CHNG 3 O CC I LNG IN V KHNG IN

PHN 1: O CC I LNG IN
$3.1 O DNG IN V IN P
3.1.1. O DNG IN
1.Khi nim chung
C th o dng in bng cc phng php o khc nhau nh: phng php trc tip,
gin tip v so snh.
Trong phng php o trc tip, ngi ta dng cc dng c o dng nh: Ampemt,
miliAmpemt, micro ampemt v.v... o dng v trc tip c kt qu trn thang chia
. Khi o dng in, ampemt s c mc ni tip vi ti v s gy nh hng n
php o. Nu in tr trong ca ampemt rt nh so vi in tr ti th sai s do nh
hng ca ampemt l khng ng k.
Trong phng php o gin tip, ngi ta c th dng vnmt o in p ri trn mt
in tr mu, thng qua tnh ton (nh lut m) ta s xc nh c dng cn o.
Trong phng php so snh, ngi ta o dng in bng cch so snh dng in cn
o vi dng in mu chnh xc. trng thi cn bng ca dng cn o ta s c kt qu
trn mu.
2 o dng in mt chiu
o dng in mt chiu s dng cc Ampe
mt mt chiu, c ch to t c cu o t in, tuy
nhin c cu o t in ch o c dng in mt
chiu rt nh (vi chc mA). o c dng in
mt chiu ln hn dng in cc i m c cu c
th o c, ngi ta u song song vi c cu vi
mt in tr c bit c tr s nh (in tr sun).
Nu cn o dng in mt chiu I ln gp n ln
dng in nh mc ca c cu, ta mc sun theo s
hnh 3.1.
Khi :
S CC
S CC
cc cc
R R
R R
I R I
+

S
S CC
CC
R
R R
I
I
n
+

n
R
R
CC
S
C th to ra ampemt t in nhiu thang o bng
cch mc nhiu sun qua mt kho chuyn mch c bit.
Hnh 3.2 m t ampemt t in 4 thang o (I
1
, I
2
, I
3
, I
4
).
Cc in tr sun tng ng c mc vo l R
S1
, R
S2
,
R
S3
v Rs
4
. Tnh cc in tr sun ny bng cch thnh lp h
phng trnh.
65
-
Hnh 3.1 Mc sun m rng
gii hn o dng in
+
R
CC



I
CC




Ti


I
I
CC
R
S
Hnh 3.2. Ampemt t in 4 thang o
CC
CC
S
I
I
n
n
R
R
1
1
1
1
;
1

CC
CC
S S
I
I
n
n
R
R R
2
1
2
2 1
;
1

+
CC
CC
S S S
I
I
n
n
R
R R R
3
1
3
3 2 1
;
1

+ +
CC
CC
S S S S
I
I
n
n
R
R R R R
4
1
4
4 3 2 1
;
1

+ + +
Gii h phng trnh s tm c cc gi tr R
S1
, R
S2
, R
S3
v Rs
4
.
Ch : Vi ampemt nhiu thang o, trn thang o ch nh du cc vch.
Mun tnh c tr s dng in cn o phi s dng cng thc: I = C
I
. :
Trong : l s vch m kim ch
C
I
l hng s thang o:
max

dmCC
I
I
C
Vi
max
l s vch ln nht ca thang o I
mCC
l dng in ng vi vch ln nht ca
thang o.
Sai s ca ampemt c tnh nh sau :

S
=
RS
+
Rcc
+
cc
Trong :
RS
sai s hay bin ng ca gi tr sun. Thng thng ch to Sun bng
vt liu c in tr n nh v h s nhit rt nh. V ngi ta thng chn Sun c
cp chnh xc cao hn cp chnh xc ca c cu hai ln.

cc
- sai s ca c cu.

Rcc
- Sai s hay bin ng v gi tr ca R
CC,
ch yu l nh hng ca gi tr nht
.
Nh vy sai s ch yu y l sai s ca c cu t in.
3. o dng in xoay chiu
Ty theo phm vi v mc ch s dng m c th c cc loi ampemt xoay chiu c
bn sau :
- o dng in xoay chiu min tn s cng nghip thng dng cc : ampemt
in t, ampemt in ng v ampemt st in ng.
- o dng in xoay chiu min tn s m tn thng dng ampemt t in c
chnh lu.
- o dng in xoay chiu tn s cao v siu cao thng dng ampemt nhit
in.
a) Ampemt t in c chnh lu. Mun o c dng xoay chiu bng ampemt t
in ngi ta mc thm b chnh lu nn in cho dng in qua c cu o.
66
Hnh 3.3 l s ampemt t in chnh lu c chu k, vi h s chnh lu cao.
Ampemt chnh lu c chnh xc khng cao do chnh lu to ra sai s cho php
o. Kim ca ampemt chnh lu khng
quay theo tr hiu dng m theo tr trung
bnh ca dng in. Tuy vy ng vi mi
tr trung bnh c mt tr hiu dng tng
ng v vy trn thang o ngi ta ghi cc
gi tr hiu dng tng ng vi vch.
b) Ampemt in t
C cu o in t dng lm ampemt
in t c cun dy vi s vng nh, tit
din ln.
Thng thng kim ca c cu quay
ht thang o, sc t ng ca cun dy c
dng in to ra phi ln F=IW. Thng
thng F =200 Ampe.vng. Nh vy lc
t ho s quyt nh s vng dy trn c
s dng in nh mc ca dng c o.
M rng gii hn o cho ampemt in t: Ngi ta khng dng sun m rng gii
hn o cho ampemt in t m bng cch chia cun dy ca n thnh nhiu phn on
ging nhau. Dng kho chuyn mch i ni cch u cc phn on ny (ni tip hoc
song song), ta s c mt ampemt nhiu thang o.
Phng php phn on cun dy tnh ca c cu o in t cng ch p dng ch
to ampemt in t nhiu nht l ba thang o, v tng s lng thang o b tr mch v
chuyn thang o phc tp khng th thc hin c.
c) Ampemt in ng
C hai loi s ampe mt in ng :
- Khi o dng nh hn hoc bng 0,5A, ngi ta u ni tip cun tnh v cun ng
(hnh 3.8a). Khi :
67
Cun
dy
L
thp
Hnh 3.4. Ampemt in t
N S
Hnh 3.3. Ampemt t in c chnh lu
Hnh 3.5: S u cc phn on
cun dy ampemt in t
2 1
12
1
I I
d
dM
D

2 12
1
I
d
dM
D

vi I
1
=I
2
= I; = 0; cos = 1
- Khi o dng ln hn 0,5A, ngi ta u cun tnh v cun ng song song vi nhau ,
v mc thm cc phn t vo mi nhnh b sai s do tn s gy ra v dng trong
hai cun dy ng pha vi nhau (hnh 3.8b).


Cch m rng thang o cho ampe mt in ng ging nh ampemt in t.
d) Ampe mt nhit in
Cng l ampemt chnh lu v nh cp nhit ngu bin i dng xoay chiu v dng mt
chiu c cu to nh hnh 3.9
4. o dng in ln
a) o dng in mt chiu ln: C th s dng phng php o t trng sinh ra
xung quanh dn dn.
Mun o dng in I phi to ra mch t
tr hnh xuyn v lng dy dn qua mch t
ny (hnh 3.8)
T trng sinh ra xung quanh dy dn c
t cm:
H B
0

Ta c:
r
I
H
Nh vy bng cch o t cm B ta c th
suy ra dng in cn o.
b) o dng in xoay chiu ln
68
Hnh 3.6: Ampemt in ng
a) o I 0, b) o I 0,5A
//
a)
b)
Hnh 3.7. Ampe mt nhit
in
Hnh 3.8: o t trng sinh ra
xung quanh dn dn.
o dng in xoay chiu ln th phng
php thng dng nht l s dng cc ampe mt
xoay chiu kt hp vi cc bin dng xoay chiu.
Bin dng xoay chiu c li hnh xuyn bng
thp k thut in trn c qun hai cun dy s
cp W
1
v cun th cp W
2
(hnh 3.9)
Bin dng lm vic ch ngn mch, nn ta
c
I
k
W
W
I
I
W I W I
2
1
2
1
2 2 1 1
Vi k
I
gi l h s bin dng.
Thng bin dng thng c ch to
sn vi dng nh mc I
2
v h s bin dng
k
I
thay i ph thuc vo dng s cp I
1
.
II. O IN P
1.Khi nim chung
Vn mt l mt dng c o in p, khi vnmt c mc vo phn t cn o in
p, vnmt c ni song song vi ti trong mch o (hnh 3.11). Khi s dng vnmt
o in p cn lu n sai s sinh ra trong qu trnh o
Khi cha mc vnmt vo mch, dng
in qua ti l :
T ng
R R
E
I
+

in p ri trn ti l:
T
T ng
T T
R
R R
E
IR U
+

C rt nhiu cc phng php v thit b o
in p khc nhau, cc vn mt c phn
loi theo nguyn l lm vic. Trc tin
phi k n cc vn mt c in nht, l
cc vn mt c in bao gm : vn mt t
in, in t v vn mt in ng. Cc vn
mt ny lm vic da trn s tng tc
Ngy nay vi s pht trin ca k thut bn dn, dn n s ra i ca cc vn mt in
t v ngy cng c ng dng rng ri. Cc vn mt in t c phn loi thnh vn
mt tng t v s.
69
Hnh 3.11: Mc vn mt
Ph ti
in
BI
Hnh 3.10 Ampemt xoay chiu kt
hp vi bin dng
Ampemt xoay
chiu
Hnh 3.9: Bin dng in
1. Cc vn mt c in
Cc vn mt c in o in p da trn nguyn l bin i in p thnh m men c
hc. iu nay c th c thc hin theo nhiu cch khc nhau nh : s tng tc gia
cc dng in (vn mt in ng), s tng tc gia dng in v t trng (vn mt t
in). Cc vn mt c in c s dng ph bin nht l : vn mt t in, vn mt in
t v vn mt in ng.
a) Vnmt t in o in p mt chiu
C cu o t in (hnh 3.12a) l dng c o in p mt chiu, nhng n ch o
c cc in p rt nh (vi chc mV). Mun o c cc in p ny ch vic u song
song trc tip c cu vo mch cn o.
Tuy nhin, o c in p mt chiu ln hn
in p cc i m c cu c th o c, ngi ta
u ni tip vi c cu vi mt in tr ph c bit
c tr s ln (hnh 3.12b)
Nu cn o in p mt chiu U ln gp m ln
in p nh mc ca c cu, ta mc mt in tr
ph R
p
ni tip vi cun dy ca c cu, khi :
I
mCC
=
CC
dmCC
p CC
R
U
R R
U

+
Suy ra
CC
p CC
dmCC
R
R R
U
U
m
+

CC p
R m R ) 1 (
Mun to ra vnmt t in nhiu thang o ta mc ni tip nhiu in tr ph vi c
cu o. Hnh 3.13 m t vnmt t in 3 thang o.
Ch : Cng ging nh ampemt nhiu thang o, vnmt nhiu thang o trn thang
o ch nh du cc vch. Mun tnh c tr s in p cn o phi s dng cng thc:
U = C
U
. ;
Trong : l s vch m kim ch
C
U
l hng s thang o:
max

dmCC
I
U
C
70
Hnh 3.13: Vn mt t in nhiu thang o
Hnh 3.12: Vn mt t in
C cu o t in
M rng thang o cho c cu o t
in
Vi
max
l s vch ln nht ca thang o
U
mCC
l dng in ng vi vch ln nht ca thang o.
Ta cng c th ch to ng h a nng o dng v p t c cu o t in, thng
qua mt kha chuyn i I/U ch o dng hay p s c la chn (hnh 3.14).
Ta c h phng trnh

'

+ +
+ +

) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
1 1 1 1
1
n d n n
n d n n
R R R r I R I I
R R R r I R I I
Mun o in p xoay chiu bng vnmt t in, ngi ta u thm mch chnh lu cho
c cu. Hnh 3.15 l s vnmt chnh lu. Cng ging nh ampemt t in c chnh
lu, vnmt t in c chnh lu c chnh xc khng cao do chnh lu to ra sai s
ph. Kim ca vnmt chnh lu khng quay theo tr hiu dng m theo tr trung bnh ca
dng in. Tuy vy ng vi mi tr trung bnh c mt tr hiu dung tng ng v vy trn
thang o ngi ta ghi tr cc gi tr hiu dng.
b)Vnmt in t
lm vnmt in t ngi ta s dng
c cu in t c cun dy tit din nh,
nhng s vng rt ln (thng t 1000 n
6000 vng).
m rng gii hn o v to ra
vnmt in t nhiu thang o ngi ta
cng lm tng t nh vnmt t in. Tc
l cng mc ni tip cun dy vi cc in
tr ph.
c) Vnmt in ng
Vnmt in ng c cu to ging nh ampemt in ng o dng in nh hn
hoc bng 0,5A, tc l c cun dy tnh v ng lun mc ni tip vi nhau (hnh 3.17).
71
R
CC
R
P1
R
P2
R
P3


U
CC
U
1
U
2
U
3
Hnh 3.16 : Vnmt in t 3 thang o
Hnh3.15: Vnmt t in c chnh lu
Hnh 3.14: ng h o a nng
Vnmt yu cu c tng tr ln nn cun tnh ca vnmt in ng c s vng ln,
c tit din nh hn rt nhiu so vi cun tnh ca ampemt.
Phng trnh gc quay ca vnmt
in ng :
2 1
12
1
I I
d
dM
D

Ta c I
1
=I
2
=I
V
Z
U
;
Z
V
l tng tr vo ca vnmt.
Suy ra

d
dM
DZ
U
V
12
2
2

C th ch to Vmt in ng nhiu thang o bng cch thay i cch mc song

song hoc ni tip hai phn on ca cun tnh v ni tip vi cc in tr ph
Hnh 3.18 th hin s nguyn l ca vnmt in ng hai thang o : Khi kho
chuyn mch ang v tr 1,
hai phn on A
1
v A
2
ca
cun tnh mc song song vi
nhau v mc ni tip vi
cun ng B, tng ng vi
gii hn o 150V. Khi kho
chuyn mch ang v tr 2,
hai phn on A
1
, A
2
v
cun ng B c mc ni
tip vi nhau, tng ng vi
gii hn o 300V. Cc t
in C to mch b tn s
cho vnmt.
Ch : Cn o in p
li in cao p ta phi mc
vnmt kt hp vi my
bin p o lng BU (hnh 3.19)
2. Cc vn mt ch th s
72
A
1



R
f



R
f



C


1

300V

2

1
2

1
2

150
V
R
f



R
f



B
A
2
C


Hnh 3.18 : S Vmt in ng nhiu thang o
BU
Hnh 3.19 : Mc vmt kt hp vi bin p

1

2
Hnh 3.17: Vn mt in ng
Vn mt s (digital voltmeter -DVM) l thit b o in p ch th kt qu o trc tip
di dng s (hin th bng tinh th lng hay bng LED. Ngy nay th cc vn mt s
c s dng rng ri do c cc u im nh chnh xc cao hn, phn gii tt hn,
khng c sai s do ch th c, c kh nng t ng chnh 0 v t ng chuyn thang
o, C kh nng x l s o bng my tnh, thit b o gn v kt cu chc chn hn.
Vic phn loi cc vn mt da vo b chuyn i tn hiu tng t sang s m n s
dng
a) Vn mt s chuyn i thi gian mt nhp
y l b chuyn i gin tip in p - thi gian, trong phng php ny ta cn c
mt in p hay dng in hay mt thi gian chun tng ng vi mc lng t ho b
nht biu din i lng cn o th cc mc chun ny c cng li vi nhau cho n
khi tng gn ng vi i lng cn chuyn i.Qu trnh ny khng nht thit theo tng
bc bc thang m c th theo ng thng ca xung rng ca
Trong phng php m n gin in p chun dng so snh l in p rng ca
tuyn tnh, sn tng ca xung rng ca tuyn tnh s c so snh vi in p tng t
bng b so snh. B so snh s thc hin chc nng so snh in p rng ca U
R.C
vi
in p tng t cn o U
X

S khi ca vn mt s chuyn i thi gian mt nhp c m t nh hnh 3.20a
Khi m my xung khi ng s tc ng ln my pht xung (MFX) rng ca. in p
ca xung rng ca U
RC
c a vo 2 b so snh. Ti b so snh 1, in p rng ca U
RC
c so snh vi tn hiu in p cn o U
X
. Khi U
X
= U
R.C
(thi im t=t
1
), b so snh 1
pht xung iu khin m cng G. ng thi khi cng G m, my pht xung chun a
cc xung chun qua cng G n b m.
Sau xung rng ca tip tc gim, in p U
R.C
c so snh vi in th t (0
V
)
b so snh 2. Ti thi im t = t
2
, khi U
RC
= 0V b so snh 2 s pht xung iu khin
ng cng G, b m ngng m. Gi t l thi gian cng m, th in p cn o U
x
s
c ln t l vi t
73
Hnh 3. 20: S vn mt theo phng php tch phn mt nhp
S khi
Biu thi gian
Bin i in p thi
gian
o thi gian
B so snh 1
B so snh 2
U
RC
U
x
a b
U
X
S xung m xut hin trong khong thi gian t tng ng vi 0
V
U
R.C
U
X
, v
c ln l N t l vi in p cn o. Vi T
0
l chu k ca xung chun th s xung m
c l: 0
0
tf
T
t
N

T cng thc trn ta thy N t l vi U

X
nh mong mun, nhng N cn ph thuc U,
t, f
0
. Nu nhng tham s ny khng n nh th kt qu m c sai s. Do vy trong
phng php ny yu cu f
0
phi ln m bo chnh xc.
th thi gian c minh ho trn hnh 3.20b.
b) Vn mt s chuyn i thi gian hai nhp
Nhc im ca vn mt chuyn i thi gian l sai s ln, khc phc nhc im ny
ngi ta s dng vn mt s tch phn 2 nhp. S khi v nguyn l lm vic ca
vnmt s theo phng php tch phn hai sn dc c biu din trn hnh 3.21.
Vn mt s lm vic theo nguyn l chuyn i gin tip in p - thi gian, trong
phng php ny ta cn c mt in p hay dng in hay mt thi gian chun tng
ng vi mc lng t ho b nht biu din i lng cn o th cc mc chun ny
c cng li vi nhau cho n khi tng gn ng vi i lng cn chuyn i.
Nguyn l lm vic ca vn mt
Khi m my xung iu khin khi ng b m (reset b m), i ni S1 ng v
S2 m, in p cn o U
x
c a vo b tch phn v t C bt u np. Khi tn hiu ra
V
out
ca mch tch phn tng dn, in p ra ca b so snh thay i trng thi ca cng
G cc xung chun t my pht xung cung cp cho b m. B m tng n s ln
nht (trong khong thi gian t
1
). Ht thi gian t
1
, S
1
m v K
2
ng , khi in p U
k
c ni vi b tch phn, do -U
k
ngc chiu vi U
x
nn t C phng. Tn hiu ra V
out
gim tuyn tnh n 0V, b so snh chuyn trng thi v cng G kha. Thi gian t C phng t
2
t l vi in p vo U
k
.
Trong khong thi gian t
1
in p tch phn c tnh

t
b t
t U
C R
dt U
C R
U
0
.
1 1
1
1 1

in p h trn t sau thi gian t
2
l:
74
iu khin
logic
MFX
chun
HT s
B
SS
U
x
-U
k
S
1
S
2
G
t
1
t
2
t
Hnh 3.21 S vn mt theo phng php tch phn hai nhp
a)S khi
b)Biu thi gian
1
.
1
.t
RC
U
U
b Xt
ta c U
1
t l vi U
Xt.b

Ht thi gian t
1
kho K
1
ng, kho K
2
c m ra ng thi cc xung t b pht
xung qua kho K
3
thng a n b m (m thun). Khi K
2
thng in p U
2
np cho
t C theo chiu ngc li U
X
:

t
U
U .
C R
2
0
2

S
Sau khong thi gian t2: 2
2
0
2
.
C R
t
U
U

Sau khong thi gian t2 th|U
2
|=|U
1
|, hay ni cch khc in p trn t Uc=0. Khi
thit b so snh pht xung kha K
2
, K
3
kt thc qu trnh o.
Ta c :

Hoc
2
2
2
1
.
.t
R
U
t
C R
U
Xt b Xt

Gi T l chu k ca cc xung chun, ta c th xc nh c s xung a n mch

m

trong khong thi gian t
1
l:n
1
= t
1
. f
o

Trong f
x
: tn s xung nhp do ta c : t
1
=
o
f
n
1

Thay vo ta xc nh c t2: t
2
=
0
1
0 1
2
.
f
n
U
U
R
R
X
Do vy ta c xung nhp m c nh mch m trong khong thi gian t
2
l:
n
2
= t
2
.f
0
= 1
0
.
1
2
n
U
U
R
R
b Xt
Sau thi gian t
2
mch m u ra b ngt v U
C
=0 v mch logic ng cng mch
AND qu trnh li c lp li trong chu k chuyn i tip theo. Nh vy s xung
m c u ra t l vi in p tng t U
X
cn chuyn i. Kt qu m khng ph
thuc vo cc thng s R, C ca mch v khng ph thuc vo tn s nhp do vy kt qa
kh chnh xc. th in p ra trn mch tch phn c biu din trn hnh 3.21b.
Ngun sai s ch yu ca vnmt ny l s khng n nh ca U
o
, s khng n nh
ca thit b so snh, p d ca K
1;
K
2
, khuch i thut ton.
$3.2 O CC THNG S CA MCH IN
Cc thng s ca mch in bao gm: in tr R, in dung C, in cm L, gc tn
hao (tg) ca t in v h s phm cht (Q) ca cun dy. Cc thng s ny c th c
o theo cc phng php o khc nhau
3.2.1 Cc phng php o in tr
1. Cc phng php gin tip
a) o in tr dng vn mt v ampemt: C hai cch mc o in tr (hnh 3.22)
Da vo s ch ca ampemt v vnmt xc nh c gi tr ca in tr R
x
:
I
U
R
x
'
75
Gi tr thc R
x
ca in tr cn o c xc nh theo cch mc ampemt v vnmt
trong mch nh sau:
Hnh 3.22a:
Theo s I= I
V
+ I
X
vi I
V
l
dng qua vnmt. Nu dng in
qua vnmt I
V
rt nh so vi dng
in qua R
X
(tng tr vo ca
vmt rt ln so vi R
X
) th sai s
do nh hng ca vnmt khng
ng k).
Hnh 3.22b:
Khi in tr cn o R
x
c xc nh bi:
I
U
R
x

Theo s U= U
A
+ U
X
Vi U
A
l in p ri trn ampemt, U
X
: in p ri trn R
X
.
Nu in tr ca ampe mt R
A
rt nh so vi R
X
, th U
X
>> U
A
. Sai s do nh hng
ca ampemt khng ng k.
b) o in tr bng vnmt hoc ampemt v
in tr mu
o in tr bng vnmt v in tr mu
in tr cn o R
x
c mc ni tip vi in tr
mu R
0
(c chnh xc cao) v c ni vo ngun
in U (hnh 3.23). Dng vn mt o in p ri trn
in tr R
x
l U
x
v in p ri trn in tr mu R
0
l
U
0
.
Ta c:
0
0
0
0
R
U
U
R
R
U
R
U
I I
x
x
o x
x
x

o in tr bng ampemt v in tr mu
in tr cn o R
x
c mc song song vi
in tr mu R
0
v c ni vo ngun in U
(hnh 3.24). Dng ampemt o dng in qua
in tr R
x
l I
x
v dng in qua in tr mu R
0
l
I
0
.
Ta c:
0
0
0 0 0
R
I
I
R R I R I U U
x
x x x x

76
Hnh 3-22: S o in tr
bng Vnmt v ampemt
Hnh 3.23: o in tr bng vnmt
v in tr mu
Hnh 3.24: o in tr bng ampemt
v in tr mu
2. Cc phng php o trc tip dng m mt
a) m mt mc ni tip
C th s dng c cu o t in ch to mmt o in tr. Mch o c mc
theo hnh 3.25. y l mmt mc ni tip bao gm: mt ngun in p mt chiu (pin)
mc ni tip vi in tr ph v c cu o t in c dng nh mc nh. Mch o ny
c hai u ra A, B ni vo in tr cn o.
Dng qua c cu ch th:
x CC P M
R R R R
E
I
+ + +

Kim ca c cu o ch mt gc:
x CC P M
R R R R
E
k kI
+ + +

Khi R
x
= 0 (ni ngn mnh hai u A, B)
th
CC P M
R R R
E
k
+ +

. Lc ny kim lch
mt gc ln nht (dng qua c cu cc i).
Khi cc u ra A, B h mch ( R
x
=)
th = 0 (khng c dng qua c cu).
Thang o ca mmt kiu ny l thang
o ngc.
Trong qu trnh s dng sc in ng
ca ngun pin gim dn dn n php o
km chnh xc. Mun php o ng, trc
khi o phi iu chnh v tr 0 ca kim o
bng cch ni ngn mch hai u A, B iu
chnh R
M
kim ch 0 ri mi tin hnh
o
mmt s ni tip nhiu thang o: Ch to mmt nhiu thang o bng cch dng
nhiu ngun cung cp hoc dng mt ngun cung cp vi cc in tr phn nhnh cho
cc thang o khc nhau.
77
R
M
R
P
Hnh 3.25: mmt mc ni tip
Hnh 3.26: mmt ni tip nhiu thang o
Hnh 3.26 l s m mt 6 thang o dng hai ngun cung cp ng vi kho chuyn
mch S1 hai v tr a v b. Vi mi mt ngun cung cp ta li mc ni tip mmt vi
cc in tr ph khc nhau.
Khi thay i thang o dng qua c cu ch th I
CC
khng thay i nhng tr s in tr
c c trn thang o c nhn vi h s nhn ng vi tng thang o tng ng.
b) mmt mc song song
m mt mc song song c in tr cn o mc song song vi c cu ch th ca
mmt. Hai u A, B ni vo in tr cn o
S mch o nh hnh 3. 27. m mt cng
bao gm mt ngun in p mt chiu mc ni
tip vi cc in tr ph. in tr R
M
dng
iu chnh thang o ca mmt khi ngun cung
cp thay i.V in tr cn o mc song song
vi c cu ch th nn khi R
x
= th dng qua c
cu l ln nht, cn khi R
x
= 0 th hu nh khng
c dng qua c cu. Do thang o ca mmt
kiu ny l thang o thun.
Ngi ta cng to ra mmt song song nhiu
thang o vi mt ngun cung cp duy nht mc
ni tip vi cc in tr ph khc nhau.
3. o in tr dng cu o mt chiu
Cu o (bridge circuit) l
mt thit b o c in
dng o in tr vi
chnh xc cao. Cu o
c phn bit thnh 2
loi chnh da vo ngun
cung cp l ngun p hay
ngun dng
T s trn ta nhn
thy s ph thuc in p
ra ca cu vo cc thng
s ca cu c m t
nh sau :
Hnh a:
0
2 1
4 3
4 3
2 1
4 3 2 1
3 2 4 1
) ( ) ( ) )( (
U
Z Z
Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z
Z Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
U
out out
out
+ + + + + +

Hnh b:
0
4 2 3 1
4 3 2 1
3 2 4 1
) )( (
) (
I
Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
U
out
out
+ +
+ + + +

78
R
M
Hnh 3.27: mmt mc song song
Hnh 3.28: S nguyn l chung ca cu o
Ngun p
Ngun dng
Khi in tr Z
out
= (khng ti), ta s c tng ng nh sau
0
4 3 2 1
3 2 4 1
) )( (
U
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
U
out
+ +

; 0
4 3 2 1
3 2 4 1
) (
I
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
U
out
+ + +

iu kin cu cn bng l: Z
1
Z
4
= Z
2
Z
3
Cu thng lm vic hai trng thi chnh l cn bng (cu ch khng) v khng cn
bng.
Cu mt chiu o in tr thng c hai loi: cu n v cu kp.
a) Cu n Wheaston o in tr trung bnh
Cu n mt chiu gm 4 nhnh, cn gi l 4 vai.Trn cc vai t cc in tr.
Trong mt vai t in tr R
x
cn o, cc vai cn li t cc in tr mu (hnh 3.29).
Mt ng cho ni vi ngun in mt chiu U
0
, mt ng cho ni vi ch th cn
bng. Ch th cn bng l in k G l c cu o t in c nhy v chnh xc cao.
Nguyn l lm vic ca cu l phng php so snh cn bng, theo .. ta c iu kin
cu cn bng l:
4
3
2
R
R
R R
x

Trong :
4
3
R
R
c gi l t s vai, c gi
tr l 0.001;0,01;0,1;1;10.
Trong qu trnh o, ngi ta s iu chnh
in tr
2
R
cu cn bng, v gi tr ca in
tr cn o s c tnh trc tip theo cng thc.
Kt qu o in tr R
x
khng ph thuc vo
ngun cung cp, m ph thuc vo chnh xc
ca cc in tr vai.
Sai s ca php o in tr:
2
4
2
3
2
2
) ( ) ( ) ( R R R R
x
+ +
chnh xc ca php o ph thuc vo nhy ca in k G. nhy ca in
k cng cao th s cn bng cu cng ng.
b) Cu o in tr nh
Khi o in tr nh m dng cu n th sai s s ln do in tr tip xc v in tr
dy ni nh hng n php o. Dng cu kp s khc phc c sai s .
S nguyn l
C th loi b nh hng
ca in tr r ca dy ni
bng cch mc 3 dy nh
hnh 3.30a. Nu c 3 dy
ni c cng in tr
(cng chiu di), ta c
th vit:
) ( ) (
3 2 4
r R R R r R
x
+ +
V
) (
4 2 3 2 4
R R r R R R R
x
+
79
Hnh 3.29: Cu Wheaston
Hnh 3.30: o in tr nh
Loi 3 dy
Loi 4 dy: Cu kp Kenvin
Nu t R
2
= R
4
, s loi b c hon ton nh hng ca in tr dy ni n php o.
Trong trng hp o in tr rt nh ta s phi s dng cu kp Kenvin (hnh 3.30b)
Ta c iu kin cu cn bng l:
) ' ' (
' '
4 3 4
4 3 4 3
4
3
2
p
x
R R R R
R R R R
r
R
R
R R
+ +

+
Trong thc t ngi ta b tr cc in tr mu vo cc vai sao cho
4
4
4
3
' ' R
R
R
R

Khi
4
3
2
R
R
R R
x

Cu Kenvin thng dng o cc in tr c tr s t 0,0001-10.
3.2.2 o in tr c tr s ln
C th o in tr ln c 10
5
-10
10
(v d nh in tr cch in) bng phng
php vn- ampe
1. Mgmt o in tr ln
Ngi ta s dng t l k t in ch to mgmmt, l mt dng c o
in tr ln nh in tr cch in.
Cu to: Mgmmt bao gm my pht in mt chiu quay tay E (magnheto)
c kch t bng nam chm vnh cu. in p pht ra t 100- 5000V tu tng loi
mgmmt. Ch th kt qu o l t l k t in. Trong cun ng a c mc ni
tip vi in tr mu R
1
v in tr cn o R
x
. Cun ng b c mc ni tip vi in
tr R
2
. Hai cun ng c t cho nhau mt gc v gn trn cng mt trc quay. Trn
trc khng c l xo cn. Cun b chuyn ng ngc chiu kim ng h, cn cun a
chuyn ng theo chiu kim
ng h. Hai cc 1, 2 ni
vi in tr o. (hnh 3.31)
Ngoi ra trong mch cn
c vng bo v lai tr
dng in r qua cun a
nh
hng n kt qu ca php
o.
Dng I
1
qua cun a:
a x
R R R
E
I
+ +

1
1
Dng I
2
qua cun b:
b
R R
E
I
+

2
2
Trong R
a
, R
b
l in tr ca cun a v b.
Suy ra gc quay ca c cu

,
_

,
_

+ +
+

,
_

X X a
b
R
f
R R R
R R
f
I
I 1
1
2
2
1

Vy gc quay t l nghch vi in tr R
x
cn o do thang o c ghi theo
chiu ngc.
80
Quay
tay
Thang o
Magnheto
Vng
bo v
Hnh 3.31 : Mgmt o in tr ln
A)S mch o B) Dng c o
1
2
- Khi hai cc 1,2 h mch (R
x
= ), s khng c dng in qua cun a I
1
0.
Tuy nhin vn c mt dng in I
2
chy

trong cun b, lm cho kim ch th lch
v pha tri ca thang o (v tr ).
- Nu ni ngn mch hai cc 1 v 2 (R
x
=0), dng qua cun a s rt ln I
1
I
1max
,
lm cho kim ch th lch v pha phi ca thang o (v tr 0).
2. ng dng o in tr cch in v ch dy b chm t
in tr cch in ca ng dy bao gm in tr cch in gia cc pha vi nhau
v gia cc pha vi t. N c phn b theo chiu di ca ng dy. Ta c th coi
mi n v chiu di ca ng dy l mt in tr cch in.
o in tr cch in ca cc ng dy ti in hoc phn phi in trong cng
nghip. in tr cch in c o gia hai u dy dn in vi nhau hoc tng dy
dn in vi dy trung tnh.
a) o in tr cch in ca ng dy khi cha c in p cng tc
Nu ng dy khng c in p cng tc th c th dng mgmt o in tr
cch in ca ng dy.
Gi s ta c ng dy hai pha. o
in tr cch in ca pha A, mt u ca
mgmt ni vi pha A, mt u ni vi
t. Khi o in tr cch in ca pha B ta
ch cn i ni mt u ca mgmt t
pha A sang pha B (hnh 3.32).
Nh vy vi cch o ny th ta khng o
c in tr cch in ca pha A vi t
R
A
m in tr o c l R
A
// (R
AB
+
R
B
), do tr s in tr o c lun nh hn R
A
. V vy nu kt qu o t yu cu th
cch in thc t ca pha A cng t. Tng t in tr o c khi o in tr cch
in gia pha B v t l R
B
// (R
AB
+ R
A
). Cn in tr cch in gia hai dy A, B o
c l R
AB
// (R
A
+ R
B
).
o in tr cch in ca ng dy 3 pha cng tng t nh vy. Nu kt qu t yu
cu th cch in thc cng t yu cu
b) o in tr cch in ca ng dy khi c in p cng tc.
C th dng hai hoc ba vnmt kim tra cch in ca ng dy hai pha hoc ba
pha nh hnh 3. 33.
Khi cch in tt, mi vnmt s cho kt
qu in p ngun cung cp dy dn. Bt k
s gim in tr cch in no ca 1 trong 2
dy dn cng s lm gim s ch ca vnmt
ni gia pha vi t, c th ch ti 0. Cn
s ch ca vnmt cn li s tng ln.
Vi mch in 3 pha, in tr cch in
ca 3 pha c ch bi 3 vnmt. Nu nh
in tr cch in ca pha no gim
81
Hnh 3.32: o in tr cch in dng
mgmt khi cha c in p cng tc
R
B
R
A
R
AB
Hnh 3.33: o in tr cch in bng vnmt
khi c in p cng tc
V
V
R
A
R
B
xung, th s ch ca vnmt mc vi pha gim cn vnmt mc vi hai pha cn li s
c s gia tng tr s.
3.2.3. o in dung v in cm
1 o in dung v in cm dng vnmt v ampemt
a) o in dung
Mch o c mc nh hnh 3.34.
Tng tr ca in dung c xc nh bi cng thc

X
Cx
C I
U
Z
1

Suy ra
U
I
C
x

Ngun tn hiu cung cp cho mch o
l ngun tn hiu xoay chiu hnh sin
b) o in cm
Mch o in cm L c mc nh hnh 3.35
Tng tr ca in dung c xc nh
bi cng thc

2 2
X X Lx
L R
I
U
Z +
Suy ra
2 2
1
X x
R Z L

2 o in dung v in cm dng cu o
1. Cu o xoay chiu
Cu o xoay chiu ging nh cu o mt chiu nhng c nhng c im khc nhau
nh sau (hnh 3.36)
- Cu lm vic vi in p xoay chiu hnh sin
- Cu c t nht hai vai l tng tr mang tnh in cm hoc in dung.
- C cu ch th dng xc nh cu cn bng c th l my hin sng hoc tai
nghe.
- Tng tr trn cc vai ca cu:
Z
1
= r
1
+ jx
1
= z
1
1
j
e
Z
2
= r
2
+ jx
2
= z
2
2 j
e
Z
3
= r
3
+ jx
3
= z
3
3
j
e
Z
4
= r
4
+ jx
4
= z
4
4 j
e
Phng php o dng cho cu xoay chiu l
phng php cn bng.
iu kin cn bng cu: ng kho K, iu
chnh tng tr cc vai cu cn bng:
Z
1
Z
4
= Z
2
Z
3
82
C
X
A
V
U
Hnh 3-34: S o in dung
bng Vnmt v ampemt

A
V
U
Hnh 3-35: S o in cm
bng Vnmt v ampemt

L
X
Hnh 3.36: S nguyn l
ca cu xoay chiu
Nh vy cu cn bng cn c hai iu kin:
* z
1
z
4
= z
2
z
3.
; tch cc mul ca hai vai i nhau phi bng nhau
*
1
+
4
=
2
+
3
; tng cc acgument ca hai vai i nhau phi bng nhau
Nu c 4 vai u l nhng tng tr th vic ch to v cn bng cu s rt phc tp.
V vy ngi ta ch to hai vai cu l thun tr, hai vai cn li chn theo nguyn tc sau:
- Nu hai vai k nhau l thun tr, th hai vai cn li cng tnh cht (cng mang tnh
in cm hoc in dung).
- Nu hai vai i nhau l thun tr, th hai vai cn li phi khc tnh cht (mt vai
mang tnh in cm cn vai kia mang tnh
in dung).
Thit b ch th s cn bng ca cu o xoay
chiu: Tai nghe (headphone): gi thnh r, tng
i nhy, c dng ph bin c kh nng phn
bit c s cn bng cu mt cch tng i
chnh xc. Tuy nhin cn ph thuc vo thnh
tai ca ngi lm th nghim.
2. Cu o in dung v gc tn hao ca t in
a) T in thc v s thay th ca chng
T in thc khi c u vo mch in bao gi cng gy nn mt tn hao nng
lng. Tn hao l nng lng tiu tn trn in tr cch in ca t. Do mch
tng ng ca mt t in thc l mt t in l tng c in dung bng in dung
ca t thc mc mc ni tip hoc song song vi mt in tr R xp x bng in tr cch
in ca t (hnh 3.37)
Hnh 3.37a m t t in thc C nh mt mch gm t in thun dung mc ni tip
vi mt in tr R (s ny dng khi tn hao trong t in nh tc l khi in tr cch
in ca t in ln). Cng sut tn hao trong t l:
P = UIcos =UIsin
Do nh nn c th coi sin = tg
tg c trng cho tn hao ca t in,
C R
X
R
I
I
tg
C

C
X
R
Hnh 3.37b m t t in thc C nh mt mch gm t in thun dung mc song
song vi mt in tr R (s ny dng khi tn hao trong t in ln tc l khi in tr
cch in ca t in nh). Ta c
C R U
U
tg

1
X /
R /
C

83
Thit b ch th cn bng ca cu
o xoay chiu tai nghe
b) Cu o in dung v gc tn hao ca t in
* Cu RC mc ni tip: o t in c tn hao nh.
S cu to ca cu nh hnh 3. 38. Cu bao gm 4 nhnh, trong nhnh R
2
v R
3
l thun tr, C
x
v R
X
l gi tr in dung v in tr ca t cn o. C
1
v R
1
l gi tr in
dung v in tr ca t mu.
Cu cn bng ta c:

Z
1
Z
3
= Z
2
Z
x
2 3
1
1
)
1
( )
1
( R
C j
R R
C j
R
x
x

+ +
Cn bng phn thc v phn o hai v
ca phng trnh:


R
1
R
3
= R
2
R
x
;
x
C j
R
C j
R

2
1
3

Suy ra
2
3
1
R
R
R R
x

;
3
2
1
R
R
C C
x

;
tg = R
x
C
x
= R
1
C
1
Tng t, khi t c tn hao ln ta coi
t l mt mch gm t l tng cng in
dung v in tr cch in mc song song
(hnh 3.39 )th kt qu o s l:
4
2
R
R
R R
M x

;
2
4
R
R
C C
M x

;
M M x x
C R C R
tg

1 1

84
C
R
I C
U
I

C
R
U
C
U
I

a) Tn hao t
b) Tn hao nhiu
Hnh 3.37: S thay th ca t in thc
v th vc t
Hnh 3.39: S nguyn l
ca RC mc song song
Hnh 3.38: Cu RC mc ni tip
Ngoi ra cn c th s dng cc cu o in dung sau:
3. Cu o in cm
a) Cu to
S nguyn l ca cu c m t nh hnh
3.24.
Cu gm 4 nhnh: Nhnh 1 l cun dy cn o
c in cm L
x
v in tr R
X
. Nhnh 3 mc cun
dy mu c in cm mu L
M
v in tr R
M
.
Nhnh 2 v nhnh 4 l thun tr gm cc in tr
R
2
, R
4
. in tr R trong mch c th mc ni tip
vi cun dy cn o hoc cun dy mu, tu theo
v tr ca kho chuyn i CD ng sang v tr 1
hay 2. Mc ch mc R vo cu o nhm mc ch
d dng cn bng cu. Khi R
x
nh, kho chuyn i
c ng sang 2, in tr R mc ni tip vi cun
dy cn o. Khi R
x
ln, kho chuyn i c ng sang 1, in tr R mc ni tip vi
cun dy mu.
b) Nguyn l lm vic
Xt trng hp kho chuyn i CD
ng sang 1, R mc ni tip vi cun dy
mu.
Khi cu cn bng ta c:
2 4
) ( ) ( R L j R R R L j R
M M x x
+ + +
2 2 2 4 4
R L j R R RR R L j R R
M M x x
+ + +
Suy ra :
4
2
2
) (
R
R
R R R
M x
+
4
2
R
R
L L
M x

85
Hnh 3.42 S nguyn l ca
cu o in cm
CD
R
2
R
4
K
L
x
, R
x
L
M
, R
M
1
2
Hnh 3.40: Cu Wien
Hnh 3.41: Cu schering
Xt trng hp kho chuyn i CD ng sang 2, R mc ni tip vi cun dy cn
o.
Khi cu cn bng ta c:
2 4
) ( ) ( R L j R R L j R R
M M x x
+ + +
2 2 4 4 4
R L j R R L j R R RR
M M x x
+ + +
Suy ra :
4
2
2
) (
R
R
R R R
M x
+
4
2
R
R
L L
M x

c) Cch s dng cu
Khi o ta ng kho K, t kho chuyn
i CD v tr ph hp. iu chnh cu theo
phng thc: lun phin iu chnh R
M
v t s
R
2
/R
4
.
Ch :
- trnh hin tng h cm gia cc cun dy
o v mu, ta phi t chng xa nhau v trc
cc cun dy ny phi vung gc vi nhau.
- Vic ch to cun cm mu kh khn hn t
in mu. Vy c th dng t in mu thay
cho cun cm mu trong cu o in cm,
nhng t mu phi t vai i din (hnh 3.43).
$3.3 O CNG SUT V IN NNG
3.3.1. o cng sut trong mch mt pha
1. o cng sut trong mch mt chiu
o cng sut trong mch in mt chiu, ta c th s dng vn mt v ampemt,
vi s mch o c m t nh hnh 3.44
Cng sut tiu th ca ti c xc nh l tch ca in p U
L
ri trn ti vi dng
in I
L
qua ti: P=U
L
I
L
86
Hnh 3.43 : Cu o in cm dng t mu
Hnh 3.44: o cng sut trong mch in mt chiu dng
vn mt v ampemt
Trong :
I: dng in m ampemt o c
U: in p m vn mt o c
I
V
: dng qua vn mt
U
A
: in p ri trn ampemt
R
L
: in tr ti
R
A
, R
V
: ln lt l in tr trong ca ampe mt v vn mt.
Ty theo cch mc sai s ca php o s khc nhau:
Hnh 3.44a:
V
L V
L L
R
R R
UI I U P


Hnh 3.44b:
L
A L
L L
R
R R
UI I U P


2. o cng sut trong mch xoay chiu mt pha
Cng sut tc dng trong mch xoay chiu mt pha c xc nh nh l gi tr trung
bnh ca cng sut trong mt chu k T:


T T
uidt
T
pdt
T
P
0 0
1 1
Trong : p, u, i l cc gi tr tc thi ca cng sut, p v dng.
Trong trng hp khi dng v p c dng hnh sin th cng sut tc dng c tnh l :
P = U.I.cos
h s cos c gi l h s cng sut.
Cng sut phn khng c tnh theo : Q = U.I.sin
Cn i lng S = U.I gi l cng sut ton phn c coi l cng sut tc dng
Di y s gii thiu mt phng php o cng sut trong mch xoay chiu mt pha
tn s thp v trung bnh
a) o bng 3 vn mt
S mch o c m t nh hnh 3.
Khi cng sut tiu th ca ti s c
xc nh theo biu thc:
R
U U U
P
BC AB AC
L
2
2 2 2

b) Wattmet in ng: s c mc nh hnh 3.46a.

Cu to: Wattmet tc dng mt phn t c lm t c cu o in ng. Cun
tnh ca c cu c mc ni tip vi ph ti nn c gi l cun dng ca wattmet.
Cun ng ca c cu c mc ni tip vi mt in tr ph v c u song songvi
ph ti nn cn c gi l cun in p.
87
U
I
2

I
Hnh 3.46: Wattmet tc dng 1 phn t
Cun
dng
Cun
dng
Cun p
a) S mch o b) th vct
Hnh 3.45: o cng sut bng 3 vn mt
T

i
Nguyn l lm vic:
- Khi o trong mch mt chiu: Khi c dng in I
1
chy trong cun tnh v dng I
2
chy trong cun ng, th gc quay ca c cu o c xc nh theo biu thc:
P K
R R
U
KI I I
d
dM
D
P
f B

+

2 1
12
1

Trong :
1
12
1
d
dM
D
K
v
f B
P
R R
K
K
+

Vi R
B
l in tr ca cun ng.
-Khi o trong mch xoay chiu: Gi s ti mang tnh in cm, dng in chm pha
sau in p mt gc . Dng in trong cun p chm pha sau in p mt gc . Ta
c th vc t nh hnh 3.46b.
Gc lch pha gia hai dng cun tnh v ng l: = -
Gc quay ca c cu

cos
1
2 1
12
I I
d
dM
D

Nu chn R
f
ln hn rt nhiu so vi cm khng ca cun ng th = 0, khi
= . Ta c :
P K UI K II
d
dM
D
P P

cos cos
1
2
12
Ch :
- Trn wattmet bao gi cng c cc k hiu * nh
du cc u cun dy tnh v ng gi l u pht. Khi
mc mch phi ni cc u c k hiu * vi nhau, nu
u sai wattmet s quay ngc
- xc nh c cng sut m wattmet ch, phi
tnh c hng s wattmet
m
dm dm
P
I U
C

Trong : U
m
, I
m
l in p v dng in ln nht ng vi thang o ny
88

m
l s vch ln nht trn thang o.
Cng sut trn wattmet l: P = C
P
.
Trong trng hp ti c in p cao v
dng in ln, phi phi hp bin p v
bin dng vi wattmet o cng
sut cho ti (hnh 3.47). Cun in p
ca wattmet mc hai u th cp
ca bin p, mt u ca cun th cp v
v ca bin p c ni vi t. Nh
vy cng sut o c bi wattmet l P
= UI cos
Nhn vi t s ca bin p v bin
dng ta c cng sut ca ti:
P
T
= K
U
K
I
UI cos
c) Wattmt nhit in
Wattmet nhin in c cu to nh hnh 3.48.
Hiu in th ng sinh ra cc u t do (u lnh) ca cc chuyn i c o bi
mt milivnmet t in. in p ny t l vi cng sut trung bnh tiu th trn mt ph
ti.
d) o cng sut dng chuyn i Hall
Chuyn i Hall l mt mng bn ca c ch to di dng mt tm mng bng
bn dn, c cu to nh hnh 3.49, gm hai cc dng v hai cc p. Hai cc dng ca
chuyn i c mc vo ngun in mt chiu hoc xoay chiu. Khi t vung gc vi
b mt chuyn i mt t trng th xut hin hai u cc p mt th in ng gi l
th in ng Hall V
H
c tnh nh sau:
V
H
= k
H
. B.i(t)
Vi k
H
: l h s m gi tr ca n ph thuc vo vt liu, kch thc v hnh dng ca
chuyn i, ngoi ra cn ph thuc vo nhit ca mi trng xung quanh v gi tr
ca t trng.
B: l t cm ca t trng.
i(t) : dng in qua chuyn i
89
BU
BI
Hnh 3.47: Mc Wattmet kt hp vi BU v BI
Hnh 3.48: Wattmet nhin in
Trong s 3.49a , cng sut tc dng P s c xc nh bng cch o th in
ng V
H
. Thc vy, vi v
x
=ai(t) v i
x
=bi(t), ta c cng sut tc dng P s c xc nh
theo :
H H
T T
x x
V abk dt t B t i
T
ab dt i u
T
P

0 0
) ( ) (
1 1
Trong : T l chu k o, V(H) l gi tr trung bnh ca v
H
(t)
Nh vy th in ng Hall s t l vi cng sut ti.
Thc hin mt watmet bng chuyn i Hall bng cch t chuyn i vo khe h
ca mt nam chm in. Dng in i qua cun ht L ca n chnh l dng in i qua
ph ti L. Cn hai cc dng c dng in t l vi in p t ln ph ti. in tr ph
R
V
hn ch dng.
Th in ng Hall lc s c tnh: V
H
= k.ui=k.P
Vi k l h s t l.
c) Wattmet nhn
Watt met s dng b nhn c
s khi nh hnh 3.50.
Tn hiu in p u(t) v dng
in i(t) c a vo b nhn,
c p(t)=ku(t)i(t).
Tn hiu cng sut tc thi
c ly trung bnh chnh l gi tr
cng sut tc dng cn o. Kt
qu s c hin th trn b ch th s.
d) o cng sut bng phng php iu ch tn hiu : Phng php iu ch tn
hiu da trn vic nhn cc tn hiu u
u
(t l vi in p trn ti cn o) v u
i
(t l
vi dng in trn ti cn o) trn c s iu ch hai ln tn hiu xung. Cc tn hiu
tng t u
u
v u
i
c bin i thnh tn s, chu k, bin , rng ca tn hiu
xung sau ly tch phn.
90
B bin
i
Hnh 3.50:Wattmet nhn ch th s
Hnh 3.49: Wattmet bng chuyn i Hall
Xt wattmet da trn phng php iu ch rng xung vi iu ch bin xung
(RXBX): c s cu trc nh hnh 3.51 v th thi gian nh hnh 3.52
Dng in i
x
qua b bin i I/U thnh in p v
y
t l vi i. Tn hiu in p ny c
a vo b so snh so snh vi in p v
g
c pht ra t my pht tn s chun.
u ra ca iu ch RX c cc xung vi rng t
2
= k.v
y
, tn hiu ny s c t
vo b iu ch bin xung BX v c
iu ch bin bng tn hiu v
x
(t). Tn hiu
xung vung v
m
u ra ca iu ch BX s
c gi tr Vm= +Vx trong khong thi gian t
2
v
V
m
= -V
x
trong khong thi gian t
1
.
V tn hiu v
m
c a qua b tch phn to
thnh in p ra c gi tr :

t
m out
dt v
RC
V
0
1
Nh vy in p ra ca b tch phn (TP) s c
gi tr t l vi cng sut trung bnh P.
Sai s ca cc atmet s dng cc cp iu ch l
ch di ca chu k iu ch b hn ch, dn
n di tn b hn ch.
b) o cng sut phn khng mt pha
Ngi ta s dng Wattmet phn khng mt phn t o cng sut phn khng mt
pha.
Cu to:Wattmet phn khng mt phn t cng c lm t c cu o in ng.
Cun tnh ca c cu c mc ni tip vi ph ti nh hnh 3.53 .
91
MFX
I/U
iu ch RX
iu ch BX
Hnh 3.51: S cu trc ca watt mt iu ch xung
Hnh 3.52: th in p
Cun ng ca c cu c mc song song vi mt in tr ph v ni tip vi mt
cun cm L.
Nguyn l lm vic:
iu chnh tr s ca in tr R
p
cho dng in cun ng I
2
v in p U lch pha
nhau 90
0
.
Gc quay ca c cu o in ng = KI
1
I
2
cos(90
0
- )
= KII
2
sin = K
Q
UI sin
= K
Q
Q
92
U
I
2

90
0
-
I
a) th vct
Hnh 3.53: Wattmet phn khng mt phn t
A
2



A
1



B


X
L



I
2



I
1
= I

a) S mch o
3.3.2. o cng sut tc dng trong mch 3 pha
1. o bng 1 wattmet mt phn t
Nu mch 3 pha 3 dy ph ti i xng c th dng 1 wattmet mt phn t o cng
sut tc dng mt pha, sau nhn 3 kt qu o c ta c cng sut tc dng ton
mch.
P
3fa
= 3P
1fa
Khi mch 3 pha c ph ti hnh sao i xng ta c im trung tnh ca ph ti mc
wattmet (hnh 3.54a).
Khi mch 3 pha c ph ti hnh tam gic i xng cn phi to im trung tnh gi
bng cch ni vi hai pha khc hai in tr ph R
B
, R
C
c gi tr bng in tr r
U
ca
cun in p ca wattmet (hnh 3.54b).
2. o bng 2 wattmet mt phn t
Trong trng hp mch 3 pha 3 dy ph ti by k (i xng hay khng i xng,
tam gic hay hnh sao) ta c th dng hai wattmet mt phn t o cng sut tc dng
ca mch. S u nh hnh 3.55 , ly pha C lm pha chung, ta cng c th mc theo
cc cch khc nh ly pha B hoc pha C lm pha chung
Gi p
1
, p
2
ln lt l cng sut tc thi ca wattmet th nht v th hai. Ta c:
p
1
=i
A
u
AC
=i
A
(u
A
-u
C
); p
2
=i
B
u
BC
=i
B
(u
B
-u
C
)
Suy ra p
1
+ p
2
=i
A
u
A
+ i
B
u
B
-u
C
(i
A
+i
B
)
93
a) Ph ti ni sao
b) Ph ti tam gic
Hnh 3.54: o cng sut tc dng mch 3 pha ti i xng
Ti
A
B
C
Hnh 3.55: o cng sut tc dng 3 pha dng 2 wattmet
Theo nh lut Kichp 1 ta c:i
A
+ i
B
+ i
C
= 0; hay i
C
= -(i
A
+i
B
);
Suy ra p
1
+ p
2
=i
A
u
A
+ i
B
u
B
+i
C
u
C
= p
A
+ p
B
+ p
C
=p
3fa
Vy cng sut tc dng ton mch l:
P
3fa
=

+ +
T
C B A
dt p p p
T
0
) (
1
=

+
T
dt p p
T
0
2 1
) (
1
= P
1
+ P
2
Trong trng hp ti i xng, ta c: P
1
= U
d
I
d
cos(30
0
- )
P
2
= U
d
I
d
cos(30
0
+ )
Khi ta cng d dng xc nh c cng sut phn khng 3 pha v gc pha ca ti
2 1
2 1
3
P P
P P
tg
+

; Q= 3 (P
1
-P
2
)
Ch : Trn c s phng php
o dng hai wattmet 1 phn t, ngi
ta ch to ra wattmet 3 pha 2 phn t
dng o cng sut ti 3 pha 3 dy.
Cu to ca wattmet gm c: 2 cun
in p c cng trc quay v hai cun
dng in.
Hnh 3.56: Trnh by s mc
Wattmet hai phn t qua BU v BI
3. o bng 3 wattmet mt phn t
Trong trng hp mch 3 pha 4 dy khng i xng ngi ta dng 3 wattmet mt
phn t o cng sut tc dng, kt qu php o s l tng s ch ca 3 dng c o
(hnh 3.57).
P
3fa
=P
1
+ P
2
+P
3
Trong thc t ngi ta s dng loi wattmet 3 phn t o cng sut tc dng mch
3 pha 4 dy. Thc cht ca loi wattmet ny l t hp ca 3 wattmet mt pha trong mt
v.
94
BU
BI
Hnh 3.56:Wattmet 3 pha 2 phn t
Hnh 3.57 : o cng sut mch 3 pha 4 dy bng 3 wattmet 1 phn t
Mch 3 pha 4 dy
Mch 3 pha 3 dy
Hnh 3.58 trnh by cch mc
wattmet 3 pha 3 phn t o cng sut
tc dng trong mch 3 pha 4 dy c
s dng kt hp bin p v bin
dng.
Wattmet 3 pha thng c dng
trong cng nghip, c cu to gm
c: hai cun p c cng mt trc
quay v ba cun dng in. Khi
cng sut ca ti c xc nh:
P = P
W
.K
I
.K
U
Vi K
I
l t s bin ca BI; K
U
l t
s bin ca BU.
3.3.3. o cng sut phn khng mch 3 pha
1. Mch 3 pha i xng: o bng 1 wattmet mt phn t
Trong trng hp mch 3 pha ph ti i xng c th ch s dng 1 wattmet mt phn t
cng sut phn khng ca mch (hnh 3.59).
Cng sut trn wattmet l: P = U
BC
I
A
cos(90
0
- )
P =U
d
I
d
sin =
3
3 fa
Q
2. Mch 3 pha khng i xng
a) o bng 3 wattmet 1 phn t
Khi mch 3 pha khng i xng ngi ta dng 3 wattmt o cng sut phn
khng ca mch. S c mc nh hnh 3. 60
Gi P
1,
P
2
, P
3
ln lt l cng sut trn wattmet th nht, th hai, th ba.
Ta c: P
1
= U
BC
I
A
cos(90
0
-
A
) =
3
U
A
I
A
sin
A
=
3
Q
A
95
BU
BI
Hnh 3.58: Wattmet 3 pha 2 phn t
A
B
C
TI
*
*
W
90
0
-

U
A
U
BC
U
C
I
A
U
B
Hnh 3.59: o cng sut phn khng mch 3 pha i xng
a) S mch o b) th vct
Tng t ta c P
2
= U
CA
I
B
cos(90
0
-
B
) =
3
Q
B
P
3
= U
AB
I
C
cos(90
0
-
C
) =
3
Q
C
Vy P
1
+ P
2
+P
3
= 3 (Q
A +
Q
B
+ Q
C
) = Q
3fa
b) o bng wattmet in ng 2 phn t
o cng sut phn khng mch 3 pha khng i xng ngi ta cn dng wattmet
in ng 2 phn t.
Hnh 3.61 l s mc wattmet 2 phn t o
cng sut phn khng trong mch 3 pha.
Cun dy dng in ca c hai phn t c hai
phn on c s vng bng nhau v c
tch ri ra. Mt phn on ca cc phn t
ny c u vo pha A v C. Hai phn on
cn li c u ni tip vi nhau v u
chung vo pha B nhng ngc cc.
Cun in p ca phn t th nht c u
vo gia hai pha B v C. Cun in p ca
phn t th hai c u vo gia hai pha A
v B.
Mmen quay tc ng ln phn ng do phn t th nht gy ra:
]) +
]) + (30

0

B B A
B A


sin
2
1
cos
2
3
sin [I KU
cos ) - cos(90 [I KU M
A d
0
A BC q1
Mmen quay tc ng ln phn ng do phn t th hai gy ra:
]) + +
]) + 0 (

0

B B C
B C


sin
2
1
cos
2
3
sin [I KU
15 cos ) - cos(90 [I KU M
C d
0
C AB q2
Mmen tng tc ng ln phn ng s l
M
q
= M
q1
+ M
q2
= KU
d
[I
A
sin
A
+ I
B
sin
B
+I
C
sin
C
]
= K
( 3
Q
A
+ Q
B
+Q
C
) = K Q
3p
Nh vy mmen quay ca phn ng t l thun vi cng sut phn khng 3 pha.
Hnh 3.62 trnh by s o cng sut phn khng 3 pha dng wattmet phn khng 3 pha
96
A
B
C
TI
Hnh 3.61: o o cng sut phn khng
mch 3 pha bng wattmet 2 phn t
Hnh 3.60 : o cng sut phn khng mch 3 pha bng 3 wattmet
S mch o
th vc t
(Varmeter) kt hp vi bin p v bin dng.
3.3.4. o in nng
1. o in nng trong mch xoay chiu mt pha
o in nng ca ti mt chiu, phng php n gin nht l o p v dng qua
ti. in nng tiu th ca ti trong thi gian t s c xc nh theo biu thc: E=
V.I.t
a) Cng t cm ng mt pha
Cng t mt pha c c cu hot ng trn nguyn tc c cu o cm ng, c cu
to nh hnh, gm c nam chm in 1 mc song song vi ti (cun in p) c s vng
dy ln tit din dy nh chu c
in p cao. Nam chm in 2 ca c cu
c cun dy c s vng nh, tit din dy
to chu c dng in ln v c
mc ni tip vi ti nn c gi l cun
dng in. a nhm 3 c mp a nm
trong khe h ca mch t cun p v
cun dng. cho a nhm quay u c
nam chm vnh cu 5, v b c hc c
bnh rng n khp vi trc quay 4 ca a
nhm. Gn trn trc a nhm c hp s
c kh v b m nng lng 6 (thc cht
l b m s vng quay ca a nhm).
Cng t c bc kn trong mt lp v
bng thu tinh hoc cht do chng li
nh hng ca bn ngoi tc ng (hnh
3.63)
Khi cng t hot ng, dng in I i qua ti to nn t thng
i
c xc nh
bng:
i
= K
I
I
in p U cung cp cho ti to nn dng I
U
trong cun dy in p v t thng
L
,

u.
Trong thnh phn t thng
L
khng qua a nhm m ni tt theo sun t v
97
BU
BI
Hnh 3.62:Wattmt phn khng kt hp vi BU v BI
Hnh 3.63: S nguyn l ca cng t cm ng 1 pha
thnh phn t thng
u
xuyn qua a nhm.T thng ca nam chm in p i xuyn
qua a nhm bng:
u
= K
u
I
U
=
U K
Z
U
K
U
U
U
'
T thng
u
v
i
xuyn qua a nhm to ra dng in xoy trn a nhm. Do c
tc dng tng tc gia dng in xoy v t thng to nn mmen ngu lc quay a
nhm: M
q
= Cf

u

i
sin = KUIsin
Nu nh li ca cun dng khng b bo ho, th
= /2 -
Khi M
q
=KUIcos = KP
Theo gin vc t (hnh 3.64), ta c: = -
-
Nu - =
2

th =
2

-
Suy ra: M
q
=KUIcos = KP
Nh vy mmen quay t l vi cng sut.
C th iu chnh - =
2

bng cch thay

i hoc . iu chnh , tc l iu
chnh t thng
U
bng cch thay i v tr mn chn t ca nam chm in p. Hoc
thay i , tc l iu chnh
I
bng cch thay i tr s ca vng in tr ca cun
dy ngn mch qun trn nam chm dng in.
Mmen quay lm cho a nhm quay.
a nhm quay trong t trng ca nam
chm vnh cu 6 b t trng ny hm
li vi mmen hm:
dt
d
D M
C

Trong : D l hng s t l;
dt
d
l
vn tc gc ca a nhm
Khi mmen cn bng mmen quay
th a nhm quay u:
dt
d
D KP

Suy ra d = K
W
Pdt
Gi s sau mt thi gian t =t
2
t
1
cng t quay c =n
2
n
1
vng th

2
1
t
t
kPdt
= n
2
n
1
=K
W
W
Trong
W
K
w

[vng/kWh] c gi l hng s cng t.

Hnh 3-65 l s mc cng t o nng lng tc dng trong mch mt pha. Hai cc
ngun ca cun in p v dng in c nh ch to ni sn vi nhau v ni vi
98

U
I

i
Hnh 3.64: Gin vct
Ti
Cun
p
Cun
dng
Hnh 3.65: Cch u cng t mt pha
dy pha.
Sai s v cch khc phc
Do tn ti ca ma st, do nh hng ca t thng ph, do sai lch hng s ca cng
t (mmen cn ln hoc nh) do cng t sai s t nhiu.
Trc khi s dng bt buc phi hiu chnh li tc l tin cch khc phc sai s.
a) B ma st
- Khi ph ti nh, mmen ma st s ng k so vi mmen quay. V vy ngi ta
phi ch to b phn b ma st trn c s nguyn l chung l phn chia t thng cun p
thnh cc t thng ph bng cc vt chia t thng hoc vng ngn mch khng i xng
(cha th hin trn hnh v).
- Khi iu chnh v tr vng ngn mch khng i xng hoc vt chia t thng ta s
b c ma st (tuy nhin nu iu chnh qu sang tri hoc sang phi th cng t s t
quay thun hoc quay ngc khi khng c ti).
b) Chng hin tng t quay ca cng t
Khc phc hin tng t quay khi mmen b ln hn mmen ma st ngi ta ch
to b phn chng t quay bng cch trn mch t ca cun p v trn trc quay ngi ta
gn hai l thp non T1 v T2. Khi a nhm quay ti thi im hai l thp i din nhau
th chng s tc ng tng h v to ra mmen hm (tuy nhin ch vi mmen kh nh).
c) iu chnh gc lch pha gia v I
Ta c: - = +
Mong mun rng - = + =
2

Vy phi iu chnh - =
2

coi nh khng i i vi mi loi cng t sau khi ch to. V vy ta phi iu

chnh gc ai bng cch trn mch t ca cun dng ngi ta cun vi vng dy ni qua
mt in tr R c th iu chnh c. Khi iu chnh gi tr R s lm thay i tn hao t
trong mch t cun dng, tc l i thay i.
d) Kim tra hng s ca cng t
Ta iu chnh sao cho cos = 1, cho dng in I = In, U = Un lc ta c P = UnIn;
o thi gian quay ca cng t bng ng h bm giy, m s vng quay N ca cng t
quay trong khong thi gian t.
Ta tnh c hng s ca cng t nh sau:
t P
N
t I U
N
C
n n n

Ta so snh Cp vi gi tr nh mc ghi trn cng t, nu khc nhau ta phi iu chnh
v tr ca nam chm vnh cu tng hay gim mmen cn cho n khi Cp bng gi t
nh mc ca cng t. Thc t hin nay, vic hiu chnh cng t thng da vo cng t
mu.
b) Cng t in t
ch to cng t in t, ngi ta bin i dng in I thnh in p U
1
t l vi n:
U
1
= k
1
I
99
Hnh 3.68: Cch mc cng t 3 pha 3 phn t
BU
BI
Cng
t
mt in p khc t l vi in p
t vo U:
U
2
= k
2
U
qua b phn in t (nhn analog)
s nhn c in p U
3
t l vi
cng sut P:
U
3
= k
3
.P
Tip theo in p ny s ln lt
qua cc khu: qua b bin i
in p-tn s (hoc b bin i
A/D), vo b m, ra ch th s.
S ch ca c cu ch th s s t l
vi nng lng N = CW trong
khong thi gian cn o nng
lng .
2) o in nng ca ti ba pha
Tng t nh o cng sut, o nng lng trong mch 3 pha cng s dng phng
php 1 cng t, 2 cng t hay 3 cng t mt pha.
a) o bng 1 cng t khi ph ti i xng:
nng lng tng bng 3 ln nng lng mt
pha.
b) o bng 2 cng t khi mch 3 pha 3 dy
ph ti bt k: nng lng tng bng tng
nng lng ca hai cng t.
c) o bng 3 cng t khi mch 3 pha 4 dy
ph ti bt k: nng lng tng bng tng
nng lng ca ba cng t.
Tuy nhin trong thc t ngi ta s dng
cng t 3 pha. Cng t 3 pha c hai loi: loi
2 phn t hoc loi 3 phn t. l hai hoc
ba cng t mt phn t c t hp li trong mt v.
- Cng t 3 pha 2 phn t: Cch mc mch ging nh wattmet ba pha 2 phn t. Hnh
3.67: l s mc cng t vo mch 3 pha 3 dy. Phn tnh c hai nam chm in p v
hai nam chm dng in u vo ba pha. Phn ng gm 2 a nhm gn trn cng mt
trc quay. Mmen quay c to ra bng tng ca hai mmen quay do
hai phn t to ra, v nng lng o
c chnh l nng lng tng ca
mch 3 pha.
- Cng t 3 pha 3 phn t:
Hnh 3.68 l cch mc cng t o
nng lng trong mch 3 pha 4 dy.
C ba phn t lm quay 3 a nhm
cng mt trc quay. Do trc quay s
100
Hnh 3.66: Cng t in t
U U
U
Hnh 3.67: Cch mc cng t 3 pha 2 phn t
Ti
Cng
t
quay theo mmen tng hp ca ba phn t, vng quay ca n s biu th nng lng tc
dng ton mch.
V. o cng sut, nng lng trong mch cao p.
o cng sut v nng lng trong mch cao p ta phi s dng bin p v bin dng
o lng. Khi mc dng c o trong h thng in c in p cao v dng ln qua bin
p T
u
v bin dng T
I
o lng.
101
T
u
T
I
Ph
ti
Hnh 3.69: Mc watt mt trong mch cao p
$3.4 O TN S GC PHA V KHONG THI GIAN
3.4.1. o tn s
Tn s: l mt trong cc thng s quan trng nht ca qu trnh dao ng c chu k.
Tn s c xc nh bi s cc chu k lp li ca s thay i tn hiu trong mt n v
thi gian.
Chu k: L khong thi gian nh nht m gi tr ca tn hiu lp li ln ca n.
o tn s ca tn hiu in ta c hai phng php l phng php bin i
thng v phng php so snh
o tn s bng phng php so snh c thc hin nh osiloscope, tn s k cng
hng v.v..
o tn s bng phng php bin i thng bao gm: tn s k c in tng t (tn
s k in t, in ng, st in ng); tn s k in dung tng t, tn s k ch th s.
1.Tn s k in ng
a) Cu to: y l thit b o dng c cu ch th t l k t in. S o c mc
nh hnh . Cun tnh A c mc ni tip vi cun ng B
1
v mc ni tip vi cc phn
t R
1
, L
1
, C
1
. Cun ng B
2
c mc ni tip vi t C
2
. Hai nhnh ny c mc song
song vi nhau v u vo ngun in p cn xc nh tn s (hnh 3.70).
b) Nguyn l lm vic
Cc thng s R
1
, L
1
, C
1
c iu chnh cng hng tn s gia ca thang o, tc
l:
1 0
1 0
1
C
L
x
x

- Khi tn s cn o f
x
< f
xo
c hai nhnh mang tnh in dung, hai dng i
1
v i
2
u
vt pha trc in p U.
Gi s i
1
vt pha trc u mt gc
1
, i
2
vt pha trc i mt gc
2
,
1
=0, ta c:

,
_

,
_

1
2
1
0
2
1 1
2 2
sin ) 90 cos(
)
cos
cos
(
I
I
F
I
I
F
I
I
F

102
I
1
= I
I
2
C
2
R
1
L
1
C
1
U
fx
Hnh 3.70: Tn s k in ng

1
=0
U
fx
I
1
= I
I
2
b) th vct
a) S nguyn l
Nhng
1
1
sin
z
x

; z
2
=x
2
v
2
1
1
2
z
z
I
I

nn

,
_

,
_

,
_

2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
sin
z
x
F
z
x
z
z
F
I
I
F

Thay vo biu thc trn cc gi tr

1
1 1
2
1
2
C f
L f x
x
x

v z
2
=
2
2
2
1
C f
x
x

.
Ta c:
) (
1 4
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
1 1
2 2
2
1
1
x
x
x
x
x
f F C
C
C L f
F
C f
C f
L f
F

,
_

,
_

Gc quay ca t l k in ng l mt hm ca tn s nn n c th s dng lm tn
s k.
2. Tn s k ch th s
Hnh 3. 71 l s khi ca tn s k ch th s hay l hecmt ch th s.
Nguyn l chung ca tn s ch th s l m s xung N tng ng vi s chu k ca
tn s cn o f
x
trong mt khong thi gian
Tn hiu cn o trc khi vo my m phi i qua b vo. B vo bao gm mt b
khuch i hay suy gim tn hiu ho hp tn s k vi ngun c tn hiu cn o.
Trig Smit (mch to xung) c nhim v bin tn hiu hnh sin hoc tn hiu xung c
chu k thnh mt dy xung c bin khng i nhng tn s bng tn s ca tn hiu
vo.
My pht tn s chun c n nh bng thch anh c tn s. Tn hiu c tn s
chun f
0
c a qua b chia tn s theo cc nc vi h s chia l 10
n
( n = 1, 2, 3, ..., 8),
ta nhn c cc khong thi gian T
o
= 10
-6
; 10
-5
; 10
-4
; 10
-3
; 10
-2
; 10
-1
; 1; 10; 100s.
Flip Flop (FF) ng chc nng iu khin ng m kho K trong khong thi gian
T
o
. Kt qu trn li ra s thu c mt chm xung c tn s bng tn s ca chui xung
do b to sng (trig) to ra, nhng s lng xung ch xut hin trong khong thi gian
T
o
. Mt b m c dng m s xung trn.
S xung m b m m c s l:
103
Hnh 3.71: Tn s k hin s
0
0
f
f
K
T
KT
T
T
N
x
x x
do

Nu thi gian o c gi tr l 1s th s xung N chnh l tn s cn o f
x
: f
x
= N

Khi o tn s cao sai s ch yu ca php o l do khng n nh ca my pht
tn s chun. Cn khi o tn s thp th sai s c bn l sai s lng t theo thi gian,
sai s ny s tng khi tn s cn o gim.
gim sai s khi o tn s thp th phi tng thi gian T
o
, nhng iu ny khng
phi lc no cng thc hin c. V vy trong tn s ch th s ngi ta phi s dng b
nhn tn s nhn tn s o ln 10
n
ln hoc l khng o tn s na m chuyn sang o
sang o thi gian mt chu k ca tn hiu o.
Dng c o s dng k thut m nghch o c mch to xung nhp l sng xung
vung c tn s bng tn s ca tn hiu cn o.
Hnh 3.73 l s khi ca tn s k khi o tn s thp.
Tn hiu vo c tn s cn o f
x
qua b vo v trig s to ra tn hiu T
x
chnh l chu
k ca tn hiu c tn s cn o. Qua Flip Flop, tn hiu T
x
vo m kho K, nh vt thi
gian T
x
chnh bng thi gian T
o
. ng thi khi kho K m, tn hiu f
0
t my pht tn s
chun i vo b m v qua c cu ch th.
104
T
x
T
0
U
B
m
Hnh 3.72: th thi gian
Hnh 3.73: Tn s k o tn s thp
S khi
Gin thi gian
S xung m c l:
x
x
f
f
T
T
N
0
0

Suy ra
N
f
f
x
0

Cc tn s k ngoi vic o tn s n c th o chu k o t s gia hai tn s,

khong thi gian v di cc xung v.v..
V d: Tn s k ng dng o khong thi gian
3.4.2 o gc pha
1. Phazmt in ng
Ta c th s dng lg mt in ng ch to ra mt dng c o h s cng sut
rong mch mt pha gi l cos -mt mt pha.
Cu to: Cun ng B
1
mc ni tip vi cun cm c cm khng X
L
, cun ng B
2
mc
ni tip vi in tr R. Hai cun ng c u song song vi nhau v u vo ph ti.
Cun tnh A mc ni tip vi ti (hnh 3.75a). Chn R, X
L
c tr s ln (b qua tng tr
cun dy ng). Dng i
2
s trng pha vi in p u, dng i
1
s chm pha 90
0
so vi u. Gi
s ti mang tnh in cm, i s chm pha sau u mt gc , ta s c th vct nh hnh
3.75b
105
B m
a) b)
Hnh 3.74:Tn s k o khong thi gian
a) S khi b) Gin thi gian
I
2
X
L





Hnh 3.75 : cos mt mt pha
I
1

B
2
I
A
1
A
2
B
1
R
Z
t
=
2

1
U
I
2

I
1
I
a) S nguyn l
b) th vc t
Nguyn l lm vic:
Gc quay phn ng ca t l k in ng l:
)
cos
cos
(
1 1
2 2

I
I
F
Nu ta chn R v X
L
dng in trong hai cun dy ng c tr hiu dng bng
nhau (I
1
=I
2
) th:
)
cos
cos
(
1
2

F
Theo th vc t ta c: =
2
;
1
= 90
0
-
) (cot
) 90 cos(
cos
)
cos
cos
(
0
1
2

g F F F

,
_

Nu =F(cotg ) th cng l mt hm ca cos . Bng khc c khc theo
n v ca gc hay h s cos .
2. Phazmt in t
Nguyn l hot ng: da trn vic phn bin i gc lch pha trc tip thnh dng hay
p.
o gc lch pha gia hai in p hnh sin ta thc hin theo s hnh 3.76:
Tn hiu hnh sin x1 v x2 qua cc b to xung TX1 v TX2. Khi tn hiu i qua mc "0" to
ra cc xung U'1 v U'2 (H.11.3b), cc xung ny c a n u vo ca Trig (S-R).
Nh vy cc tn hiu hnh sin u vo nh cc b to xung bin lch pha thnh
khong thi gian gia cc xung. Khi c s tc ng ca cc xung ny ln u vo ca
trig xut hin tn hiu ITr u ra, qua c cu ch th t in ta s c mt dng trung
bnh:
0
360

m m tb
I
T
t
I I

vi Im : bin dng in u ra trig

T : chu k ca tn hiu
T c:
0
360
m
tb
I
I

106
Hnh 3.76: Phazmt in t
a) S nguyn l
b) Gin thi gian
Nu Im = const, th i lng gc pha cn o t l vi Itb, o dng trung bnh Itb th suy ra
gc pha.
c im: sai s ca php o ny c (12%) ch yu l do s bin ng ca Im v sai
s ca php o dng trung bnh Itb.
Loi Phazmt ny thng c s dng o gc pha 0 180
0
di tn s 20Hz
200kHz.
107