sinistra, laeva, left hand palma, palm, poet. hand mans supnae, hands with palm upward (as in prayer) pgnus, fist; pgns certre, box digitus, finger; pollex, thumb concrepre digits, snap the fingers nulus, ring unguis, nail leg femur, thigh; crs, leg, shin; gen, knee; tbia, shinbone; tlus, ankle; ps, foot prtere, trample on gradus, passus, step, pace vestgium, footstep, footprint, sole of foot; Gpn vestgia persequ, follow in f. of calx, heel; calce petere, kick planta, sole of foot claudus, lame, crippled; verbs claudre, claudicre, limp

q.v. walk, 4.4

26.4 health
sals, welfare; adj. salber or -bris, saltris, healthful, wholesome; noun salbrits valre, be well, in good health; noun valtd, health; v. integra, good health; valtdin cnsulere, take care of oneself; valtdine bon t, enjoy good health sibi parcere, be careful of one's health snus, valns, validus, healthy; noun snits; incorrupt snitte esse, be in thoroughly sound health vigre, virre, flourish, be strong; nouns vigor, viridits integer, sound, in full vigor; noun integrits rbur, strength; adj. rbustus frmus, validus, valns, virlis, strong, vigorous; noun frmits; verb frmre; drus, (poet.) hardy, vigorous; noun dritia

40/93

26.5 sickness
gravits valtdinis or valtd, or aegra or nfrma valtd, ill-health valtdinem mittere, fall ill; valtdine tenuissim esse, be very weak; valtdinem (or morbum) excsre, plead ill-health as an excuse; valtdinis excstine t, avail oneself of the excuse of ill-health graviter s habre, feel unwell aeger, aegrtus, sick, ill, diseased; aegrum simulre, pretend to be ill, malinger; verb aegrtre; nouns aegritd (usu. of mind), aegrtti imbcillus, dbilis, nfrmus, invalidus, feeble, weak; nouns imbcillits, dbilits, morbus, illness, disease, ailment; morb affic or implicr, in morbum cadere or incidere or incurrere, fall ill morb impedtus, stricken by illness nsnbilis, incurable dbilitre, lame, maim, weaken senium, feebleness (of old age) vitium corporis, bodily defect dolor, pain; verb dolre, feel pain afflctti, torment, pain gravd, cold (in the head), catarrh ptuta, cold tussis, cough; verb tussre febris, fever; febrim nancsc, catch a f.; febrcula, slight fever podagra, gout tremere, horrre, horrscere, contremscere (e.g. omnibus artubus), perhorrscere (e.g. tt corpore), tremble, shudder; noun tremor; adj. tremulus, plp. obtorpscere, grow torpid, lose feeling torpre, be stiff, numb tumre, be swollen dolor artuum, gout ps luxus, sprained foot mancus, decrepit, infirm ulcus, vomica, ulcer, sore

wounded; verb saucre, cnfectus, disabled, exhausted cictrx, scar mortifer, deadly, causing death

q.v. poison, 47.2

26.6 medical treatment

ars medend, medicna, practice of medicine; medicnam exercre, profitr, practise as a doctor crre, snre, medr, heal, cure, restore to health; adj. snbilis, curable subvenre, relieve, heal, remedy (e.g. gravdin) medicus, doctor pharmacopla, quack medicmentum, medicmen, medicna, remedium, medicine, remedy; adhibre medicnam aegrt, give medicine to the patient mulcre, soothe recrer or convalscere ex morb (or vulnere), s reficere, recover (from illness)

26.7 sanity, madness

in potestte mentis esse, be of sound mind; exre ex potestte (sc. mentis), become insane compos mentis, sane ad snittem revert, recover one's senses furor, nsnia, vsnia, vcordia, dmentia, rabis, madness nsnus, male snus, vsnus, vcors, fnticus, furisus, dmns, captus mente, rabidus, rabisus, cerrtus, mad, raving nsnre, dlrre, furere, be out of one's mind, rave, be mad; noun dlrti

26.8 tear to pieces, maim

lacerre, mangle, mutilate; noun lacerti lanire, dlanire, excarnificre, tear to pieces; noun lanitus mutilus, maimed; verb mutilre truncus, mutilated

q.v. deaf, blind, 26.2 pestilentia, pestis, plague pestilns (locus), infected, unhealthy contgi, infection tbs, wasting, consumption, plague; verbs tbscere, perre, waste away, perish vulnus, wound; v. accipere or sustinre, be wounded; v. obligre, bandage w.; v. nferre, or vulnerre, wound; saucius,

27.1 clothing
vesttus, (late) habitus, dress, clothing vestis, cultus, clothing, clothes, attire rntus, attire, apparel 41/93

vestmentum, article of clothing, (P) clothing vestre, dress, clothe induere (usually refl. or pass.), clothe, put on amicre, throw or wrap round (of outer garments) cmptus, elegant, adorned mundus, neat, elegant; noun munditia nitidus, spruce, trim; noun nitor, elegance exuere, strip; vestem pnere, undress ndus, naked, bare; verb ndre, dndre, strip, bare ______________________________________ lna, wool linteum, linen; adj. linteus sricus, silk (adj.); srica, silk garments or stuff textile, cloth, stuff cent, piece of cloth, rag, patchwork pannus, piece of cloth, rag; pannsus, tattered

stor, shoemaker

28 TOWN
28.1
Urbs, Rome; urbem found a city; adj. urbnus, of the city, espec. Rome; suburbnus, near Rome, suburban cvis, urbnus, inhabitant of a city, towndweller, citizen mnicipium, free town; mniceps, mniciplis hom, inhabitant of such a town; mniciplis, municipal, provincial arx, citadel oppidum, town (usu. other than Rome); adj. oppidnus, belonging to a (country) town, provincial; as noun townsman colere, incolere, habitre, inhabit; noun incola, cultor, inhabitant; habitants, inhabitants; adj. habitbilis, inhabitable hominum numer valre, be populous emporium, market town vcus, village; quarter (of town); dimin. vculus; vcnus, dwelling in a village pgus, district, province, canton pgnus, villager, rustic
condere, cnstituere,

urbs,

town,

city;

27.2 articles of clothing, etc.

toga, toga (man's gown); t. sordida or pulla, worn in mourning; t. virlis or pra, garb of manhood; togam virlem smere, come of age; t. praetexta, bordered with purple, worn by higher magistrates and free-born children; togtus, clad in the toga amictus, amiculum, outer garment paenula, (travelling) cloak (with hood) lacerna, (thick) cloak (with hood) sagum, coarse woollen mantle tunica, undergarment; t. tlris, reaching to ankles; t. manicta, with sleeves manicae, long sleeves of tunica palla, stola, robe (ladies' outer garment) pallium, (Greek) cloak, shawl chlamys, (Greek) upper garment, often worn over uniform fascia, band, fillet monle, necklace redimculum, necklace, chaplet torquis, necklace armilla, bracelet fbula, clasp, buckle sinus, fold; used as purse sdrium, handkerchief pilleus, cap; adj. pilletus mitra, turban calceus, shoe, half-boot caliga, leather shoe (especially of soldiers) solea, crepida, sandal

28.2
moenia, walls (of city or fortress) mrus (usu. P), wall pmrium, space within and without walls of town, kept free from buildings. turris, tower specula, watch tower porta, gate; portam praecldere, bar g. via, road, street; platea, vcus, street angiportum or -us, alley forum, public place, market place (of various kinds) spatium, promenade, public place or square; hort (e.g. Caesaris), park, public gardens ______________________________________ sds, domicilium, habitti, dwelling-place; see 29.1 obtinre, occupy, possess cnsdere, settle, establish oneself commigrre, remove (to another house or town) praedium, estate (in town or country), farm 42/93

29 HOUSE
29.1 houses
domus, aeds (P), tctum, house; domus necessris rbus nstrcta, a wellfurnished house; aediculae, small house nsula, block of tenements pents, home; foc, homes rgia [domus], royal palace, residence turris, castle, palace cria, town hall; basilica, public hall (town hall, exchange) aula, hall, palace; porticula, small hall suburbnum, villa in suburbs vlla, country house, farm; vcus, country seat; casa, tugurium, cottage,hut; maplia (P), huts, tents; gurgustium, hovel, hut dversrium, dverticulum, hospitium, inn, lodging; verbs dvertere, dversr, put up caupna, inn sarta tcta, buildings in good repair mercds habittinum annuae, rent dom, at home; fors, out of doors carre pblic, remain at home; in pblic esse, not to be at home

sclae, staircase; gradus, step (of staircase) contabulti, floor, storey cnculum, upper floor gynaecum, women's apartments

29.3 entrance
inua, (front) door; valvae, folding doors; fors (P), stium, door; postcum, backdoor pulsre (stium), knock (at the door); inuam effringere, burst door open initor, doorkeeper postis, doorpost; lmen, threshold card, hinge clvis, key; repgulum, bolt; claustra, bar, lock, bolt aperre, reserere plp., open; patre, stand open; claudere, operre, shut; ncldere, shut in fenestra, window lminria, shutters

29.4 atrium, etc.

vestbulum, forecourt tablnum, office trium, central hall peristlum, collonade round courtyard compluvium, skylight impluvium, basin for rain-water; also = compluvium supellex, furniture sella, chair, stool; subsellium, sedle plp., chair, bench; scamnum, stool, bench; cathedra, armchair pulvnar, couch pulvnus, cushion; dimin. pulvllus arca, chest; money-box ra, altar abacus, sideboard peripetasma, peristrma, carpet

29.2 structure
aedificre, build, erect, construct; nouns aedificium, building; aedificti, aedifictor superficis, building exaedificre, complete the building of astruere, build on architectus, architect; verb architectr; noun architectra fundmentum, foundation later, brick tctum, roof; ceiling; slrium, flat roof tgula, roofing tile, roof lacnar, (panelled) ceiling solum, floor pavmentum, floor, pavement pinna, pinnacle fastgium, gable columen, gable, column; columna, pla, column, pillar porticus, collonade, gallery, porch, portico fornix, vault, arch paris, party-wall; intr pariets, within four walls or by private agreement faucs, passage

29.5 dining
trclnium, dining-room, dining-couch; in trclni recumbere or discumbere, our "sit down for a meal" mnsa, table, meal; (mnsae [D] or in accubre, accumbere, convvi) cubre, recline at table epulae (P), dishes, meal; ferculum, course secunda mnsa, dessert ientculum, breakfast; prandium, lunch; invitre ad p., invite to l.; in prandi 43/93

accipere Acpn ad s, entertain to l.; verb prandre; N.B. prnsus, having lunched; cna, dinner; cnam dare Dpn, entertain at table; verb cnre Acpn adhibre epuls or cnae, or invtre ad cnam, invite to dinner convvium, banquet, dinner-party; c. nstruere, get ready a b.; convvi or in c. interesse, attend b.; c. renuere, decline invitation to dinner convva, guest umbra, companion (of important guest) ministrre (e.g. pcula, bibere), serve (at table) daps, epulum, public dinner, solemn feast; banquet epulr, feast lautus, sumptuous, luxurious lxus, lxuria, luxury; adj. lxurisus

fams, hunger; famem dpellere or explre, satisfy h.; fame perre or necr or consm, starve surre, hunger iinus, hungry, fasting; noun iinium inedia, fasting (noun), starvation aqua, water; see 9.1 satur, sated gula, appetite, gluttony ligrti, fondness for dainties hellur, guzzle ______________________________________ car, meat pnis, bread; pstor, baker placenta, cake crstum, pastry; crstulum, small pastry, confectionery puls, porridge sl, salt piper, pepper prmulsis, savoury as first course ______________________________________ lanx, dish patella, pan, plate patina, dish, pan plvis, basin sportella, sportula, little basket for food; its contents

29.6 kitchen
culna, kitchen cella, storeroom; c. penria, s. for provision; c. oleria, s. for oil carnrium, larder vs, utensil, dish urna, jar, bucket coquus, cook; verb coquere, cook, boil, stew crdus, uncooked, raw torrre, roast, bake assum, roast meat, e.g. assum vitulnum frgere, fry fervre, boil (intrans.) ver, spit, broach focus, fire-place furnus, oven, bakehouse vatillum, chafing-dish popna, cookshop

29.8 drink
pti, drink, beverage bibere, drink, ptre, drink, tipple; N.B. ptus, usu. being drunk (intoxicated), also having drunk and having been drunk; ptus, drinking; ptti, drinking bout; pttor, toper propnre Dpn, drink to brius, vnolentus, tipsy; nouns briets, vnolentia; adj. vnsus, given to drink, bibulous crpula, intoxication tmulentus, drunk combib, cmisstor, comptor, booncompanion effundere, pour out haurre, drain sitis, thirst; sitim explre, quench t.; verb sitre ______________________________________ 44/93

29.7 food
vctus, nourishment, diet alimentum, ntrmentum, cibus, penus, food; corpus cib crre, take food; cibum tibi appn, set food before you; adj. penrius sca, solid food; sculentus, edible edere, eat; exedere, eat up, consume; vsc Ab, vvere Ab, live on, feed on; dvorre, comedere, consume, devour; adedere, nibble edx, devouring, voracious

puteus, well; see 9.2 dlium, large jar hydria, rceus, jug (for water) lagoena, jug, flagon ampulla, flask lac, milk; see 8.3 vnum, wine; see 22.5; adj. vnrius; vnrium, wine-pot mustum, grape juice, must; mulsum, honeyed wine faex, dregs actum, vinegar ______________________________________ cpa, cask crtr, mixing bowl miscre, mix, blend merus, unmixed, pure pculum, calix, scyphus, cibrium, cup, goblet cyathus, ladle (for wine) cpa, cask cella vnria, apothca, storeroom for wine

somnus, sleep; somn prvre Acpn, somnum Dpn adimere, rob of sleep; animus somn relaxtus, refreshed by s. excubre, sleep out of doors somnium, dream; somnre, in somns vidre Actg, dream expergsc, awake excitre, arouse vigilre, be awake, not sleep, be wakeful, keep watch; v. nocts, not to sleep at night; vigilia, waking, watching insomnia, sleeplessness; somnum capere nn posse, suffer from insomnia noctem pervigilre, stay awake all night ______________________________________ rea, yard, court in prpatul, in the open court hortus, garden; see 22.3

30 GOVERNMENT
30.1
cvits, state; gubernti cvittis, government of the s. pblicus, public; pblica causa, affair of the state rspblica, constitution, nation, politics, public life modertor, or guberntor ripblicae, ruler of the state gubernti cvittis, government nstitta et lgs, lgs patriae, the constitution rempblicam temperre lgibus, govern (a state) by laws commoda pblica (P), the interests of the state sapientia cnstituendae repblicae, rrum cvlium cgniti et prdentia, statesmanship scins repblicae gerendae, a clever statesman dici (SN not in use), rule, sovereignty, authority auctrits, imperium, authority; imperium singulre, sole a.; auctrittem interpnere, assert a. miests, majesty, dignity, sovereignty of the state dgnits, dignity, high rank nbilits, distinction, renown 45/93

29.9 bedroom
cubiculum, bedroom, rest-room cuble, lectus, torus, bed, couch; in lect iacre, lie in bed; lect tenr, be confined to one's bed cnae, cnbula, cradle strtum, coverlet, blanket, pillow strgula vestis, coverlet discumbere, lie down dormtum or cubitum or ad quitem re or trdere s quit, ad somnum or ad dormiendum proficsci, go to bed spre, cnspre, lull to sleep, make to sleep; sptus, asleep obdormre, obdormscere, dormtre, fall asleep dormre, cubre, quiscere, sleep ______________________________________ balneum, balneria, bathroom; balneae, public baths; adj. balnerius; balnetor, bath-keeper alveus, bathing-tub piscna, bathing-pool lavr, aqu perfund, perlu (e.g. in flminibus), bathe

augustus, majestic, venerable nsgnis, praeclrus, nbilis, distinguished, famous; nbilitre, make famous

30.2
status (cvittis), form of government omnium summa rrum, supreme power imperium, empire; government; supreme power; i. singulre, autocracy; i. obtinre or tenre, hold command; Dpn summam imperi permittere, entrust with supreme powers; summam imperi tenre, have supreme command; imperi potr, gain supreme power; imperi praesidre, be president; novs imperis studre, work for a change of government; imperisus, mighty; imperre, govern prnceps, impertor, emperor; impertrx, empress prnciptus, supreme command, later sovereignty rgnum, kingdom; sovereignty; Dpn r. dferre, make king; r. occupre, be king; r. excipere, succeed to the throne interrgnum, interregnum (with interrx) rx, king; r. fier, ascend the throne; rgem redcere, restore k. to throne; rgem rgn spolire, dethrone k.; adjs. rgius, rglis; rgia potests, royal power; rgle genus cvittis, monarchy rgna, queen vicrius rgn, viceroy rgulus, chief, chieftain regere, rule (intrans.) rgnre, reign praeesse D, rule over nsgnia rgia, regalia; solium, throne; scptrum, sceptre; purpura, royal (crimson) cloak satelles, lifeguard, attendant, bodyguard stpti, retinue, suite tyrannus, tyrant, despot; adj. tyrannicus tyrannis, dominti, domintus, tyranny

rd sentrius, Patrs Cnscrpt, patrs, the senators sentor, senator; tunica lticlvia, senator's robe of state, with broad purple stripes cria, senate house sentum convocre or cgere, call a meeting; sentum mittere or dmittere, adjourn meeting referre ad sentum Actg or d Abtg, make a motion in the senate cnsre, give an opinion, vote; decree cernere, decide sententia, vote; (pedibus) re in sententiam, vote for a motion discessi, division; discessinem facere, divide the senate (on a motion) nfrequentia sents, absence of quorum in senate dcernere, dcere, decree, decide; noun dcrtum, decree sents cnsultum or auctrits, decree of senate

30.4
honor, office, distinction, official dignity; honrem petere, seek office status, rank, status (political or civil) ascendere in summum locum cvittis, attain the highest dignity in the state mnus, post, function; mnere fung, administer, discharge an office magistrtus, civil office, magistracy; magistrate; in magistrt esse, manre, be, remain in office; magistrtum habre (obtinre), hold office potests, (magisterial) power, authority dicttor, magister popul, dictator; adj. dicttrius; dicttra, dictatorship; dicttram gerere, be dictator cnsul, consul; rempblicam cnsulibus permittere, give the consuls unlimited powers; Acpn cnsulem facere (reficere), elect (re-elect) c.; c. vitisus, irregularly elected c.; adj. cnsulris; cnsultus, office of c., consulship; cnsultum petere,
adipsc, obtinre, inre; cnsult fung; abre, s abdicre cnsult, resign the c.; cnsult perct, on the

30.3
sentus, senate; in sentum legere, elect to s.; in sentum venre or pervenre, become a senator; ex or d sent icere, d sent movre, sent prohibre,
remove from the s.; dscscere sent, cease to be a senator

decuria, division (one-tenth) of senate

completion of his consulship praetor, praetor; adj. praetrius; praetra, praetorship cnsor, censor; adj. cnsrius; cnsra, censorhsip 46/93

aedlis, aedile; the aedls were curls or plbi; adj. aedlicus quaestor, quaestor; adj. quaestrius; quaestra, quaestorship tribnus, tribune; adj. tribncius; tribntus, tribuneship; dpellere Acpn tribnt, drive out of the tribuneship sella curlis, official seat (used by consuls, praetors and curule aediles) tribnal, platform on which seats of magistrates were placed accnsus, appritor, minor state official stator, magistrate's attendant lictor, lictor fascs, rods and axe ad rempblicam accdere or s cnferre, rempblicam capessere, forum attingere, enter politicial life; d for dcdere, abandon political life prvtus, citizen not holding public office honribus dfnctus, one who has held office

30.5 elections
(honrem) petere, seek office, stand for, be candidate for; pettor, candidate; petti, candidature (nmen) profitr, give in one's name candidtus, candidate (in "toga candida"); m candidtum cnsults profiteor, declare that I am standing for the consulship ambiti, canvassing; verb ambre comitia, public assembly crere, elect cooptre, co-opt; noun cooptti suffrgium, right of voting; vote; voting tablet; s. ferre, suffrgr, give one's vote; s. inre, proceed to vote refrgr, vote against, oppose tabella, voting tablet pnctum, vote; pncta ferre, gain votes manum porrigere, hold up hand (in voting) diribre, sort voting tablets; nouns diribiti, diribitor renntire, announce result repulsa, defeat; repulsam ferre, be rejected

populris, fellow-countryman peregrnus, alien (not Roman citizen) externus, foreign, strange caput, civil rights, status; capite s dminuere or dminu, lose civil rights; capitis dminti, loss of civil rights cvits, citizenship; dnre Acpn cvitte, bestow c. on one; recipere or ascrbere Acpn in cvittem, admit one to the right of c.; largre Dpn cvittem, confer citizenship; adimere Dpn cvittem, deprive one of c. a(d)scscere, admit (as citizen) in integrum restituere, restore to full rights ascrbere, enrol; cnscrptus, on the roll; cnsus, register, burgess roll nota, brand, stigma, nota cnsria, note of censure (in censor's list) relgre, banish (without loss of civil rights or property) exsul, exile; exsilium, exile, banishment; exsili afficere, punish with exile; in
exsilium icere, exigere, expellere, exsilium re, pellere, banish; in pergere, proficsc, go into e.; exsulre, be an exile, live in exile; d exsili revocre, redcere, recall from e.

ex patra icere, patri expellere, cvitte exturbre, expel from the country; iecti, banishment prscrbere, outlaw, proscribe; prscrptus, outlaw; prscrpti, outlawry solum vertere or mtre, go into exile mtr cvitte, be banished exterminre, interdcere Dpn aqu et gn, cvitte or patri pellere, banish

30.7
nbilis, genersus, noble; nbil genere ntus, of noble family nbilits, high birth, aristocracy clrus, illustrious; clrits, renown celeber, renowned, famous; noun celebrits; verb celebrre summ loc ntus, of a noble family; honest loc ntus, of good family humilibus parentibus or obscrs miribus ntus or ortus, of humble birth humilits, obscrits, humble birth gnbilis, obscure, of low birth; noun gnbilits sords, low social status; sordidus, of mean birth, humble 47/93

30.6
cvis, citizen; bonus (optimus) c., a true patriot; c. cerrimus, an ardent patriot; adjs. cvlis, cvicus, civil, civic; cvliter, like a good citizen piets, amor in patriam, patriotism bene d rpblic sentre, be patriotic

patricius, patrician; a patrician; optims, aristocratic; P, aristocracy; optim cvs, optimates; prmrs P, nobles, patricians; procers, prm (or prncips) cvittis, leading men, nobles bona rati, conservative party or attitude equits P, rd equester, capitalist class bon, men of substance, the upper class assiduus, one who pays tribute (citizen of upper classes) hom ingenuus, freeborn man populrs P, people's party aura populris, favour of the masses plbs, plbs, rd plbius, plebeian order, commons; plbius, plebeian; plbcula, rabble prltrius, proletarian, citizen of lower classes tenuirs, tunict, people of the lower classes aerrius, member of lowest class of citizens capite cns, assessed as persons merely, not according to income, but ability to labour novus hom, hom s ortus, a self-made man, upstart facti, party, class, faction; adj. factisus

agrs lberre, free lands from taxation

30.9 offences against state

iniriae pblicae, offences against the state in rpblic peccre, offend against the state conirre contr Ac, enter into a conspiracy against; conirti, plot, conspiracy; prncips conirtinis, heads of conspiracy; c. contr rempblicam; conirtinem invstgre, be on the track of a c.; conirt, conspirators; cnscius (scelerum), accomplice cnsprre, plot together cnsnsi, coiti, consprti, conspiracy novae rs, revolution; novs rbus studre, be eager for revolution tumultus, mtus, uproar, civil war, sudden rising, disturbance sditi, mutiny, insurrection, see 37.3; sditisus, factious, disaffected scdere, secede, revolt; noun scessi dficere ab Ab, revolt from; dfecti, revolt, rebellion d occupand rgn mlr, strive to usurp the government mal or improb (cvs), unpatriotic citizens contr rgem (rempblicam) arma smere, be a rebel; male sentre, be disaffected cvis impius, parricda patriae, traitor; parricdium patriae, treason perduelli, treason; perduellinis or miesttis reus, traitor lx miesttis, law relating to treason miesttem minuere or laedere, be guilty of high treason; miesttis accsre, accuse of treason; miesttis damnre, convict of treason perduellinis idicium, trial for treason

30.8 revenue
aerrium, pblicum, pecnia pblica, treasury, exchequer fiscus, state treasury vectgal, tax, toll; v. impnere, tax; exigere, claim, exact; pendere, pay; locre, farm out; d vectglibus eximere, or levre vectgl, exempt from taxation stipendium, tax (payable in money) portrium, duty on imported and exported goods; portitor, custom-house officer pblicnus, tax-collector manceps, redmptor, contractor locti, contract for right of collecting taxes redmpti, farming of the revenue ______________________________________ pblicre, make public property, confiscate prscrbere, publish (a man) as having forfeited his property, punish with confiscation, confiscate addcere bona Gpn in pblicum, confiscate tribtum, tribute, military tax; t. impnere, impose t.; t. cnferre, facere, pendere, pay t. immnis, exempt from taxation; noun immnits

31 RELIGION
rs dvnae or sacrae, religion

31.1
rs dvna (also P), worship, sacrifice religi, piety; religious scruple; (S or P) religion sacra (P), worship; s. facere, engage in worship; magister sacrrum, high priest mystria, secret worship; adj. mysticus deus, dvus, caelestis (usu. P), god; dea, dva, goddess 48/93

dvnits, divinity ambrosia, food of the gods; nectar, drink of the gods nympha, nymph super, gods above nfer, dwellers below, the dead; Mns, spirits of the dead; gods of the lower world dvnus, caelestis, divine immortlis, undying; noun immortlits nmen, divine power, divine will, deity snctus, holy, inviolable; noun snctits; sacer, sacred, consecrated; accursed sollemnis, religious rtus, caerimnia, sollemne, rite, ceremony rte, with proper rites pompa, solemn or festal procession sacrum, sacred vessel capd, sacrificial bowl venerr, worship; colere, worship (by rites); nouns venerti, cultus; adrre, worship, implore obsecrre Ac, supplicre D, implore; supplex, suppliant adre des, approach the gods as a suppliant precr, invocre, pray, invoke; precs (P), prayer; adhibre p. dis immortlibus, pray to the gods; precti, prayer plcre, appease vtum, prayer celebrre, solemnise, keep a festival pius, pious, devout; noun piets religi, piety, faith; religisus, pious fstus, festal, solemn; diem fstum agere or agitre, keep holiday dis fstus, day on which business could be done; dis nefstus, day on which no official business could be transacted ______________________________________ vovre, dvovre, vow, dedicate; vtum (usu. P), vow, solemn promise; votive offering; vta facere or nncupre, make vows; v. reddere or solvere, fulfil v.; vtvus, promised by vow, given in fulfilment of vow; dvti, consecration, vow sacrre, cnsecrre, dicre, ddicre, dedicate; noun cnsecrti inaugurre, consecrate, e.g. templum mactre, dedicate (as offering) profnus, unconsecrated, profane polluere, desecrate

31.2
cultus derum, sacra pblica, public worship is dvnum, religious law templum, aeds, fnum, dlbrum (usu. P), temple, sanctuary sacellum, sanctuary, chapel sacrrium, shrine, sanctuary ra, altar; ts, suffmentum, incense; lbre, pour out as an offering; lbmentum, libation simulcrum, img, image, statue sacerdtium, priesthood pontifex, pontiff; pontifictus, pontiffship; adj. pontificlis sacerds, priest, priestess; flmen, priest (of particular deity) antistes, antistita, hight priest(ess), overseer of temple collgium, sodlits, sodlicium, college of priests; sodlis, member of such a college virg Vestlis, Vestal virgin sacrificium, sacrifice; verb sacrificre; sacrum facere, perform sacrifice; hostia, victima, animal sacrificed, victim; mactre, immolre, sacrifice, immolate, worship; lstrre, purify (by sacrifice); noun lstrti; litre, sacrifice under favourable conditions

31.3
sacra prvta, household worship Lr, tutelary deity Larrium, household shrine Pents (P), household deities genius, guardian spirit

31.4 impiety; superstition

impius, nefrius, irreligious, ungodly; nouns impiets, neglegentia derum, nllus derum metus, irreligion sacrilegus, sacrilegious, impious; also noun violre des immortls, be impious superstiti, nimia or prva or perversa religi or religi alone, innis timor derum, superstition; superstitine imbtus, steeped in s.; adj. superstitisus, religisus lamia, witch larvae, lmurs, ghosts

49/93

31.5 prophecy
vts, prophet, prophetess, seer, bard sga, prophetess augur, diviner, soothsayer; verb augurr; augurium, augurti, augury, divination haruspex, sortilegus, soothsayer hostia, victim; exta (n P), entrails auspex, bird seer; verb auspicr, take auspices; auspicium, auspices, guidance rculum, oracle men, prdigium, mnstrum, portentum, sign, token, portent; men dtestr, avert an omen faustus, flx, propitious, lucky; nflx, laevus, sinister, unfortunate, unlucky; drus, ill-omened, portentous; obscnum men, evil omen, portent; bons, secunds avibus, with a good omen; in a happy hour; opposite av mal; auspicia secunda (nflcia), good (bad) omens praepes, auspicious (of birds in augury) praerogtva, good omen dvnre, minr, portendere, praecinere, praenntire, vticinr, prophesy; nouns dvnti, vticinti praedcere, foretell; nouns praedicti, praedictum ftidicus, prophesying obnntire, announce an ill omen prcrre, avert ill omen by sacrifice; noun prcrti praesgins malrum animus, a (gloomy) forebodying; praesentre, have a foreboding

lea, die; leam iacere, throw a die tessera, die (with 6 numbers); tessers
iacere

tlus, die (with 4 numbers); tls ldere Venus, best, and canis, worst throw of dice occsi, facults, opportunity accidere, venre, happen, turn out; accidit or vnit, ut adessem, I happened to be present intervenre, happen, occur temerits, chance, accident contingere, obtingere, obvenre, fall to the lot of, befall qucumque vent erunt, whatever may happen ventus, ventum, prventus, exitus, result, issue sc placitum (scil. ds), such was the dispension of heaven

32.2 favourable
flcits, prospera (flrns, secunda) fortna, rs prosperae (secundae), prosperits, good fortune rs flrentissimae, flourishing circumstances rbus ad nostram volunttem fluentibus, things going as we desire flx, fortntus, fortunate, lucky, well-off rs mihi succdit (or without rs), I am successful successus, good result, success peropportn accidit, ut, it is most fortunate that vdere, turn out, result omnia prosper veniunt, prcdunt or succdunt, all goes well prficere, succeed, get on well pulchr est mihi, all goes well with me mihi omnia icunda cecidrunt, all has turned out well for me derum benefici accidit, ut..., happily, by heaven's favour cnsili derum, providentially auspict, at a favourable time

32 CHANCE; FATE
32.1
fortna, csus, fors, chance, fortune;
ldibria fortnae, playthings of fate; tla fortnae, shafts of fate; vulnere fortnae percussus, stricken by misfortune; vaga f., fickle f.; caecus csus, blind chance; mgnus csus, pure

chance; adj. fortutus, accidental forte, fortut, cs, by chance; forte ac cs, by mere chance sors, ftum, lot, fate, destiny ftlis, destined, fated sors, lot, decision by lot; tollere sorts, draw lots; sortr, cast or draw lots; sortti, by lot; sortt, drawing of lots sitella, small urn for drawing lots

32.3 unfavourable
rs adversae, fortna adversa or afflcta, adversity extrm fortn, in greatest distress calamits, csus, clds, ftum, nflcits, pernicis, misfortune, disaster; calamitte percussus, hit by m.; adj. calamitsus fulmina fortnae, blows of misfortune, calamities 50/93

ictus novae calamittis, blow of a fresh misfortune s gravius quid accidat, in case of misfortune s fortna inclnverat, there was a change for the worse incommodum, unfortunate event; importre i., cause trouble labor, hardship, trouble; labrisus, harassed nflx, ill-starred, unfortunate pernicisus, fnestus, fatal, baleful male venre, turn out badly, go ill ctum est d Ab, it is all over with; d summ r ctum est, all is lost

pecniam

pay

down;

numert

numerre or repraesentre, pecnia numerta, cash; solvere, pay in cash;

33 PROPERTY, TRADE
33.1 property
rs, bona (P), fortnae (P), pecnia, property, goods propius, own, peculiar, personal, characteristic rs familiris (or prvta), private property; rem familirem neglegere, mismanage one's estate; r. f. dissipre, squander patrimnium, inherited estate; p. effundere, dvorre, profundere, squander ones inheritance vectgal, income; v. mgnum (tenue), large (slender) i.; praedirum frctus, income from estate possidre, possess, own; possessi, holding, occupation; in possessinem venre or proficsc, come into possession; possessinem bonrum Dpn dare or trdere, give one possession of goods; possessor, holder (not necessarily owner) possdere, take possession of dominus, poet. erus, master, owner, proprietor; dominium, ownership potr, get possession of comparre, procure; noun comparti praedia obligta, mortgaged; opposite solta scapere, acquire possession by long use; noun scapi

repraesentti, payment in cash; (rem) solvere, pecniam pendere or solvere or dissolvere, pnsitre, pay; persolvere, pay completely, in full pnsi, instalment nummus, coin, money; in sus numms mults esse or versr, have plenty of (ready) money; in numms habre, have in ready money aes, money talentum = 60 minae; mina = 100 dnri; dnrius, silver coin (about 8d.) sstertius, nummus, sesterce (about 2d.); sstertia = 1000 sesterces; sstertium = 100,000 sesterces s, penny; sextns, farthing, mite monta, mint locul, casket (with compartments), purse fiscus, money-bag sacculus, marsuppium, pouch, purse crumna, purse (hung round neck) zna, money-belt arca, money-chest, safe thca nummria, money-box ad nummum convenit, it is correct to a penny cdex accept et expns, account-book of income and expenditure

33.3
rich dves, rich; dvitiae, riches; dvitis Acpn augre, enrich ops (P), wealth, resources; opibus (or bons or dvitis or pecni) abundre or flrre or valre, be very well off, be very wealthy rs flrents, affluent circumstances facultts (P), riches opulentus, wealthy; noun opulentia locupls, pecnisus, bene nummtus, wealthy; locupltre, enrich abundns, wealthy; noun abundantia thsaurus, treasure gaza, treasure, riches pecniae cupidus, greedy for money; see also 38.9 frglis, thrifty poor tenuis, poor; t. fortna, humble means; tenuits, poverty 51/93

33.2 money
pecnia, money; mgnae pecniae, large sums of money; pecnis rogre, spend m.; pecniam dvorre, effundere, lacerre, squander m.; noun effsi; pecnis exigere, exact payment; pecnia v expressa, extorted m.; pecniam expedre, gain m.; Dpn

pecniae (G) angustiae (P), straitened means abiectae rs, reduced circumstances difficults nummria, lack of ready money pauper, poor; noun pauperts egns, egnus, destitute; noun egests inopia, need, indigence, privation; inopi labrre or prem, be crushed by want; adj. inops pnria, want, scarcity egre (or indigre) pecniae (or pecni), carre pecni, lack money mendcus, f mulier mendca, beggar; mendcits, indigence; verb mendcre

33.4
give, lend; credit dare, give; see 34 mtuum, loan d tibi pecniam mtuam, crd tibi pecniam, lend you money pecnis apud t occup, lend you money on interest dare tendum, lend; fnus, interest on money lent; fnerr, lend on interest sors, invested capital sra, interest reposcere, demand back fids, credit; f. angusta, low credit crditor, creditor toculli, usurer receive, borrow, owe accipere, receive; in acceptum tibi refer, place to your credit, am indebted to you for mtur, pecnis mtus smere ab Ab, mtu smere, rogre tendum, accipere tendum, borrow pecnis smere mtus, get a loan impendium, interest on a loan dbre, owe; dbitor, debtor; dbitum, debt aes alinum, debt; a. a. contrahere (or facere), run up a debt; in aere alin esse, be in debt; ex aere alin labrre, be burdened with debt; aere alin obru, be over the ears in debt; in aere alin vacillre, stagger under a load of debt; aere alin dmersus, deep in debt; Acpn aere alin obstringere, bring into debt; Dpn aes alinum dnre, cancel a debt; s aere alin exserere or levre or lberre, aere alin exre, get out of debt obaertus, in debt; as noun debtor

bonum nmen, a good debtor nmen (or crdits pecnis or aes alinum) solvere or dissolvere or exsolvere, nmina lberre, discharge a debt versra, borrowing of money to pay a loan solvend nn esse, be insolvent bonam cpiam irre, swear that one is insolvent dcoquere, run through one's fortune conturbre (also with ratinem or ratins), become bankrupt hom drutus, dcoctor, bankrupt ergastulum, workhouse for debtors nect ob aes alinum, be imprisoned or enslaved for debt; nexum inre, become enslaved through debt

33.5 trade
merctus, trade; verb mercr merctra, trade; m. mgna et cpisa, wholesale t.; merctram facere, trade quaestus, trade, calling negtiti, wholesale business, banking business negtitor, merchant, banker; verb negtir; argentrius, banker; merctor, merchant, (wholesale) dealer; caup, retailer, shopkeeper; innkeeper; nstitor, tabernrius, small dealer ______________________________________ merx, vnlia (P), goods, wares, merchandise forum, merctus, macellum (for provisions), emporium, market, market-place nndinae, market day, weekly market nndinti, trafficking, business taberna, shop argentria, bank; argentriam facere, be a money-changer mnsrius, public banker societs, joint-stock company socius, partner selling vndere, sell; rct v., s. dear; male or parv preti v., s. at a sacrifice; vnditre, try to sell; vnditor, seller; vnditi, sale, auction exigere, demand partem octvam preti concdere, allow a discount of 12 1/2 per cent vnre, be sold licre, be on sale 52/93

vnlis, for sale aucti, auction; auctinem prscrbere, announce sale; prscrpti, public notice of sale; tria auctinria, sale-rooms pecniam redigere, get money by selling actum, pacti, compectum (also compactum), conventum, agreement, contract; pacsc, make a bargain; adv. compect, according to agreement; pactor, negotiator ratum facere or habre, ratify, approve stipulr, stipulate, bargain; noun stipulti opus locre, give out a contract; opus condcere, take a contract manceps, redmptor, contractor aestimre, set a price on; mgn a., value highly; aestimti, valuation; aestimtor, appraiser pr nihil dcere Actg, set no value on pretium, price; p. cnstituere or cnficere, fix p.; mgn (parv) preti esse, be worth much (little) impendium, cost, expense rati, reckoning; ratinem reddere, render account; ratins putre cum Abpn, settle accounts with; r. acceptrum et datrum, credit and debit account frctus, lucrum, gain, profit; Actg in lucrs pnere, count as gain; verb lucrr, lucrifacere, merre, earn, gain; quaestus, profit (in trade), gain; adj. quaestusus, profitable, eager for gain; molumentum, advantage, gain; compendium, saving, gain (through saving) pecniam in Gtg mptine cnsmere, invest money in the purchase of; pecniam praedi pnere, invest money in an estate damnum, iactra, loss; d. or iactram facere, incur loss; d. mptr praestre, guarantee purchaser against loss; nn mgn iactr fact, at no great expense dtrmentum, damage, loss; d. capere, incur loss frctus industriae perdere, lose the fruits of industry buying emere, buy; redimere, buy back; mptor, purchaser; mpti, purchase; redmpti, buying back nndinr, chaffer; buy solvere, rem or pecniam solvere, pay crus, dear; noun crits male emere, buy dear; impns preti emere, buy at a high price

pretisus, costly vlis, cheap; vl, cheaply; noun vlits bene emere, buy cheap grts, grtut, for nothing, gratuitously; grts vvere, live rent-free cnstre, cost; nimi cnstat, costs too much smptus, expense, cost; smptum in Actg nsmere, spend money on; adj. smptusus, expensive, costly impendium, impnsa, expense, expenditure; impnsam impnere Dtg, spend money on; sine impendi, nll impns, without cost aucti, auction; licr, bid (at an auction); contr licr, outbid

33.6 inheritance
testmentum, will; t. improbum, invalid w.; t. facere, scrbere or cnscrbere, draw up a w.; t. rumpere or irritum facere, revoke a w.; t. obsgnre, affix seal to w.; testmenta subicere, forge w.; testmenta falsa suppnere, substitue a forged w. tabulae testtae, will logium, codicil lgre, bequeathe lgtum (usu. P), legacy intesttus, intestate hrs, heir, heiress; h. esse Gpn or Dpn, be heir to; h. ex asse, sole h.; Mrcum hrdem facere, nstituere, scrbere, make M. one's heir hrdits, inheritance; hrdittem adre, capere, cnsequ, relinquere; adj. hrditrius herctum cire, divide an inheritance patrimnium, estate inherited from father; see 33.1 exhrdre, disinherit; exhrs, disinherited

33.7 slavery
servitium,
servitte, be perferre, endure

servits, slavery; esse in a slave; servittem s.; servre, be a slave, in

service servus, serva, slave; diminutive servulus, servula; adj. servlis mancipium, ownership; slave verna, home-born slave 53/93

ancilla, female slave vnlis, slave exposed for sale Acpn in servittem asserere, claim as one's slave sub corn (or hast) vndere (venre), sell (be sold) into slavery lber, free; hom lber, free-man; noun lberts; lberlis, befitting a freeborn man ingenuus, ingenua, freeborn man, woman (servitte) lberre, in lberttem vindicre, set free; vindicta, liberation, setting free (of a slave) mittere (servum), manmittere, set free, enfranchise; noun manmissi Acpn in lberttem asserere, declare to be free lbertus, freedman (in relation to previous master) lbertnus, freedman (social status) in servitium dcere, in servittem redigere, abdcere, abstrahere, trdere, enslave, reduce to slavery fugitvus, deserter, fugitive slave ergastulum, workhouse for slaves peclium, private property of a slave dirium, daily ration of slaves

34.2
rogre, poscere, postulre, ask, request, beg, solicit; frtrem librum rog or posc, librum frtre postul, ask my brother for a book; vehementer rogre, demand urgently; nouns rogti, postulti, postultum Actg ex, ab or d Abpn quaerere, ask petere, rre, beg, request, entreat; quae pet, my request; rt tu, at your request dposcere, exigere, demand, require implrre, obsecrre, exposcere, obtestr, beseech; nouns obsecrti, obtestti exrre, move by entreaty supplicre, pray, supplicate; submiss s., beg humbly; noun supplicti, public prayer ad peds Gpn or Dpn accidere or s abicere or pricere or prsternere, cast oneself before the feet of (as a suppliant); tendere ad Acpn mans supplics, stretch out hands in supplication precs P, request; precr, entreat, invoke nstre, demand earnestly, press for rogitre, demand eagerly flgitre, afflgitre, demand violently, solicit, clamour for; nouns flgitti, flgittor ______________________________________ impetrre, obtinre, obtain; impetrbilis, easily obtainable adnuere, nod assent to, grant negre, dnegre, recsre, abnuere, renuere, refuse (a request); noun recsti inexrbilis, inexorable retinre, hold back gravr, refuse, raise objection

q.v. household, 25.1

33.8 bribery
mercs, bribe largr, bribe; noun largti corrumpere, bribe; noun corrupti, corruptla, bribery; corruptor, one who bribes oppgnre Acpn pecni, try to bribe redmpti, bribery vnlis, open to bribery ambitus, illegal canvassing; Acpn ambits or d ambit accsre, charge with bribery

34 OFFER, REQUEST, ORDER, GIVE, ALLOW

34.1
offerre, offer porrigere, offer, hold out accipere, recipere, accept grtus, acceptus, agreeable, acceptable recsre, refuse (an offer); noun recsti

q.v. persuade, urge, 41.61

34.3 order
iubre, imperre, command, order, tell (to do) issum, imperium, command, order; iss, by order; iniss me, without my orders; imperia administrre, issue orders dicere, order, ordain, give orders Dpn praecipere ut subj., enjoin, bid; praeceptum, order, instruction; praecepta dare d Abtg, give orders about; praecepta 54/93

receive o.; p. observre, follow o. mandre, enjoin, commission, order; noun mandtum; mandta persequ or exhaurre, carry out orders praescrbere, order, prescribe; praescrptum, praescrpti, rule, ordinance cgere, compellere, compel continre, restrain forbid vetre, forbid interdcere, forbid (formally) imperre or mandre n ..., forbid prohibre with inf. or Actg and inf., forbid obey prre, oboedre, obsequ, obtemperre, comply with, obey, submit to; nouns obsequium, obtemperti, compliance, obedience oboedins, obedient, compliant dict audins esse D, obey the orders of praecepta observre, comply with precepts

accipere,

ingrtus, ungrateful s memorem probre, show gratitude

34.5 please
s vs, or ss, sds, s libet, (if you) please amb t or amb, I shall be much obliged, I beg you thank you bengn dcis or facis, thank you bengn ac lberliter, you are very kind, thank you very much

34.6 allow
concdere, permittere, sinere, pat, allow, grant, suffer; noun concessi, concessus, permissi venia, permission, leave; veniam petere (dare), ask (give) permission licentia, leave to do as one pleases, licence facile (or aequ anim) pat, acquiesce in cnfitr, grant, concede licet, it is allowed

34.4 give
dare, dnre, give, present, bestow, confer; suppeditre, give, furnish, supply in abundance tribuere, allot, give; tribtum, contribution dnum, mnus, gift; mnusculum, little present praemium, reward; p. expnere or prpnere, promise r.; praemis afficere, reward; p. cnsequ or merre, obtain r. mactre (e.g. honribus), reward trdere, hand over, deliver committere, entrust condnre, surrender, deliver up reddere, restituere, give back, restore thanks grtia, gratitude; grtiae, thanks; grtirum cti, expression of thanks; e grtiam habe, am thankful to him; mximam grtiam habe, am most grateful; parem grtiam referre, return like for like; grtis (also grts) agere, thank, express thanks; grtiam referre, returns thanks, repay, requite, return kindness grtus, thankful, grateful; g. erg or in m fuit, grtum s mihi praebuit, he was grateful to me; grt anim, gratefully

35 AMUSEMENT, SPORT
35.1
iocus, iocti, jest, sport; adjs. iocsus, ioculris; verb iocr ngae, ineptiae, trifles, nonsense; verb ngr dsipere, indulge in trifling scurra, sanni, buffoon, jester; adj. scurrlis

q.v. wit, humour, 41.23

35.2
ldus, game, sport; verb ldere; adj. ldicer, connected with sport, done in sport colldere, play with; collsor, playmate ld, ldicrum, public games, shows; lds hold games; lds celebrre, frequentre, often attend g. friae, festivals, holidays mnus, spectacle; m. dare or dere, provide a show mgnificus, sumptuous, splendid; noun mgnificentia

55/93

35.3
circus, ring, racecourse; (ld) circnss, races spatium, racecourse carcers, barrier, starting-point; calx, mta, turning-point, goal cursus, race palma, wreath, prize; palmris, worthy of a prize aurga, charioteer facti, party of charioteers; there were four, with distinctive colours (f. albta, prasina, russta, veneta) curriculum, race-ground, sports ground stadium, spatium, racecourse, track (for footracing); stadium currere, run a race cursor, runner (in a race)

cmoedia, comedy; adjs. cmoedus, cmicus; tragoedia, tragedy; adj. tragicus, e.g.
ctor, pota

35.4
gladitor, gladiator; adj. gladitrius, e.g. ldus; familia gladitria, band of gladiators murmill, gladiator (with sword, shield and helmet) bstirius, beast-fighter certre, contend; pgns c., box certmen, contest, match harna, arena (in amphitheatre) pugil, boxer; pugiltus, boxing contest caestus, boxing-glove luctr, wrestle; nouns luctti, lucttor palaestra, wrestling school or place; wrestling alpts, master of wrestling school thlta, athlete gymnasium, gymnasium

cothurnus, buskin (of tragedian); soccus, low shoe (of comedian) mmus, mime plaudere, applaud; noun plausus; plausibilis, meriting applause expldere, exsibilre, hoot or hiss of the stage fbula stat, is a success; f. cadit, falls flat, is a failure histri, actor, cantor, artifex scaenicus, scaenicus, actor in scaen esse, be an actor grex, caterva, company, troop persna, mask; character; persnam in scaen tractre, represent a character in a play, play a part parts,character; prmae p., or prmae, principal characters; prms agere, play the chief part; secundae, tertiae p. cmoedus, comedian; tragoedus, tragedian mmus, mma, mime (mute actor, actress) ldi, ldius, pantomimist saltre, dance, act in dumb show; nouns saltti, salttor, salttrx tripudium, dance (originally religious); verb tripudre chora, chorus, (round) dance canticum, song with dance

35.6
ldere pil, play ball ldere troch, trundle a hoop turbinem versre, spin a top

35.5 theatre
ldicra ars, drama thetrum, theatre; adj. thetrlis spectculum, seats of spectators, amphitheatre pulpitum, scaena, stage; adj. scaenicus; ld scaenic, theatrical performances; in scaenam prdre, appear on the stage aulaeum, stage curtain sparium, smaller curtain, drop-scene cavea, spectator's seats; theatre ldicrum, spectculum, stage-play fbula, play; fbula pallita, drama of Greek life; fbula togta, drama of Roman life; fbulam dare or docre, produce a play; fbulam peragere, act a play

36 TOOLS, etc.

MATERIALS,

officna, fabrica, workshop, factory artifex, artisan; artificium, trade, handicraft opifex, workman, mechanic operrius or hom o., workman faber, smith, carpenter; f. ferrrius, blacksmith; f. tgnrius, carpenter; verb fabricr vsculrius, worker in metals mchintor, engineer, architect ______________________________________ instrmentum, usu. collective, instruments ferrmenta, iron tools 56/93

mchina, machine malleus, hammer, mallet incs, anvil follis, pair of bellows excdere, forge, hammer into shape lma, file; verb lmre serra, saw terebra, gimlet forceps, pair of pincers, tongs sclae, ladder; gradus, rung ______________________________________ fodere, dig, excavate nfodere, dig in, bury pla, spade; lig, hoe; dolbra, pickaxe fossor, digger, ditcher ______________________________________ mteria, tgnum, building materials; timber trabs, beam; adj. trablis ascia, secris, axe, hatchet bipennis, double-edged axe dolre, hew clvus, nail; trnstra clvs ferres cnfgere, nail beams cuneus, wedge scalprum, chisel; scalpere, carve

q.v. metals, 23 cs, whetstone ______________________________________ suere, sew, stitch nsuere, sew in acus, needle; ac pingere or pingere, embroider flum, stmen, thread colus, distaff fsus, spindle texere, weave; textum, web, texture tla, web; warp (threads running lengthwise in loom); trma, woof (crosswise)

agmen, army (marching); a. prmum, vanguard; a. extrmum or novissimum (or novissim), rearguard; a. claudere, bring up the rear; novissims carpere, harass the rear; cnfert or quadrt agmine, in close order, with closed ranks acis, army (in battle array) cpiae, forces; mgnae c., a large force; cpis nstruere, draw up f. armtrae, armed troops rbur mlitum, flower of the army, choice troops auxilia, auxiliary troops, i.e. allies and lightarmed troops as opposed to legion; adj. auxiliris, -rius lrs, lri, auxiliary troops accns, reserve troops leginri, heavy-armed troops mles statrius, soldier fighting in the ranks ferentri, vlits, rrri, light-armed troops funditor, slinger, light-armed soldier pedittus, pedestrs cpiae, infantry; pedes, foot-soldier; P pedits, infantry; pedester, on foot, infantry (adj.); pedibus merre, serve with the infantry equittus, equestrs cpiae, cavalry; eques, horseman; collectively, cavalry; equester, cavalry (adj.); equ merre, serve with the cavalry; ex equs pgnre, fight on horseback beneficirius, privileged soldier cal, soldier's servant rdins, ranks; rdins servre, stay in the ranks; cnferts (solts) ordinibus, with closed (open) ranks in orbem cnsistere, orem facere, to form a circle cuneum facere, form a wedge caterva, troop (of barbarians)

37.2
legi, legion (10 cohorts and 300 cavalry); adj. leginrius; legines complre or supplre, bring legions up to full strength Hastt, in front; Prncips, next, Triri, behind prncipia P, van of army, first line of soldiers antesgnn, chosen soldiers who fought in front and in defence of the standards corn, la, wing of army (usu. cavalry); adjs. lris, lrius cohors, cohort (3 maniples), battalion; cohorts facere, levy c.; dispnere 57/93

37 ARMY
37.1
exercitus, army; exercitum nstruere, draw up a.

arrange c.; cohorts explre, bring c. up to full strength manipulus, maniple (2 centuries or companies); adj. manipulris centuria, century, company (of 100, later 60, men); verb centurire, divide into c.; adv. centuritim, by c.'s turma, troop or squadron of cavalry; turmls, horsemen in a t.; adv. turmtim ______________________________________ imperium, command; summa imperi, chief or supreme command; s.i. Dpn dferre, appoint to chief comand; imperium Dpn prrogre, extend period of command; noun prrogti exercitum dcere, command army praeesse D, be in command of praeficere D, put in command of recnsre, recgnscere,review (an army or navy); noun recgniti impertor, commander-in-chief; adj. impertrius dux, general lgt (P), general's staff, officers comittus, retinue, suite lgtus (or later, praefectus) leginis, colonel, general of division praefectus equitum, commander or colonel of cavalry tribnus mlitris or mlitum, military tribune (six to each legion, each in command for two months) centuri, captain prmplus, senior captain (of Triri); prmum plum dcere, be s. c.

cohorts,

voluntri (mlits), volunteers voct, volunteers (who have completed military service) mlitiae (adv.), in military service, on a campaign, in the field; dom mlitiaeque, at home and abroad commetus, vacti, furlough; dare commetum Dpn; esse in commet; vactins omns tollere, stop all leave exercitum comparre, scrbere, cnscrbere, raise an army ad arma conclmre, call to arms dlctus, levy; dlctum habre, hold a levy, recruit conqustor, recruiting officer tr, recruit; cnscrpt, recruits sacrmentum, oath of allegiance, taken on enlisting arma ferre posse, be fit for military service mlitiam perennem facere, serve for a year immnis mliti, exempt from military service; mlitiae vacti, exemption from m. s.; mlitiam dtrectre, avoid m. s. sditi, mutiny; sditinem concitre, movre, facere, cnflre, stir up m.; sdre, bring to an end (by gentle means); comprimere, suppress; adj. sditisus mittere, dmittere (e.g. legins), disband; meritus, (honourably) discharged novae cpiae, supplmentum, reinforcements subsidium or -ia (P), reserves; s. submittere, send up r.

37.4
tlum, weapon (missile); vs tlrum, crbra tla, shower of missiles; intr (extr) iactum or coniectum tl, within (out of) range; tla iacere,

37.3
mles, soldier; m. gregrius, manipulris, private s.; m. leginrius, soldier of the line; adj. mlitris; verb mlitre, serve as a soldier vetus mles, veternus (mles), tried soldier, veteran senirs, Roman citizens between forty-five and sixty, summoned to military service only in an extreme emergency stipendium,pay; s. merre or merr, go on a campaign; quna stipendia merre, serve five years; stipendia merre, complete term of service; adj. stipendirius, serving for pay mercnnri mlits, mercenaries

conicere, adigere, immittere, mittere, hurl, discharge; tla ricere,

return missile, missile arma, arms; a. tractre, wield a.; in arms, under a.; v et arms, by force of a.; a. expedre, hold a. in readiness; a. smere or capere, take up a.; a. nferre, invade; ab arms discdere, arma pnere, lay down a.; a. abicere, throw away a.; verb armre armtus, armed; armtra, equipment; inermis, unarmed; expedtus, lightly armed (soldier), ready for battle; impedtus, in heavy marching order 58/93

sarcina, bundle; (P), baggage; sarcins colligere or cnferre, collect b.; impedmenta (P), baggage of an army, baggage train vsa, military equipment, baggage ______________________________________ commetus (S or P), provisions, supplies; mgna vs commets, abundant supplies; hosts commet intercldere or prohibre, cut off the enemy's supplies cibria (P), rations, fodder frmentum, grain; frmentr, get food (for soldiers); rem frmentriam expedre or comparre or prvidre or d r frmentri prvidre, provision suppetere, be available, in abundance, hold out (of supplies) imentum, pack animal pbulum, fodder; verb pbulr, forage; nouns pbulti, pbultor cassis, helmet (usu. metal) galea, helmet (usu. leather) lrica, (leather) cuirass clipeus, (round) shield parma, (small round) shield sctum, (oblong) shield caetra, small leather shield; adj. caetrtus pelta, (light) shield; peltastae, troops armed with pelta umb, boss of shield; shield paldtus, dressed in paldmentum, military cloak sagum, military cloak; saga smere or ad saga re, take up arms; in sags esse, be under arms; sagulum, small military cloak balteus, girdle, belt ______________________________________ nsis, gladius, sword; gladium stringere, dstringere, dcere, draw s.; in gladium incumbere, fall on s. vgna, sheath, scabbard; gladium in vgnam recondere, sheathe one's sword mcr, acis, point, edge pugi, sca, dagger hasta, spear; hastle, shaft of spear lancea, lance, spear plum, vertum, javelin iaculum, dart, javelin gaesum, heavy javelin of Gauls iacultor, dart-thrower contorqure, hurl

spculum, iron tip (of spear or arrow) arcus, bow; arcum intendere, draw b.; sagitta, arrow pharetra, poet., quiver funda, sling; glns, sling-stone funditor, slinger sgnum, vexillum, standard; aquila, standard (of legion) sgnifer, vexillrius, aquilifer, standardbearer

q.v. trumpet, 13.2

37.5 on the march

q.v. agmen, 37.1 sgna ferre or movre or vellere or convellere, break up camp, begin a march; sgna sequ, march in military order iter facere, march; iter intermittere, stop marching; extents itineribus, by forced marches; mgns itineribus contendere, hasten with forced marches; ex (or in) itinere, on the march; itinere continut, marching continuously prgred, sgna movre or ferre or prferre, advance; contendere, festnre, mtrre, push on, hurry, hasten sgna convertere, face about, march in another direction, change one's route cnsistere, sgna cnstituere, halt nsidiae, ambush; locus ad nsidis aptus, a suitable ambush; nsidir D, lie in ambush for; mlits in nsidis collocre, station soldiers in ambush opprimere, surprise, catch intercldere, cut off ______________________________________ explrtor, spy, scout specultor, scout, reconnoiterer missrius, emissary, scout, spy explrre, reconnoitre

37.61 war
bellum, war expedti, campaign; stipendia merre or merr, go on a campaign bellicsus, pgnx, ferx, warlike; imbellis, unwarlike 59/93

rebelli, revolt, rebellion; adj. plp rebellis; verb rebellre, renew war dfecti, revolt; verb dficere hostis, enemy; (P), enemy (collectively) hostlis, nfstus, inimcus, hostile hosticus, belonging to enemy peace px, peace pcre, make peaceful; pctus, in a state of peace indtiae, truce, armistice; indtis facere, arrange t.; i pepigisse, have arranged t.; i tollere, terminate t.; i violre, break t. condicins, terms; c. ferre, offer terms of surrender; c. aequae, fair, favourable t.; c. inquae, harsh t. obses, hostage; obsids dare, give h.; o. inter s dare, exchange h.; o. accipere, accept h.; o. hostibus impnere, exact h. socius, ally; societs, league, alliance; societtem cum Abpn core, cnflre, inre or statuere foedus, treaty; ex foedere, according to a t.; f. facere, ferre, cere, pangere, ratify a treaty; f. frangere, rumpere, violre, break a t.

ferre atque agere praedam, plunder (agere of cattle)

37.63 battle
proelium, battle; proelir, join battle pgna, fight, battle; verb pgnre manum (or mans) cnserere, mans or arma cnferre, or pedem cnferre, engage in close combat, join battle cnflgere arms, arms congred, fight; noun congressus proelium or bell or ferr or arms dcernere, fight a battle certre, dmicre, struggle; nouns certmen, dmicti comminus, in close (single) combat, hand to hand minus, at at distance suitable for missiles ad hostem re, sgna ferre in hostem, prpgnre, advance to attack impetus, onset, attack; impetum facere, charge imprvsus, unexpected; adv. imprvs, d or ex imprvs impgnre, attack, e.g. Galliam; noun impgnti oppgnre, assault ricere, force back, repulse locus, position; locum capere, seize p.; in loc perstre, hold one's ground; loc cdere or excdere, give g. hosts grad dmovre, make enemy yield ground praeoccupre (e.g. colls), occupy first

37.62 raid
mlits (legins, cohorts, exercitum) dcere, lead forth, march out, take the field sgna prferre, sgna nferre (in Ac), march to the attack; aggred, adorr, invdere, attack arma ultr nferre, be the aggressor incurrere, incursinem, incursum, excursinem facere, make a raid (on); via excursinibus nfsta, road unsafe owing to raids hosts dprehendere, fall upon, surprise enemy dfendere, defend; ab hostibus m d. repgnre, resistere D, resist sustinre, check repellere, prpulsre, drive back ______________________________________ vstre, lay waste; agrs v., lay waste the country; vstits, devastation; vstti, laying waste populre or -r, lay waste, plunder; nouns populti, popultor ferr gnque, with fire and sword

37.64 confusion and retreat

tumultus, confusion, disturbance; tumultusus, tumulturius, disorderly perturbre, throw into confusion; perturbr, fall into c.; noun perturbti trepidre, get confused cnctr, hesitate labrre, be hard pressed receptus, retreat; sgnum receptu, signal for retreat; receptu canere, sound a retreat s recipere, s or pedem or gradum referre, or referr, retreat, retire dcertre, dpgnre, fight to a finish anceps, uncertain, indecisive; a. stetit pgna, the issue was uncertain aequ Mrte or aequs condicinibus pgnre, or aequ proeli discdere, fight indecisively, a drawn battle 60/93

37.65 pursuit, flight, desertion

nsistere, sequ, nsequ, cnsectr, persequ, prsequ, nstre Dpn, press upon, pursue fugre, pellere, in fugam dare or conicere or impellere or vertere or convertere, put to flight, rout fuga, flight; s fugae dare or mandre, s in fugam dare or cnferre, fugam capere or petere, terga vertere or convertere or dare, s in fugam concitre, take to flight; fugam sistere, stay, arrest flight fugere, effugere, prfugere, flee refugere, flee back, escape vdere, escape trnsre, dscscere ab Abpn ad Acpn, perfugere, rarely trnsfugere, ab sgns discdere, sgna relinquere or dserere, desert perfuga, trnsfuga, dsertor, deserter

victor, victrx, conqueror; victor (oftener superior) discdere, come off victorious vincere, domre, subdue, conquer; domitor, conqueror indomitus, inexpgnbilis, invictus, unconquerable proeli superior esse, be victorious (in battle) dtrimentum afferre or nferre, inflict defeat; d. accipere or capere, be defeated superre, overcome prflgre, overwhelm, crush subigere, in potesttem redigere, subdue hostem arms exuere, disarm enemy capere, captvum facere, take prisoner sub iugum mittere, send under the yoke sub corn (or hast) vndere, sell into slavery surrender dditi, trditi, surrender, capitulation; in dditinem accipere, receive the surrender of trdere (e.g. urbem), surrender; mans dare or ddere, s ddere, arma trdere, in dditinem venre, in fidem atque potesttem s permittere, surrender (intrans.) victrs ram dprecr, ask for quarter; saltem petere, beg for mercy mortem dprecr, beg for life; Acpn (incolumem) cnservre, grant a man his life captus, captive, prisoner potestt alterius s submittere, become subject to; subiectus, subject in offici continre Ac, keep in submission; in offici permanre, remain in submission

37.66 disaster, slaughter

clds, defeat, disaster caeds, strgs, carnage, slaughter interneci, massacre, carnage concdere, cut to pieces trucdre, contrucdre, butcher; noun trucdti dlre, wipe out salvus, incolumis, intctus, safe, unharmed, uninjured exsanguis, exhausted, worn out vulnerre, wound; vulnera excipere, get wounded saucius, wounded; verb saucire, wound, disable vulneribus cnfectus, exhausted by wounds iacent mlitum anim, the soldiers' spirits are broken (exercitus) attrtus, exhausted

37.7 camp
oppidum, arx, castellum, castrum, fort, stronghold; castrum ntr loc mntum, fort with strong natural position; adjs. castrnsis, castellnus castra (P), camp; c. capere, locum ad c. (or castrs) idneum dligere, choose a site for a camp; c. facere, pnere or mnre, pitch c., encamp; c. movre, break up or shift c.; mlits castrs tenre, keep the soldiers in camp statva or castra statva, stationary camp cnsdere, encamp, take up a position sgna convellere, strike camp hberna or castra hberna, winter quarters; hberncula, winter tents 61/93

37.67 victory
victria, victory; v. certa or haud dubia, complete v.; vincere, victriam adipsc, expedre, parere, reportre, victri potr, rem obtinre, gain a victory; victriam temperre, use v. with moderation dvincere, conquer completely

aestva, summer camp praesidium, garrison tabernculum, tent sub pellibus, under tents, in camp praetrium, general's tent prncipia P, open space in camp, general's quarters praefectus castrrum (or castrs), quartermaster vigilia, watch, guard, sentinel; vigilis dispnere, post sentinels; verb vigilre; vigilantia, watchfulness esse in speculs, be on the look-out custdia (usu. in P), excubiae, guard, sentry; excubre, keep watch mniti, fortification; mnitins facere, erect; locum mnitinibus frmre, fortify; m. prruere, demolish mnmentum (usu. P), fortifications, entrenchments, (fortified) lines opera facere, raise siegeworks mnre, commnre, mnre, fortify, entrench; permnre, fortify completely exstruere, heap up, construct; noun extrcti moenia (P), ramparts; moenia or mrum complre, man the walls; cstdis in mr dispnere, stations sentinels on the wall mrs (cuncul) subruere or suffodere or cunculum facere, undermine walls vllum, rampart, palisade; castra vll cncta, camp surrounded by a rampart; vllum dcere or exstruere, raise a r.; v. scindere, demolish a r.; vllre, entrench vallus, stake; palisade cipp, palisade agger, mound, earthwork; aggerem iacere,
exstruere, nstruere fossa, trench; fossam dcere,

37.8 siege
obsdere, circumsedre, besiege, blockade, invest obsidi, obsessi, circumsessi, siege, blockade; abscdere or absistere, or obsidinem relinquere, raise a siege; obsidine lberre, raise a siege (of the relieving army); corna obsidilis, awarded for relieving town from siege mchina, military engine turris, tower; turrem excitre, erect t.; tormentum, ballista, catapulta, siege catapult, engine for hurling missiles; falrica, missile thrown by catapult; aris, battering ram testd, roof of shields; vnea, msculus, mantlet; vnes agere, advance m.; pluteus, shed to protect besiegers; scls pnere or admovre, apply scaling-ladders; scls moenia temptre, attack walls with scaling-ladders falcs mrls, hooks for pulling down walls fams, starvation; fam domre, reduce by starvation; fame cnsm or necr, die of starvation sitis, thirst pestis, pestilentia, plague rupti, excursi, excursus, sally, sortie;
ruptinem facere, excurrere, castrs rumpere, sally forth from camp,

make a sortie ______________________________________ oppgnti; abandon a. expgnre, v capere, take by storm; noun expgnti; adj. expgnbilis oppidum vertere, funditus dlre, raze a town to the ground; o. dripere, sack t. ports obstruere, refringere, barricade, break open the gates noun
oppgntinem dmittere,

oppgnre,

assault;

make a trench

______________________________________ dispnere, arrange, station stati, outpost, post, picket; in statine, on guard; statinem agere, keep guard; cpis in statins collocre or pnere, assign troops to their posts; statins pnere or dispnere, set pickets; in statinem succdere, relieve incautus, imprvidus, imprdns, heedless, not foreseeing, off one's guard

37.9 spoils, etc.

spolire, pillage, sack; spolia, spoils; opma spolia, spoils of honour (taken on field of battle by victorious from vanquished general); spoliti, robbing, plundering dripere, pillage, sack complre, explre, plunder, pillage praeda, poet. exuviae, spoil, booty; praedr, make booty praemium, booty, reward 62/93

manubiae, money obtained from sale of booty mercs, recompense decus, glory; decorre, honour triumphus, triumph; adj. triumphlis; verb triumphre; triumphum dportre; triumphum Trin dcernere, decree a t. to T. ovre, celebrate an ovti (lesser triumph) tropaeum, monument of victory

fma, (good, rarely bad) reputation; adj. fmsus glria, fame, renown; adj. glrisus splendor, honour, dignity; splendidus, noble, illustrious inclutus, famous, renowned bene audre, be well spoken of ______________________________________ anim prvits, depravity, vice vitium, defect, fault, blemish; vitia pnere, give up faults; vitia extirpre, root out, eradicate faults ddecet, it is not seemly or proper; ddecus, disgrace prvus, corruptus, depraved, vicious; noun corrupti vitisus, wicked, vicious

38 CHARACTER
38.1
ntra, natural disposition, character; ntrae bonits, good natural gifts animus, character indols, disposition, temperament (usu. moral); bon indole praeditus, highly gifted affecti, disposition praeditus Abtg, endowed or gifted with, possessed of ntr subrntus, endowed by nature ______________________________________ mrs P, character (mode of life); hom bene (male) mrtus, of good (bad) character; mrlis, moral ingenium, character (usu intellectual); i. tortusum, not frank proprius, personal, characteristic; proprium, propriets, characteristic singulria, idiosyncrasies ______________________________________ anim mgnitd, greatness of soul rctus, honourable, upright; rctum, uprightness, rectitude vir snctus, blameless, pious man; snctits, piety, honour decet, it is becoming, proper; decns, seemly; noun decentia virts, manliness, virtue; virtte praeditus, virtuous; virttem colere, sequ, practise goodness; vir experte virttis, of tried worth modestus, virtuous, moral ______________________________________ exstimti, good name, reputation, credit

q.v. 47.2 ______________________________________ nfmia, gnminia, opprobrium, disgrace, dishonour; nfmi flagrre, be sunk in dishonour; nfmis, disreputable; nfmre, dishonour flgitium, ddecus, disgrace, dishonour, shame probrum, disgrace; disgraceful act foedus, dishonourable; foedre, disgrace, dishonour male audre, stand in bad repute

38.2
bonus, good; comp. melior, superl. optimus lberlis, ingenuus, genersus, honourable, gentlemanly, noble-minded; nouns lberlits; ingenuits urbnus, polite, refined; urbnits, courtesy, refinement legns, choice, tasteful; legantia, good taste, refinement gravis, venerable, eminent; gravits, dignity, seriousness miests, dignity, grandeur mgnanimus, high-souled; nouns mgnanimits, mgnitd anim mgnificus, noble, distinguished; noun mgnificentia gregius, distinguished, eminent, honourable eximius, distinguished, exceptional 63/93

illstris, distinguished, brilliant nbilis, distinguished, superior; noun nbilits celsus, noble minre, excellere, flrre, praecellere, be conspicuous, eminent; vir anim et virtte praecellns, a man of excellent character hrs, illustrious man probus, honest, upright; noun probits specttus, respected, worthy honestus, honourable, virtuous, respected; noun honests apertus, simplex, frank, honest; noun simplicits praestns, sublmis, superior, preeminent, distinguished summ vir, vir praestantissim or singulrs, great men ______________________________________ malus, bad; comp. pior, superl. pessimus; also dterior, dterrimus illberlis, ignoble, ungenerous, mean; noun illberlits humil abiectque anim, mean-spirited sordidus, low-born, mean, vile dgener, degenerate, base; verb dgenerre animus pusillus or angustus or mintus, petty spirit nus (or d) mults, an ordinary man mediocris, ordinary, undistinguished ignbilis, ignoble improbus, unprincipled inhonestus, dishonourable vulgus, the common herd sords, faex, the dregs, rabble hom nihil, hom luteus, a worthless man

perviccia; obstinre, be firmly resolved; obstint anim, with mind made up; obstinti sententiae, adherence to one's principles affrmtus, obstinate tenx, steadfast, persistent pertinx, firm, unyielding (also obstinate); noun pertincia weak, fickle impotns, immodertus, incontinns, intemperns, unrestrained, having no selfcontrol intemperantia, intemperis, lack of restraint, intemperate conduct petulns, capricious; noun petulantia dbilis, weak (of mind); noun dbilits nervtus, unnerved, weakly veternus, sloth, enervation mbilis, levis, incnstns, subitus, varius, ventsus, fickle, inconstant, unreliable; nouns mbilits, levits anim, incnstantia, fickleness, want of principle nfrmus, weak (in character); nfrmo anim esse, be inconstant

q.v. weakness, 38.5

38.4 faithful
fids, faith, trust, loyalty; fidem praestre, keep one's word; fidem fallere, break faith; fidem tibi habe, put faith in you, place reliance on you; adjs. fidlis, fdus, faithful, trustworthy; noun fidlits fdere Dpn, trust spectre in Acpn, rely on; specttus, tried, tested frtus Ab, relying on pius, loyal, devoted, faithful; noun piets faithless nfidlis, nfdus, perfidus, perfidisus, faithless, treacherous, disloyal; nouns nfidlits, perfidia diffdere Dpn, distrust; noun diffdentia Acpn fid abdcere, render disloyal

38.3 strong, firm

modestia, (anim) moderti, self-control; adj. modestus tempertus, moderate, restrained; temperantia, moderation, self-restraint continentia, moderation rbur anim, strength of mind; adj. rbustus, e.g. animus; verb corrborre, strengthen, steel constns, stabilis, frmus, firm, steadfast; nouns cnstantia, stabilits, frmits, resolution, determination, stability, endurance obstintus, pervicx, determined, steadfast (also obstinate); nouns obstinti,

38.5 strength, courage

ferx, bold, martial, high-spirited; ferciter, with spirit; fercia, fercits, spirit, vigour, bravery 64/93

audre, dare; audx, bold, resolute; also rash; noun audcia animus, high courage, spirit; anims tollere Dpn, raise the spirits of; animsus, spirited spritus, courage; sprits remittere, lose c. animus praesns, resolute spirit fdciae plnus, courageous virttem praestre, show courage s cnfrmre, take courage fdns, confident, bold fortis, strong, brave, sturdy; fortitd, courage, bravery virts, courage (also virtue); virttem praestre, show c. intrepidus, plp, undaunted weakness, cowardice timidus, timid, cowardly; noun timidits gnvus, cowardly; gnvia, cowardice imbcillus, weak, feeble, noun imbcillits fragilis, frail; noun fragilits mollis, unmanly, weak; mollitia, mollitis, weakness, irresolution; molliti fluere, be relaxed, slack effmintus, womanish, effeminate anim dficere or succumbere, be disheartened, lose heart

glria, glriti, boasting; glrir, boast, be proud of glrisus, vainglorious s iactre d Ab, ostentre Ac, bullre Ac, boast of; nouns iactti, ostentti salac, braggart

38.7 prudence, caution, forethought

cnsilium, prudence; cnsili Gpn nt, rely on one's p. prdns, discreet, prudent; prdentia, prudence sensus commnis, discretion, tact snus, sane, rational, discreet; snits, sanity, good sense; ad snittem redcere Acpn, bring to reason; ad snittem revert or redre or s convertere, return to one's senses attentus, crisus, dligns, careful, attentive, cautious; noun dligentia cautus, prvidns, prvidus, cautious; nouns cauti, prvidentia, prvsi providre Actg anim, foresee cnsdertus, circumspect, cautious sbrius, moderate, sensible cnsultum, (something) well considered rashness, indignation vehemns, violentus, impetuous, ardent; noun violentia praeceps, hasty, rash temerrius, incnsdertus, thoughtless, rash; noun temerits; temere, rashly, at random effrnti, unbridled impetuosity neglegns, careless, inattentive, reckless incautus, imprvidus, imprdns, heedless, improvident, off one's guard; noun imprdentia incnsultus, unadvised, indiscreet

38.6 modesty
pudor, modesty pudcus, modest, chaste; noun pudcitia modestus, submissus, modest, unassuming; noun modestia vercundus, modest, bashful; vercundia, shyness, reverence pride, insolence, boastfulness su fdcia, self-confidence superbus, arrogns, nsolns, fastdisus, celsus, proud, haughty, disdainful; nouns superbia, arrogantia, nsolentia, fastdium, fastus supercilium, arrogance audcia, impudence, insolence, audacity petulns, impudent; noun petulantia nsolenter s efferre, swell with insolence procx, insolent, impertinent; noun proccits protervus, impudent, impertinent; noun protervits contumx, obstinate, insolent; noun contumcia vnus, mgnificus, boastful; noun vnits, mgnificentia

38.8 pleasant, mild

icundus, suvis, pleasant, agreeable, charming; nouns icundits, suvits hilaris, cheerful; noun hilarits remissus, cheerful, genial bonits, goodness, kindness, friendliness, benevolence grtus, pleasing, agreeable placidus, gentle, calm grtisus, popular, beloved, obliging, agreeable commodus, prlixus, agreeable, obliging, friendly 65/93

aequus, kind clmns, lnis, mnsutus, gentle, lenient; nouns clmentia, lnits, mnsutd mtis, gentle, mild hmnus, kind, courteous; noun hmnits almus, kind beneficus, obliging; beneficium, kind deed; benefici afficere, treat well; beneficentia, beneficence propitius, favourable, gracious officium, favour, courtesy; mtti officirum, mutual services hc (Ac) tibi grtificor, do you this favour bengnus, friendly; noun bengnits cmis, affable, genial, courteous; noun cmits festvus, jovial, agreeable facilis, benevolus, good-natured, kind; nouns facilits, benevolentia severe, harsh sevrus, stern, austere; noun sevrits drctus, severe asper, harsh, violent, cruel; noun asperits truculentus, trux, grim, harsh atrx, grim, truculent, severe; noun atrcits importnus, harsh, churlish; noun importnits acerbus, bitter, harsh amrus, caustic, bitter drus, hard, merciless, unfeeling; noun dritia ferreus, hard-hearted, cruel trstis, morose, stern; noun trstitia difficilis, ill-tempered, surly; noun difficults mrsus, peevish, fretful; noun mrsits inhmnus, savage, churlish, discourteous; noun inhmnits saevus, ferx, fierce, violent, savage; nouns saevitia, fercia, fercits crdlis, cruel, hard-hearted; crdlits, cruelty; crdlittem exercre, display c.

stingy, miserly parcus, thrifty, niggardly; noun parsimnia malgnus, tenx, stingy, closefisted avrus, miserly, covetous; noun avritia studium lucr or habend, greed

39 WORK, DUTY
39.1 work, effort
labor, work; s labre drre, strengthen oneself by hard work; nn parcere labr, spare no pains; verbs labrre, laborre Actg or Abtg lcbrti, working by night, work done by night opus, labour, effort; o. efficere or perficere, perform work; diminutive opusculum cntus, effort, exertion; cnts Gpn nfringere, counteract one's e. opera, work, exertion; operam dare D, bestow care on, take pains over; operae pretium est, it is worth while; oleum et operam perdere, lose one's time and trouble mls, mlmen, mlmentum, exertion contenti, intenti, effort, exertion, straining nt, adnt, cnt, nt, mlr, contendere, exert oneself, strive; summ or mxim ope nt, make supreme efforts expetere, strive for sdre, work hard; noun sdor accrre, do with care omnia summa facere, do one's utmost pr virl parte, summ v, to the best of one's ability, with all one's might operam nvre Dtg, work hard at, carry out energetically; adj. nvus, busy, active negtium, business, trouble occuptus, busy; occupti, occupation coeptum, inceptum, undertaking cnficere, perficere, peragere, absolvere, complete, carry through fung Ab, perform (as a duty), discharge; fncti, execution efficere, contrive, accomplish; efficere ut subj., succeed in (a design); effecti, effectus, carrying out, performance; efficx, effective Actg retractre, take up again rem prosper gerere, win a success; prosper venre, turn out well. See also 32.2 dispnere, arrange; noun dispositi 66/93

38.9 generous, liberal

largus, bountiful, liberal; largr, give freely, lavish; nouns largti, largits bengnus, obliging, liberal; noun bengnits lberlis, mnificus, generous, liberal; nouns lberlits, mnificentia pln man, generously smptusus, prdigus, extravagant, wasteful; hom smptusus, spendthrift

39.2 leisure
tium, leisure, ease, idleness; tisus, at leisure, lazy; tisus sum, enjoy repose; tir, take one's leisure, be at l. s ab omn occuptine expedre, put all work aside cessre, be at leisure, have nothing to do; nouns cessti, idling; cesstor, idler tempus vacuum, leisure; vacuus, disengaged; anim vacu esse, be disengaged; vacre, be at leisure subsicva tempora, leisure hours fritus, disengaged, idle nihil agere, be idle

invtus, unwilling gravt, gravtim, unwillingly

39.5 easy
facilis, prclvis, easy; noun facilits facile, easily, with ease nll negti, without difficulty, without trouble

39.6 difficult
difficilis, difficult, hard; noun difficults aegr, vix, difficulter, with difficulty arduus, very difficult labrisus, opersus, toilsome rs est multae operae, it is a hard piece of work onus, burden spissim opus, a lengthy, laborious, troublesome piece of work contorti, intricacy, complication

q.v. amuseument, sport, 35 q.v. rest, 39.9

39.3 vain effort

nihil agere, lose one's labour, effect nothing nihil prdesse, be useless r nfect, without result frstr, in vain, without effect nququam, in vain, to no purpose irritus, vain, useless, ineffectual

39.7 industrious, eager; care

industrius, labrisus, opersus, industrious; noun industria sdulus, dligns, painstaking; nouns sdulits, dligentia, attentiveness attentus, intentus, attentive, industrious assiduus, assiduous cer, alacer, impiger, rctus, strnuus, vegetus, eager, keen, active, energetic; nouns crimnia, energy; alacrits, enthusiasm; impigrits, energy, diligence prmptus, ready, willing studium, zeal; studisus, keen, eager studis dditus, an eager student nihil praetermittere qun subj., leave nothing undone cra, care crre, prcrre, look after, attend to prspicere, prvidre, provide for invigilre, be concerned for animum attendere ad Ac, respicere, pay attention to, have regard for; noun respectus Gpn ratinibus (interests) cnsulere or prspicere or prvidre, consult, provide for ratinem habre Gtg, have regard for, see to, be concerned about

39.4 duty
mnus, officium, pnsum, duty; officisus, obliging, ready to serve pius, dutiful (e.g. son, parent); noun piets prvincia, official duty, charge idicis (etc.) est Inf., it is the duty of a judge (etc.) to ... oportet, it is proper, (I) ought, it is (my) duty velle, be willing sponte me, of my own accord libenter, willingly me voluntte, voluntarily, of my own free will ______________________________________ cgere, compellere, subigere, compel

q.v. urge, 41.6 v, per vim, forcibly nlle, be unwilling 67/93

39.8 idle; neglect

gnvus, piger, sgnis, scors, idle, lazy, sluggish, dilatory; nouns ignvia, pigritia, sgnitia, sgnits, scordia nebul, idle rascal remissus, iners, slack, indolent; paul remissus, with some want of energy refrgerr, refrgscere, relanguscere, grow languid languidus, sluggish, listless, inactive lentus, easy-going, phlegmatic; noun lentitd dsidia, inertia, inactivity; adj. dsidisus liquscere, grow slack incria, carelessness, neglect neglegere, drelinquere Actg, desse Dtg, neglect; nouns neglegentia, drelicti indormre Dtg, be careless over id facere intermsit, he has neglected to do it omittere, leave undone (designedly) praetermittere, leave undone (undesignedly); praetermissa repetere, make good what had been left undone posthabre, postpnere, neglect, sacrifice

39.9 weariness, rest

lassitd, weariness, fatigue dfetsc, grow weary, be exhausted fessus, dfessus, plp lassus, weary, tired fatgtus, dfatgtus, cnfectus (labre), exhausted; nouns fatgti, dfatgti langure, be faint, wearied; languscere, grow faint quiscere, rest, leave off; noun quis; s quit dare or trdere, quitem capere, take rest; adj. quitus, at rest acquiscere, conquiscere, repose, find rest requis, rest, recreation; verb requiscere reficere, restore, refresh; s r., rest tranquillits, peacefulness

sapientia, wisdom, discernment, intelligence, philosophy; doctrs sapientiae, philosophers; adj. sapins sapere, be wise resipscere, recover sense omns ineptis excutere, put away childish things rudti, learning, knowledge studium, study; studis obsequ or s imbuere, devote oneself to s.; in aliquod s. incumbere, devote oneself to some s. litterae, scholarship, learning; litterrum occupation with l.; s tractti, litters (Ab) or in litters abdere or s litters involvere, bury oneself in l.; tnctus litters, steeped in l., a thorough scholar philosophia, philosophy; philosophus, sapins, philosopher; philosophiam profitr, philosophr, be a philosopher by profession; philosophiae vacre, devote oneself to p. secta, haeresis, philosophical school sophists, sophist prdentia, (practical) prudence, good sense; adj. prdns snsus commnis, common sense vir mgn cnsili or idici frm praeditus, man of sound judgment pertia, sus, experience, practical knowledge pertus, imbtus s, experienced ______________________________________ sctus, usu. poet. of persons, shrewd, wise, skilful crisus, desirous of knowing, inquisitive; noun crisits asttus, argtus, shrewd; noun argtiae, wit, subtlety, shrewdness verstus, adroit, ingenious callidus, sollers, clever, expert; sollertia, shrewdness, ingenuity, dexterity subtlis, subtle; noun subtlits perspicx, acute, penetrating

40 LEARNING, KNOWLEDGE
40.11 wisdom, knowledge
scientia, knowledge; scre, know artis praecepta, theory cgniti, knowledge, acquaintance (with things) omnis doctrna, every branch of learning disciplna, knowledge, science, whatever is taught

q.v. caution, forethought, 38.7 doctus, learned, versed, experienced studisus, studious, learned rudtus, learned, well-informed, experienced philologus, learned, scholarly; as noun, scholar, savant; philologia, love of learning specultor, inquirer, investigator 68/93

gnrus, scins, skilful, expert actus, sagx, shrewd, sagacious; nouns acmen, sagcits

40.21 school; teacher

disciplna, doctrna, teaching, training hom ducre, dcere, educate; lberliter ductus, a well-educated man ldus, schola, gymnasium, school audtrium, lecture room magister, master praeceptor, teacher professor, public teacher, professor grammaticus, teacher of language and literature, scholar sella, teacher's chair nstituere, nstruere, nfrmre, docre, praecipere (e.g. d arte dcend), rudre, artibus nficere (puerum), teach, instruct; nouns nstitti, rudti docre, teach thoroughly (iuvens) ad studium incitre, urge to work praeceptum, nrma, rule, precept frmula, rule, method rgula, rule, model, pattern rati, system, doctrine, tenet; ratine et vi, systematically inventa, doctrines, opinions initia P, first principles explicre, set forth, explain; rs involts e., e. what is complicated; nouns explicti, explictor; adj. inexplicbilis interpretr, explain; noun interpretti explnre, explain; nouns explnti, explntor elementa P, rudiments

40.12 folly, ignorance

nscientia, ignorance, inexperience nsctia, stupidity, incompetence nescre litters, be without a liberal education barbarus, ignorant; nouns barbaria, barbaris impertus, inexperienced, ignorant in philosophi inermis, not versed in p. idita, ignorant person, layman incallidus, unintelligent hebes, stupidus, stultus, fatuus, stolidus, nsctus, tardus, brdus, dull, stupid; nouns stupor, stultitia, fatuits, nsctia, tardits dsipere, be foolish br, fool nsipins, unwise, foolish; noun nsipientia nsnus, foolish; nsnia, folly absurdus, ineptus, silly, absurd, senseless, irrational; ineptiae, nonsense, trifling scors, silly, thoughtless; noun scordia nsulsus, insipid, silly, absurd; noun nsulsits nfactus, frgidus, plumbeus, dull, stupid

40.13 sly, cunning, crafty

vafer, crafty, artful, subtle asttus, asttiae, usu. in bad sense argtus, argtiae, usu. in bad sense sollers, not in bad sense; but sollertia sometimes in bad sense callidus, also in bad sense; noun callidits, usu. in bad sense vetertor, crafty old fellow

40.22 pupil
discipulus, -a, alumnus, -a, pupil discere, learn; discere, learn by heart, learn thoroughly; condiscere, learn carefully tr, beginner rudis, unskilled, inexperienced nscere, learn; pernscere, come to know well cgnscere, learn, get to know, investigate, study studre D, learn, apply oneself to prcdere, make progress, e.g. in philosophi; noun prcessus in Abtg aliquid (multum) prficere, make some (much) progress prgresss facere in studis, get on with one's studies 69/93

q.v. rashness, indisrection, 38.8 q.v. fraud, 47.4

40.14 investigate
indgre, invstgre, track, investigate; nouns indgti, invstgti quaerere, inquire, investigate; noun quaesti inqurere, investigate, examine pertemptre, inquire into pertractre, investigate, study recgnscere, investigate, inspect crisus ad invstgandum, an eager investigator

paulum prgressus, having made some headway commentr, meditr, study ingenium, ability; i. subigere, train, school the mind; ingeni valre, be talented; prnceps ingeni, of unusual ability docilis, easily taught; noun docilits; indocilis, learning with difficulty ferula, rod

40.4 activities of the mind 40.41 thought

mns, mind; mihi in mentem venit or occurrit, it occurs to me; mentem acuere, sharpen the intellect; ment imprimere or mandre, impress on the mind; incidere in mentem, occur to the mind animum ad Actg attendere or in or ad Actg intendere, turn one's thoughts to, give heed to; in anim imprimere, impress on the mind; anim nfxus, impressed on the mind; animus mbilis, active mind; percussit animum, it struck me; praesentia anim, presence of mind illud mihi succurrit, it comes into my mind impressi, impression cgitre, think, meditate; tt prectore c., think hard, deeply; cgitti, thought, meditation reor, think animadvertere, heed, direct the mind to attentus, attentive, intent on cnsderre, anim volvere (or voltre), perpendere, reputre, dlberre, agitre in mente, exminre, meditr, ponderre, recolere, ponder, consider; nouns cnsderti, dlberti, meditti; dlberbundus, deep in thought cgittinem ad Ac drigere, give one's mind to rem anim perlstrre, survey, consider raticinr, reason, draw conclusions; raticinti, logical conclusion concldere, infer, draw conclusion; noun conclsi sequitur, ut subj., it follows (logically) that cgniti, study, investigation crdere, believe; vix crd potest, it is scarcely credible incrdibile dict est, it sounds incredible probbilis, credible exstimre, judge, suppose; noun exstimti mtr, pendere, expendere, judge, estimate anim or mente concipere, anim fingere, imagine, conceive, comprehend, realise mente complect, grasp, comprehend cgittine Actg dpingere, imagine nti, nfrmti, idea, conception conicere, coniectre, suspicr, suspcine attingere or assequ, coniectr cnsequ, guess, conjecture; coniectra, guess, conjecture suspci, conjecture, (vague) idea 70/93

q.v. industrious, idle, 39.7, 39.8

40.31 culture
cultra, culture cultus, civilisation, refinement; anim c., intellectual culture, mental discipline sapor, taste, refinement poltus, refined, cultivated ingenium excolere, mnsufacere, subigere, cultivate, train, school the mind cultus (animus), polished, refined litterae Latnae, Roman literature; litters studre, study literature littertus, accomplished, scholarly vir doctus, scholar hmnus, well-informed, learned; hmnits, liberal education, refinement

q.v. wise, learned, 40.11

40.32 lack of culture

rudis, drus, unpolished, uncultivated horridus, uncouth, unpolished agrestis, boorish, uncultivated crassus, dull, uncultivated hom vstus, a rough, unpolished fellow impoltus, unrefined, inelegant hom incultus or sine sapre, unpolished, unrefined man omnis rudtinis expers, illiterate illittertus, uneducated, illiterate indoctus, inrudtus, ignorant, uninstructed omnium rrum nscius, completely ignorant iners, unskilled; noun inertia

q.v. foolish, ignorant, 40.12

intellegere, anim or mente comprehendere, anim amplect, understand; penitus intellegere Actg, have a thorough grasp of; nouns intellegentia, comprehnsi percipere, perceive, understand; noun percepti gnscere, recognise

q.v. true, false, 43

40.43 know, discover, be certain

scre, know; cert scre, know for a fact, be certain sentre, be or become aware of; quod snserim, as far as I am aware nvisse, know; ntitia, acquaintance, knowledge ntus, nbilis, known, notorious; satis n., well known; nbilitre, make famous or notorious rem man tenre, have a sure knowledge of certus, certain; Actg certum or pr cert habre or certum scre, know for sure explrtus, established, certain, sure stabilis, certain, definite cert, cert, sine dubi, sine ll dubittine, without doubt profect, certainly, for sure, indeed cgnscere, discover (facts) perspicere, recognise, come to know comperre, reperre, find out, ascertain; compertum habe (or mihi est), I know well, attain to certainty cnstat, it is well known; c. inter omns, it is allowed, agreed by all, generally accepted clear, plain, evident liquet, manfestum eset, it is clear expressus, visible, clear, plain (satis) appret, it is evident; apert, openly, plainly perspicuus, clear, manifest; noun perspicuits clrus, plain, evident; praeclrus, very clear patre, be clear, evident plnus, plain; plnum facere, make clear; pln, clearly, distinctly

40.42 opinion
sententia, opinion, judgment; me sententi, in my opinion; esse, haerre, manre,
permanre, persevrre, perstre in edem sententi, remain of the same

opinion opni, opinion, conjecture, belief cgitti, opinion, judgment putre, idicre, cnsre, arbitrr, opnr, be of opinion, judge, believe, think placet mihi, I am of opinion, believe cum Mrc sentre, agree with M.; Mrc sentre, aliter sentre ac Mrcus, hold a different view from M.'s, differ from M. eadem sentre, hold the same sentiments assentre Dpn, agree with nll recsante, with no dissentient cnsentre cum Ab, be in agreement with; cnsentiunt n re omns, they are unanimous; parum cnsenti cum Ab, do not agree with inter s discrepre or dissentre, dissidre, disagree, be of different opinions; nouns dissnsi, discrepantia error minus (or haud rct) intellegere, misunderstand cnfundere, disconcert, perplex error, errtum, mistake; errribus implicr, be involved in e.; animum in errrem indcere, lead astray; errrem fc, I was mistaken; Dpn errrem ripere, tollere, extorqure, remove e.; errrem dpnere, abandon e.; verb errre mendum, fault, blunder; adj. mendsus mentins, fallacy in fraudem incidere or dlb, make a mistake litra, correction corrigere, mendre, correct; nouns corrcti, mendti

40.44 not know, be uncertain

nescre, gnrre, not know, be unaware; noun gnrti gnrus, imprdns, unaware; noun imprdentia nscius, nescius, not knowing, ignorant; nn sum nscius, I am well aware m nsci, m nsciente, without my knowledge gntus, incgnitus, unknown vagus, vague, indefinite fallere, escape notice quid sit ambigitur, it is uncertain; ambiguus, uncertain 71/93

dubitre, doubt; dubitr potest, it is open to question; dubitti, uncertainty; dubius, wavering, doubtful; in dubium venre, become doubtful anceps,doubtful, uncertain; haud a., decisive vnus, false, untrustworthy; noun vnits obscrus, indistinct, unintelligible; noun obscrits adumbrtus, sketched, outlined, indistinct; noun adumbrti haesitre, be at a loss; noun haesitti flcture, waver, be uncertain anim or anim pendre, be perplexed, in suspense titubre, waver, falter, be embarrassed forte, fortsse, forsitan (with subj.), perhaps vr similis, probable; vr similiter, probably; vr similitd, probability

escape (memory); mihi ista I had forgotten these things memori dlb, escape the memory re memoriam tollere, erase from the memory nihil t effugiet, you will forget nothing in praeterits relinquere, forget to mention immemor, oblvisus, forgetful; immemor sum, forget
exciderant,

excidere,

40.51 cause, reason

cr? quid? qure? quamobrem? why? causa, cause; causae D esse, be the cause of; causam nferre, allege c. facere, facessere or efficere Ac or ut subj., cause, bring about per m fit, ut subj., I am the cause of rati, ground, motive, reason; ratiuncula, poor, inadequate reason per m stat, quminus subj. I am the cause of nn or nihil habe, quod subj., I have no reason to est cr or quod subj., there is cause to ... nihil est quod (cr, quamobrem) subj., there is no reason why rati, reason, motive m auctre, at my suggestion, instigation frstr Actg facere, do without good cause, groundlessly immerit accsre, accuse undeservedly, without cause merit, deservedly, with good cause

40.45 remember
meminisse, commemorre, reminsc, recordr, memori tenre or retinre or cstdre, in memoriam redigere, repetere Ac in memori or memoriam G, recgnscere, redcere in memoriam, call to mind, recollect memoriam redintegrre, refresh the m. in memori penitus nsdere, be firmly fixed in the mind memoriae mandre, impress on the mind memoriae prdere, record memoriam G prdere, hand down venit mihi in mentem, anim tene, I recollect memoria, memory; memori vigre, have a good memory commemorti, remembrance memor, mindful; memoriter, from memory recordti, recollection, remembrance monre, admonre, remind; noun moniti commemorre, remind of commonre, commonefacere, remind forcibly

40.52 effect
quia, quod, proptere quod or quia, because ob Ac, propter Ac, on account of e, therefore, for that reason effectus, effect ventum, ventus, consequence, result, issue ftus, fruit, produce, e.g. anim frgs (e.g. industriae), result frctum Gtg or ex Abtg percipere or capere, reap the fruit of; frctum cnsequ, obtain a result, return

40.46 forget
oblvsc,
in forget; noun oblvi; G veni or capit m oblvi G, forget; oblvine obru, in be forgotten; oblvine iacre, oblvin dare, consign to oblivion; ab oblvine vindicre, rescue from oblivion dpnere ex memori, forget oblvinem

q.v. good and bad fortune, 32.2, 32.3

40.61 plan
cnsilium, plan; c. capere, inre, adopt or form a p.; c. frangere, spoil, bring to nought a p. 72/93

rati, plan; ratine et vi, methodically dscrptus, well planned disposit, methodically in anim habe, mihi in anim est, I intend Actg anim intendere, plan quid tendit? what is his object? anim or cum anim or in mente or scum agitre Ac or d Ab, intend, plan scelus concipere, plan a crime cgitre, intend, plan; noun cgitti meditr with inf., intend nstittum, settled plan, course prpositum, plan, purpose; p. tenre, keep to one's plan; p. assequ, attain one's plan e or hc mente, with this intention cnsult, d industri, with deliberation, by design, on purpose e cnsili, ut ..., with the intention of nsidiae, arts, schemes (to deceive), trickery

capsa, scrnium, cista, librrium, pgma, bookcase umbilcus, projecting end of cylinder on which book was rolled

40.8 writing
scrbere, write; apert s., write freely, without reserve dscrbere, copy, transcribe, draw exscrbere, copy perscrbere, write down in full, record accurately; perscrpti, record, entry litters mandre, commit to writing litra, erasure; stilum vertere, erase, correct nscrbere Dtg or in Abtg, write in or on; noun nscrpti titulus, inscription, title exarre, jot down trnscrbere, trnsferre (in tabuls), copy in tabuls, in cdicem referre, enter, register rs per scrptram amplect, treat in writing scrba, (public) writer, secretary librrius, transcriber of books, copyist, secretary man servus, late, secretary ______________________________________ membrna, parchment charta, paper calamus, (reed) pen; calamum smere, take up one's p. trmentum, ink tabula, tabella, (wax-covered) slate, writing tablet cra, writing-tablet triplics, writing tablet with three leaves stilus, iron pen, style; stilum vertere, erase dictre, dictate

40.7 books
liber, book; librs dere, scrpta fors dare, publish scrptum, something written; P scrpta, books, works, treatises volmen, book (rolled), volume cdex, book (with flat leaves) pugillrs P, libellus, notebook tabella, document, record commentri, memoirs libellus, cnscrpti, treatise pgina, page ______________________________________ legere, read; perlegere, read through; vorre, read eagerly; pervoltre, read carefully; lcti, reading, perusal; lctor, reader recitre, read out anagnsts, reader volvere or explicre, (unfold and) read; noun volti scrptor, author compnere, cnscrbere (librum, epistulam), compose, write stilus, composition, style of composition; artifex s., artistic style ______________________________________ bibliothca, library librrius, late, bookseller taberna librria, bookshop

q.v. prose, 42.1 q.v. verse, 42.2 q.v. language, 42.3

40.9 letters
litterae P, letter; litters mittere ad Acpn, send a l. to; Dpn litters remittere, write a reply to; litters dare, post a l.; litters reddere, deliver a l.; litterae mihi Mrc alltae sunt, I have 73/93

received a l. from M.; litters dare et correspond; litters accipere, perfertur ad m, I am informed by l.; Hs litters Nns Mrtis scrbbam (I am writing; in Latin, past tense, from recipient's point of view) atque r (entreaty remains a present wish) t, ut

quam prmum rescrbs

epistula, letter; Acpn longs epistuls molest with lengthy l.; obtundere, epistulrum cnsutd, correspondence cdicill P, note, short letter diem in epistul ascrbere, add the date epistulam patr nscrbere, address letter to one's father interire epistul, in the body of the letter epistulam concldere, end letter; clausula, conclusion of letter obsgnre or sgnre epistulam, seal letter respondre, rescrbere, answer litters or respnsum reddere, give an a.; r. ferre, receive an a.; r. referre, bring an a. tabellrius, letter-carrier, postman, courtier ______________________________________ SVBEEV (s vals bene est ego vale), formula at beginning of letters impertit tibi multam saltem, sends you his kind regards Mrcum velim salvre iubes, my kind regard to M. Dpn plrimam saltem referre, reciprocate good wishes Val or cr ut vales or fac vales, formula at end of letters sum vester ttus, yours sincerely

41 VOICE, SPEECH
41.11
vx, voice, also word; clr (or mgn) vce, with a loud v.; summiss vce, softly; press, suppress vce, in a subdued, low voice; vcem attenure, speak falsetto; vcem profundere, utter a word loqu, speak, talk; pr et Latn loqu, speak plainly, right out, not to beat about the bush; locti, speaking, language grande genus loquend, sublime language; grandiloquus, speaking loftily, grandiloquent

ber (in dcend), copious; noun berts subtliter dcere, speak simply; noun subtlits loqux, lingu prmptus, talkative; noun loqucits redundns, verbose nn inops verbs, of ready speech mbilits linguae, volubility taciturnus, not talkative, laconic; noun taciturnits verbum, word; ad v., word for word, literally, also verbum (ex) verb (of a single word), verbum pr verb (of a passage); n verb, paucs verbs, briefly; mults verbs, at great length; verbs pressus, precise; verba sonantira, well-sounding words; aucupium verbrum, quibbling syllaba, syllable vocbulum, word, designation lingua, rti, speech, language convertere (librum Graec in Latnum), translate dclmre, practise speaking, declaim; dclmitre, practise declamation; nouns dclmti, dclmtor prnntire, recite loqu, speak out, speak plainly, declare appellti, pronunciation lentus in dcend, drawling litters dltre, drawl mussre, mutter litteram obscrre, slur a letter (in pronouncing) titubre, balbtre, lingu haerre, stutter; haesitantia linguae, stuttering; adj. balbus hlcinr, inn vce sonre, talk idly, talk nonsense efftre, blab out, chatter garrre, chat, talk nonsense nfns, unable to speak, speechless

41.12
clmre, exclmre, inclmre, prclmre, shout; clmtum est, a cry was raised; nouns clmor, exclmti, shout; clmor fit, there is a shout; clmrem tollere, dere, raise a shout; laetantium or exsultantium c., shouts of joy, triumph; clmor excittus, loud shouting; clmtor, bawler conclmre, shout together, raise a cry; mgn vce c., roar reclmre, cry out against 74/93

clmitre, call violently or loudly vcem obtundere, shout oneself hoarse ululre, howl, yell, shriek vgre, cry (of babies), squall personre, call out praedicre, proclaim, publish; praedicti, announcement acclmre, obstrepere, shout at, disapprove (accl. also applaud); noun acclmti advocre, call to (espec. for help or advice) dvocre, call down or away svocre, vocre, call away or aside revocre, call back excre, call forth vciferr, roar, scream, bawl gemere, groan; ingemscere D or in Ab, groan over; noun gemitus susurrre, whisper, mutter; noun susurrus summiss vce, softly; submissi (e.g. vcis, rtinis), lowering (of voice), quiet manner (of speech)

cnti, public meeting; cntinem habre, address a p. m.; advocre cntinem, summon a p. m. cntinr, harangue, address verba apud populum facere, address the people

41.22
serm, conversation, discussion; sermunculus, tittle-tattle contrversia, dispute, debate; contrversiam dirimere or minuere, adjust or settle a dispute colloqu, converse, have a conference with; colloquium, conversation, conference; ad c. admittere, receive in audience; c. dirimere, break up c. fatgre Acpn verbs, importune cnsilium, consultation, deliberation; Acpn in c. advocre, call in; cnsilis interesse, take part in c.; cnsilir, consult, take counsel disserere, disputre, disceptre, discuss, debate; nouns disputti, disceptti tractre, handle, discuss

41.13 song
canere, cantre, sing; cantitre, sing often cantor, singer cantus, carmen, song, melody; carmen
canere, dcere

cantilna, sing-song concinere, sing together; noun concentus, song, harmony

41.23 oratory
ars dcend, eloquence, oratory; rati dcend, rhtorica (S or P), rhtoric, rhetoric; dcend magister, rhtor, teacher of rhetoric; palaestra, school of rhetoric suggestum, platform, stage fcundus (late), fluent, eloquent; noun fcundia (late) loqu, speak as an orator, eloquently; loquns, eloquent; noun loquentia; dare s studi loquentiae, devote oneself to the study of e. facilis ad dcendum, ready of speech disertus, fluent suvis, agreeable, attractive; noun suvits festvus, humorous, witty; noun festvits dcx, witty, sarcastic lepidus, smart, witty; noun lepor urbnus, elegant, witty, facetious; noun urbnits factus, humorous, facetious; factiae, wit, pleasantry, witticisms salsus, acute, witty; sl, wit, facetiousness, drollery, sarcasm

41.21
dcere, say, speak; praecs, press d., speak concisely; difficile (prclve) dict, hard (easy) to say; soltissimus in dcend, a very ready speaker; dicti, delivery dictum, saying; dicta P, words verbum or verba facere, verba habre, speak ai, inquam, I say nntire, declare, express indcere, declare nmen G dere, state the name of recitre, recite; nouns recitti, recittor rti, speech, style; rtinem commentr,
comparre, compnere, facere, cnficere, compose a speech; rtinem habre apud Ac, make a speech before

locti, oratorical delivery, elocution nfantia, want of eloquence exrdium, introduction (of speech) perrre, conclude a speech; noun perrti rtor, speaker

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41.31 address, question

alloqu, address; noun alloquium adre ad Ac, address (in speech or writing) appellre, address, accost rogre, interrogre, scscitr, ask, inquire; interrogand urgre, beset with questions; noun interrogti quaerere, ask, inquire; illud quaeritur, the real question is percontr, question strictly, investigate; noun percontti vocre, call; voctus, calling, invocation arcessere, summon convocre, vocre, call together

dmnstrre, ostendere, point out, state; noun dmnstrti dictitre, assert, allege, pretend dclrre, show, declare, explain, testify; noun dclrti profitr, declare openly menti, mention; mentinem facere, mention afferre, assert relate, announce narrre, persequ, memorre, commemorre, trdere, tell, relate, recount narrre, recount fully, explain in detail narrti, historia, story, narrative propnere, expnere, explicre, exsequ, set forth, set before; nouns explicti, expositi referre, report, relate nntire, prnntire, announce, report; nntius, messenger, message; prnntitor, narrator dnntire, announce (officially); noun dnntiti rs perfertur, it is announced renntire, proclaim, announce (officially); noun renntiti

41.32 answer
respondre Dpn, answer, reply to; noun respnsum; r. reddere, give an answer; r. ab Abpn ferre, receive an answer from referre, reply oppnere, object, retort cnftre, redarguere, refellere, reftre, revincere, disprove, confute, contradict; noun reftti obloqu, contradict nfitir, nfitis re, deny, disown

q.v. history, 42.1

41.33 greeting
sals, salutation, greeting; verb saltre quid agis? how are you? Mrcum meum salt nostrs verbs, greet my friend M. on my behalf, give him my kind regards saltem mittere per Ac, send greeting by occursti, greeting salv, salvt, salvte, how do you do? salvre iube, I bid you good day; Mrcum iub salvre, greet M. for me val or vales, good-bye; colloquially, bene val, bene ambul valre iube or dc, or valedc, I bid goodbye av, avt, avte, and salvus ss, used both at meeing and parting

41.5 promise
prmittere, pollicr, recipere, promise; nouns prmissum, prmissi (pollicitti not Ci); prmissa facere, make p.; prmissa ab Abpn exigere, exact p. spondre, promise (solemnly), pledge oneself; noun spnsi fidem dare Dpn d Abtg or inter s, promise fidem suam in Actg interpnere, pledge one's word fidem praestre, fidem suam lberre, fidem or prmissa servre, prmissa patrre, prmisss stre, keep one's word imple quod pollicitus sum, carry out my promise fidem fallere or frangere or violre, break one's promise fidem host datam fallere, break one's parole

41.4 declare
affrmre, cnfrmre, assert, declare, corroborate; nouns affrmti, cnfrmti assevrre, maintain, assure

41.61 persuade, urge

sudre, persudre, persuade, urge upon, advocate; frtr illud persusit; mihi persusum est, persusum habe, I am 76/93

convinced; persudr mihi nn potest, I cannot be persuaded; noun persusi impellere Acpn ad or in Actg, persuade, urge to; nouns impulsi, impulsus addcere, induce, persuade Acpn ad or in suam sententiam perdcere, win over monre, admonre, praemonre, advise, admonish, warn; nouns moniti, admoniti; monita, admonitions hortr, adhortr, cohortr, incitre, lacessere, exhort, urge; adhortantis vx, words of encouragement; nouns hortti, adhortti, cohortti, horttor, adhorttor; incitti, inciting; incitmentum, incentive nstgre, nstinguere, urge, incite; noun nstnctus

adlr, flatter, fawn upon; nouns adlti, adltor blandus, flattering; verb blandr; nouns blanditia, blandmentum plaudere, applaud, approve; plausus, acclamation approbre, probre, approve, recommend; tibi probtur, it is approved by you; nouns approbti, approbtor comprobre, approve, assent to, sanction

41.72 blame, abuse

culpa, blame; verb culpre probrum, reproach, insult inveh in Ac, attack (in words) accsre, compellre, incsre, increpre, increpitre, nsectr, reprehendere, nsequ, obirgre, blame, rebuke, censure, tax with; animadversi, compellti, reprehnsi, nsectti, obirgti, blame improbre, disapprove, blame condemnre Acpn G fault, blame, e.g.
aliquem inertiae

41.62 dissuade, threaten

dissudre, dhortr, dissuade, advise against Acpn d sententi movre or prposit flectere, dissuade praedxit, n id faceret, he warned him not to do it minr, minitr, threaten; minae, threats; mins iactre, throw out threats; minti, threat; minx, threatening impendere Dpn or in Acpn imminre Dpn, threaten (of danger, etc.) dnntire, threaten, denounce mortem prpnere, threaten with death

41.71 praise
laus, praise; laude afficere, praise; omn laude cumulre, heap praises on; laudibus in caelum ferre or (ad caelum) efferre, illstrre, extol; lauds Gpn in astra tollere, praise exceedingly; laudem ex Abtg excipere, get credit for; summam Dpn laudem tribuere, praise extremely laudre, praise; collaudre, praise very much, extol; nouns laudti, collaudti, commendation, eulogy; laudtor, one who praises; adj. laudbilis, praiseworthy rnre, celebrre, praedicre, ad caelum extollere, praise, extol, sound the praises of; noun praedicti praecnium Dpn tribuere, eulogise assentr, flatter; nouns assentti, assenttor

exagitre Actg Gpn, attack, censure nihil tcum d hs rbus expostul, I find no fault with you on this score; expostulti, complaint vituperre, find fault with, censure, disparage; nouns vituperti, vitupertor crminr, calumniate maledcere, abuse, slander; maledicus, scurrilous, slanderous; maledicta P, abuse, slander; t maldicts oner, heap abuse on you dtrahere, disparage fmam Gpn inquinre, besmirch a man's good name obtrectre D, disparage, underrate; nouns obtrectti, obtrecttor de Gpn fm dtrahere, disparage, impair the credit of obicere, obiectre, exprobrre Actg Dpn, taunt with, reproach; nouns obiectti, exprobrti nsultre, taunt, abuse nsimulre Acpn Gtg, tax with (espec. falsely) hc tibi viti vert or d, impute this to you as a fault t Gtg damno, censure you for notre, censure, reprimand contumlia, abuse, insult, invective; Acpn verbrum contumlis lacerre, abuse violently; aperre Acpn contumlis,

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overwhelm with abuse; contumlisus, abusive convcium, abuse, reproach, censure

41.8 silence
silre, be silent (make no noise); noun silentium; s. facere, observe silence; adv. silenti, in silence, silently tacre, reticre, be silent (not speak); noun reticentia obmtscere, become dumb tacitus, silent; m tacit, if I say nothing mtus, dumb, silent Actg silenti praeterre, pass over in silence verba m dficiunt, rti m dficit, words fail me conticscere, cease speaking, hold one's peace reticre, be silent; noun reticentia linguam continre or moderr, keep silent

fbula, story (fiction); fbella, short story narrtor, story-teller narrtor, historicus, rrum scrptor, historian rs gestae, history; r. g. Rmnrum, Roman h. annles, records fst, chronicle auctor, author (espec. historian)

42.2 verse
versus, verse, poetry carmen, poem; poetry poma, poem, P, poetry; posis, poem, poetry; adj. poticus ecloga, short poem, eclogue versus, line poma compnere, carmen condere, write a p. modus, rhythm, cadence pota, poet; potria, poetess; fidicen (poet.), (lyric) poet carmen or poma compnere or pangere, write verse ex tempore, on the spur of the moment affltus (dvnus), permti mentis dvna, inspiration furor, frenzy

41.91 topic and digression

materia, subject-matter, topic argmentum, subject, theme prpositum, prpositi, theme; prposit aberrre or gred, digress from the main point; ad prpositum redre or revert, return to the m. p. quaesti, subject of investigation dgred, dgred, digress; noun dgressi rti longius excurrit, there is a long digression; excursi, excursus, digression dclnti, digression redemus ad illud unde dvertimus, let us take up our main point after the digression

42.3
lingua, language;
Gallicae linguae

41.92 interrupt, pause

interpellre, interrupt; noun interpellti interrumpere (e.g. rtinem), break off intervenre Dtg, interrupt; noun interventor intermittere, allow to intervene; trdu intermiss, after an interval of three days; intermissi, pause, interval intervllum, interval, pause; sine intervll, uninterrupted

know the language of Gaul serm, language; in Latn sermne, in Latin trferre or trnsferre, translate; verba trlta, translated expressions; tr- or trnslti, translation interpres, interpreter, translator; interpretr, translate; noun interpretti

scientiam habre,

43.1 true
vrus, true; vra dcit, he is speaking the truth; vra et falsa, truth and falsehood; vrits, truth, truthfulness; manre in vritte, adhere to the truth; vridicus, truthful vr, truly, in fact rvr, really vrittis studisus, strictly truthful vrx, veracious 78/93

42.1 prose
verba or rti solta, prose narrti, narrative historia, narrative, tale, story; history apologus, story, fairy tale, fable

locupls, worthy of credence, trustworthy rctus, right, correct, proper, accurate rte, fitly, rightly solidus, sincrus, genuine, sound, real fma, rumor, audti, report, rumour, hearsay; levis audti, unfounded report; rumrem spargere or dissipre, spread a report in sermnem hominum venre, get talked about rmuscul P, idle talk, gossip ferunt or fertur, men say, it is reported, there is a story

probre, approbre, prove, demonstrate; noun approbti convincere (e.g. errres Gpn), demonstrate vidns, manifest, obvious

44 EMOTIONS
44.0
flagrre, nflammr, rdre, glow, be stirred, e.g. dsderi, amre, odi exagitre, excitre, incendere, percire, permovre, rouse, stimulate, stir up, excite; nouns incendium, e.g. invidiae; permti, excitement, emotion (animum) movre, commovre, touch (the heart), make an impression; afficere (dolre, etc.), affect; affectus, mood, state of mind commtus, excited, aroused; commti, excitement animum exsuscitre, excite afferre (dolrem, spem, etc.), cause lti, transport fervor anim, rdor, ardour, passion; fervns, fervidus, inflamed, passionate flamma, passion, e.g. amris, invidiae movr, be touched, e.g. lacrims; mtus, emotion, passion stimulus, torment, incitement; stimulre, goad, spur on, incite crucire, discrucire, excrucire, exedere, torqure, torment, torture; crucitus, tormentum, torture, anguish tbscere (e.g. dsderi, dolre), be consumed pellere, affect, impress percutere, perturbre, affect deeply, make an impression on; noun perturbti incumbere (e.g. in aliquod studium, in cupidittem), incline to, devote oneself to prnus, prpnsus ad Actg, inclined to prpendre ad Actg, be inclined to endure, suffer ferre, perferre, sufferre, endure, bear pat, bear, endure; aequ anim p., bear calmly, with equanimity or resignation; patientia, patience perpet, endure, bear steadfastly; perpessi, endurance sustinre (e.g. vim hostium), endure, withstand tolerre, bear, endure, put up with 79/93

43.2 false
falsus, false, untrue, unreal, groundless; adv. fals fictus, menttus (poet.), fctus, fcsus, spurious, false, fictitious, counterfeit; fictum, fiction, deception mentr, lie, deceive; mendx, untruthful, as noun liar; mendcium, lie, falsehood; dcere m., tell a lie mentr, feign, allege falsely, fabricate vritte dflectere, depart from the truth commentus, commentcius, invented, fictitious; commentum, fiction, lie calumnia, false statement, misrepresentation; calumnir, misrepresent, blame unjustly dtorqure, misrepresent in errrem indcere, mislead dcipere, deceive fcus, pretence suprlti, triecti, exaggeration

q.v. error, 40.42 q.v. fraud, 47.4

43.3 proof
experr, perclitr, make trial of, put to the test; expermentum, proof; perculum, trial, proof; Gpn fide p. facere, test one's good faith indicium, token, proof argmentum, proof, evidence; a. petere, seek; afferre or prmere, adduce, bring forward; smere, get; cnfrmre, corroborate; argmentr, prove, adduce as proof testimnium, evidence

intolerbilis, intolerandus, unbearable allay, assuage, relieve, soothe lnre, mtigre, mitigate, assuage, soothe, appease cohibre, repress, hold in check subvenre with D, relieve, remedy exhaurre Dpn dolrem, relieve one of sorrow eximere Dpn crs, rid one of cares temperre, moderate, soothe mulcre, permulcre, soothe rigere, cheer up cnslr, levre, relevre, sublevre, slr (plp.), comfort, relieve; cnslti, consolation; slcium, what brings consolation; hc mgn est slci, is a great consolation; hc slci tor, this comforts me dolris fmentum, alleviation of pain, sorrow levmen, levmentum, comfort, alleviation resdere, abate, subside (e.g. tumor anim resdit)

volupttibus trdere, give oneself entirely to p.; hom voluptrius, voluptuary grtus, pleasing, agreeable placre, please; hc mihi placet, I like this betus, flx, happy; vta beta, happiness; nouns betits, betitd, flcits

______________________________________ satisfacere, satisfy; noun satisfacti probre, be satisfied with, approve; s Dpn p., make oneself acceptable to illud satis habe dcere, am satisfied to say this contentus, content; su sorte c., satisfied with his lot tranquillus, unruffled; noun tranquillits placidus, plctus, sdtus, calm, peaceful; sdre, allay, calm scrus, free from care, untroubled; noun scrits lnis, gentle, calm; noun lnits mtis, calm, placid ram pnere or rae moderr, cease to be angry

44.1 joy, satisfaction

gaudium, (inward) joy; P, signs of joy; gaudre, rejoice; in sin g., keep one's joy to oneself triumphre, rejoice dlectre, oblectre, delight, give pleasure; noun dlectti, oblectmentum, oblectti dliciae, cause of delight iuvat (perf. ivit) m, cord est mihi, it pleases me fru Abtg, enjoy; perfru, enjoy thoroughly libenter, gladly gestre, rejoice, exult laetus, glad, joyous; noun laetitia, (manifested) joy; laetiti efferr, be transported with j.; laetitiam dare Dpn, gladden; percipere laetitiam ex Abtg, get j. from; laetr Ab or d Ab, rejoice in exsultre, rejoice, exult; noun exsultti in cael esse, be very happy festvus, lively, gay, joyous, merry alacer, glad; noun alacrits hilaris, cheerful, merry; noun hilarits; verbs hilarre, exhilarre lascvus, frolicsome; lascvia, playfulness bon anim esse, be of good cheer volupts, pleasure; volupttem percipere, feel p.; volupttibus fru, voluptts haurre, enjoy, indulge in p.; ttum s

44.2 sorrow, anger

srius, grave, serious dolor, sorrow, distress, ache, suffering; stimul dolris, pangs; dolre permtus, moved by grief; hc m d. tangit, this grieves me; dolrem haurre, suffer pain; dolrem cnsland levre, soothe the sorrowing; dolr indulgre, give way to distress; dolribus prem, ang, frang, be crushed by grief; dolre prvre, free from sorrow; dolre, be sad lctus, affliction, mourning; lctum haurre, be afflicted; lctusus, mournful, pitiable; lctificus, causing sorrow; lgre, mourn aerumna, trouble, affliction aeger anim, distress; noun aegritd, grief, sorrow multa m angunt, I am much distressed; noun angor; adj. nxius, whence nxiets, nxitd vexre, distress, worry; nouns vexti, vextor stimulre, vex, disturb; stimulus, torment, pang trstis, sad; noun trstitia maestus, sad; nouns maeror, maestitia; in maerre iacre, be in deep sorrow; in 80/93

medi maerre, in the depths of sorrow; verb maerre animum contrahere or dmittere, lose heart afflctus, dejected, desponding (animus) abiectus, dmissus, oppressus, dejected, depressed; noun abiecti nfrcti, contracti or dmissi anim, depression flre, weep, bewail; noun fltus; adj. flbilis, lamentable, tearful lacrimre, lacrims profundere or effundere, weep collacrimre, illacrimre, weep at or over, lament plrre, complrre, dplrre, lmentr, dflre, wail, lament, regret, depore; nouns plrtus, lmenta (P), lmentti; adj. lmentbilis, lamenting, full of sorrow gemere, wail plangor, wailing, lamentation quer, conquer, bewail, complain of; querla, querimnia, questi, questus, conquesti, lament, complaint dsderre, miss; noun dsderium, grief (at loss) singultus, sobbing; verb singultre ingrtus, unpleasant, disagreeable, distasteful displicre, displease miser, wretched; miseria, unhappiness; miserirum incendia, a sea of evils nflx, unhappy

Dpn stomachum facere or movre, annoy, irritate; stomachr, be angry or peevish; stomachsus, peevish, irritable blem commovet, it rouses anger molestus, troublesome, annoying; molestia, annoyance, vexation, disgust; sine molesta tu, without trouble to yourself dolor, resentment, indignation indgnr, be angry, displeased, indignant; noun indgnti

44.3 love, admiration, wonder, pity, kindness

amor, love; amr amre respondre, return love; amre, love; damre, grow fond of, love deeply; adjs. amns, ambilis pius, affectionate, loyal; noun piets me studisus, devoted to me fovre, cherish indulgre Dpn, be kind, indulgent to; noun indulgentia dligere, esteem, regard crus, beloved, dear; crits, regard, affection grtia, regard, friendship; apud Acpn grtiam inre, win one's favour; grtis acqurere, win favour; amrem sibi concilire, win affection volunts erg Acpn, affection, regard for grtulr, congratulate; noun grtulti verr, reverr, revere, esteem observre, respect, esteem; noun observantia Acpn plris facere, habre, dcere, aestimre or putre, esteem more highly plrimum Dpn tribuere, think very highly of t honre or in honre habe, t honre affici or auge, t in honrem addc, honour you, do you honour honre apud Acpn esse, be honoured by honrtus, honoured, honourable honestre, honour ______________________________________ mrr, admrr, admire, wonder at; nouns admrti, admiration, wonder; admrtinem mihi movs, I wonder, am surprised at you; mrculum, marvel, wonder; esse mrcul, excite wonder mrus, mrbilis, mrificus, admrbilis, wonderful, astonishing, marvellous; mrum in modum, wonderfully obstupscere, be amazed; stupor, stupefaction, amazement; stupefacere, numb, stun 81/93

______________________________________ ra, anger; rae indulgre, give way to anger; illud m r affcit, it made me angry rcundia, hasty temper, rage; rcundiam cohibre, restrain temper rsc, grow angry; rtus, r incnsus or commtus, rcundus, angry, irritable; rcundia, hastiness of temper, wrath, passion; rcundi permtus, moved by anger; ad rcundiam addcere, r afficere Acpn, make angry suscnsre, be angry, cherish anger, be inflamed with wrath graviter (aegr, molest) ferre, resent, be annoyed offnsinem afferre, be vexatious, annoying irrtre, lacessere, prvocre, make angry, exasperate, harass; noun irrtti Acpn sermnibus prvocre, exasperate

ostentum, prodigy, portent suspicere (e.g. loquentiam Gpn), admire ______________________________________ misereor, miseror, m miseret, I pity; noun miserti; misericors, tender-hearted, pitiful; noun misericordia; misericordi frang, be moved by pity; miserbilis, pitiable beneficium offerre Dpn, benevolenti Acpn augre, show kindness to nservre, servre Dpn, be at one's service, attached to dvincre (e.g. benevolenti), obstringere (e.g. dons) Acpn, oblige, lay under an obligation Acpn sibi obligre (e.g. lberlitte), bind someone to oneself

ldere Acpn, banter; laughing-stock

ldibrium,

butt,

44.5 wish, desire

velle, wish, care to; pervelle, desire greatly; volunts, will, wish, desire optre, cupre, wish, desire; nouns cupd, cupidits, both used in good and bad sense; cupidte incnsus, aflame with passion; cupiditts coercre, subdue one's passions opttum, wish concupscere Actg ad nsniam, be madly desirous of cupidus, eager, passionate exoptre, dsderre, gestre, wish earnestly, long for; nouns dsderium, dsderti; dsderi incnsus, burning with desire libd, desire, longing, caprice, wilfulness, passion, lust; libdine ferr, be carried away by passion; adj. libdinsus licentia, licentiousness appetns, craving for; noun appetti impetus, eager desire, e.g. dcend avidus, longing eagerly for, desirous; noun avidits utinam!, if only! peroptt, greatly to one's wish

44.4 hatred, contempt, scorn

odium, hatred, aversion, dislike, grudge; odi esse Dpn, be hated by; verb d; adj. odisus, offensive, hateful invidia, malice, hatred; invidiam habeo, am hated; invidi flagr apud vs, am an object of unpopularity with you, am detested; invidre, take a dislike to; invsus, hated; invidisus, unpopular, disliked malevolus, ill-disposed, spiteful; noun malevolentia malitia, ill-will, spite (underhand) respuere, reject, dislike offnsus est mihi, he is offensive to me, I object to him spernr, spurn (aversion) contempti, late contemptus, contempt; in contemptinem venre, be despised; contemptu esse or habre, despise contemnere, disdain (as causing no fear); dspicere, disdain (as having no value); haud contemnendus, far from contemptible; noun dspicientia dspictus, contemptible; nouns dspicti, dspictus, contempt spernere, indgnr, repudire, ricere, scorn, disdain m piget, I dislike, loathe irrdre, ldere, illdere, cavillr, ridicule, mock, make fun of; nouns irrsi, irrsus, illsi, cavillti, mockery; irrsor, cavilltor, mocker drdre, deride

44.6 be unwilling, prefer, shrink from, envy, curse

nlle, recsre, be unwilling, reluctant; noun recsti m invt, against my will ingrtis, against one's will mlle, prefer Acpn Dpn praepnere, antepnere, praeferre, anteferre, praevertere, antevertere, praeoptre, prefer potius, rather; potissimum, in preference to all fugere, subterfugere, vtre, avoid, shun; noun vtti abhorrre, shrink from, detest offendere, revolt fastdre, shrink from, loathe; fastdium (or satiettem) parere, disgust; adj. fastdisus, fastidious taedet, it disgusts; noun taedium; afferre t. Dpn, disgust; t. pat, be disgusted invidre, envy; invidiam subre, incur envy; nouns invidia, envy; invidentia, envying; adjs. invidus, invidisus, envious malgnus, lvidus, envious 82/93

dtestr (e.g. omnibus precibus) Acpn, curse, execrate exsecrr, male or mala precr, curse; noun exsecrti; adj. exsecrbilis precs P, curse sacer, accursed

44.7 hope, confidence

sps, expectation, hope, prospect(s); verb sprre; bene, rct s., look forward to fids, fidcia, cnfdentia, confidence fdere, cnfdere, trust fidem tibi habe, place reliance on you

q.v. bold, timid, see 38.4

44.8
verr, reverr, stand in awe of, fear; noun reverentia, awe timor, fear; hc timre, through fear of this; timre afficere, frighten; timor incdit anim, I am frightened; timre oppressus, weighed down with anxiety; s ex mgn timre recrere, recover from a great fright; adj. timidus, frightened, fainthearted; verbs timre, pertimscere, take alarm, be afraid of; extimscere, fear greatly metus, dread; abiectus met, desperate; in metum t addc, inspire you with fear; met frang, be overcome by fear; verb metuere; metuendus, formidable metum Dpn levre, relieve from fear; met resprre, recover from fear pavre, be terrified, in a panic; noun pavor, dread, alarm, panic; pavre perculsus, dismayed; adj. pavidus, terrified exhorrscere, inhorrscere, shudder, be horrified formd, fear; verb formdre; adj. formdolsus, terrible; timid (rare) reformdre, shrink back from, dread; noun reformdti terror, terror; terrrs, bugbears; terrrem inicere, offerre, strike terror in; incidit t. exercitu, panic seized the army; terrrem nferre Dpn, terrify; adj. perterritus, dismayed, panic-stricken terrre, conterrre, exterrre, proterrre, territre, terrify absterrre, frighten away, deter terribilis, tremendus, dreadful, terrible

(terrrem, formdinem, etc.) incutere, inspire, excite fear, fill with panic, etc. excre, frighten, e.g. ex somn trepidus, alarmed, agitated; verb trepidre; noun trepidti obstupefactus, aghast tremere, contremscere, tremble; noun tremor horrre, tremble at, be afraid of; horrscere, tremble, shudder; perhorrscere, have a great horror of, be horrified at; noun horror; adj. horribilis, frightful atrx, horrible; noun atrcits dsprre, despair, give up hope; d summ rrum dsprre, despair wholly; salte dsprt, rbus dsprts, in despair; noun dsprt; ad dsprtinem pervenre, become desperate animum contrahere or dmittere, lose heart; nouns contracti or dmissi anim percellere, discourage, daunt sollicitd, anxiety; animum sollicitdine exonerre, relieve from anxiety; sollicitus, anxious, agitated; sollicitre, cause fear, harass suspendere, keep in suspense; adj. suspnsus, anxious, in suspense suspicr, suspect; noun suspci; in suspcinem (e.g. avritiae) venre, cadere, be suspected of; adj. suspcisus, feeling or raising suspicion

45 LAW
45.1
us, law, justice; is cvle, common law; is gentium, law of nature; is fsque, law of God and man ire, rightfully istitia, justice istus, just, lawful aequus, fair, impartial inistus, inquus, unjust, unfair sentscnsultum, decree of senate lx, law, enactment of Comitia Centrita; qu lgs condit, law-giver lgitimus, lawful, legal prvilgium, law in favour of, or directed against, an individual rogti, bill; verb rogre, propose; rogtinem prmulgre, publish; accipere or iubre, ratify, accept (a bill);

83/93

support; b. abrogre, rescindere lgem, repeal law; noun abrogti ex lge aliquid drogre, repeal law in part; noun drogti obrogre lg, (partly) repeal a law (by a new one); noun obrogti plbisctum, decision of Comitia Tribta, ordinance; scscere, decree, ordain, enact (of the people) dictum, edict of magistrate; dcere, decree, ordain, give official notice

antqure, reject; sudre, rogtin intercdere, oppose

crmen, accusation; in crmen venre G, in crmine G esse, be charged with d pecnis repetunds Acpn postulre, bring a charge of extortion against

45.4 lawsuit
quaesti, inquiry; quaestinem d Ab habre or nstituere, hold an inquiry about; quaestin praeesse, conduct a trial (of judge) causa, lawsuit, legal process; indict caus, without going to court; c. integra, not settled ls, lawsuit; ltigre, dispute, sue at law; ltigisus, contentious; in dispute dica, lawsuit; dicam scrbere Dpn, bring an action against diem dcere, fix a day vas, bail, surety; vads poscere, ask for b.; vadem dare, give s.; vadem accipere, accept s.; s dare vadem pr Ab, go bail for; vadem dserere, forfeit one's b. vadimnium, bail, security; v. sistere or ad v. venre, present oneself in court vadr, bind over by bail (to appear in court) fdciam committere Dpn, give a pledge praes, surety (in money matters) spondre, become security; spnsus, security, bail; spnsi, promise, guarantee; spnsor, surety pr Abpn intercdere, go surety for cauti, bond, bail pgnus, pledge, security; verb pgnerre, give as a pledge accsre, accuse, indict; frt eum accsat, he charges him with theft arguere (Acpn sceleris, crmine, d crmine), accuse dltor, accuser, informer index, informer cnsultus, lawyer patrnus, advocate rabula, raucous advocate advocre, call in (as consultant); advoctus, legal assistant; later, advocate, attorney; advocti, legal assistance, counsel, the bar causam dfendere, make a defence (of oneself or another) arbiter, auctor, testis, witness; tests exhibre, produce; Mrcum testem prdcere or prferre, put M. in the witness box; t. mercnnrius, bribed w.; falsum testem subrnre, suborn a false 84/93

45.2 judge, jury

praetor, presiding judge idex, judge, juror; i. istus, just j.; i. cupidus, partial, unjust j.; citre idicem, summon j. arbiter, arbitrator, judge; a. honrrius, arbitrator chosen by parties, not by judge; arbitrium, decision of arbitrator is reddere, dispense, administer justice idicre, judge; i. sine cupiditte, j. impartially; r nndum idict, pending the decision of the judge nflectere is grti, pervert justice tribnal, judgement-seat subsellium, bench of judge, court idicium, trial idicium or idcs dare, grant a trial (of praetor who proposed judges) istitium, suspension of legal business

45.3 plaintiff, defendant

ctor, is qu petit, plaintiff; pettor, in private cases; accstor, espec. in state offence, also generally sacrmentum, civil suit causam agere, plead a case; causam rre, dcere, plead one's cause, address the court arcessere, sistere, citre, in is or ad idicium vocre, or in idicium addcere or ddcere, summon, arraign, prosecute Acpn in idicium prdcere, bring before the court Acpn lge interrogre, bring an action against reus, defendant, prisoner, culprit; Acpn reum facere or agere, put on trial is unde or qu petitur, defendant nmen Gpn dferre, indict, impeach, put on trial

witness; verbs testr, call upon as witness, bear witness; antestr, call as witness testimnium, evidence; t. dcere, give e. testificr, testify; noun testificti indicium, deposition, proof, evidence

omnia profundere, stake all via lbrica, dangerous path

46.2 safety
cavre, beware; cav canem; tibi cave, am careful for your safety praecavre, guard against vtre, dvtre, avoid; noun dvtti effugere, vdere, escape; effugium, means of escape perfugium, receptculum, receptus, respectus, refugium, shelter, refuge; habre receptum ad Acpn, be able to take shelter with cnfugere or refugere ad Acpn, flee for refuge to, take refuge with ad mean fidem cnfugiunt, they flee to me for protection sals, safety; tibi saltem affer, save you; salt meae diffdo, fear for my safety; saltem fug petere, effect one's escape ttus (e.g. ab hostibus), salvus, safe; t salvum vol, wish for your safety incolumis, intctus, integer, safe and sound, uninjured integellus, fairly intact invioltus, unharmed, inviolate in port esse, be in safety tt, safely nll me percul, without danger to me

45.5 voting, decision

tabella, tablet (with A=absolv, C=condemn, NL=nn liquet) urna, voting urn sententia, decision, verdict idicium, decision of court is dcere, prnntire, pronounce judgment causam obtinre, win; c. perdere, lose prvocre ad Ac, make an appeal (to a higher court); noun prvocti lberti, acquittal

q.v. guilt, punishment, 47 irre, swear; isirandum, oath; i. irre, swear; i. accipere, be sworn; i. cnservre, keep oath; i. violre, break oath; ireirand stre, abide by oath; ireirand astringere or obstringere, bind by an oath, with s=vow, swear; ireirand dvnctus, bound by an oath; ad i. Acpn adigere, put on oath adirre, confirm on oath abirre, deny on oath perurium, laesa fids, nllum isirandum, false oath, perjury; pierre or falsum irre, perjure oneself ltem redimere, come to terms (of opposing parties)

46.3 help
auxilium, help; petere a., seek h.; a. tibi fer, auxili tibi sum, help you; auxili venre, come to assistance; verb auxilir appell t, appeal to you for help iuvre, adiuvre, fulcre Acpn, subvenre Dpn, help aditor, administer, helper, assistant mans Dpn or ad Acpn tendere, implore help praest esse, attend upon, serve, aid Dpn adesse, help (espec. as advoctus) opem petere ab Abpn, seek help; opem ferre Dpn, bring assistance opitulr Dpn, help succurrere, hasten to help subsidi venre or proficsci, go to aid subsidium submittere, subsidi mittere, send to the aid sublevre, support, sustain 85/93

46 DANGER, PROTECTION, HELP

46.1 danger
perculum, danger discrmen, critical situation, crisis, turningpoint; risk, danger; rem in extrmum d. addcere or ddcere, risk all; rs est in summ discrmine, the situation is desperate rs est in angust, the situation is critical in extrms sus rbus, in the greatest danger perculsus, late anceps, dangerous perclitr, risk, e.g. saltem ripblicae; also be in danger

(animum) cnfirmre, sustain, encourage; noun cnfrmti oper tu, by your aid

47 GUILT, PUNISHMENT
47.1 crime, wrongdoing
misdeed, outrage, crime; f. or facere, commit a crime scelus, crime, wickedness, sin; s. excgitre, concipere, plan a crime; s. suscipere, facere, committere or dere, commit a crime; ad scelus impellere, urge to crime commissum, crime capital, rs capitlis, capital crime nefs, wickedness; n. est, it is forbidden nquitia, worthlessness, vileness, wickedness turpitd, vileness foedits, shamefulness flgitium, shameful act, atrocity; f. facere or committere imprits, shamefulness maleficium, malefactum, evil deed culpa, fault, crime, blame; in culp esse, be guilty, culpable; extr culpam, free from blame noxa, dlictum, transgression, injury, wrong, offence, crime noxia, guilt obnoxius, guilty, liable to punishment pecctum, sin nocre, laedere, injure iniria, wrong, injury; iniriam facere, impnere, nferre D, wrong; iniriam persequ, ulcsc, punish, avenge damnum, injury, harm, damage pat, suffer
committere

46.4 protection, defence

tur, ttr, cstdre, praesidre D, guard csts, guardian, protector vindex, protector, deliverer; vindicre, defend, protect, deliver tuiti, praesidium, ttla, protection prpgnculum, bulwark, defence cstdia, watch tegere, obtegere, prtegere, protect fidem Gpn sequ or in fid Gpn esse, be under the protection of Acpn in fidem recipere, afford protection to arcre, prohibre, keep off s mnre contr Actg, secure oneself against servre, cnservre, preserve, save; cnservtor, servtor, saviour; cnservti, preservation dfendere, defend; nouns dfensi, defence; dfnsor, defender morte ripere, save one's life

facinus,

45.5 hindrance
obstruere, obesse Dpn, interpellre, prohibre Ab or ab Ab, impede, obstruct, hinder adversr, oppose; adj. and noun adversrius impedre, praepedre, obstre, obsistere, officere, praevertere, thwart, hinder, oppose, stand in someone's way; noun impedmentum intercldere (e.g. viam Dpn), cut off, bar deterrre, deter, discourage, prevent, hinder

47.2 criminal, wicked

malus, evil facinorsus, criminal, vicious improbus, impudns, impudcus, wicked, shameless; nouns improbits, impudentia, impudcitia scelestus, scelertus, cnscelertus, wicked, villainous; maleficus, wicked, criminal; malgnus, wicked, spiteful; nocns, wicked, culpable perditus, impius, abandoned, wicked; noun impiets noxius, guilty; criminal nefrius, abominable, execrable, monstrous; obscnus, shameless, revolting, immoral; probrsus, shameful, vicious; prflgtus, vile, dissolute 86/93

46.6
t, use tilis, helpful, useful; noun tilits prdesse, be of use or advantage, benefit, profit saltris, salber or salbris, serviceable, beneficial ______________________________________ intilis, useless innis, useless, unprofitable; noun innits futtilis, vain, worthless; noun futtilits frstr, nququam, in vain

nquam, worthless taeter, repulsive, abominable turpis, disgraceful; s turpiter gerere, behave disgracefully foedus, dishonourable, shameful flgitisus, infamous, dissolute imprus, shameful, infamous barbarus, savage nocns, reus, sns, malefactor, criminal lus, pests hominum, (social) pests scelus, verber, furcifer, scoundrel ______________________________________ Dpn pecniam adimere, rob fr, thief; verb frr frtum, theft clepere, steal secretly latr, robber, pirate, brigand; latrcinium, robbery, piracy, brigandage; verb latrcinr praed, robber; praedr, plunder, rob reptor, robber grasstor, latrunculus, footpad rapna, act of robbery; P pillage raptum, praeda, plunder, booty dspolire, dpeculr, rob, plunder; noun dpecultor repetundae, extortion interceptor, embezzler prta, pirate; adj. prticus ______________________________________ Dpn vtam adimere or auferre, Acpn vt prvre or expellere, kill scrius, homicda, interfector, percussor, assassin, murderer mors illta per scelus, assassination parricda, murderer of father or other relation; parricdium, murder of a relation; frtricda, murder of brother ltum, violent death strangulre, strangle vennum, vrus, poison; v. Dpn dare, parre, praebre or nfundere, administer p.; Acpn venn tollere or vennre, poison necre, (e.g. fame, venn), kill (starve to death, poison) caeds, nex, occdi, occsi, murder; Dpn necem nferre or offerre, murder; caedere, necre, exanimre, necre, interficere, interimere, occdere, slay, kill;

occdere, massacre, exterminate efflgere, strike dead, kill sanguinem haurre, shed blood iugulre, cut the throat, kill obtruncre, trucdre, butcher, cut to pieces occdine

47.3 arrest, innocence, acquit, pardon

suspicr, suspect quer, complain dprendere, catch, find out; noun dprehnsi comprehendere in frt, catch in the act of stealing convincere, convict (of crime or error) praemandta P, warrant for arrest prehendere, comprehendere Acpn, arrest innocns, insns, innocent, guiltless; noun innocentia sibi nllus culpae cnscius, conscious of no guilt lber dlicts, free from crime castus, pure, innocent; noun castits carre reprehnsine, be blameless snctimnia, innocence nll me culp, through no fault of mine praetendere, put forward as an excuse absolvere, scelere solvere, acquit;
absolvitur frt

excsre, excuse; noun excsti prgre, justify, excuse; noun prgti venia, pardon multam, poenam remittere, remit gnscere, forgive condnre, pardon, refrain from punishing (a crime) satisfactinem accipere, accept an apology

47.4 fraud, deception

fraus, fraud; fraudre, dfraudre, cheat, defraud, purloin, embezzle; noun fraudti, fraudtor; adj. fraudulentus dolus, craft, deceit; dolus malus, fraud; adj. dolsus mchina, trick, device; verb mchinr; nouns mchinti, mchintor Acpn stratgmate percutere, defraud by a trick dissimulre, dissemble, hide one's feelings latebra, pretence, subterfuge interpolre, falsify dcipere, circumvenre, ldere, frstrr, Dpn impnere, verba dare, deceive, cheat 87/93

dstituere, deceive, mislead; noun dstitti, deception circumscrbere, cheat, ensnare fingere, simulre, feign, pretend; noun ficti, counterfeiting; simulti, deceit; simultor, pretender, hypocrite in speciem, as a pretence; praebre speciem pgnantium, pretend to be fighting subterfugere (e.g. mlitiam), escape (by trickery) fallere, lead astray; adj. fallx, deceitful; noun fallcia, stratagem, intrigue illicere, pellicere, allure, lead astray, decoy prdere, betray; prditor, traitor; prditi, treachery perfidus, nfdus, treacherous, false

47.5 confession, remorse, atonement

fatr, cnfitr, gnscere, confess, own paenitet eum, he regrets, feels remorse for pudet eum, he feels ashamed, blushes for pudor, shame veniam petere or poscere quod, apologise for expire, luere, poens dare, make amends, atone for; noun expiti piculum, offering as atonement

47.6 conviction, punishment

coarguere, convict of guilt or crime damnre, condemnre, condemn; capitis eum condemnat,, condemns him to death; capitis damntus est, nouns damnti, condemnti pnre, castgre, punish; nouns pnti, castgti, castgtor poena, penalty; poenam capere d Abpn, petere or expetere ab Abpn, repetere, smere d Abpn, statuere, poen afficere or multre, exact or inflict a p., punish; poens pendere, dpendere,
solvere, persolvere, sufferre, luere, suffer poens subre, submit to perferre,

ulcsc (Acpn pr scelere), avenge, punish; ultor, avenger inultus, unavenged, with impunity vindex, avenger, punisher; verb vindicre impne, impnt, without punishment, with impunity; noun impnits; adj. impntus multa, fine; multam committere, incur f.; multam Dpn irrogre, impose f.; multam remittere, remit f.; mult coercre, punish with a fine; verb multre; nouns irrogti multae, multti gnminia, nfmia, dishonour, disgrace; gnminiam Dpn inrere, or gnmini notre Acpn, brand with dishonour vincre, bind, fetter vinculum, bond, chain, fetter; in vincula conicere, put in prison; vinculs cnstringere, fetter compeds, fetters, shackles pedica, shackle, chain for feet catna, chain; catns inicere Dpn, put in fetters carcer, cstdia, prison; in carcerem (or vincula) conicere or dmittere, imprison; or d carcere mittere, release from p. arca, prison, cell cstdre, keep under arrest vpulre, be flogged virga, ferula, rod; virgs caedere, flog verbera, flogging; castgre Acpn verberibus, punish by flogging; verberre, flog, chastise flagellum, scourge, whip; verb flagellre secris, axe; secr percutere, behead crux, cross; cruc affgere, crucify; verb crucire

q.v. exile, 30.4 q.v. law, 45

punishment; punishment,

48-50 SUNDRY GROUPS

48.1 take, hold, get
capere, take smere, take up dprmere, take or fetch out assmere, adopt, take capessere, captre, catch at arripere, corripere, pick up, snatch up intercipere, intercept; noun intercepti 88/93

undergo sentence supplicium, punishment; ultimum s., extreme penalty, capital punishment; ad s. trdere, hand over for p.; s. smere d Acpn, supplici afficere, punish; supplici affic, be put to death carnifex, executioner carnificna, torture tortor, executioner, torturer animadvertere vitia in Acpn, punish

rapere, prehendere, apprehendere, comprehendere, seize, grasp; rapx, grasping, rapacious; noun rapcits occupre, seize, occupy arrogre, claim as one's own appetere, try to get asprre ad Ac, aspire to affectre, seek, pursue assequ, cnsequ, dvenre in Ac or ad Ac, attain, reach attingere, touch nancsc, reach, get acqurere, adipsc, apsc, obtain, get; noun adepti tenre, hold; tenx, gripping sustinre, support, hold up

s nn tenre, or s tenre nn posse, or tenr nn posse, or sibi temperre nn posse, qun subj., be unable to keep from doing

48.32 refrain, restrain

abstinre Ab, temperre ab Ab, abstain from absistere Ab, dsistere Ab, supersedre Ab, desist from, cease s sustinre, n subj., refrain from doing parcere Dtg, desist from, refrain from dtrectre, recsre, abnuere, shrink from, decline or refuse to do cessre, hang back (from something one has begun or has to do) frnum, restraint, check; frns adhibre, restrain; verb nfrnre, refrnre; adj. effrntus, unbridled tenre, inhibre, nfringere, sustinre, reprehendere, reprimere, restringere (with Ac), moderr (with D), restrain, check; noun inhibiti coercre, comprimere, restrain, repress, curb

48.2 strike, shake, break

caedere, ferre, percutere, quatere, strike, hit verbera P, flogging; verberre, beat, scourge vpulre, be beaten mulcre, beat, maul tundere, thump, beat plga, blow; plgam nfligere, strike; plgam accipere, be struck; plgsus, fond of flogging ictus, blow (that wounds) fstis, clva, cudgel, club pulsre (e.g. stium), beat, knock at conculcre, prculcre, crush under foot, trample on frangere, rumpere, break; frgmen, fragment, splinter; fragilis, fragile cnfringere, break in pieces quatere, shake quassre, conquassre, shake violently, shatter colldere, dash together concutere, shatter, shake discutere, shatter

q.v. unrestrained, 38.3

48.33 agent, messenger

Actg per Acpn trnsigere, transact through someone trnsctor, agent, negotiator interpres, agent minister (e.g. sceleris), tool allgre, send as agent or messenger lgre, send as ambassador; lgtus, ambassador; lgti, embassy nntius, messenger servus pedibus, prodromus, messenger, courier

48.31 do
agere, do, act, negotiate; cti, acting, action; agitti, activity facere, do, make; factum, facinus, deed, action facessere, accomplish perficere, perfect, bring about exsequ, perform, fulfil suscipere, undertake agitre Actg, versr in Abtg, be engaged in, occupied with rs gestae, deeds, achievements

48.34 manage
administrre, manage, superintend; noun administrti prcrre, manage; prcrti, management; prcrtor, manager, administrator praesidre, manage, direct; praeses, director dispnsre, manage rdinre, regulate

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48.4 example, model

exemplum, example, model; exemplum afferre, adduce e.; exempla smere, select e.; Actg exempl pnere, set as an e. specimen, pattern, model effigis, ideal exemplar,

48.9 tight, loose

artus, tight, taut astringere, draw together laxus, loose, slack; verb laxre solvere, exsolvere, resolvere, loosen

48.51 press, grind, crush

premere, press comprimere, press together supprimere, press down tundere, contundere, crush, bruise frangere, crush conterere, grind, pound

49.1 custom, usual, unusual

ms, custom; perdcere Actg in mrem, make customary; mrem tenre, retinre or servre, keep a c. suscere, become accustomed; perf. suv, am accustomed; sutus, accustomed, usual assuscere, grow or be accustomed; assutus, accustomed, used to; assufacere, accustom cnsuscere, accustom, accustom oneself; cnsuv, am accustomed; cnsutd, custom, habit; cnsutdine or ex c. or pr c., habitually, from custom; praeter cnsutdinem, against one's c.; cnsutdinem referre, restore a c.; in cnsutdinem venre, become a habit nsuscere, accustom, get accustomed nsutus, accustomed and unaccustomed to; unusual factitre, be accustomed to do, do usually ut fit, as usually happens nstittum, custom, tradition; nstitt su, in one's customary way solre, be accustomed, wont; solitus, wonted, usual; solitum, what is usual, custom sollemnis, usual; sollemne, custom, practice inveterscere, become fixed, established; inveterr, be firmly established dsuscere, be or grow unaccustomed; noun dsutd exolscere, pass out of use vulgris, ordinary, common sittus, usual, customary insittus, unusual, extraordinary, rare nsolns, unusual, unaccustomed to; noun nsolentia, being unaccustomed; nsolitus, unaccustomed, unusual inaudtus, unusual, strange rrus, rare, unusual singulris, remarkable, rare, extraordinary novus, novel, singular extrrdinrius, extraordinary

48.52 suppress, overthrow

overwhelm,

comprimere, opprimere, crush, suppress obruere, overwhelm sternere, prsternere, prflgre, labefacere, labefactre, overthrow

48.6 stretch
tendere, stretch, distend, extend intendere, extend extendere, stretch, spread out distendere, stretch out, distend praetendere, porrigere, stretch out, hold out, extend patre, pertinre, spread out, stretch (intrans.)

48.7 cut, scrape

secre, cut; secti, cutting succdere, cut off, through or down incdere, cut into culter, knife rdere, scrape scalpere, scratch, scrape

48.8 pierce
fgere, cnfgere, trnsfgere, cnfodere, perfodere, trnsfodere, pierce percutere, pierce, strike through perforre, make a hole through, pierce through trnsverberre, pierce, thrust through tricere, strike through, pierce

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49.2 suitable, fit, proper, unsuitable

commodus, fit, suitable, convenient; noun commodits aptus, suitable, fit, proper, capable of accomodtus, appositus, suitable, appropriate congruns, appropriate capx, capable of, fit for cnsentneus, becoming, proper; cnsentneum est with inf., it is fitting habilis, suitable, convenient idneus, proper, fit, suitable opportnus, convenient, apt, favourable; noun opportnits, favourable situation, time or circumstance convenit with inf., it is suitable pr or fs est with inf., it is right, proper mtr, opportunely incommodus, unsuitable, inconvenient ineptus, unfitting, unsuitable importnus, unsuitable

opperr, wait, wait for insprtus, inexspecttus, unexpected praeter or contr opninem, ex nspert, d trnsvers (e.g. rogre), unexpectedly

50.2 necessary, inevitable

necesse est, it is necessary, inevitable; necessits, necessity, compulsion; necessrius, necessary, inevitable; necessri, necessarily opus est, e.g. mihi, I must nn possum nn inf., facere nn possum qun subj., I must fier nn potest qun subj., it is inevitable that

50.3 inform
certirem facere Acpn Gtg or d Abtg or Ac and inf., indicre Actg, inform of impertre, communicate, impart significre, intimate afferre, referre, report, inform; nihil nov ad ns afferbtur, we received no news

q.v. opportunity, occasion, 2.6

49.3 correspond, agree, inconsistent

congruere cum Abtg, correspond or agree with quadrre, fit into, square with respondre, correspond, e.g. paria paribus
respondent

50.4 make known, publish

vulgre, spread about, make known dvulgre, publish, make widely known pervulgre, make generally known prmulgre, publish; noun prmulgti in pblicum prpnere, make known mnre (e.g. in vulgus), issue, be spread nntire, divulge praec, herald, crier; praecnium, publication

cohaerre, be consistent repgnre, be inconsistent with pgnantia loqu, contradict oneself haec incnstantissim dcuntur, statements are very inconsistent

these

50.5 power, strength

vs, force, power; summ v, with all one's might revrscere, regain strength nerv P, vigour, strength; nervsus, vigorous pollre, be strong; pollns, mighty, powerful vigre, be vigorous; noun vigor plrimum posse, be most powerful potns, powerful; potentia, power (espec. political); potests, might, power, political power

49.4 substitute
subditus, subdere, substitute; flius changeling substituere pr Abpn or Abtg, substitute suppnere in locum G, substitute vicrius, substituted; as noun substitute, deputy, proxy

50.1 await
exspectre, look out for, await; noun exspectti; in exspecttine esse, be expected; praeter exspecttinem, unexpectedly; exspecttinem movre, commovre or concitre; exspecttinem omnium vincere, surpass all expectations

50.6 contain, receptacle

continre, enclose, contain incldere, enclose inesse Dtg, be contained in 91/93

corbis, fiscina, qulus, basket; sportula, sportella, little basket (for food); cophinus, big basket; quasillum, wool basket saccus, sack, bag; rticulum, network bag; culleus, follis (dim. folliculus), leather bag arca (dim. arcula), chest, box; cista (dim. cistella, cistellula, cistula), box; capsa (dim. capsula), box (for books); alabaster, box (for perfumes, unguents); pyxis, box (for unguents, medicine) armrium, cupboard

horreum, storeroom, granary; cella penria, oleria, vnria, storeroom for provisions, oil, wine; apothca, storeroom (espec. for wine); carnrium, larder

q.v. purse, 33.2 q.v. receptacles for liquids, 29.8 q.v. stables, 8.3

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Appendix 1: Abbreviations
Ab Abtg Ac Acpn Actg adj. comp. Dpn Dtg G Gtg impers. intrans. ablative ablative of thing (i. e. not person) accusative accusative of the person accusative of the thing (i. e. not person) adjective comparative dative of person dative of thing (i. e. not person) genitive genitive of thing (i. e. not person) impersonal intransitive m n P Pass. plp. refl. S SN subj. superl. trans. usu. masculine neuter plural passive in poets and late (post-Augustan) prose reflexive singular singular nominative subjunctive superlative transitive usually

Appendix 2: Errors in the original publication

1.5 3.6 5.1 5.3 (out) 6.3 8 12.1 13.2 14.2 14.3 22.2 30.7 30.8 32.1 32.2 33.7 37.1 37.1 37.7 38.8 dniqu dnique mortlitas mortlits adct adcti dere, mittere second meaning omitted as unclear what Mr. Ripman meant ("et out") religre, bind back, back religre, bind back, bind agr cltura agr cultra ea quae subiectae sunt snsibus ea quae subiecta sunt snsibus fidibus dscere fidibus discere operire operre nitens nitns plmsus palmsus optim cves optim cvs de vectglibus eximere d vectglibus eximere sortt sortti sestertium sstertium vnre venre armtras armtrae accnsi accns mrs (cuncul) subruere mrs (cuncul) subruere crudlittem exercre crdlittem exercre

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