CHNG 2 CC PHN T C BN CA DNG C O

Mi dng c o c bn (hnh 2.1) c 3 b phn chnh l:

- Chuyn i s cp (CSC).
- Mch o (M).
- C cu ch th (CCCT).
Chuyn i s cp (CSC): thc hin chc nng bin i cc i lng o
thnh tn hiu in. L khu quan trng nht ca mt thit b o, quyt nh
chnh xc cng nh nhy ca dng c o. C nhiu loi chuyn i s cp khc
Mch o (M): thc hin chc nng thu thp, gia cng thng tin o sau cc
chuyn i s cp; thc hin cc thao tc tnh ton trn s mch. Ty thuc
dng c o l kiu bin i thng hay kiu so snh m mch o c cu trc khc
nhau.
Cc c tnh c bn ca mch o gm: nhy, chnh xc, c tnh ng,
cng sut tiu th, phm vi lm vic.. c xt c th cho mi loi mch o c
thit k ph hp cng nh s dng c hiu qu.
Mch o thng s dng k thut vi in t v vi x l nng cao cc c
tnh k thut ca dng c o.
- C cu ch th (CCCT): l khu cui cng ca dng c o, thc hin chc
nng th hin kt qu o lng di dng con s so vi n v sau khi qua mch
o. Cc kiu ch th thng gp gm: ch th bng kim ch, ch th bng thit b t
ghi (ghi li cc tn hiu thay i theo thi gian), ch th di dng con s (c trc
tip hoc t ng ghi li)
Ch th tng t (ch th c in) thng dng trong cc thit b o dng, in
p, tn s, cng sut, gc pha ... i lng cn o c bin i trc tip thnh
gc quay ca phn ng (bin nng lng in t thnh nng lng c hc lm
quay phn ng mt gc lch so vi phn tnh). Ch th tng t gm c: T
in, in t, in ng, cm ng v.v...
Ch th t ghi: S dng cc dng c t ghi nhm mc ch ghi li nhng tn
hiu o thay i theo thi gian.
Ch th s: Biu din bng s cc gi tr thng s trng thi o c. T tn
hiu tng t chuyn sang tn hiu s phi qua mt b bin i xung mch
19
Hnh 2.1: Cu trc c bn ca mt dng c o
CSC
M
CCCT
Kt qu o Tn hiu o
m mch m ho gii m ch th. Thc hin ch th s c nhiu cch: ch
th hunh quang, s ghp bng diod pht quang hay tinh th lng v ng phng tia
in t.
$2.1 CC C CU HIN TH
2.1.1. C cu ch th tng t
1. Khi nim chung
a) Nguyn l lm vic
Ch th tng t (ch th c in) c i lng u ra (kt qu o) lin tc t l
vi tn hiu cn o. Cc c cu o c in tuy khc nhau v nguyn l hot ng
nhng u ging nhau mt im v cu to bao gm hai phn chnh: phn tnh
v phn ng.
Cc c cu o c in u c i lng u ra l gc quay ca phn ng , c
s bin nng lng in t thnh nng lng c hc lm quay phn ng mt gc
lch so vi phn tnh.
Khi cho dng in i vo c cu o c in, trng in t tc ng ln phn
ng ca c cu sinh ra mmen quay. Mmen ny c xc nh bng t s gia
s thay i ca nng lng in t c tch lu trong c cu vi s thay i gc
quay ca phn ng:
d
d
M
q
t
W

Nu trn trc quay phn ng c gn l xo cn th khi phn ng quay n s b

xon li sinh ra mmen cn M
C
. Mmen ny t l thun vi gc quay ca phn
ng c gi tr c xc nh theo biu thc:
D M
C

Nh vy phn ng s quay di hiu ca hai mmen ny. Khi hai mmen cn
bng phn ng s dng li vi gc lch so vi v tr ban u:

d
d
D M M
C q
t
W

Vy

d
d
D
t
W 1

b. Nhng chi tit v b phn chung ca c

cu o c in
Cc c cu o c in khc nhau c nguyn
l lm vic khc nhau nhng chng c nhiu chi
tit v b phn tng i ging nhau nh: trc
quay v gi trc quay, l xo cn, b phn cn
du, thang o v kim ch th v.v..
Trc quay v gi trc quay
Trc quay lm bng thp hp kim Osimi
Hay Iridi c cng v chng mi mn cao.
Trc c ng knh t 0,8 1,5mm, u trc c
20
Hnh 2.2 Nhng chi tit chung
ca c cu o c in
Kim
Thang
o
L xo cn
L xo cn
Trc
Gi
dng hnh nn vi gc nh t 45
0
60
0
. Tn cng nh trc c dng bn cu, bn
knh 0,05 0,3mm. trc c da trn gi .
Gi trc quay lm t cng (rubi). Ni trc c khot lm hnh nn
vi gc nh l 80
0
. nh c v thnh hnh chm cu bn knh 0,15 0,5mm.
Thng mt c cu c hai gi . Mt c g c nh, mt c th iu chnh
c ln xung m bo kht gia trc v gi .
L xo phn khng (l xo cn)
L xo to ra mmen cn trong cc c cu o c in. N thng c hnh
dng xon c, mt u gn ng vi trc quay, u cn li gn i b phn iu
chnh v tr 0 ca im, c nh trn phn tnh. Mi c cu thng c hai l xo gn
trn hai u trc quay, c chiu xon ngc nhau. Ngoi chc nng to ra mmen
cn, l xo cn c nhim v dn in vo cun dy, nu cun dy nm trn phn
ng.
L xo c ch to t hp kim ng berili hoc ng -pht pho c n hi
tt v n nh.
Trong c cu o c nhy cao, gim ma st, ngi ta thay h thng trc,
gi v l xo phn khng bng cc thanh treo hoc cng c tnh n hi. Thanh
treo hoc cng c dng l hnh ch nht dng treo hoc cng c nh phn
ng, khi phn ng quay n b xon li sinh ra mmen cn.
Kim ch th v tia sng ch th
Kim ch th gc quay gn cng trn trc quay. Kim phi nh v cng nn
thng c ch to t nhm v hp
kim ca n. Hnh dng ca kim tu
thuc vo cp chnh xc ca dng c
v khong cch ti mt ngi c kt
qu o.
Cc thit b o c nhy cao,
ngi ta thay kim o bng tia sng
mnh. C cu dng tia sng lm kim
ch th c mt h thng quang hc
gm: ngun sng, h thng thu knh,
gng phn x gn trn phn ng v
mt s gng phn x khc.
Thang chia
Trn tm mt mu trng ngi ta in ng thang l cung trn mu en. Trn
ng thang c in cc vch chia v ch s ch gi tr o tng ng vi cc vch
chia .
B phn cn du
B phn cn du l mt chi tit c tc dng dp tt dao ng ca phn ng khi
o. N lm gim thi gian n nh, cho ta c nhanh kt qu o.
21
Ngun sng
Gng
Thang o
Hnh 2.3 H thng tia sng ch th
C hai loi cn du kiu khng kh v cn du kiu cm ng.
Hnh 2.4 l b phn cn du kiu
khng kh bao gm mt hp kn trong
c mt l nhm mng chuyn ng,
l nhm c gn cng vi trc quay.
Khi phn ng dao ng l nhm qut
trong hp kn.
Lc cn khng kh tc ng ln l
nhm s dp tt dao ng.
Khi phn ng n nh th cng
khng cn lc cn ny nn b phn cn
du khng nh hng n php o.
2. C cu o t in
a) Cu to
Cu to ca c cu o t in
c m t nh hnh 2. 4.
Phn tnh bao ca c cu gm
mt nam chm vnh cu v h thng
mch t lm t cc khi st non c
hnh dng c bit ghp li to nn
khe h khng kh hp v u gia
khi st non hnh tr nm gia v hai
khi st non nm hai bn.
Phn ng: l khung nhm hnh
ch nht trn khung c qun dy
ng bc lp cch in nh. Ton b
khi lng khung quay phi cng nh
cng tt sao cho mmen qun tnh
nh. Khung quay c t trn trc
quay hoc dy treo. Trn trc quay
c gn kim o v l xo phn khng.
C cu o t in khng cn b phn
cn du dp tt dao ng ca kim o
v trong khung nhm c dng in xoy khi n dao ng trong t trng. Dng
ny kt hp vi t trng to ra mmen dp tt dao ng. .Mt khc khi cun dy
dao ng trong t trng cng lm xut hin trong n mt dng in cm ng c
tc dng tng t
b) Nguyn l lm vic
Tc ng vi dng mt chiu
22
Hp kn
L xo cn
L nhm
Kim o
V
Hnh 2.4 B phn cn du kiu khng kh
trc
Cc t
L xo
Khung t
Thang o
Kim o
Khi st
hnh tr
Khung dy
phn ng
Hnh 2.5: C cu o t in
Khi cho dng in mt chiu I i vo trong cun dy s xut hin lc in t
tc ng ln cc cnh nm trong t trng ca cc vng dy. Nu cun dy c W
vng th lc in t tc ng ln mt cnh khung dy l: W l I B F . . .
Trong :
B l cm ng t trong khe h
khng kh;
l l chiu di tc dng ca vng
dy.
Mmen quay tc ng ln phn
ng l:
S I B W W b l I B b F
b
F M
q
. . . . . . . .
2
. 2

Vi b- l chiu rng ca khung dy.
S- din tch ca khung dy.
Nu t S W B K . .. =const th M
q
=K
1
I
Di tc dng ca mmen quay, phn ng s quay i mt gc lm cho l
xo xon li sinh ra mmen phn khng:
D M
C

Trong D l hng s xon ca l xo.
Phn ng ngng quay khi no mmen quay do dng in to ra v mmen
cn do l xo gy nn cn bng vi nhau : q C
M M

Hay I K D . .
Vy phn ng s quay c mt gc: I K I
D
K
.
1

Trong K l hng s. Nh vy gc quay ca phn ng t l bc nht vi
dng in.
nhy ca c cu o t in
K
I I
s

.
Tc ng vi dng xoay chiu
Khi c dng in xoay chiu i = I
m
sin t

i vo cun dy th mmen quay tc
ng ln khung dy cng bin thin hnh sin. M
q
=K
1
i =K
1
I
m
sin t

23
Hnh 2.6 C cu o t in
K hiu
Nguyn l lm vic
Phn ng c qun tnh nn khng th quay theo mmen ny c. V vy c
cu o t in khng o c dng xoay chiu.
c) c im v ng dng
-C cu o t in c nhy cao do c t trng trong khe h khng kh
mnh. Kt qu o khng b nh hng bi t trng ngoi. Cng sut tiu th
nh. C cu o t in c dng ch to dng c o c chnh xc cao (c
th t c cp chnh xc 0,5%). V gc quay tuyn tnh theo dng in nn
thang o c khong chia u.
- Nhc im: C cu c cu to phc tp nn gi thnh cao, kh nng chu
qu ti km do tit din dy nh. C cu khng o c dng in xoay chiu.
- ng dng : C cu ch th t in dng ch to ampemt mt chiu,
vnmt mt chiu v m mt vi chnh xc cao. Ngoi ra c th kt hp vi
cc b chnh lu o dng in xoay chiu. Hoc c th lm cc b ch th trong
cc mch o cc i lng khng in.
d) Lgmt t in
Trn c s ca c cu ch th t in ngi ta sng to ra mt loi c cu
ch th o t s gia hai dng in l lgmt t in
L gmt t in c cu to v nguyn l hot ng ging c cu o t in
Phn tnh ca n c khe h khng kh l khng u do khi st non gia c
hnh tr khuyt hoc ovan. Phn ng khng c l xo cn, thay vo c mt
khung dy th hai to ra mmen c hng chng li mmen quay ca khung dy
th nht (hnh 2.6)
Phn ng trong khe h mch t ca nam chm vnh cu gm hai khung dy
t lch nhau mt gc no

d
d
I M
1
1 1
;

d
d
I M
2
2 2

Khi c s cn bng ca hai mmen ny th phn ng
s dng
dt
d
I
d
d
I
2
2
1
1

Suy ra
) (
) (
) (
/
/
1
2
2
1
2
1

f
f
f
d d
d d
I
I


C th ly hm ngc ca hm trn nh sau:
) (
2
1
I
I
F
Gc lch ca t l k t in t l vi t s gia hai dng in. Nu hai
dng ny u o cng mt ngun in p to ra v u t l bc nht vi in p
th s khng ph thuc vo in p.
24
Hnh 2.7: Lgmt t in
I
1
I
2
3. C cu o in t
a) Cu to
C cu o in t lm vic da trn s tng tc v lc gia dng in trong
cun dy to ra vi vt st b t trng t ha hoc gia hai vt st t cng b
t trng ca cun dy t ha.
C cu o in t cng c chia thnh hai phn: phn tnh v phn ng.
Phn tnh gm cun dy v l thp c nh gn trong mt trong ca cun dy.
Phn ng gm l thp ng, trn trc quay c gn kim, l xo phn khng v c
cu cn du kiu khng kh
b) Nguyn l lm vic
Khi c dng in chy trong cun dy th c hai l thp b t ho cng cc nn
chng y nhau to nn mmen quay. Mmen quay do lc y gia hai l thp
lm cho phn ng quay, n l t s gia s gia ca nng lng t trng dW
t
tch
lu trong h thng vi gia s gc quay d ca phn ng.
2
2
t
2
2
W
I
d
dL
d
LI
d
d
d
M
q


Ngi ta thit k sao cho
1
2
K
d
dL

l hng s, nh vy:M
q
= K
1
I
2
Khi phn ng quay, l xo
xon li sinh ra mmen cn M
C
=D . Gc quay ca phn
ng c xc nh:
2 2 1
KI I
D
K

Nh vy gc quay t l
vi bnh phng ca cng
dng in. C cu o in t
tc ng c vi dng in mt
chiu v xoay chiu.
c) c im v ng dng
- C cu o in t tiu th nng lng nhiu hn c cu o t in. Gc quay
ca c cu t l vi bnh phng dng in nn thang o khng tuyn tnh.
nhy thp do in cm ca cun dy nh. C cu c chnh xc khng cao do c
hin tng t d trong l st non v chu nhiu nh hng ca t trng bn ngoi
- Tuy nhin c cu chu c qu ti cao, cng ngh ch to d hn c cu o
t in nn thng c dng ch to vnmt v ampemt o p v dng xoay
chiu tn s thp.
25
Hnh2.7: C cu o in t
K hiu
S cu to
Hnh 2.8: C cu o in t
k hiu
S cu to
4 C cu o in ng
a) Cu to
Phn tnh ca c cu o in ng gm cun dy A c chia thnh hai phn
on A
1
v A
2
c th mc ni tip hoc song song vi nhau to ra t trng
mnh tp trung tm cun dy khi c dng in chy qua.Trc quay chui qua khe
h gia hai cun tnh.
Phn ng: l cun dy B nm trong lng cun dy tnh. Cun dy ng
thng khng c li st non trnh c hin tng t tr v dng in xoy. Trn
trc cn c l xo phn khng, b phn cn du v kim ch th. C phn tnh v
ng u bc kn trong mt mn chn t c cu khng b nh hng bi t
trng bn ngoi.
Nu cun dy c nh qun trn li st t l c cu st in ng (hnh 2.9)
b) Nguyn l lm vic
Vi dng in mt chiu
Khi cho hai dng in mt chiu I
1
v I
2
i vo hai cun tnh v ng, nng
lng t trng tch lu trong hai cun dy s l:
2 1 12
2
2 2
2
1 1
2
1
2
1
I I M I L I L W
t
+ +
Vi L
1
, L
2
l in cm ca
cc cun dy tnh v ng
M
12
l h s h cm gia
cc cun dy. N ph thuc vo
v tr tng i gia cc cun
dy.
Mmen quay do cc dng
in tng tc vi nhau:
26
Cun
tnh
Cun ng Cun
tnh
Hnh 2.10: C cu st in ng
Cun
ng
L xo
Kim
L xo
Hnh 2.9 C cu in ng
Cun tnh
Thang o
Hnh 2.11 C cu o in ng
a) K hiu
b) S cu to
2 1
12 t
W
I I
d
dM
d
d
M
q


Ti v tr cn bng mmen quay bng mmen cn, nn ta c:
2 1
12
I I
d
dM
D

Vy
2 1
12
1
I I
d
dM
D

Vi dng in xoay chiu
Cho dng in i
1
= I
1m
sin t vo cun tnh A v dng in

i
2
= I
2m
sin( t+ )
vo cun ng B th mmen quay trung bnh tc ng ln phn ng l

cos ) sin( sin
1
2 1
12 12
)
2 1
I I
d
dM
dt
d
dM
t t I I
T
M
T
m m q
+

Khi cn bng ta c:

cos
1
2 1
12
I I
d
dM
D

c) c im v ng dng
C cu o in ng c u im v khuyt im ca c cu t in v in t.
u im:
- C cu o in ng c th dng lm dng c o trong mch mt chiu v
xoay chiu.
- C cu o in ng c chnh xc cao khi dng trong mch xoay chiu v
khng dng cht st t nn loi b c cc sai s do dng in xoy v t tr gy
ra.
Nhc im:
- Gc quay ca c cu ph thuc vo tch I
1
I
1
nn thang o khng u
- C cu o in ng c cng sut tiu th ln nn khng thch hp khi o
cc mch in cng sut nh. nhy thp do mmen quay khng ln v t
trng khp kn qua khng kh c t tr cao.
d) Lgmt in ng
T l k in ng c cu to phn tnh hon ton ging c cu ch th in
ng. Phn ng gm hai khung dy t cho nhau mt gc v gn trn trc
cng vi kim o. Ging nh t l k t in, t l k in ng khng c l xo cn
(hnh 2.10).
Khi cho dng in I i vo cun tnh A, cc dng in I
1
, I
2
i vo cc cun
ng B
1
, B
2
. Cun tnh s tc ng vi hai cun
ng to ra hai mmen quay M
1
v M
2
ngc chiu
nhau :

d
dM
II M
01
1 1 1
cos
27
Hnh 2.12: Lgmt in ng

d
dM
II M
02
2 2 2
cos
Trong
1
;
2
l gc lch pha gia I
1
, I
2
vi I.
M
01
, M
02
l h s h cm gia cc cun ng B
1
, B
2
vi cun tnh A. o hm
ca chng theo gc quay cng l cc hm ca gc quay ny.
) (
1
01

f
d
dM
; ) (
2
02

f
d
dM

Hiu ca hai mmen ny lm phn ng quay. Trong qu trnh quay khi chng
cn bng nhau th phn ng s dng li.
) ( cos ) ( cos
2 2 2 1 1 1
f II f II
1 1
2 2
2
1
cos
cos
) (
) (
) (

I
I
f
f
f
Ly hm ngc ta c
)
cos
cos
(
1 1
2 2

I
I
F
5. C cu o cm ng
C cu o cm ng hot ng da trn s
tng tc v lc gia cc t trng xoay chiu
ca hai hay nhiu cun dy vi cc dng in
xoy do cc t trng ny sinh ra trong mt a
kim loi.
1. Cu to
C cu o cm ng bao gm hai phn: tnh v
ng:
- Phn tnh gm hai nam chm in 1, 2
- Phn ng gm a nhm mng 3 gn trn trc quay 4. Trc ny c
bng gi 5.
Phn ng quay da trn s tng h gia t trng xoay chiu v dng in
xoy to ra trong a nhm. Do c cu o cm ng ch lm vic vi dng xoay
chiu.
2. Nguyn l lm vic
Khi cho cc dng in xoay chiu I
1
, I
2
chy vo cc
cun dy phn tnh s sinh ra cc t thng
1
,
2
. Cc
t thng ny cng lch nhau mt gc ging nh cc
dng in.
Cc t thng
1
,
2
xuyn qua a nhm lm xut
hin trong a nhm cc sc in ng cm ng E
1
, E
2
lch pha vi t thng ln lt mt gc /2.Tc dng
tng h gia t thng v cc dng in xoy trong a
28
3
4
5
1
2
\
2
\
Hnh 2.13: C cu o cm ng

2
I
1
I
2

2
E
1
E
2
Hnh 2.14: th vct
nhm l cc lc F
1
, F
2
tc ng ln a nhm. Tng hp hai lc ny to ra mmen
quay a nhm.
Mmen ny c xc nh theo biu thc: M
q
= Cf

1
,
2
sin .
3. c im v ng dng
- iu kin c mmen quay tc ng ln c cu cm ng l phi c t nht
hai t trng xoay chiu.
- Mmen quay t gi tr ln nht khi gc lch pha gia hai t trng t /2
M
qmax
= Cf

1
,
2
sin90
0
=Cf

1
,
2

- Mmen quay ph thuc vo tn s ca cc dng in to ra t trng
- C cu cm ng ch tc ng vi dng in xoay chiu
Bng 2-1
S
TT
Tn c cu K hiu Tn hiu
o
ng dng
1 T in I-
A, V, ,
G
2 T l k t in I
1
-/ I
2
-
M , dng
c o khng
in
3 in t I
2
A, V
4 in ng I
1
, I
2
A, V, W
5 T l k in ng I
1
/ I
2
cos
-mt, tn s k
6 Cm ng I
1
, I
2
Cng t -
mt
Bng 2.1 trn trnh by tm tt k hiu ca cc c cu o kiu c in, tn
hiu m chng o c v ng dng ca chng.
2.1.2. C CU CH TH T GHI
1 Nguyn l chung
29
Cc dng c t ghi nhm mc ch ghi li nhng tn hiu o thay i theo thi
gian. Ph thuc vo tc ghi m ta c th phn ra lm ba loi: C cu ch th t
ghi c tc thp, c cu ch th t ghi c tc cao, c cu ch th t ghi c tc
rt cao.
Khi tn hiu cn o c tn s thp (di 10Hz), ngi ta thng s dng cc
loi ch th t ghi c tc thp. l cc bt ghi vch ln bng giy chuyn
ng vi tc u. Cc c cu ch th s dng l c cu ch th t in v st
in ng.
Dng c t ghi c tc ln ( tn s di 100Hz) thng s dng cc ch th
t in hoc in t.
i vi cc loi dng c t ghi c tc ln (tn s trn 100Hz), ta c th s
dng c cu c in c tn s dao ng ring cao. Khi tn s tn hiu cn o rt
cao (trn 800Hz) ngi ta thng s dng c cu ch th in t nhm mc ch
quan st, nh v ghi li mt on tn hiu. Cc dng c l cc dao ng k in
t
Trong phm vi chng trnh ta ch xem xt n dao ng k in t, l mt
loi dng c o cc i lng bin i theo thi gian thng dng nht hay c s
dng trong ngnh. Hay cn c gi vi ci tn l my hin sng (Electronic
osiloscope)
2 ng phng tia in t (cathode ray tube-CRT): l b phn ch th ca dao
ng k in t (Hnh 2.13).
ng phng tia in t gm 1 bu thu tinh ht ht chn khng. Trong ng
c t mt cathode c si nung (tim n), cc anode A
1
, A
2
v li iu khin. Cc
chi tit ny to nn mt b phn c gi l sng phng tia in t. Bn cc gia
tc A
1
, A
2
c nhim v lm tng tc cho chm tia in t.
30
Tim n
Bn lch
dc X
Bn lch
Ngang Y
Mn hunh
quang
BU
A
1
Lp than
ch
Hnh 2.15: ng phng tia in t
A
2
Ngoi sng phng tia in t, trong bu thu tinh cn t hai bn cc phng l
bn lch dc v bn lch ngang: Khi chm tia in t i qua bn lch dc v
ngang, th in trng gia hai bn cc ny s li chm tia in t lch theo chiu
dc v chiu ngang bng lc tnh in. lch ca chm tia in t theo chiu
dc hoc ngang ph thuc vo in p gia hai bn cc.
Mn hunh quang mt trong ca mn nh ng CRT c ph mt lp pht
quang, ty theo vt liu ca lp pht quang ny m tia sng pht ra khi chm tia
n t p vo mn nh hunh quang c mu sc khc nhau.
Lp than ch xung quanh ng cnh mn nh thu nhn cc in t p vo mn
nh di tr li. Do in th m khng tch t li mn nh.
Nu ta t mt in p xoay chiu vo hai bn cc ngang Y, tia in t s di
chuyn ln xung theo chiu thng ng ta s nhn thy mt vch sng thng ng
nm gia mn hnh.
Nu ta t mt in p xoay chiu vo hai bn cc dc X, tia in t s di
chuyn sang phi sang tri s nhn thy mt vch sng nm ngang gia mn hnh.
Nu a ng thi hai tn hiu in p hnh sin cng tn s v bin vo cc
cp li tia ng v ngang, ta s nhn c trn mn hnh mt ng khp kn c
hnh dng tu theo lch pha gia hai tn hiu in p. ng cong nh vy gi
l Lissajous.
Dao ng k in t thng c ng dng quan st cc loi tn hiu khc
nhau c di tn rng. Ngoi ra c th s dng o in p, tn s v o gc lch
pha.
Dao ng k in t hin i c th c hai hoc nhiu tia in t c ci t b
vi x l nh li mt on tn hiu v c th iu khin a tn hiu ra my in
hoc ghi ra bng hay a t lu gi.
31
Hai tn hiu cng tn s, cng pha
Hai tn hiu cng tn s, lch pha
180
0
Hai tn hiu cng tn s, lch pha
90
0
Tn s ca tn hiu ngang = 2 ln
tn s tn hiu qut dc
Hnh 2.16: Hnh Lissajous o s lch gia hai tn hiu
2.1.3 C CU CH TH S
1 Nguyn l chung ca dng c ch th s
Cu trc chung ca mt dng c o k thut s c m t nh hnh 2. 17
Tn hiu vt l cn o c a vo
b chuyn i o lng s cp c bin
i thnh tn hiu in. Sau tn hiu
c s ho a vo b m ho x
l (chuyn gi tr thp phn sang nh
phn). Tip n tn hiu c a n b
gii m phc hi v dng tng t
ban u. Cui cng c a ra b hin
s.
2. Thit b hin s
Thit b hin th s ch th gi tr ca i lng cn o dng thp phn v
n v o hay khong o cng cc thng tin khc nhm em tin li cho ngi s
dng. Cn thit phi thc hin chuyn m t nh phn sang BCD v hin th bng
c ch in quang hoc ch th bng my tnh.
Ch th cho thit b o s c nhiu loi khc nhau nh:
- ch th s dng h thng c in, c in quang
- ch th s dng h n si nung cng sut nh
- ch th s dng n s loi c kh
- ch th s dng linh kin c hiu ng quang
- ch th s dng it pht quang (LED)
- ch th s dng linh kin l tinh th lng (LCD)
a) B ch th s dng h thng c in:
Cc i lng sau bin i ri rc (s) c tip tc bin i thng qua cc
thit b nh: ng c chp hnh, ng c bc, rle in t...m to ra cc lc
chuyn ng c hc lm quay cc trng s. Mi trng s c nh s t 0-9 c
vai tr mt hng trong h m 10
Nhc im ca b ch th ny l:
- Tc thip lp thp do c qun tnh ln khong 2-20km/s
32
Tn hiu o C s cp Bin i tn
hiu
HT s
Hnh 2.18: M ha tn hiu
Hnh 2.17: Cu trc chung ca mt dng c o k thut s
- Kch thc cng knh, ch s kh c
b) C cu ch th s bng LED 7 thanh dng it pht quang (LED)
L loi thit b s c s dng rt ph bin v nguyn l n gin, d s
dng, tin cy cao v gi thnh thp.
Cu to: Hnh 2.19 cho thy cu trc ca mt n
LED 7 thanh, gm 7 thanh mng ghp li thnh hnh
ch s 8 (k hiu t a g), Mi thanh l 1 it pht
quang (LED), tng ng c cc u ra cp tn
hiu cho tng it, cc it c th ni ant chung
hay catt chung. Khi c tn hiu cho php it no
hot ng th it s sng, phi hp s sng ti
ca cc it s cho ra cc con s: 0-9, cc k hiu,
cc k t
it pht quang (Light-emitting -
diode): L linh kin dng ch th s
thng dng hin nay. LED l cc
it bn dn pht x nh sng khi
c dng in chy qua (hnh
2.20).
LED c nhiu im vt tri
nh tn s hot ng cao, th tch
nh, cng sut tiu th b. c
nh sng mu, ngi ta dng cc loi
bn dn khc nhau.
Mt ch th s s dng LED 7 thanh c mt s cu trc sau:
in p thun ri trn mi it ca mi thanh khong 1,2V v dng thun qua
LED tng ng vi sng thch hp vo khong 20mA ty ln ca LED.
Nhc im chnh ca LED 7 thanh l yu cu dng ln.
Trong cc b hin th dng LED 7 thanh c th mc theo 2 cch anod chung
hoc cathode chung
33
Hnh 2.19 Hnh dng LED 7 thanh
Hnh 2.20: : it pht quang LED
Hnh 2.21: mt s dng ch th LED 7 thanh
V d: Mt b gii m dng cho
LED 7 thanh.
thc hin ch th s cho b
nh thp phn phi s dng mch
gii m (hnh 2.23). Cc u ra ca
b m c a ti mch gii m v
a ra iu khin cho LED 7 thanh
pht sng lin tc trong thi gian hin
th. y mch gii m s dng l vi
mch 4511 c dng iu khin
mt b ch th LED c chung
cathode. m bo dng mong
mun cn phi c thm 7 in tr bn
ngoi.
c) B ch th dng tinh th lng (LCD)
Tinh th lng l tn trng thi ca mt vi hp cht hu c c bit nh: matic,
stematic... cc cht lng ny nng chy hai trng thi: nht thp LCD
trng thi ng bng, nhit cao LCD trng thi ng hng. Pha trung gian
gia hai trng thi ny (0
0
C n 60
0
C) l trng thi tinh th lng (liquid crystal
display), n va c tnh cht lng va c tnh cht tinh th.
Cu trc ca mt ch th tinh th lng nh sau:
34
Cha c in p t
vo
Khi c in p t
vo
Hnh 2.24: Hin th s tinh th lng LCD
Hnh 2.23: Mch gii m dng cho LED 7 thanh
Hnh 2: 22: Cch mc LED 7 thanh
N bao gm mt lp thu tinh lng nm gia hai tm knh. Hai tm nha phn
cc dn trc v dn sau tm knh c s phn cc ng bng 90
0
. Nh vy nh
sng phn cc khi i qua lp tinh th b xoay i 90
0
.
Khi cha c in p xoay chiu t vo, mt ch th trong sut.
Khi c in p xoay chiu (khong vi vn) t vo, cc phn t tinh th nh
hng heo hng ca in trng. Nh th s xoay ca nh sng phn cc qua
tinh th lng b trit tiu, nh sng
khng th i qua mng lc phn cc
th hai. Nh th on tinh th lng
chu nh hng ca in trng ti
i. Vi hai mng lc c s phn cc
mt gc en. Nu hai mng lc phn
cc song song, ta c nn en v ch
s trong.
Mt ch th s s dng LCD c
mt s cu trc nh hnh 2.25.
u im ca thit b hin th tinh
th lng l tiu th dng rt nh, c 7 thanh
ca hin th tinh th lng loi nh ch yu cu dng khong 80A.
35
7
thanh
16
thanh
Ma trn
5x7
Hnh 2.25: Mt s hnh dng ch th LCD
$2.2 CHUYN I IN T HAY S DNG TRONG O LNG
2.2.1 Chun ha tn hiu.
a. chun ha v in p
0 5V ; 0 5V ; 0 10V
b. Chun ha v dng in
4 20mA
0 20mA
S khc nhau gia 4 20mA v 0 20mA th hin trong s ni dy ca
thit b o sau:

Hnh 2.26.a : chun dng 4
20mA
Hnh 2.26.b: chun dng 0 20mA

Thng cc thit b o cn s dng cng sut ln th c ngun cung cp ngoi
nh hnh 2.26.b. Khi ng tn hiu v c chun ha v 0 20mA. i vi
cc thit b o cng sut thp th s dng tn hiu s cng vi ngun cp, c th
hin nh hnh 2.26.a
V vy vic chun ha mt tn hiu o l cn thit nhm ghp ni cc thit
b vi nhau v nng cao chnh xc ca php o.Trong thc t ngi ta s dng
mt vi b chuyn i in t di y chun ha tn hiu o.
2.2.2 Mt s b chuyn i in t hay s dng trong o lng.
a. B OP.
Cc thng s c bn.
=
= = 0
>> ; <<

Thit
B o
DC
AC
R
4 20mA
Thit
B o
DC
AC
R
0 20mA
PS
36
Up
Un
V +
V -
Ip
In
2
3
6
Hnh 2.27 : S b OP
b. B lp li.
Chc nng: lp li tn hiu, tng dng tn hiu
Ta c :
c. B khuch i o.
Ta c : =
H s khuch i K =
d. B khuch i khng o.
Chc nng : tn hiu ra c khuch i ln
h s K ln v cng du vi tn hiu du vo.
Ta c :
= = =

c im ca h s k 1
Tn hiu ra lun ln hn tn hiu vo.
e. B cng o.
Chc nng : Tn hiu ra c khuch
i ln h s k ln ca tng cc tn hiu
vo.
Ta c:
f. B cng khng o.
Chc nng : Cng cc tn hiu u vo v tn
hin ra khng o du so vi tn hiu vo.
Ta c : 0
37
R2
R1
GND
Ura
Uv
3
2
6
Hnh 2.29 : B khuch i o
R1
GND
Ura
Uv = Up
Un
R2
2
3
6
Hnh 2.30: B khuch i khng o
U out
GND
R2
R1
R1
R1
U2
U3
3
2
6
U1
Hnh 2.31 : B cng o.
Ura
Uv
2
3
6
Hnh 2.28 : B lp li

g. B tr.
Chc nng: Tn hiu ra c tnh bng hiu
cc tn hiu vo u vo.
Ta c:
h. B khuch i o lng visai.
Ta c :
1+
1+
Trong o lng ngi ta hay s dng b khuch i o lng visal khuch
i tn hiu.
Trong thc t c IC : INA125; INA126
38
R2
R1
GND
R0
R0
R0
U ra
U1
U2
Um
Up
Un
2
3
6
U??
OP12GJ
Hnh 2.32: B cng khng o
R1
R2
R1
R2
GND
Ura
U2
U1 3
2
6
Hnh 2.33: B tr
R2
R3
R3
R2
R4
R4
R1
GND
U ra
3
2
6
3
2
6
2
3
6
Hnh 2.34: B khuch i o lng Visai
2.3 CC B CM BIN HAY S DNG TRONG O LNG
2.3.1. Khi nim chung
Cu trc c bn ca mt thit b o c minh ha trn hnh 2.35. Phn t ct
li ca mt thit b o l cm bin (sensor). Cm bin o thc hin chc nng
chuyn gi tr i lng cn o nh: nhit , p sut, lu lng dng chy, p
lc, vn tc, m v.v sang dng tn hiu khc thng l tn hiu in hoc kh
nn.
Tuy nhin trong nhiu trng hp tn hiu ra ca cm bin o cha th s
dng so snh vi tn hiu n v xc nh ch s o m phi chuyn i sang
dng tn hiu khc na. Phn t thc hin chc nng ny c gi l chuyn i
o chun (transmitter). Khi nghin cu mt h thng o khng in chng ta cn
phi nm c cc c im c bn ca cc phn t trong h thng.
1. nh ngha v phn loi cm bin
a) nh ngha
Cm bin o l thit b thu nhn gi tr i lng cn o v chuyn i sang
dng tn hiu khc da trn cc hin tng
xy ra trong lng n. M hnh cm bin o
c m t trong hnh 2.36.
b) Phn loi cc b cm bin
Phn loi theo i lng vo v ra:
- Cm bin in - in: trong cc i
lng vo v ra u l i lng in.
- Cm bin khng in - in: l cc
cm bin thc hin chc nng bin i cc i
lng khng in nh nhit , p sut thnh
cc i lng in nh in tr, in cm, in dung, dng in, in p v sc
in ng v.v
Thit b o
Cm bin
B chuyn
i o chun
Ch th
Hnh 2.35: Cu to ca mt thit b o
Sensor
Transducer
39
CB
x
y
Hnh 2.36 M hnh cm bin o
Transmitter
- Cm bin kh nn - in: l cc cm bin bin i cc i lng khng in
thnh tn hiu kh nn. Sau cc tn hiu kh nn ny c bin i thnh tn
hiu in.
Phn loi theo tnh cht vt l: Cm bin c phn thnh:
- Cm bin in tr.
- Cm bin in t.
- Cm bin tnh in.
- Cm bin nhit in.
- Cm bin in t -Ion.
- Cm bin ha in.
- Cm bin y sinh.
Phn loi theo tnh cht ngun in:
- Cm bin pht in (active)
- Cm bin th ng (passive).
2.Cc c trng c bn ca cm bin:
Hm truyn
c im c bn ca cm bin o l mi lin h gia tn hiu ra y ca n vi
gi tr i lng cn o Q. Mi lin h ny c th biu din bng bng s hoc
di dng cng thc y = f(x). Da vo mi lin h gia y v x m cc cm bin o
c phn thnh hai loi: cm bin o tuyn tnh v cm bin o phi tuyn tnh.
Cc cm bin o tuyn tnh c mi lin h y v x c m t di dng hm tuyn
tnh: y = a.x + b trong a, b l hng s.
Cc cm bin o no m mi lin h y v x khng c m t bng hm tuyn
tnh u c lit vo loi phi tuyn tnh.
Cm bin o tuyn tnh u vit hn cm bin o phi tuyn tnh bi v khi s
dng cm bin o tun tnh th vic gia cng s liu tip theo s n gin hn khi
s dng cm bin o phi tuyn tnh. V vy trong thc t nu c cm bin o tuyn
tnh v phi tuyn tnh cng c th s dng th nn chn cm bin tuyn tnh.
nhy
Mt c im th hai ca cm bin o m chng ta cn quan tm l nhy
ca cm bin o. nhy ca cm bin o l s thay i gi tr tn hiu ra ca
cm bin o khi i lng cn o thay i 1 n v. nhy ca cm bin o
thng c k hiu l . Nh vy i vi cm bin o tuyn tnh nhy l gi
tr khng i = a cn i vi cm bin o phi tuyn tnh nhy ca n thay
i. Nh vy i vi cm bin o phi tuyn tnh nu c tuyn ca cm bin o
c biu din di dng hm s lin tc y = f(x) th nhy ca n chnh l o
hm ca hm s = f

(x). Trong trng hp c tuyn ca cm bin o c

biu din di dng bng s th nhy c xc nh bng t s bin thin ca
tn hiu ra y so vi bin thin ca i lng cn o x, ngha l = y/ x.
40
Trong thc t s dng cm bin o c nhy ln hn u vit hn cm bin o c
nhy nh hn. nhy ca cm bin o cng ln th vic gia cng s liu tip
theo cng n gin. Yu cu nhy ca cm bin i vi i lng o cng ln
cng tt, tuy nhin bn cnh o cng yu cu nhy ca chuyn i vi nhiu
phi thp hn ch thp nht nh hng ca nhiu ln kt qu o.
Gii hn o
Gii hn o l mt trong nhng thng s quan trng ca cm bin o m
ngi s dng cn phi quan tm. Gii hn o l gi tr gii hn ca i lng cn
o m cm bin o c th thu nhn v chuyn i bo m chnh xc cn thit
v khng lm h hng cm bin o. Nh vy khi chn cm bin o cn bo m
gii hn o phi nh hn gii hn ca cm bin o. Khi gi tr i lng cn o
vt ra ngoi gii hn ca cm bin o th t nht s khng bo m chnh xc
ca php o hoc xu nht l lm hng cm bin o.
Sai s v chnh xc
Cng nh cc thit b o khc, khi ni n cm bin o cn phi bit c sai
s ca cm bin o. Sai s c bn ca cm bin o thng c biu din di
dng hm s mi lin h gia sai s ca tn hiu ra vi gi tr i lng cn o
y
c
= f(x). Sai s ph ca cm bin o thng c biu bin di dng x
p
=
f( K), trong K l s sai khc gia iu kin lm vic ca cm bin o v
iu kin theo yu cu ca nh ch to. Ngoi cc thng s c bn trn, khi s
dng cm bin o cm phi bit c thi gian qu ca cm bin o. y l
khong thi gian cn thit tin hnh mt ln o ring l, ngha l thi gian t
thi im khi cm bin o c nhng vo mi trng o cho n thi im tn
hiu ra t trang thi cn bng (khng thay i na theo thi gian khi gi tr i
lng cn o khng thay i). Cm bin o c thi gian qu cng ngn cng u
vit.
tuyn tnh ca ng c tnh: yu cu ng c tnh quan h i lng
o v tn hiu ra cng tuyn tnh cng tt.
tr : l s khc nhau trong p ng ra vi cng thay i u vo nhng
theo hai chiu khc nhau.
Nhiu
Nhiu trong cc b cm bin l ngun gc ca sai s m ta phi tm cc bin
php khc phc. Nhiu c th pht sinh trong qu trnh thit k, ch to, tnh cht
vt liu ca cc b cm bin hoc do nhiu tc ng trn mch truyn dn tn hiu.
2.3.2. Cm bin nhit
Cm bin nhit c s dng rt rng ri trong cng nghip, khng nhng
o cc i lng nhit m n cn gip cho nhiu loi cm bin khc c th tnh
ton b nh hng ca nhit . Hu ht cc phng php o nhit trong cng
nghip da trn hin tng truyn nhit: truyn nhit do tip xc hoc khng tip
xc. Nhit c truyn sang u o gy ra cc hiu ng c hc hoc in hc, da
vo cc cm bin c th chuyn i v cho ra tn hiu in.
41
Cc cm bin nhit thng dng c th c phn thnh bn loi da trn
tnh cht vt l c bn nh sau:
Cc nhit k gin n: Da trn s gin n v nhit ca cht lng, lm thay
i chiu di, th tch hoc p sut, v d nh nhit k thy ngn
Cc nhit k in tr: in tr thay i theo nhit , s dng cc nhit in
tr kim loi (resistance temperature detector, RTD) hoc nhit in tr bn dn
(themistor).
Cp nhit (Thermocouple, TC): in th thay i theo nhit ti im tip
xc gia hai kim loi khc nhau, v d
Ha k(pyrometer): bc sng nhit bc x thay i theo nhit , v d ha
k bc x o nhit cao.
Di y l mt s cm bin o nhit hay c s dng:
1. Cm bin nhit in tr
a) Nguyn l lm vic
Nguyn l hot ng ca nhit k in tr da vo s ph thuc in tr ca
vt dn vo nhit ca n theo cng thc: R
t
= f(R
0,
t)
Trong : R
0
l in tr ca dy dn 0
0
C;
R
t
l in tr ca dy dn t
0
C
Yu cu c bn mt vt liu c th s dng lm nhit k in tr l
phi c h s nhit in tr ln n nh v in tr sut ln.
Nhit in tr c ch to c th bng kim loi hoc bng cht bn dn. Yu
cu i vi vt liu ch to l: c h s nhit ln, bn ha hc khi c tc dng
ca mi trng, in tr sut ln, kh chy. gim tn hao nhit dn, chiu
di ca nhit in tr cn phi ln hn ng knh dy gp nhiu ln (v d hn
200 ln).
b) Nhit in tr kim loi (Resistance thermometers)
Nhit in tr kim loi thng c ch to bng cc kim loi nh ng,
platin v niken, ng knh dy t 0,02 0,06mm vi chiu di t 5 20mm.
- Nhit in tr ng: Nhit in tr ng thng c ch to vi ng
knh dy 0,02 0,05mm. Nhit cc i c th s dng ln n 180
0
C. Mi
quan h gia in tr v nhit ca nhit k in tr ng c m t bng cng
thc:
R
t
= R
0
(1 + 4,25.10
-3
t)
s dng trong cng nghip can nhit in tr ng c ch to gm hai
loi c k hiu TCM-50 (R
o
= 50) v TCM-100 (R
o
=100). Can nhit in tr
nhn bn ngoi tng ng nh can nhit in vi v bo v bng kim loi. Pha
trong v kim loi l dy in tr c qun ln l mica chu nhit v c hai dy
bc ni ra ngoi.
42
- Nhit in tr platin: Nhit k in tr platin c ch to rt nhiu loi
bng nhiu phng php khc nhau. Ph thuc vo phng php ch to m gii
hn o s khc nhau. Nu nhit k in tr platin c ch to bng dy dn c
ng knh t 0,05 n 0,1 mm th gii hn o cc i c th ln ti 750
0
C v nu
dng dy c ng knh 0,5 mm th c th o nhit n 1100
0
C.
Mi quan h gia in tr v nhit ca nhit k in tr platin c m t
bng cng thc: R
t
= R
0
(1 +t +t
2
)
Trong R
t
l in tr ca nhit in tr bch kim ti t
o
C ; R
0
l in tr ca nhit
in tr bch kim ti 0
o
C ; v l cc h s nhit in tr
Nu nhit thay i t 0 n 600
0
C th cc h s nhit in tr ca bch kim
l =3,91 .10
-3
[1/
0
C] v =5,8 .10
-7
[1/
0
C
2
]
Khi nhit thay i t -190 n 0
0
C th mi lin h gia in tr v nhit
ca platin c dng:
R
t
= R
0
(1 +3,94 .10
-3
t -5,8 .10
-7
t
2
4.10
-12
t
3
)
Can nhit in tr platin c cc k hiu sau: TC-50 (R
o
= 50), TC-100
(R
o
= 100), PT-100 (R
o
= 100), Pt-100 (R
o
= 100).
Bng 2.2 cho ta thng s c trng ca nhit in tr Pt-100
Nhc im ca chuyn
i nhit in tr Platin l
c tnh phi tuyn, khng
dng dc trong mi trng
xi ha kh. Nhng do u
im l bn ha hc cao,
tnh do ln, c th ch to
thnh si rt mng (n
1,25m) nn c s dng
rng ri.
Hnh 2.37 l ng c
tnh ca mt s nhit in tr
kim loi khc nhau.
chnh xc ca nhit
k in tr ph thuc vo hai
yu t: th nht l chnh
xc ca h s nhit in tr
v th hai l chnh xc
khi ch to. Trong thc t
chng ta c th b qua sai s
do h s nhit in tr m
quan tm c bn n sai s
do ch to. Khi ch to phn ra hai loi cp chnh xc: loi 1c cp chnh xc 0,05
v loi hai c cp chnh xc 0,1.
43
Hnh 2.37: ng c tnh ca mt s nhit in tr :
Pt 100, Ni 100, v Cu 100
Bng 2.2 : Thng s c trng ca Pt-100
Bng 2.3 : Di o ca mt s nhit in tr hay s dng
Bng 2.3
NT Di o (
0
C) nhy
Platinum (Pt)
Nikel (Ni)
ng (Cu
Ni- Fe
-200 850
-80 320
-200 260
-200 260
0.39
0.67
0.38
0.46
Hnh 2. 38a, ta c s o nhit s dng nhit in tr PT-100. Ti nhit
ban u T
0
cu lm vic trng thi cn bng

: R
1
/R(T
0
)=R
2
/R
3
in p ra V
out
=
0, khi nhit thay i in p ra s thay i theo t l vi T=T-T
0
, o in p ra
thay i t l vi R=R(T)-R(T
0
)
Nu E
ng
=3.14V, R
1
=R
2
= 1k; R
3
= 100; cho nhit thay i t 0 n
200
0
C th in p ra ca cu s thay i theo hnh 2.38b.
44
Hnh 2.38: S mch cu o nhit dng PT -100
S mch o
th in p ra
Hnh 2.39 l s s cu to ca mt s loi nhit in tr thng dng
trong cng nghip
c) Nhit in tr silic
Silic tinh khit hoc n tinh th silic
c h s nhit in tr m tuy nhin khi
c kch tp loi n mt di nhit no
h s nhit in tr ca n tr thnh
dng do in tch mang chuyn sang
nhit thp hn. cc nhit cao hn
s in tch t pht v c tnh ca silic
chim a s do vy di 200
0
C in tr
sut ca silic c h s nhit dng v trn
200
0
C h s nhit in tr l m. Phn t
cm nhn silic c kch thc
500x500x240m. nhy ca cm bin
silic vo khong 0,7%/
0
C ngha l in tr
ca n thay i 0,7% theo tng C
in tr cm bin silic c th ly xp
s theo cng thc:
[ ]
2
0 0 0
) ( ) ( 1 ) ( T T B T T A R T R + +
Trong R
0
v T
0
l in tr () v nhit (K) 0
0
C.
d) Nhit in tr bn dn (thermistor):
Nhit in tr bn dn c ch to t mt s xit kim loi khc nhau nh
CuO, CoO, MnO...Nhit in tr bn
dn c chia lm hai loi: Nhit in
tr c h s nhit in tr m (NTC-
negative temperature coefficient) v
nhit in tr c h s nhit in tr
dng (PTC-positive temperature
coefficient)
Khi ch to hn hp xit c nung
nhit cao to nn nhng khi chc
45
Hnh 2.41: c tnh ca NT bn dn
Hnh 2.39: Nhit in tr dng Pt100 dng
trong cng nghip
Pt 100
V bo v u
Hnh 2.40: c tnh ca nhit in tr silic
v hnh thnh nhng lin kt ha hc. Mi lin h gia in tr v nhit c
m t bng quan h:

'

,
_

0
0
1 1
exp ) (
T T
B R T R
Trong :
R
0
- in tr ti nhit T
0
ca cht bn
dn, ph thuc vo tnh cht vt l ca cht
bn dn, kch thc v hnh dng ca nhit
in tr bn dn.
B hng s ph thuc vo tnh cht bn
dn.
T nhit ca cht bn dn tnh
theo Kenvin.
nhy vi nhit l:
2
1
T
B
R
x
dT
dR
T
T

u im c bn ca nhit in tr bn dn l c nhy cao, h s nhit in
tr ca n m c gi tr ln gp 6 10 ln h s nhit in tr ca kim loi. Nhit
in tr c ch to di dng thanh, vng m, a v ht.. Nhit in tr dng
thanh c ch to vi gi tr in tr ch mc 20
0
C thay i t 1000 n 200
000 m, nhit o trong khong t -100 n 120
0
C.Nhit in tr bn dn dng
ht nh c ch to o nhit nhng i tng c kch thc nh. Tr s
in tr nh mc 20
0
C l 2700 v 5000 vi phm vi nhit s dng t -60
n 120
0
C.
Nhc im c bn ca nhit in tr bn dn l c tuyn phi tuyn tnh,
in tr nh mc v c c tuyn ca cc nhit in tr bn dn rt khc nhau v
vy chng khng c kh nng thay th gia cc nhit in tr sn xut hng lot
cng chng loi.
2. Cp nhit in (Thermocouple)
Cp nhit in l loi cm bin nhit, nguyn l hot ng da trn hiu ng
Peltier, Thomson v Seebeck.
a) Hiu ng nhit in
- Hiu ng Thomson:
Trong mt vt dn ng nht, gia hai im t
1
v t
2
c nhit khc nhau s
sinh ra mt sc in ng nhit in. Sc in ng ny ch ph thuc vo bn
cht ca vt dn v nhit hai im t
1
v t
2
:
dt dE
A A

; vi
A
- h s Seebeck vi vt liu A
cho trc.
46
1 2
E
12
t
1
t
2

1
2
) , (
2 1
t
t
A A
dt t t E
Hay
) ( ) ( ) , (
2 1 2 1
t E t E t t E
A A A

- Hiu ng Peltier
Cn nu hai vt dn c bn cht khc nhau A v B
t tip xc th xut hin
sc in ng ph thuc bn cht ca hai vt dn
v nhit ca im tip xc:

1
2
) (
12
t
t
B A
dt E
- Hiu ng Seebeck:
Mt mch kn gm hai vt dn A v B c ni vi nhau ti hai im nhit
tng ng t1, t2 s to thnh mt cp nhit in. Khi nhit
hai u t1 v t2 khc nhau, cc in tch khuch tn sang
nhau to nn mt sc in ng do tc ng ca hiu ng
Peltier v Thomson v gi l sc in ng Seebeck.
[ ] [ ] ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , (
2 1 2 1 2 1
t E t E t E t E t t E
B B A A AB

Hoc
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
2 1 2 1 2 1
t t E t t E t t E
B A AB

Sc in ng ny ch ph thuc vo nhit t
1
v t
2
, c
th biu din di dng
) ( ) ( ) , (
2 1 2 1
t e t e t t E
BA AB AB
+
Mc khc ta c
) ( ) (
2 2
t e t e
AB BA

Nn
) ( ) ( ) , (
2 1 2 1
t e t e t t E
AB AB AB

V ta c
) , ( ) , (
2 1 2 1
t t f t t E
AB

Nu mt u tip xc c gi nhit n nh (v d t
2
=const) v u kia t
1
t
mi trng c nhit thay i, th sc in ng s ph thuc vo nhit t
1
E
AB
= e
AB
(t
1
) C = f(t
1
) vi C= e
AB
(t
2
) = const
y l phng trnh c bn ca cp nhit ngu
b) Cp nhit in (thermocouples)
Cu to ca mt cp nhit in c m t nh hnh 2.42. Bao gm 2 dy dn
c hn cht vi nhau ti mt u, c gi
l u lm vic c nhng vo mi trng
o nhit . Nhit ca u cn li phi gi
c nh, u ny c gi l u t do. Cc
dy dn c gi l cc dy in cc nhit
Phng trnh c bn ca cp nhit in
lm cm bin o nhit nh sau:
47
A B
u o
Dy in cc
u t do
Hnh 2.42: Cp nhit in
E = f(t) vi t
0
= const
iu kin chun khi chia cc cp nhit quy nh t
0
= 0
0
C. c tuyn ca cc
cp nhit in E = f(t) khi t
0
= 0
0
C thng c biu din di dng bng s liu.
Vt liu dng ch to cp nhit in cn m bo cc yu cu: quan h
gia sc in ng nhit in vi nhit l mt hm n tr, tnh cht nhit in
khng thay i, bn ha hc v c hc cao, dn in tt, c tr s sc in ng
nhit in ln.
Di y l mt s cp nhit in thng s dng (bng 2.)
Bng 2. 3
Loi in cc
+
in cc
-
nhy k
T
[V/
0
C]
Di o c tnh
K Chromel
Ni-Cr
Nickel 40.5 -270
+1370
Tuyn
tnh
S Platinum Pt-Rh10
90%Pt+10%Rh
6.4 -50
1760
Chinh
xc cao
J St Cu-Ni 51.7 -210
`1200
nhy
tt
T ng Cu-Ni 49 -200
400
nhy
tt
W
3
W-Re3
97%W+3%R
W-Re25
75%W+25%Re
18 0
2320
o nhit
cao
Hnh 2.43 l c tnh ca mt s
cp nhit in c bn
h
c) Cm bin cp nhit in
(thermocouple sensors)
Cu to in hnh ca mt cp nhit
in cng nghip c m t nh hnh 2.44
Trong cng nghip, cp nhit in
c s dng rt rng ri o nhit do
u im c bn ca n l chuyn i tn
hiu nhit sang tn hiu in p. ng
48
Hnh 2.43: c tnh ca mt s cp nhit in c bn
Mi ni
u ni
vt ni dy
V
bo v
S cch
in
u o
u o
u o
Dy in
cc
Hnh 2.44: Cm bin cp nhit in
thi n bo m to ra c nhng u o nh o nhit ca nhng khng
gian cht hp. Cp nhit in c rt nhiu loi vi nhng gii hn o khc nhau
p ng c yu cu ca cng nghip. Trong iu kin cng ngip khong cch
t im o n TB rt xa v khng th s dng bnh nc a ang tan to
nhit u t do cho cp nhit in m nhit ny lun lun khc 0
o
C. V vy,
thun tin cho ngi s dng cc cp nhit in c ch to sn di dng cc
can nhit in (CN) c chiu di ti a 2000 mm. ni can nhit in vi thit
b o phi s dng dy dn b (DDB). Nhit u t do ca can nhit in khc
0
o
C v vy phi c thit b b b nhit u t do. S mch o trong cng
nghip c m t trn hnh. u o ca can nhit in c cm vo mi trng
o. Cu to ca u o gm hai dy in cc 1 c mt u c hn cht li vi
nhau cn mt u t do ni vi DDB. Hai dy in cc c lng trong ng
cch in 2. Lp ngoi cng ca can nhit in l v bo v. Khi o nhit mi
trng khng n mn th v bo v khng bt kn u. Trong trng hp ny, u
o ca hai dy in cc tip xc trc tip vi mi trng o, bo m qun tnh
nhit nh nht. Khi o nhit ca mi trng n mn th v bo v c bt kn
u chng s xm thc ca mi trng lm hng dy in cc. Yu cu v bo
v phi dn nhit tt gim qun tnh nhit ca CN lm tng kh nng s dng
ca CN.
Hai dy in cc phi bo m ng cht. ng knh cc dy in cc phi
ln bo m bn c hc v bn nhit. Khi ch to can nhit in cn ch
sao cho mi hn u lm vic ca cc dy in cc nhit phi tht bn vng. Cc
in cc phi cch in tt, vt liu cch in khng c gy nh hng ln vt
liu in cc nhit trong gii hn nhit o. V bo v phi bn nhit bn c
hc, khng thm kh v khng chu nh hng ca cc xung nhit ln. Vt liu
ch to v bo v phi dn nhit tt.
Nh vy nhy ca cp nhit in khng phi l hng s m ph thuc vo
nhit . Do vy cc cp nhit in cng nghip thng cho trc mt bng
sc
in ng ng vi cc nhit khc nhau trong khong 1
0
C vi u t do
0
0
C.
- Cc nguyn nhn ch yu gy sai s i vi cp nhit in: sai s do nhit
u t do thay i; sai s do s thay i in tr ca ng dy, cp nhit v
ch th. Ngoi ra cn c sai s gy nn do t cp nhit in khng ng v tr cn
o,khng ng hng v din tch tip xc ca cp nhit vi i tng o qu
nh:
- Sai s do nhit u t do thay i v cch khc phc: khi khc cc cp
nhit in, u t do c t mi trng c nhit 0
0
C, nhng trong thc t
s dng, nhit u t do t trong mi trng khc 0
0
C.
49
Khc phc sai s trn thng dng phng php hiu chnh h s k trn tng
on ca ng cong c tnh ET = f(t) hoc dng thit b hiu chnh t ng nhit
u t do:
d) Dy dn b
Nh trn y trnh by, o c nhit th u t do ca cp nhit in
phi c nhit n nh, cch xa cc b mt c t nng. Thng thng u t
do ca cp nhit in phi a v phng iu khin trung tm ghp ni vi thit
b o. Nh vy phi ch to dy c bit ni can nhit in vi thit b o c
gi l dy dn b. Mi loi cp nhit in c dy dn b ring ca n. c tnh c
bn ca dy dn b l hai dy dn b cng hnh thnh mt cp nhit in (ngha l
cng c dy dng v dy m) v sc in ng sinh ra ca n trong khong nhit
t 0 -100
0
C bng sc in ng ca chnh bn thn cp nhit. ng thi dy
dn b phi mm do d lp t v phi c in tr nh. i vi mt s loi cp
nhit in r tin, dy dn b ca n c ch to t chnh vt liu ca dy cp
nhit in. Nhng i vi nhng cp nhit in t tin th khng th ch to nh
vy, v gi thnh php o qu cao khng th s dng c. Trong trng hp ny
phi nghin cu ch to vt
liu lm dy dn b p
ng c yu cu cn thit.
Khi ni dy dng ca
DDB phi c ni vi
dy dng ca dy cp
nhit v dy m ca DDB
c ni vi dy m ca
cp nhit in (hnh 2.45.)
2.3.3. Cm bin p sut
1. Khi nim chung
a) p sut v n v o
p sut l i lng vt l biu th nng lng c hc tch ly trong mi
trng cht kh hoc cht lng.
Gi tr p sut l lc tc ng vung gc ln mt n v din tch, c xc
nh:
dA
dF
P
Gi tr p sut o c phn ra ba loi: p sut tuyt i, p sut tng i v
p sut chn khng. Trong cng nghip hoc trong nghin cu khoa hc, gi tr p
sut c quan tm nhiu nht l p sut d v p sut m ( chn khng), ng
thi gi tr hiu p sut ca hai mi trng cng c ch n rt nhiu.
p sut ton phn P
t
l gi tr p sut tuyt i ca mi trng. N c gi tr
bng tng p sut d P
d
v p sut kh quyn P
k
:
P
t
= P
d
+ P
k
Hay P
d
= P
t
- P
k
50
Hnh 2.45: Ni cp nhit in vi DDB
TC
t
t
1
t
0
Ngha l p sut d l gi tr p sut mi trng ln hn p sut kh quyn.
p sut chn khng l lng p sut mi trng thp hn p sut kh quyn v
c xc nh bng hiu p sut kh quyn tr i p sut ton phn:
P
a
= P
k
P
t

Bng 2.4 trnh by cc n v o p sut v h s chuyn i gia chng
b) Nguyn l o p sut
Cm bin p sut ng vai tr quan trng trong cc h thng cht lng v cht
kh. Nguyn l ca cm bin p sut l chuyn i tn hiu cn o p sut thnh tn
hiu ra in, o p sut hoc lu lng ca cht lng v cht kh (hnh 2.).
Cc cm bin o p sut cng nghip c th c phn loi nh sau :
Cc cm bin n hi hai phn t : Phn t cm bin s cp bin i p sut
thnh dch chuyn da trn tnh cht n hi. Phn t th cp l mt cm bin dch
chuyn, chuyn i dch chuyn thnh mt tn hiu in, v d nh chit p,
cm bin lc cng (strain gauge), cm bin cm ng, cm bin t in, bip p vi
sai.
Cc cm bin piezo : Phn t cm bin s cp l tinh th thch anh c hiu
ng p tr (piezoresistive) hoc p in (piezoelectric). Khi tc ng mt lc ln
tinh th thch anh, hiu ng p tr gy nn s thay i in tr ca tinh th thch
anh cn hiu ng p in gy nn tch in khc du trn hai b mt tinh th thch
anh.
Di y trnh by mt s cm bin p sut hay c s dng :
1. Cm bin p sut n hi hai phn t.
Cm bin o p sut thng c s dng nht hin nay l cc cm bin n
hi. Nguyn l lm vic ca n l da vo tnh cht ca cc vt th n hi. Di
tc ng ca p sut cc vt th n hi bin dng sinh ra lc n hi chng li s
51
tc ng ca p lc p sut. Khi hai lc cn bng th qu trnh bin dng kt thc
hnh thnh mi lin h gia bin dng ca vt th n hi v p sut tc
ng ln n. y l mt trong nhng c trng c bn ca cm bin n hi. c
tnh tnh ca cm bin n hi = f(p) c th l tuyn tnh hoc phi tuyn tnh
ph thuc vo cu trc v hnh thc tc ng ln n. Thng thng th khi thit k
cc cm bin n hi c gng nhn c c tnh tuyn tnh ca n, hoc tm cc
bin php tuyn tnh ha nu gp phi c tnh phi tuyn tnh.
Thng s quan trng nht xc nh cht lng lm vic ca cm bin n hi
l cng ca n hay gi tr nghch o ca cng l nhy. Nu c tnh ca
cm bin n hi l tuyn tnh th cng ca n c xc nh theo cng thc:
K= P/ (Pa/m hay KG/cm
2
/mm)
Vv nhy ca cm bin n hi:
S = 1/K = /P ( m/Pa hay mm /KG/cm
2
)
Trong trng hp c tnh ca cm bin n hi l phi tuyn tnh th cng
v nhy ca n c xc nh theo cc cng thc:
P
S v
P
K

Hnh 2.46 l cc phn t cm bin n hi thng c s dng l : l xo ng

mt vng, l xo ng nhiu vng, mng n hi, mng hp n hi, mng hp
nhiu tng, mng xp hay
cn gi l hp xiphn.
Mng n hi l
phn t cm bin p sut
c s dng rng ri nht
o p sut, mng n
hi c nhiu loi: mng
n hi phng, mng n
hi ln sng, mng n
hi phi kim loi v mng
hp.
Mng n hi phng
c ch to bng thp
hoc ng thau l nhng
tm mng hnh trn c
dy c nh. Cu trc ca
mng n hi phng c
m t trong hnh 2.46a.
Mng phng l mt a
kim loi hnh trn. lm
cm bin o p sut a
kim loi ny c p c
52
Hnh 2.46: Cc phn t cm bin p sut n hi
a)Mng phng; b) mng ln sng; c) mng hp; d) ng xiphon
e)ng tr; f) ng Bourdon hnh ch C; g) ng Bourdon xon;
h) ng Bourdon xon c
nh vin chu vi ln khun to nn hp kn. p sut o c dn vo trong hp
kn ny. Di tc ng ca p sut phn b u, mng n hi s b un cong.
Nhng y khng ch tn ti qu trnh bin dng un m c bin dng ko. Do
vy c tnh tnh ca mng phng = f(P) mang tnh phi tuyn. V vy hin nay
mng phng t c s dng m c bn s dng mng ln sng. Hnh dng cu
to ca mng ln sng c m t trong hnh 2.46b. Sng b mt ca mng c
dng sng trn tng tin cy lm vic v tuyn tnh ha c tnh ca mng. Tuy
nhin hnh dng ca sng nh hng rt t ln tnh cht ca mng. Tnh cht ca
ca mng ph thuc c bn vo cao ca sng v dy ca mng. Trong gii
hn lm vic c tuyn ca mng l tuyn tnh v trong trng hp ny di tc
ng ca p sut ch tn ti duy nht bin dng un. Chiu cao ca sng cng tng
th khong lm vic tuyn tnh ca mng cng ln. Trong thc t mng sng n t
c s dng hn l mng hp. Mng hp gm hai mng ln sng hn ghp vin
li vi nhau to thnh hp kn. p sut o c dn vo trong lng hp v tc
ng ln c hai mng ln sng lm cho c hai mng cng bin dng. Nh vy
nhy ca cm bin o s tng ln. nhy ca cm bin o cng tng ln khi
ghp lin tip hai hoc nhiu mng hp li vi nhau to thnh mng hp nhiu
tng. Cc mng hp ch s dng o p sut d hoc p sut chn khng m
khng th s dng o hiu p sut ca hai mi trng. Trong cng nghip cn
s dng mng phi kim loi. Mng phi kim loi c s dng o cc p sut
nh. Nhng mng ny c ch to bng vi li c bit c ph cao su chng
c tc ng ca xng du. Cc mng phi kim loi thng c phn tm cng
chim 0,8 ng knh lm vic ca mng, bo m gi tr in tch hiu dng
khng i, phn vng xuyn ca mng thng c cu trc hnh sng. Mng c
phn vng xuyn phng t c s dng, bi v din tch hiu dng ca loi mng
ny thay i rt ln. c tnh ca mng phi kim loi thng c xc nh bng
thc nghim m khng th tnh ton c bng gii tch. cng ca mng phi
kim loi thng rt nh v vy trong cu trc ca n thng trang b thm l xo.
Trong trng hp ny cm bin n hi l s kt hp ca l xo v mng phi kim
loi.
Mng xp hay cn gi l hp xiphn l ng mng c sng ngang (hnh
2d) dng lm cm bin o p sut thp. N c th s dng o p sut d, chn
khng hc hiu p sut. Kh nng chu nn ca xiphn gp 1,5 n 2 ln p sut
tc ng t pha trong. cng ca xiphn ph thuc vo kch thc hnh hc,
dy thnh ng v tnh cht n hi ca vt liu ch to. c tnh ca xiphn =
f(P) tuyn tnh trong mt khong bin dng khng ln, xiphn c th ch to bng
phng php p nn thy lc hoc c thy lc t cc ng c thnh mng. ng
thi xiphn cng c th ch to bng phng php hn. Trc ht tin hnh dp
cc mng sau y tin hnh hn cc vin trong v vin ngoi. Trong mt s trng
hp tng cng c th trang b thm l xo trong lng xiphn v hnh thnh
nn cm bin n hi xiphn l xo.
53
L xo ng mt vng c s cu trc c m t trong hnh 4.16a. Cu
to c bn ca n l ng l xo c tit din hnh elip hoc hnh van c un trn
vi gc tm = 200 270
0
.Trc ln ca hnh elip (hoc van) vung gc vi
bn knh cong ca ng l xo. Mt u ca ng l xo c gn c nh thng vi
ng dn p sut, u cn li c bt kn v ni lin kt vi thit b chuyn i
hay thit b khc.
Di tc ng ca p sut c dn vo trong ng tit din ca ng s bin
dng t hnh elip (hnh van) chuyn v hng hnh trn (xem hnh 4.16b). Do s
bin dng ca tit din, bo v di vn c, cong ca ng gim, bn knh
ng l xo tng ln, u t do ca ng di chuyn mt khong . nhy ca l xo
ng tng ln nu bn knh cong ca ng tng v dy thnh ng gim.
c tnh tnh ca l xo ng = f (P) c th xem l tuyn tnh
L xo ng nhiu vng c nguyn l lm vic tng ng nh l xo
ng mt vng, nhng cu to ca n gm nhiu vng. Mc ch ca l xo nhiu
vng l tng nhy ca cm bin khi khng th tng bn knh trn ca ng.
Trong thc t l xo ng nhiu vng t c s dng hn l xo ng mt vng.
2) Cc cm bin piezo
a)Cm bin p in o p sut (piezoelectric sensor)
Nguyn l lm vic ca cm bin p in da trn hiu ng p in, gm c
hiu ng p in thun v hiu ng p in ngc:
- Hiu ng p in thun: vt liu khi chu tc ng ca mt lc c hc bin
thin th trn b mt ca n xut hin cc in tch, khi lc ngng tc dng th cc
in tch bin mt. Vt liu dng ch to cc chuyn i p in l cc tinh th
thch anh (SiO2), mui BariTitanat (BaTiO3), mui xnht, tuamalin
Cm bin p in bin i trc tip ng lc di tc ng lc F do p sut gy
nn thnh tn hiu in.
p sut P gy ln lc F
y
tc ng nn cc bn p in lm xut hin trn hai
mt ca bn p in mt in
tch Q t l vi lc tc dng:
Q=k.F
y
Vi F=P.S, do Q=k.P.S
Trong :
K: hng s p in
S: din tch hu ch ca
mng.
tng in tch Q, ngi
ta ghp song song mt s bn
cc vi nhau.
54
Hnh 2.47: Cm bin p in
Cu to
S o
b) Cm bin p tr o p sut (Piezoresistive sensor)
Cu to ca cm bin p tr cho trn hnh 2.48. Cm bin p tr gm silic
loi N, trn c khuch tn tp cht to thnh lp bn dn loi P, mt trn c
bc cch in v c 2 tip xc kim loi
ni dy dn
Trn hnh 2.49 l trng hp mng
mng silicon trn c gn cc p tr dng
silic c gn hai cm bin p tr c t
theo chiu dc v ngang.
Khi c lc tc ng ln th in tr ca
cm bin s bin thin l R. S thay i
tng i ca in tr c xc nh:
t t
R
R
+

1 1
Trong
1

v t

l h s p tr theo chiu dc v chiu ngang.

1
v
2
l
ng lc theo chiu dc v chiu ngang.

t 1
Khi s thay i tng i ca tr
khng c xc nh :
) (
1 1
2
2
1
1
x y
R
R
R
R

o bin thin in tr ngi ta

dng mch cu, nu cu c nui bi mt
ngun in p mt chiu E th in p ra
ca cu U
ra
c xc nh:
) (
1 1 x y ra
E U
B chuyn i p tr lm vic trong
khong nhit t -40
0
C125
0
C ty thuc
vo pha tp. Ngi ta cn phi b nh
hng ca nhit .
55
Hnh 2.48: Cm bin p tr loi khuch tn
Tp cht loi P
Tip xc kim loi
dy vng
Tip gip PN
mng
mng
Hnh 2.49:V tr p tr t trn mng
silicon
in tr khuch tn
2.3.4. Cm bin o lc v bin dng ( Force, Strain, and Tactile Sensors )
1. Cm bin in tr lc cng
Cu to v nguyn l hot ng: Cm bin in tr lc cng, hay cn gi l
chuyn i tenzo, nguyn l hot ng l da trn hiu ng tenzo tc l s thay
i in tr ca dy dn khi c bin dng c hc.
c trng c bn ca chuyn i tenzo l h s nhy cm tng i K. N l
i lng c xc nh bng t s bin i tng i ca in tr
R
chia cho
bin i tng i chiu di ca dy dn
l:
l
R
K

Vi:
R
R
R


v
l
l
l


in tr ca dy dn c xc nh theo cng thc R = .l/S trong p l in
tr sut; l l chiu di; s l tit din ca dy. Nh vy khi c s bin dng th c l
v s cng thay i v bin thin ca in tr xc nh theo cng thc:
S
S
l
l
S
R
2
.
1
.
Bin thin tng i ca in tr:
S
S
l
l
R
R
R

Xt trng hp dy dn l dy trn S = .r
2
vi r l bn knh dy dn th:
S = 2 r.r Nh vy:
r
r
S
S

2
Nh vy
r
r
l
l
R
R
R

2
c trng c bn ca s bin dng vt rn trong vng bin dng dn hi l h
s poatxng c xc nh theo cng thc:
l l
r r

H s poatxng l gi tr khng i vi tng loi vt liu:
Ta c:
l
l
l
l
R
R
R

+

. 2
H s nhy cm tng i c xc nh theo cng thc:
2 1+

l l
R R
K
i vi kim loi h s poatxng nm trong khong 0,24 n 0,4 do h s
nhy tenzo K khng vt ra ngoi khong 1,48 n 1,8. Kt qu thc nghim
chng minh rng h s nhy tenzo vt ra ngoi gii hn ny c v hai pha. iu
ny chng t rng khi bin dng khng phi ch thay i kch thc hnh hc ca
56
dy dn m cn thay i c tnh cht ca vt liu dy dn tc l in tr sut cng
thay i. H s nhy tenzo c xc nh theo cng thc chung :
l l
K

+ +

2 1
Yu cu c bn ca vt liu ch to chuyn i tenzo l h s nhy cm
tenzo phi tng i ln. Cc vt liu thng dng lm in tr tenzo l
constanta (60% Cu + 40% Ni), Nicrom (80% Ni + 20% Ni), Niken v.v... Chuyn
i tenzo l loi ch s dng c mt ln, v vy ch s ca n c ly chun
theo chuyn i cng loi. Nh vy i hi khi ch to cc chuyn i cng loi
phi bo m hon ton ging nhau v mt iu khng km phm quan trng l
tnh cht ca vt liu phi n nh.
Chuyn i tenzo c ch to rt nhiu loi, hnh 2.50 m t cu trc cc loi
. Chng bao gm chuyn i loi dy, loi l mng v loi mng.
Chuyn i lc cng kiu l mng:c ch to t mt l kim loi mng vi
chiu dy 0,004 0,012mm. Nh phng php quang khc hnh dng ca
chuyn i c to thnh khc nhau nh hnh 2.50.
Chuyn i lc cng kiu mng mng: c ch to bng cch cho bc hi
kim loi ln mt khung vi hnh dng nh trc.
u im ca hai kiu chuyn i trn l in tr ln, tng c nhy,
kch. Chuyn i loi dy c dng ph bin nht c s c m t trong
hnh2.50a. Trn tm m bng giy mng 1 hoc mng sn, dn dy in tr tenzo
2 c ng knh 0,02 n 0,05 mm,theo hnh rng lc. u ca dy in tr
c ni hn vi dy ng lm dy dn ra 3 pha trn cng ca chuyn i ph lp
sn hoc dn giy mng. Chiu di ca chuyn i c tnh trong khong c dy
tenzo, khong 5 n 20mm vi gi tr in tr ban u 30 n 500 . C th ch
to in tr tenzo bng cch qun dy tenzo ln mt ng giy mng sau pht
keo dn ln ri rt ng giy ra, dp bt ng dy c keo ri gn cc u dy ra.
Hnh 2.50 b l chuyn i tenzo loi dy c cng sut ln. N bao gm 30 n
50 dy in tr tenzo 2 mc song song vi hai u ra 3 c dn ln tm m 1 v
pha trn ph sn hoc dn giy mng. Loi chuyn i ny thng c chiu di
150 n 200mm cho php dng i qua chuyn i ln.
Chuyn i l mng (hnh2.50c) c ch to t mt l mng vt liu in tr
tenzo. Mt ca l mng c ph lp chng n mn theo nhng hnh dng cn
thit (v d hnh rng lc nh trn hnh 2.50c4-44c) sau cho n mn nhng
phn cn li. Hnh in tr tenzo nhn c 2 c gn cc u dy ra 3 v dn
ln tm 1 bng mng sn hoc giy mng. Loi l mng ny c th ch to theo
nhiu hnh dng khc nhau. L mng c dy 4 n 12m.
Chuyn i tenzo loi mng mng c ch to theo nguyn l thng hoa. Vt
liu c nhy tenzo cn thit thng hoa trong chn khng v ngng kt trn tm
lt theo nhng hnh dng cn thit. Chuyn i loi ny c cng sut rt nh.
57
2. Cm bin t gio (Cm bin t n hi)
Vt liu st t c c trng bng hai tnh cht c th n l ngc nhau.
Tnh cht th nht c gi l tnh cht t n hi. Tnh cht ny ni ln s nh
hng ca ng sut c hc ln tnh cht t ca vt liu st t m c th l h s t
thm ca vt liu st t. Khi vt liu st t chu tc ng ca lc F lm xut hin
ng sut c hc trong vt, ng thi lm thay i h s t thm ca vt liu st t.
Hin tng ny c gi l hin tng t n hi (khi khng cn ng sut c hc
na th h s t thm tr v gi tr ban u). Hin tng t n hi c c trng
bng h s nhy cm t n hi S

, c xc nh theo cng thc:

S
Trong / l bin thin tng i ca h s t thm do ng sut c hc
gy ra. Nh vy h s nhy cm t n hi l bin thin tng i ca h s t
thm do mt n v ng sut c hc gy ra (= 1).
Hin tng th hai c th ni l ngc li hin tng th nht l: vt liu
st t t trong t trng th kch thc ca n s thay i. Ngha l t trng
ngoi gy ra bin dng c hc ca vt liu st t. Hin tng ny c gi l hin
tng t gio. c trng ca hin tng t gio l h s t gio . H s t gio l
s bin thin tng i = l/l ca chiu di vt st t do tc ng ca t trng
ngoi .
xc nh mi lin h l thuyt c bn ca chuyn i t n hi chng ta
da trn nh lut bo ton nng lng. Gi thit rng khi khng c lc tc ng
t bn ngoi, vt st t c kch t di tc dng ca t trng ngoi c cng
H v t c cm ng t B. Sau t lc F v t trng ngoi c cng
H ln vt st t th cm ng t trong vt th t n gi tr B
F
h s t thm s thay
i t = B/H n + = B
F
/H.
Nng lng t trn mt n v th tch khi khng c lc bng:
2 2
.
2
H H B
w
T

Cn khi c lc F tc ng th:
2
) (
2
.
2
H H B
w
F
TF
+
58
Hnh 2.50: Cu to ca chuyn i in tr lc cng
Kiu dy mng
Kiu l mng
Kiu mng mng
Nh vy s thay i ca nng lng t do lc F gy ra s bng:
2
2 2
2 2
.

B H
w w w
T TF T

Mt khc nng lng c hc o lc F truyn cho vt khi n tc ng ln vt
v gy ra bin dng l c xc nh theo cng thc: W
F
= l .F
Nh vy mi n v th tch ca vt s nhn c mt phn nng lng ca
W
F
v bng:
.
.
.

S l
F l
V
w
w
F
F
Vi V l th tch, S l tit din ngang, l l chiu di ca vt. = P/S l ng
sut c hc do lc F gy nn. = l/l bin dng tng i chiu di ca vt.
Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng, s thay i nng lng t w
T
do lc F
gy ra chnh l phn nng lng c hc do lc F truyn cho mi n v th tch vt
liu. Ngha l w
F
= w
T.
Suy ra:
2
2
2
.

B

Nh vy:

. . 2
2
B
S

Trn c s l thuyt st t c N . X . Aculp khi qut ha chng ta c th

chuyn i nhng gi tr bin thin v B sang gi tr n tr

v B

l nhng
gi tr ca v B khi bo ha. Xt trong phm vi tuyn tnh ca ng cong t
ha v i vi mch t kn (mch t ca cm bin t n hi) ta c:
2 2

B B

v nhy cm t n hi c xc nh theo cng thc:

. . 2
2

B
S
4.4.11 l cng thc c bn ca chuyn i t n hi o ng sut c hc
(o lc tc ng). Theo cng thc ny c nhy cm ln, chuyn i t n
hi phi ch to bng vt liu c t gio kt hp vi t thm ln v cm ng t
bo ha thp. Pecmali l vt liu ch to chuyn i t n hi tt nht.Tuy
nhin cng c th s dng thp silic ch to cm bin t n hi.Trong trng
hp ny nhy cm t n hi s thp hn Pecmali nhng hon ton bo
m vi yu cu thc t.
Cc chuyn i t n hi c dng o lc tc
dng ln hay o bin dng. Chuyn i t n hi lm
vic nh chuyn i in cm, di tc ng ca lc
c hc hoc bin dng c hc lm thay i h s t
thm ca li t dn n t tr ca khung t thay i.
59
F
Z
Hnh 2.51Cm bin
kiu cun cm
V vy in cm ca cun dy thay i. Hnh 2.51 m t cu trc ca chuyn i
t n hi tc ng theo nguyn l in cm.
in tr ca cun cm c xc nh theo cng thc:
Z = R + jL
Vi: R in tr ca cun dy;
L in cm ca cun dy;
- tn s gc ngun cung cp.
in cm ca cun dy c xc nh theo cng thc:
T
Z
n
L
2

Vi: n l s vng ca khung dy;

Z
T
l t tr ca khung t: Z
T
= R
T
+ jX
T
S
l
R
T
.

thnh phn tc
dng ca t tr vi l v s l chiu di v tit
din ca mch t.
2
.
th
T
P
X
thnh phn phn
khng ca t tr vi l gi tr hiu dng ca
t thng. P
th
l cng sut tn hao do t tr v
dng xoay chiu.
Nh vy khi c lc F tc ng th in tr
ca khung dy thay i. o in tr ca khung
dy ta s bit c gi tr ca F.Gi tr in tr
ca khung dy c xc nh thng qua mch
cu cm ng khng cn bng c s nguyn
l cu to c m t trong hnh 2.52. Cu to
gm hai cun cm hon ton ging nhau c
mc trong mch cu vi hai cun th cp
ging nhau ca bin p ngun BAN. Khung t
ca cun cm I chu tc ng ca lc F. in
p ra U c ly trn in tr R. Khi khng c
lc F tc ng th Z
1
= Z
2
cu cn bng in p
ra U = 0. Khi c tc ng ca lc F th Z
1
Z
2
cu mt cn bng, xut hin in p U c gi
tr l hm ca lc F:
U = f (F)
u im ca mch cu m t, trong hnh 2.52l gim c nh hng ca
nhit mi trng ln kt qu o.
60
Hnh 2.52S nguyn l mch cu o

I II
F
Z
1
Z
2
R U

BAN
F
U
R
Hnh 2.53chuyn i
kiu bin p

Chuyn i t n hi cng c th ch to theo nguyn l chuyn i bin p

(chuyn i h cm). Thc cht ca chuyn i bin p cng gn tng ng vi
chuyn i in cm. S khc nhau y l trong chuyn i bin p c thm
cun s cp cp ngun. S cu to ca chuyn i bin p c m t trn
hnh2.53. Chuyn i gm mt khung t vi hai cun dy. Cun s cp c s
vng dy l n
1
v c ni vi ngun xoay chiu. Cun th cp (cun ra) c s
vng dy l n
2
. in p ra ca bin p c xc nh
theo cng thc:
T
R
L
I
n n n U . . . .
1 2 2

Trong I cng dng in chy trong cun s
cp c th xem l c nh.
Z
T
- l t tr ca khung t ph thuc vo
lc P.
Nh vy: U
r
= f (F)
o in p U
R
s bit c lc F tc ng ln
khung t.
3. Cm bin p in
C mt s cht in mi khi chu tc ng ca
ng sut c hc th trn b mt ca n s xut hin
in tch. Cht in mi nh vy c gi l cht
p in v hin tng xut hin in tch trn b
mt khi c ng sut c hc c gi l hin tng
p in thun. Khi t cht in mi vo trong mt
in trng th kch thc hnh hc ca n s thay
i. Hin tng ny c gi l hin tng p in
ngc.Thc cht ca hin tng p in ngc l
s bin dng ca cc cht p in di tc ng
ca in trng.
Cc cht p in thng c s dng l:
thch anh, titanat bari, dihidr photphat amn,
ihidro- photphat kaki v.v
Trc ht chng ta kho st mi quan h ca chuyn i p in thun trn
tinh th thch anh. Tinh th thch anh l mt hnh tr lc gic u (xem hnh 2.54)
c ba trc: trc oz song song vi cnh hnh tr c gi l trc quang. Trc Oy
vung gc vi mt bn c gi l trc c v trc ox i qua cnh hnh tr c
gi l trc in.
Ct mt hnh hp t tinh th thch anh sao cho cc mt bn ca hnh hp
vung gc vi cc tr. Nu cho lc F
x
song song vi trc Ox tc ng ln hnh hp
thch anh th trn b mt vung gc vi trc ox (b mt tc ng ca lc) s xut
61
x
x
ox
zx
yx
yx
ox
F
x
F
x
Hnh2.54: Cc trc ca tinh th thach anh
hin in tch q khng ph thuc vo kch thc hnh hc ca khi hp thch anh
v c xc nh theo cng thc:
q = d.F
x
;
trong d l h s khng i c gi l h s p in hay modun p in.
i vi thch anh d = 2,1.10
-12
C/N v khng thay i theo nhit .
Nh vy cm bin p in c th s dng o lc tc ng vi tn hiu ra l
in tch. Di tc ng ca lc ngoi, in tch xut hin trn b mt ca cm
bin. Nu o c in tch ny
th s bit c lc tc ng. Tuy
nhin in tch trn b mt ch
c duy tr khi khng c s r
r, ngha l in tr u vo ca
thit b o phi bng v cng.
iu kin ny trong thc t
khng tn ti v vy chuyn i
p in, khng th s dng o
tnh. Tuy nhin khi lc tc ng
thay i lin tc th in tch to
ra cng thay i lin tc v c th
to ra dng in trong mch o. Do chuyn i p in c th s dng o
cc lc ng v c l tt nht l cc xung lc.
Hnh 2.55a m t s cu to ca mt chuyn i p in gm hai bn thch
anh mc song song (2). Xen gia hai bn thch anh l l ng 3 thng vi cp dn
4 lm chc nng cc dng ca u ra. u m ca cm bin c ni trc tip
vi v chuyn i cng mng 1 c xem nh ni t. p lc o tc ng ln
mng 1. in tch sinh ra bng: q = 2d.F
x
tng nhy ca php o c th tng s lng bn thch anh mc song
song. Hnh 2.55b l cm bin c 6 lp thch anh mc song song. in tch sinh ra
ca n c xc nh theo cng thc: q = 6d.Fx
u im ca chuyn i p in l kch thc nh, cu to n gin, lm vic
tin cy, c kh nng o lc bin i nhanh. Nhc im l i hi mch o phi
c in tr u vo ln.
62
a
b
Hnh2.55: Cu to ca cm bin p in
3 2 1
F
in cc
Hnh 3. B chuyn i lc thnh tn s
Tn s ra
Bn thch
anh
4. Load cell
Load cell l cm bin c thit k ring bit o lc. Load cell bao gm
load cell kiu thanh dm hoc load cell hnh xuyn.
Load cell kiu thanh dm (hnh 2.56): cu to ca n gm thanh dm c dn 4
cm bin o bin dng (4 in tr tenzo) ti nhng v tr bo m gn nh chnh
xc tuyt i l khi thanh dm bin dng th hai cm bin chu bin dng ko c
cng in
tr (R +
R) v hai
cm bin
cn li chu
bin dng
nn c cng
in tr (R
- R).
Load cell c ch to rt nhiu loi vi nhng gii hn khc nhau. Trong gii
hn lm vic c tnh ca load cell c xem l tuyn tnh. Khi s dng load cell
cn phi bit gii o, cc iu kin lm vic, in p ngun cung cp v mt thng
tin quan trng nht l nhy ca lc load cell. Gi tr nhy ca load cell
thng c cho di dng tn hiu ra ca load cell tng ng vi lc tc ng
cc i ln load cell khi ngun cung cp l 1V.
V d, trong ti liu ch dn v load cell c ghi:
output at rated capacity 4mV/V
full scale load 500kg
excitation voltage 10V
Ngha l : Nu ngun cung cp ( ngun nui cu) l 1V th khi lc tc ng
thay i t 0 500KG tn hiu ra ca cu l 0 4mV. i vi iu kin chun,
ngun cung cp l 10V th khi lc tc ng thay i t 0 500KG, tn hiu ra ca
load cell thay i trong khong 0 40mV.
63
Hnh 2. 56: loadcell kiu thanh dm
a)Cch b tr cm bin
b) Cu o
CB 1 v 3
CB 2 v 4
Hnh 2. 57: Load cell