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TDM PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION/ DEMODULATION TRAINER MODEL-COM202

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SIGMA TRAINERS AHMEDABAD (INDIA)

INTRODUCTION
This trainer has been designed with a view to provide practical and experimental knowledge of 4 channel Time Division Multiplexing Demultiplexing using PAM technique as practically implemented in Digital Communication systems on a SINGLE P.C.B.

SPECIFICATIONS
1. Analog Input Channels 2. Multiplexing 3. Modulation 4. On-board Analog signal 5. Sampling Ratio 6. Sampling Pulse 8. Interconnections 9. Power : : : : : : : : 4 Time Division Multiplexing Pulse Amplitude Modulation 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1 KHz, 2 KHZ 16 KHz/channel Variable frequency from 2 to 64KHz 3.4 KHz 2 mm Sockets 230 V + 10%, 50Hz

7. Low Pass Filter Cut-Off Frequency :

CHAPTER-1
THEORY & CIRCUIT DETAILS OF TDM PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION/DEMODULATION The TDM pulse amplitude modulation/demodulation System consist of following sections. 1. Modulating Audio Signal Generators 2. Sampling Pulse Generator 3. Time Division Multiplexing section 4. Low pass filter demultiplexing section. 5. Power supply.

(1) Modulating Audio Signal Generator sections:

(a) Sine wave generator- 4 Nos.: IC 1 (ICL 8038) waveform generator IC is used generate sine wave signal. Preset is used to fix its frequency to 500Hz. Presets Pr1 and Pr2 are adjusted for proper peaks of sine wave signal. Pr3 is used to adjust duty cycle. The sine wave output signal is available at pin 2 of IC1 and it is then amplified by IC4. The amplified output is available output terminals. Pot P1 is used to vary the amplitude of Sinewave signal. The output amplitude vary from 0 to 5Vpp.

(2) Sampling Pulse Generator section:

To generate PAM - TDM Signal Sample and Hold circuit is used. The sampling pulse generator is required to provide sampling signal to S/H circuit. This section is based on voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) IC CD4046B. The pulse frequency is determined by varying control voltage of VCO at pin 9 of this IC. This control voltage is varied by frequency pot (10K Pot). Thus sampling signal of variable frequency 2 to 64KHz width is generated by this section.

(3) Time Division Multiplexing section:

To generate TDM signal Sample and Hold circuit and Analog switches are used. The sampling pulse generator is required to provide multiplexing of four different signals. The four input signal are given to four different input of multiplexer IC CD 4053B. This IC passes signal - 1 during "00" counting pulse of counter which counts sampling pulse. Signal-2 is sampled during "01" count. Similarly signal-3 and signal -4 are sampled during "10" and "11" counting. Thus at the output the multiplexed signal is available.

(4) Time Division Demultiplexing section:

This section is based on Demultiplexer IC CD 4053B and low pass filters. The TDM multiplexed signal is applied to this IC. The sampling signal is also applied to this IC. Then this IC passes signal-1 to the output 1 during "00" count of sampling pulse while it passes signal-2 to output -2 during "01" count of sampling pulse. Similarly signal-3 and signal-4 are passed during to output during "10" and "11" count respectively. Thus it demultiplexes four signals. After that these four signals are passed through four different Low pass filters which passes only low frequencies up to 3.4 KHz and reduces all other frequencies. Thus this removes high frequency sampling noise of PAM signal. This section is based on two 741 ICs and R-C circuits. By removing high frequency we recover original modulating signal.

(5) Power supply section:

The regulated power supply is used for different supply voltages. Following output D.C. Voltages are required to operate AM Modulation demodulation system. +15V, 250mA , -15V, 250mA , + 5V, 250mA Three terminal regulators are used for different output voltages i.e. IC 7805 for + 5V, IC 7815 for +15V, IC 7915 for -15V, These ICs are supplied different dc input voltages by two Half-wave rectifiers consisting of D1-D4 and D5-D8 and C1, C2, C3, C4. The capacitors at each input and each output are for filtering purpose. SW 301 is main AC ON/OFF Switch.

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EXPERIMENTS BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TDM PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION/DEMODULATION

Sampling

TDM Signal

Low Pass Filter LPF 3.4KHz

Recovered Signals

Sine-1 LPF 3.4KHz Sine-2/ Triangle

LPF 3.4KHz Sine-2/ Square

LPF 3.4KHz Sine-4

SPG

Sampling Pulse Generator

(B) EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE:

EXP. (1a) TO GENERATE TDM SIGNAL AND DEMULTIPLEX IT:Procedure: 1. First connect jumper TDM o/p from multiplexer section to TDM I/P of demultiplexer section. 2. Connect signal input-1 terminal of multiplexer section to sinewave signal of sine wave generator with frequency amplitude 2 Vpp. ____________Waveform (W1) 3. Connect signal input-2 terminal of multiplexer section to triangular signal with amplitude 1 Vpp. ____________Waveform (W2) 4. Connect signal input-3 terminal of multiplexer section to square wave signal generator with amplitude 2Vpp. ____________Waveform (W3) 5. Connect signal input-4 terminal of multiplexer section to sine wave signal generator with amplitude 0.5 Vpp. ____________Waveform (W4) 6. Connect Pulse output of Sampling pulse generator to sampling pulse input of S/H circuit. ____________Waveform (W5) 7. Keep Frequency pot of Sampling pulse generator in mid position. 8. Connect CRO Channel 1 at TDM O/P signal. Observe TDM signal ___________Waveform (W6)

9. Connect CRO Channel 2 at demultiplexed output-1 of demodulator section. Observe recovered sinewave signal-1 ____________Waveform (W7) 10. Connect CRO Channel 2 at demultiplexed output-2 of demodulator section. Observe recovered sinewave signal-2 ____________Waveform (W8) 11. Connect CRO Channel 2 at demultiplexed output-3 of demodulator section. Observe recovered sinewave signal-3 ____________Waveform (W9) 12. Connect CRO Channel 2 at demultiplexed output-4 of demodulator section. Observe recovered sinewave signal-3 ____________Waveform (W10) 13. Now vary amplitude of modulating signal-1 and signal-2 and signal-3 and observe its effect on TDM output as well as on recovered signals. Also observe cross-talk effect by varying amplitude of modulating signals beyond 5Vpp. Vary frequency of modulating signals and observe its effect on TDM output as well as on recovered signals. 14. Vary Pulse frequency of Sampling pulse and see the effect on TDM output as well as on recovered signals. 15. To verify Nyquist's Sampling Theorem keep modulating sine wave signal-2 frequency to 2 KHz and amplitude 2 Vpp. Keep Sampling pulse width pot in mid position. Now vary sampling frequency slowly from 40 KHz to 2 KHz by observing original signal and recovered demodulated signal. Measure the sampling frequency for which original signal and recovered demodulated signal are nearly same i.e. error is less. It will be more than 4 KHz, which proves Nyquist's Sampling Theorem. 6

Conclusion:1. The error in recovered signal: increases with increase in signal amplitude, increases with increase in signal frequency, decreases with increase in sampling pulse frequency. increases with decrease in sampling pulse width. 2. The cross talk is generated when amplitudes of modulation signals increases.

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TEST POINT WAVEFORMS

W1.Modulating signal Sinewave :- (at Sig. 1 connector) 500Hz

+0.5V
H = 0.5 ms V = 0.2 V

1 ms

-0.5 V

W2. Modulating signal Triangle wave :- (at Sig. 2 connector) 1 KHz

+1V
H = 0.2 ms V = 0.5 V

-1V

0.5 ms

W3. Modulating signal Square wave :- (at Sig. 3 connector) 2KHz

+2V
H = 0.2 ms V = 1.0 V

-2V
W4.Modulating signal Sinewave :- (at Sig. 4 connector) 250Hz

+0.5V
H = 0.2 ms V = 0.2 V

4 ms

-0.5 V
8

W5. Sampling Clock signal: - (at Clock connector) 20 KHz

5V

H = 5 us V = 2.0 V

W6. TDM signal :H = 0.2 ms V = 0.5 V

W7. Demultiplexed signal Sinewave :- (at Sig. 1 O/P connector)

0.5V

H = 0.5 ms V = 0.2 V

-0.5V
W8. Demultiplexed signal :- (at Sig. 2 O/P connector) Note: Switch (S1) to Sinewave to get pure Sinewave Signal

+1V

H = 0.2 ms V = 0.5 V

-1V

W9. Demultiplexed signal :- (at Sig. 3 O/P connector) Note: Switch (S2) to Sinewave to get pure Sinewave Signal

H = 0.2 ms V = 1.0 V

W10. Demultiplexed signal Sinewave :- (at Sig. 4 O/P connector)

0.5V

H = 0.2 ms V = 0.2 V

-0.5V

10

When All the Inputs are Sinewave after switching Switch S1 and S2. W7. Demultiplexed signal Sinewave :- (at Sig. 1 O/P connector)

0.5V

H = 0.5 ms V = 0.2 V

-0.5V
W8. Demultiplexed signal :- (at Sig. 2 O/P connector)

+1V

-1V
W9. Demultiplexed signal: (at Sig. 3 O/P connector)

H = 0.2 ms V = 1.0 V

W10. Demultiplexed signal Sinewave: (at Sig. 4 O/P connector)

0.5V

H = 0.2 ms V = 0.2 V

-0.5V
11

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