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Introduction
Introduction
Signal
q A signal carries information. q Examples of signals are speech, music, image and video signal. q Signal can be a function of one, two or three independent variables, e.g. speech is a onedimensional (1-D) signal, function of time; image is a 2-D signal, function of space; video is a 3-D signal, function of space and time.
Discrete-time signal: defined only at discrete instants in time (T, 2T, ,(n-1)T, nT, (n+1)T,) Continuous Amplitude: Discrete-valued Amplitude: Sampled-data signal Digital signal (both time and amplitude are discrete)
q The objective of signal processing is to extract the information carried by the signal. q The method of information extraction depends on the type of signal and the nature of
information being carried by the signal.
q The information extraction process may be carried out in the original domain of the signal
or in a transformed domain.
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Time & Amplitude Time discrete Time & Amplitude continuous Amplitude continuous discrete
Figure 1 Types of Signals
q Processing of the signal in digital form, or the processing of signal is carried out by a
digital computer.
Analog Input
Sampleand-hold
Analog-todigital converter
Digital Processor
Digital-toanalog converter
Analog Output
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q Flexibility:
digital systems can be reprogrammed for other applications (at least where programmable DSP chips are used) digital systems can be ported to different hardware (for example a different DSP chip or board level product)
q Special applications:
Some special signal processing functions can only be implemented digitally. Analog electronics cannot simply implement them efficiently such as lossless compression, linear phase filters, . . . etc.
q Security can be introduced by encryption/scrambling. q Easily stored on magnetic media without deterioration. q Reliability:
- More reliable because the processing of 0 and 1 is almost immune to noise.
q speech processing: noise filtering, coding, compression, recognition, synthesis q image processing: enhancement, coding, compression, pattern recognition q multimedia: transmission of sound, still images, motion pictures, digital TV, video
conferencing
q music: recording, playback and manipulation (mixing, special effects), synthesis q radar and sonar: target detection, position and velocity estimation, tracking
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MATLAB
q MATLAB is an ideal software tool for studying digital signal processing. The excellent
graphing capability of MATLAB makes it possible to view the results of processing and gain understanding into complicated operations.
q Throughout this course, we make extensive use of MATLAB to illustrate the various
concepts introduced.
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q For a discrete-time 1-D signal, it is represented as {x[n]}. Each member, x[n] is called a
sample, where n is an integer.
n = 1, 3 1, x[n] = 4, n = 2, 4 0, elsewhere
(2) Sequence representation: x[n] = { . . . 0, 1, 4, 1, 4, 0, 0, . . . } (3) Graphical representation:
1, n = n 0 [n - n 0 ] = 0, n n 0
represents a unit sample at the time n = n 0
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q The unit sample sequence plays a role similar to an impulse function in analog system
analysis. Any sequence, x[n], can be expressed as a sum of scaled, delayed impulses. 2. Unit step sequence 1, n 0 u[n] = 0, n < 0 Similarly, the following step sequence is a time shifted version of u[n].
1, n n 0 u[n n 0 ] = . 0, n < n 0
q The unit sample and the unit step sequences are related as follows:
>Q@ = u[n] u[n 1]
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4. Sinusoidal sequence A sinusoidal sequence has the general form x[n] = A cos(
0
n + ), n
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n+
) = A cos(
n+
N + ), n
N=2 k
where k is an integer.
) and
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