Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Avinash K. Sinha
Department of Electrical Engineering
I. I. T. Kharagpur
SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
NPTEL A.K. Sinha 1/37
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Lesson Summary
1. Introduction
2. Cause and Consequences
3. Types of Faults
4. Symmetrical Short Circuit Analysis
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Instructional Objective
On completion of this lesson a student should
be able to:
A. Explain the significance of Short Circuit
B. Explain the causes and consequences of
Short Circuit
C. Classify different types of faults
D. Compute currents for symmetrical faults
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Cause of Short Circuit Insulation Failure
Over-voltages caused by Lightning or Switching
Surges
Insulation contamination salt spray, pollution
Mechanical Causes Over-heating, abrasion
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Faults on Transmission Lines
Most Common Lines are exposed to
elements of nature (60-70%).
Lightning strokes Over voltages cause
insulators to flash over line to ground short
circuit or line to line short circuit.
High winds Topple tower, tree falls on line.
Winds and ice loading Mechanical failure of
insulator.
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Fog, salt spray, dirty insulator Conduction
path insulation failure
Short circuit in other elements
Cables (10-15%), circuit breakers (10-12%),
generators, motors, transformers etc (10-15%).
much less common Over loading for
extended periods deterioration of insulation
Mechanical failure.
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Consequences of Short Circuit
Currents several magnitude larger than normal
operating current.
Thermal damage to equipment.
Windings and busbars Mechanical damage
due to high magnetic forces caused by high
current.
Faulted section must be removed from
service as soon as possible (3-5 cycles).
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Types of Short Circuit
a
b
c
L G L L L L G 3| G
75 - 80% 5 7% 10 12% 8 10%
Asymmetrical Faults
Symmetrical Faults
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Short Circuit Calculations
R L Series Circuit Transients
SW
t = 0
R L
e(t)
= o
= o
max
e(t) = 2V Sin ( t + )
= V Sin ( t + )
( )
max
di
V sin t + = Ri + L ; t 0
dt
>
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( ) ( )
V
Rt /L max
i(t) = sin t + - e sin -
Z
(
(

e o u o u
Solving for i(t)
( ) ( )
2
2 -1
ac dc
ac
dc
Where, Z = R L and = tan L/ R .
or i(t) = i (t) + i (t)
i (t) = Symmetrical fault current (Constant)
i (t) = DC offset current (decays with time)
i(t) = Asymmetrical faul
+ e u e
t current
Time
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I(t)
i
dc
i
ac
NPTEL A.K. Sinha 11/37
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3-phase Short Circuit on
Synchronous Machine
Unloaded Machine:
Time
Actual envelope
Subtransient period
Transient period
Steady state period
0
a
b
c
S
y
m
m
e
t
r
i
c
a
l

s
h
o
r
t

c
i
r
c
u
i
t

c
u
r
r
e
n
t
X
I
E
g
+
X
a
X
d
Synchronous
reactance
X
I
E
g
+
X
a
X
f
Direct axis transient reactance
X
I
E
g
+
X
a
X
f
Direct axis
subtransient
reactance
X
D
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' '
d
X
'
d
X
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'' '
d d
ac g
'
d d d
''
d
'
d
- t / T
- t / T
1 1
-
X X
i (t) = 2 E
1 1 1
+ - +
X X X

x Sin ( t + - )
2
e
e
(
| |
( |
\ .
(
(
| |
(
|
(
\ .

=
A A
- t / T - t / T
g
' '
dcmax
''
d
A
2E
i (t) = e = 2 I e ;
X
T = Armature Time Const.
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g
''
ac
''
d
E
I (0) = OC = = I
X

(Subtransient Current)
g
'
'
d
E
I = Ob = (Transient current)
X

g
ac
d
E
I ( ) = Oa = (Steady State current)
X

ac dc
i (t) = i (t) + i (t)
Short Circuit on a loaded
Synchronous Machine
'' '' ''
g t dg L f ext dg L
E V jX I V Z jX I = + = + +
' ' '
g t dg L f ext dg L
E V jX I V Z jX I = + = + +
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I
L
Z
ext
V
t
V
f
P
Z
L
+
+ +
S
''
g
E
''
dg
X
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Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
m t dm L
E" V jX" I =
m t dm L
E' V jX' I =
For Motor:
Example: A synchronous generator and a
synchronous motor each rated 50 MVA, 11KV
having 12% subtransient reactance are
connected through transformers and a line as
shown in figure below. The transformers are
rated 50 MVA, 11/132 KV and 132/11KV with
leakage reactance of 8% each. The line has a
reactance of 15% on a base of 50 MVA, 132 KV.
The motor is drawing 25 MW at 0.8 power
factor leading and a terminal voltage og 10.6
KV when a symmetrical three-phase fault
occurs at the motor terminals. Find the sub-
transient current in the generator, motor and
fault.
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Gen T1 Line T2 Motor
Z
ext
jX
dg
E
g
V
0
I
0
P
+ +
+
(a) Before the fault
Neutral
jX
dm
E
m
(j0.12)
(j0.31)
(j0.12)
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Z
ext
(b) After the fault
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jX
dg
E
g
I
g
P
+ +
Neutral
jX
dm
E
m
(j0.12)
(j0.31)
(j0.12)
I
m
I
f
NPTEL A.K. Sinha 20/37
Z
0 0
10.6
V = = 0.9636 0 pu
11
= 25 MW 0.8 pf leading
25
= pu 0.8 pf leading
50
= 0.5 pu 0.8 pf leading
Prefault Voltage =
Load
Prefault Current I
0
=
Z Z
o o
0.5
36.9 =0.6486 36.9
0.96360.8
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Voltage behind sub-transient reactance (generator)
Z Z
" o o
g
E = 0.9636 0 + j0.430.6486 36.9
= 0.7962+ j0.223pu
Voltage behind sub-transient reactance (Motor)
Z Z
" o o
m
E = 0.9636 0 - j0.120.6486 36.9
=1.0103- j0.0622pu
Under faulted condition
"
g
"
m
0.7962+ j0.223
I = = 0.5186- j1.8516pu
j0.43
1.0103- j0.0622
I = = -0.5183- j8.4191pu
j0.12
Current in fault
f " "
g m
I =I +I = 0.0003- j10.2707pu
Base current (generator/motor) =
3
5010
= 2624.3A
3 11
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"
g
"
m
f
I =2624.3(0.5186- j1.8516) =(1360.96- j4859.15) A
I =2624.3(-0.5183- j8.4191) =(-1360.17- j22094.24) A
I =2624.3(0.0003- j10.2707) =(0.78- j26953.39) A
Contribution from Gen. and Motor
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Short Circuit Calculations using
Thevenins Theorem
A Short Circuit Structural change in
network addition of an impedance (Z
F
=
fault impedance, zero for solid short circuit)
at the point of fault.
The change in voltage or current resulting
from this structural network change can be
analyzed using Thevenins theorem.
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Thevenins Theorem
The changes in network voltages and
currents due to the addition of an
impedance between two points of a network
are identical with those voltages and
currents that would be caused by placing an
emf, having a magnitude and polarity equal
to the pre-fault voltage between the nodes,
in series with the impedance all other
voltage sources being zeroed.
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Post fault voltages and currents are computed
by superimposing these changes on pre-fault
voltages and currents.
Gen T1 Line T2 Motor
Example:
Z
ext
(a) Before the fault
jX
dm
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jX
dg
E
g
V
0
I
0
P
+ +
+
Neutral
E
m
(j0.12)
(j0.31)
(j0.12)
G
(b) After the fault
jX
dm
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Z
ext
jX
dg
E
g
V
0
I
0
P
+ +
+
Neutral
E
m
(j0.12)
(j0.31)
(j0.12)
G
V
0
+
Z
ext
Circuit A (Pre fault Circuit)
jX
dm
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jX
dg
E
g
I
0
P
+ +
+
Neutral
E
m
(j0.12)
(j0.31)
(j0.12)
G
V
0
Using Superposition:
Circuit B (Thevenins Eq. Circuit)
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Z
ext
jX
dg
V
0
P
+
Neutral
jX
dm
(j0.12)
(j0.31)
(j0.12)
A
''
g
I
A
''
m
I
G
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Z
0 0
10.6
V = = 0.9636 0 pu
11
Prefault Voltage =
Z
A =
Z
A =
A Z
A Z
o 0
''
g
o 0
''
m
'' 0 '' o
g g
'' 0 '' o
m m
V 0.9636 0
I = = - j2.2409
j0.31 + j0.12 j0.43
V 0.9636 0
I = = - j8.03
j0.12 j0.12
I = I + I = 0.6486 36.9 - j2.2409
= 0.5186 - j1.8516
I = - I + I = 0.6486 36.9 - j8.03
= - 0.5186 - j8.4194
From the viewpoint of current the two factors
that need to be considered in selecting circuit
breakers are:
The maximum instantaneous current which
the breaker must carry ( withstand ) and
The total current when the breaker contacts
open to interrupt the circuit.
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The selection of circuit breakers
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Short-circuit MVA= 3 (nominal kV)
| I
SC
| 10
-3
Base MVA = 3 (base kV) | I
base
| 10
-3
Short-circuit MVA in per unit = | I
SC
| in per unit
th
SC
1.0 1.0
Z per unit per unit
I short circuit MVA
= =
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Short Circuit MVA
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The maximum momentary current is found by
calculating the ac short circuit current using
sub-transient impedances of the generators
and motors and then multiplying it by 1.6 to
take care of the dc off-set current.
The breaker interrupting current depends on
the interruption time of the circuit breakers and
is obtained by multiplying the sub-transient ac
short circuit current by following factors:
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Circuit breaker speed Multiplying factor
8 cycle or slower 1.0
5 cycles 1.1
3 cycles 1.2
2 cycles 1.4
For CBs having short circuit MVA greater
than 500 MVA the multiplying factors are
increased by 0.1
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Thank You !
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