Kin trc my tnh Chng 1

Gii thiu chung

Ni dung chng 1

1. My tnh v phn loi my tnh 2. Kin trc v t chc my tnh 3. Chc nng v cu trc ca my tnh 4. Hot ng ca my tnh 5. Lch s pht trin my tnh.

1. My tnh v phn loi my tnh 1.1. My tnh My tnh (Computer) l thit b in t thc hin cc cng vic sau:
Nhn thng tin vo X l thng tin theo chng trnh c nh sn bn trong b nh a thng tin ra

Chng trnh (Program): l dy cc lnh nm trong b nh yu cu my tnh thc hin mt cng vic c th. My tnh khng t thc hin c nu khng c chng trnh
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M hnh c bn ca my tnh

H thng vo

B x l

H thng ra

H thng nh
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M hnh phn lp ca my tnh

Phn cng (Hardware): gm ton b h thng vt l ca my tnh Phn mm (Software): gm cc chng trnh v 5 d liu

1.2. Phn loi my tnh

Phn loi my tnh theo truyn thng:

B vi iu khin (Microcontroller) My vi tnh (Microcomputer) My tnh nh (Minicomputer) My tnh ln (Mainframe computer) Siu my tnh (Supercomputer)

 Phn loi my tnh theo hin i:

My tnh bn (Desktop computer) My ch (Server) My tnh nhng (Embedded computer)

Desktop

Server

Embedded 7

My tnh bn
c s dng cho nhiu mc ch:
X l vn bn, lt Web, Multimedia,... Tnh ton, lp trnh, ...

Bao gm:
B vi x l B nh a cng, CD-ROM/DVD, ... Chut , bn phm, mn hnh, card mng, ...

c im:
Hiu nng khng cao lm, cn gi l PC Dung lng va phi Gi thnh: khong t 500 USD n 10.000 USD
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My ch
c s dng trong cc dch v cao cp:
Lu tr file Tnh ton ln X l tng tc, Web, ...

Bao gm:
Nhiu b x l Nhiu a cng Giao tip mng, ...

c im:
Hiu nng cao tin cy ln Gi thnh: khong t hng chc nghn n hng chc triu USD
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My tnh nhng
L mt phn ca h thng ln:
Cha trong cc thit b gia dng Trong thit b mng, truyn thng, ... Cc thit b iu khin t ng, khng lu, ...

Bao gm:
Cc b vi K; vi x l B nh: RAM, ROM; a Vo/ra chuyn dng (k c tn hiu analog)

c im:
C tin cy v an ton cao Hiu nng cao (thi gian thc) Gi thnh: vi chc n hng trm nghn USD
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2. Kin trc v t chc my tnh Kin trc my tnh (computer architecture): nghin cu cc c im MT theo cch nhn ca cc nh lp trnh:
Cc thanh ghi v m hnh b nh Cc kiu d liu Cc lnh

T chc my tnh (computer organization): nghin cu cch ci t h thng:

Thit k BXL: ng dn DL, iu khin, vi kin trc, ... Thit k h thng: BXL+b nh, vo/ra, ... 11

Kin trc v t chc my tnh

V d: Cc my tnh dng b x l h Intel cng chung mt kin trc

M lnh lp trnh l tng thch

T chc l khc nhau gia cc version khc nhau Kin trc my tnh thay i chm, cn t chc thay i rt nhanh
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3. Chc nng v cu trc ca my tnh

Chc nng my tnh: hot ng ca my tnh v ca cc thnh phn Cu trc my tnh: bao gm cc thnh phn ca my tnh v lin kt gia cc thnh phn Phng php nghin cu: tip cn h thng theo kiu top-down
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3.1. Chc nng c bn ca my tnh

X l d liu Lu tr d liu Trao i d liu iu khin

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3.2. Cu trc tng qut ca my tnh

Cc thit b ngoi vi

My tnh
B x l B nh Bus lin kt h thng H thng vo/ra
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My tnh

Cc ng truyn thng

3.3. Cc thnh phn c bn ca my tnh B x l (processor): iu khin hot ng ca my tnh, x l d liu. H thng nh (memory system): cha cc chng trnh v d liu ang x l. H thng vo/ra (input/output system): trao i thng tin gia my tnh vi bn ngoi. Bus lin kt h thng (system interconnection bus): kt ni v vn chuyn thng tin gia ba thnh phn trn.
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3.3.1. B x l Chc nng:

iu khin hot ng ca my tnh X l d liu

Nguyn tc hot ng c bn: BXL hot ng theo chng trnh nm sn trong b nh, gm 2 bc c bn:
Nhn lnh t b nh Gii m v thc hin lnh

B vi x l (microprocessor): l b x l c ch to trn mt chip.

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Cc thnh phn c bn ca BXL

B x l
Khi iu khin Bus bn trong Cc thanh ghi ALU

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Cc thnh phn c bn ca BXL

Khi iu khin: (Control Unit): iu khin hot ng ca BXL iu khin hot ng ca my tnh Khi s hc v logic (Arithmetic Logic Unit): thc hin cc php ton s hc v cc php ton logic Tp thanh ghi (Registers Sets): lu gi cc thng tin tm thi trong qu trnh hot ng ca my tnh

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Tc ca BXL

S lnh thc hin c trong 1 giy: MIPS (Millions of Instructions Per Second) Trn thc t thng c nh gi gin tip thng qua tn s xung ng h (nhp, clock) cung cp cho BXL lm vic.
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3.3.2. H thng nh

Chc nng: lu tr chng trnh v d liu Cc thao tc c bn vi b nh:

Thao tc c (Read) Thao tc ghi (Write)

Cc thnh phn chnh:

B nh trong (Internal Memory) B nh ngoi (External Memory)
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B nh trong

Chc nng v c im:

Cha cc thng tin m my tnh ang x l Tc nhanh Dung lng khng ln S dng b nh bn dn: ROM, RAM

Cc kiu b nh trong:
B nh chnh B nh cache
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B nh trong

B nh chnh:
Cha cc chng trnh v d liu ang c BXL trao i T chc thnh cc ngn nh c nh a ch Ngn nh thng c t chc theo byte a ch vt l ca ngn nh l c nh, ni dung c th thay i.
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B nh trong

B nh cache:
B nh c tc nhanh, c t gia BXL v B nh chnh C dung lng nh hn B nh chnh Tc nhanh hn Hin nay cache thng c chia thnh hai mc v c tch hp trn BXL

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B nh ngoi Chc nng v c im:

Lu gi cc chng trnh v d liu di dng th vin B nh ngoi c kt ni vi h thng di dng thit b vo/ra Dung lng ln Tc chm

Cc loi b nh ngoi:
B nh t: a cng, a mm B nh quang: CD, DVD, ... B nh bn dn: Flash disk
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3.3..3 H thng vo/ra

Chc nng: trao i thng tin gia my tnh vi th gii bn ngoi Cc thao tc c bn:
Vo d liu (Input) Ra d liu (Output)

Cc thnh phn chnh:

Cc thit b ngoi vi (Peripherals) Cc modul vo/ra (IO Modules)
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Cu trc c bn ca h thng vo/ra

Cng IO Cng IO Modul IO TBNV

TBNV

Ni ghp vi bus h thng

. . .
Cng IO

. . .
TBNV

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Cc thit b ngoi vi

Chc nng: chuyn i d liu gia bn trong v bn ngoi my tnh Cc thit b ngoi vi c bn:
Thit b vo: bn phm, chut, my qut, ... Thit b ra: mn hnh, my in, ... Thit b vo v ra: cc a, ... Thit b truyn thng: MODEM, ...
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Modul vo/ra

Chc nng: ni ghp cc thit b ngoi vi vi my tnh Cng vo/ra: trong mi modul vo/ra c mt s cng vo/ra. Mi cng vo/ra cng c nh mt a ch xc nh Thit b ngoi vi c kt ni v trao i d liu vi my tnh thng qua cng vo/ra

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3.3.4. Bus lin kt h thng

Khi nim bus:

Bus: tp hp cc ng kt ni dng vn chuyn thng tin gia cc thnh phn ca my tnh rng bus: l s ng dy ca bus c th truyn cc bit thng tin ng thi. Khi nim ny ch dng cho bus a ch v bus d liu
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Phn loi bus

Phn loi cu trc bus

Cu trc n bus Cu trc a bus

Phn loi bus chc nng:

Bus a ch Bus d liu Bus iu khin
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S kt ni bus

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Bus a ch (address bus) Chc nng: vn chuyn a ch ca ngn nh hay cng vo/ra t ngun n ch rng bus a ch: xc nh dung lng b nh cc i ca h thng Nu rng bus a ch l N bit: A0 , A1 , ... , AN-1 khng gian a ch l: 2N byte V d:
B x l Intel Pentium c bus a ch l 32 bit 33 khng gian a ch l: 232 byte = 4 GB

Bus d liu (data bus)

Chc nng:
Vn chuyn lnh t b nh n BXL Vn chuyn d liu gia BXL, h thng nh, h thng vo/ra vi nhau

rng bus d liu: xc nh s bit d liu c th trao i cng mt lc.

rng M bit: D0 , D1 , ... ,DM-1 M thng l 8, 16, 32, 64 bit
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Bus iu khin (control bus)

Chc nng: vn chuyn cc tn hiu iu khin Cc loi tn hiu iu khin:

Cc tn hiu iu khin pht ra t BXL iu khin h thng nh, h thng vo/ra hot ng Cc tn hiu yu cu, trng thi t h thng nh, h thng vo/ra n BXL
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Mt s tn hiu iu khin in hnh Cc tn hiu iu khin c/ghi:

Memory Read (MEMR): iu khin c lnh/d liu t mt ngn nh c a ch xc nh Memory Write (MEMW): iu khin ghi d liu ti mt ngn nh c a ch xc nh I/O Read (IOR): iu khin c d liu t mt cng vo/ra c a ch xc nh I/O Write (IOW): iu khin ghi d liu n mt cng vo/ra c a ch xc nh
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Mt s tn hiu iu khin in hnh Cc tn hiu iu khin ngt:

Interrupt Request (INTR): tn hiu t mch iu khin vo ra gi n BXL yu cu ngt (ngt chn c) Interrupt Acknowledge (INTA): tn hiu t BXL gi ra ngoi bo chp nhn ngt Non Maskable Inerrupt (NMI): tn hiu ngt gi n BXL (ngt khng chn c) Reset: tn hiu t bn ngoi khi ng li my tnh
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Mt s tn hiu iu khin in hnh

Cc tn hiu iu khin bus:

Bus Request (BRQ)/Hold: tn hiu t mch iu khin vo/ra gi n yu cu BXL nhng quyn iu khin bus Bus Grant (BGT)/Hold Acknowledge (HLDA) : tn hiu pht ra t BXL chp nhn nhng quyn iu khin bus

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c im ca cu trc n bus

Bus ch phc v c mt yu cu trao i d liu ti mt thi im Bus phi c tc bng tc ca modul nhanh nht trong h thng Bus ph thuc vo cu trc bus ca BXL cc modul nh v modul vo/ra cng ph thuc vo BXL

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c im ca cu trc a bus

C s phn cp cho cc thnh phn:

Bus ca BXL Bus ca b nh Bus vo/ra

Phn cp bus khc nhau v tc Cc bus cho modul nh v modul vo/ra khng ph thuc vo BXL c th 40

Phn cp bus trong my tnh PC

Bus ca BXL: c tc nhanh nht Bus ca BNC: ni ghp vi cc modul RAM Bus AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port): bus ha tng tc - ni ghp card mn hnh tng tc Bus PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect): ni ghp vi cc TBNV c tc trao i d liu nhanh USB (Universal Serial Bus): bus ni 41 tip a nng

V d: bus truyn thng

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V d: bus hiu nng cao

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5. Lch s pht trin ca my tnh Th h th nht: dng n in t chn khng (1946 - 1957) Th h th hai: dng transistor (1958 1964) Th h th ba: dng vi mch c nh (SSI) v va (MSI) (1965 - 1971)
C nh: di 100 thit b / chip C va: 100 - 3000 thit b / chip

Th h th t: dng vi mch c ln (LSI) v cc ln (VLSI) (1971 - nay)

C ln: 3000 - 100.000 thit b / chip C cc ln: 100.000 - 100.000.000 thit b / 44 chip

Lch s pht trin ca my tnh

ENIAC - 1940s (Vacuum Tubes)

IBM 360 - 1960s (Transistors) 45

Lch s pht trin ca my tnh

DEC VAX 11/780 - 1970s (Discrete ICs)

Apple II Computer

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Lch s pht trin ca my tnh

Original IBM PC 47

5.1. My tnh dng n in t

ENIAC: Electronic Nummerical Integrator And Computer John Presper Eckert v John Mauchly thit k Trng i hc Pennsylvania (M) D n ca B Quc phng M Bt u t nm 1943, hon thnh nm 1946
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ENIAC Dng s thp phn (khng phi nh phn) 20 thanh cha, mi thanh 10 ch s Lp trnh bng tay nh cc chuyn mch Gm 18.000 n in t chn khng Nng 30 tn Chim 15.000 feet vung Cng sut tiu th: 140kW/h Kh nng: 5000 php cng/giy
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5.2. My tnh von Newmann Khi nim CT c lu tr (storedprogram concept) do von Newmann a ra BNC cha chng trnh v d liu ALU hot ng trn d liu nh phn KK gii m cc lnh t b nh v thc hin chng tun t Thit b vo/ra hot ng do KK iu khin Xy dng t 1947 n 1952
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Cu trc ca my tnh von Newmann

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5.3. My tnh dng transistor

My tnh PDP-1 ca DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) my tnh mini u tin IBM 7000 Hng trm nghn php cng trong/giy Xut hin cc ngn ng lp trnh bc cao
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5.4. My tnh dng vi mch

Vi mch (Integrated Circuit): nhiu transistor v linh kin in t c tch hp trn 1 chip Siu my tnh xut hin nh: CRAY-1 B vi x l (microprocessor), CPU c ch to trn mt chip ra i (1971)
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Lut Moore
Gorden Moore, ngi ng sng lp Intel, hin nay l ch tch danh d ca Intel. Nm 1965, Moore tin on:
S lng transistor tng gp i sau mi 12 thng (Nhng t 1970, chm hn: sau mi 18 thng) Gi thnh ca chip hu nh khng thay i Mt cao hn ng dn in ngn hn, dn n hiu nng cao hn. Kch thc nh phc tp tng ln. Cng sut tiu th nh hn v phi lm mt. t chip lin kt vi nhau, do tng tin cy

Lch s chng t rng Moore ng Nhng iu ny khng th ng mi, v:

Gii hn v vt l Gii hn v ti chnh
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Tng trng ca trasistor trong CPU

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5.5. My tnh dng vi mch VLSI

CPU c ch to trn mt chip Cc vi mch iu khin tng hp (chipset): thc hin c nhiu chc nng iu khin v ni ghp B nh bn dn: ROM, RAM Cc b vi iu khin (microcontroller): my tnh chuyn dng c ch to trn mt chip dng cho my tnh nhng. 56