Dinh Tuyen La Gi

n tt nghip i hc Mc lc
Mc lc
Mc lc..........................................................................1 Thut ng vit tt.......................................................1 Li ni u...................................................................1 ...............................................................................3 Chng 1........................................................................4 Tng quan v mng IP.................................................4 1.1 M hnh tham chiu OSI...................................4
1.1.1 Chc nng cc tng trong m hnh OSI.........................5 1.1.2 Cc giao thc chun ca m hnh OSI..........................6 1.1.3 Phng thc hot ng ca cc tng trong m hnh OSI ................................................................................................9 1.1.4 Truyn d liu trong m hnh OSI.............................10
1.2 B giao thc TCP/IP..........................................11

1.2.1 S thc y cho vic ra i ca TCP/IP......................11 1.2.2 Cu trc phn lp ca TCP/IP.......................................12
1.3 So snh hai m hnh TCP/IP v m hnh OSI. 16 1.4 Phn loi mng IP............................................18 1.5 Giao thc IP.....................................................19
1.5.1 Tng quan v giao thc IP..........................................19 1.5.2 Cc chc nng ca IP....................................................20 1.5.3 Giao din vi cc giao thc lp trn v lp di..............21 1.5.4 a ch IP ...................................................................21 1.5.5 Cc phng php gn a ch IP.................................35 1.5.6 Th t byte v a ch IP...........................................35 1.5.7 Cu trc gi d liu IP.................................................36 1.5.8 ng gi d liu...........................................................40 1.5.9 Phn mnh v hp nht cc gi IP...............................41 1.5.10 iu khin qu trnh phn on.............................46
1.6 nh tuyn IP .................................................47

1.6.1 Cc c tnh ca nh tuyn IP...............................47 1.6.2 X l ti lp IP................................................................49 1.6.3 Khi to bng nh tuyn...........................................50
1.6.4 Thng bo li ti nh tuyn ICMP ..............................51 1.6.5 Cc bn tin khm ph router ICMP ................................52
1.7 IPv6.................................................................54 1.8 Cc giao thc khc ca lp Internet..................57

1.8.1Giao thc phn gii a ch ARP................................58 1.8.2 Giao thc phn gii a ch ngc RARP.....................62 1.8.3 Giao thc bn tin iu khin lin mng ICMP ..............63
1.9Cc c ch truyn ti........................................68 Kt Lun ....................................................................69 Chng 2......................................................................71 k thut nh tuyn trong mng IP...........................71 2.1 Khi nim v nh tuyn...............................71 2.2 Cc phng php nh tuyn ........................73
2.2.1 nh tuyn tnh.........................................................74 2.2.2 nh tuyn ng........................................................74
2.3 Cc thut ton chn ng................................76

2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 Gii thiu......................................................................76 Thut ton tm ng ngn nht................................79 Thut ton Dijkstra......................................................82 Thut ton Bellman-Ford..............................................84
2.4
Cc loi giao thc nh tuyn.........................87
2.4.1 nh tuyn theo vec-t khong cch...........................88 2.4.2 nh tuyn theo trng thi lin kt..............................93 2.4.3 Giao thc nh tuyn lai ghp.................................101
Kt lun....................................................................101 Chng 3....................................................................103 Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn rip...........................103 3.1 Mt s khi nim c bn...............................103
3.1.1 B nh tuyn .........................................................103 3.1.2 H thng t tr - AS ( Autonomous System ).............103
3.2 Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn RIP ..............106

3.2.1 Cc loi gi RIP...........................................................106 3.2.2 nh dng cc gi tin RIP............................................107
3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.2.7
Cc mode hot ng ca RIP.....................................108 Tnh ton cc vec-t khong cch.............................108 Hn ch ca RIP.........................................................109 Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn phin bn 2 (RIP-2). 110 RIP th h k tip cho IPv6......................................111
Kt lun....................................................................114 Chng 4....................................................................116 Giao thc OSPF.........................................................116 4.1 Gii thiu...........................................................116 4.2 Mt s khi nim dng trong OSPF...................117 4.3 Phn pht cc LSA..........................................119 4.3 Cc kiu gi tin OSPF......................................120 4.4 Trao i thng tin gia cc node ln cn.....122 4.5 Trng thi ca router ln cn - Cc s kin.....123 4.6 Bng nh tuyn , tm ng theo bng nh tuyn .....................................................................123 Kt lun ...................................................................125 Kt lun chung.........................................................127 Ti liu tham kho....................................................128
n tt nghip i hc Thut ng vit tt
Thut ng vit tt
ABR ARP AS ASBR BGP CIDR CRC DHCP DNS DR DSV EGP FTP ICMP Area Boundary Router Address Resolution Protocol Autonomous System AS Boundary Router Border Gateway Protocol Classless Inter-Domain Routing Cycle Redundancy Check Dynamic host control protocol Domain name system Designeated Router Dynamic Source Routing Exterior Gateway Protocol File Transfer Protocol Internet Control Protocol IETF IGMP IGP IP IPv4 IPv6 LSA LAN Internet Engineering Task Force Internet Protocol Interior Gateway Protocol Internet Protocol IP version 4 IP version 6 Link State Advertisement Local Area Network Group B nh tuyn vng bin Giao thc phn gii a ch H thng t tr Router bin AS Giao thc cng bin nh tuyn lin min phn lp M kim tra vng Giao thc cu hnh trm hot ng. H thng tn min Router h tr thit k nh tuyn ngun ng Giao thc cng ngoi Giao thc truyn tp Message Giao thc bn tin iu khin lin mng Nhm c trch k thut Internet lin mng Giao thc cng ni Giao thc Internet IP phin bn 4 IP phin bn 6 Thng bo trng thi lin kt Mng cc b
Management Giao thc qun tr nhm
n tt nghip i hc Thut ng vit tt
MTU OSPF OSI PDU RIP RID RIP-2 RIPng QoS RARP SIP SMTP TFTP TCP ToS UDP VPN VLSM
Maximum Transfer Unit. Open Shortest Path First Open System Interconnection Protocol Data Unit Routing Information Protocol Router IDentificator RIP version 2 RIP next generation Quality of Service Reverse Address Protocol Single IP Simple mail transfer protocol Trivial file transfer protocol Transmission Control Protocol Type of Service User Datagram Protocol Virtual Private Network Variable-Length Subnet Masks
n v truyn ti a ng dn u tin ngn nht Kt ni cc h thng m n v d liu giao thc Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn Router nh danh RIP phin bn 2 RIP th h k tip Cht lng dch v
Resolution Giao thc phn gii a ch ngc IP n Giao thc truyn th n gin Giao Giao thc thc truyn iu tp khin thng thng truyn dn Kiu dch v Giao thc d liu ngi dng Mng rin o Mt n mng con c di bin i
n tt nghip i hc Li ni u
Li ni u
T nhu cu ca cuc sng con ngi, Vin thng ra i nh l mt s tt yu.Vi s pht trin lin tc v mnh m, Vin thng , ang v s p ng nhu cu ngy cng cao ca cuc sng, em li nhng li ch thit thc, nhng dch v mi a dng v phong ph. Mng IP v cc ng dng cng ngh IP vi nhiu u im nh tnh linh hot, kh nng m rng d dng, hiu qu s dng cao,ang chim u th trn th trng Vin thng th gii v Vit Nam qu trnh IP ho cng ang pht trin rt nhanh chng. ng trc tnh hnh , vic nghin cu, tm hiu mng IP v cc ng dng ca n l rt cn thit.Nhng iu ny cng i hi phi tn nhiu thi gian v cng sc v c rt nhiu vn cn nghin cu .Trong ti liu ny chng ta s tm hiu mt vn ca nh tuyn trong mng IP . nh tuyn l mt chc nng khng th thiu trong bt k mng vin thng no. Mc ch ca nh tuyn l chuyn thng tin t mt im trong mng (ngun) ti mt hoc nhiu im khc (ch). Mi khi thc hin thit k, xy dng mt mng mi, hay ci tin mt mng c, ngi thit k mng phi c bit quan tm ti vn nh tuyn, bi hot ng ca mt mng c hiu qu hay khng, cht lng ca cc dch v cung cp trn mng c tho mn c yu cu ca ngi s dng mng hay khng ph thuc rt nhiu vo vic nh tuyn trong mng . Tri qua mt qu trnh pht trin mnh, rt nhiu phng php, k thut nh tuyn c a ra. Nghin cu v cc k thut nh tuyn l mt lnh vc nghin cu rt rng ln bi mi mng cn c mt chin lc nh tuyn cho ring mnh, ph hp vi mc ch truyn dn, ph hp vi cng ngh mng, ph hp vi yu cu ca nhng ngi s dng mng trao i thng tin... Khng th p t hon ton mt chin lc nh tuyn ca mt mng ln mt mng khc. Do , i vi ngi thit k mng, khi xc nh k thut nh tuyn s dng trong mt mng mi, cn phi nm c nhng iu c bn v nh tuyn. Bn cnh , cn phi bit k thut nh tuyn c s dng trong mt s mng c c im tng t, T , c th nh ra c chin lc nh tuyn thch hp cho mng ca mnh. i vi nhng ngi nghin cu mng, k thut nh tuyn trong mng l mt iu rt ng quan tm.
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
K thut nh tuyn trong mng IP gm k thut nh tuyn ni (nh tuyn trong) v k thut nh tuyn ngoi (nh tuyn ngoi ), trong cc giao thc nh tuyn l nn tng ca cc k thut nh tuyn. n tt nghip Cc giao thc nh tuyn cng ni trong mng IP s a ra kin thc c bn v mng IP , nh tuyn trong mng IP v cc giao thc nh tuyn cng ni trong mng IP. n c xy dng nhm mc ch t tm hiu, trang b thm kin thc c bn, nng cao hiu bit cho ngi vit, cng c nn tng cho qu trnh cng tc, nghin cu mng sau ny. ng thi, nu c th, lm mt ti liu tham kho cho nhng ngi quan tm. n c xy dng gm 4 chng : Chng 1-Tng quan v mng IP: Cung cp mt ci nhn tng quan v mng IP v nhng khi nim c bn trong mng IP . Chng 2-K thut nh tuyn trong mng IP: Trnh by cc k thut nh tuyn, cc phng php nh tuyn cng mt s thut ton chn ng trong mng IP, Chng 3-Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn RIP: Tm hiu v h thng t tr, khi nim v giao thc nh tuyn cng ni v giao thc nh tuyn cng ngoi trong mng IP. Mc ch ca chng ny l trnh by v giao thc nh tuyn cng ni trong mng IP s dng nh tuyn theo vect khong cch, l giao thc RIP. Chng 4-Giao thc OSPF: Trnh by v giao thc nh tuyn cng ni trong mng IP s dng nh tuyn theo trng thi lin kt, l giao thc OSPF. Nh ni trn, tm hiu v mng IP cn phi tn nhiu thi gian v cng sc.Trong qu thi gian t i cng vi kin thc cn hn ch nn em ch trnh by c mt ci nhn tng quan cng mt vn nh v nh tuyn trong mng IP . V tt nhin sai st l iu kh trnh khi. Bi vy, em mong nhn c s ch bo ca cc thy, cc c, cng cc bn c th sa cha, nng cao hiu bit ca mnh. Em xin cm n s ch bo tn tnh ca thy gio-TS. Nguyn tin ban em c th hon thnh n ny.Em cng xin cm n cc thy c v cc bn gip em trong qu trnh hon thnh n.
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
H ni, ngy25 thng11 nm 2005 Sinh vin thc hin: Phm vn hin
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
n tt nghip i hc Tng quan v mng IP
Ch ng 1
Chng 1 Tng quan v mng IP 1.1 M hnh tham chiu OSI
Cng vi s bng n pht trin ca mng my tnh c nhng vn ny sinh l c nhiu nh thit k v mi nh thit k t do la chn kin trc mng ring ca mnh. T dn n tnh trng khng tng thch gia cc mng v: Phng php truy nhp ng truyn khc nhau, h giao thc khc nhau. ..s khng tng thch lm tr ngi cho qu trnh tng tc gia ngi dng cc mng khc nhau. Nhu cu trao i thng tin cng ln th tr ngi cng khng th chp nhn c vi ngi s dng. Vi l do t chc chun ho quc t ISO thnh lp mt tiu ban nhm xy dng mt khung chun v kin trc mng lm cn c cho cc nh thit k v ch to cc sn phm mng. Kt qu l nm 1984 ISO a ra m hnh tham chiu cho vic kt ni cc h thng m ( Reference Model for Open System Inter - connection) hay gn hn l OSI Reference model. M hnh ny c dng lm c s kt ni cc h thng m. ISO s dng phng php phn tch cc h thng m theo kin trc phn tng v cng b m hnh OSI cho vic kt ni cc h thng m gm 7 tng. Cc nguyn l c p dng cho 7 tng nh sau:
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

M hnh OSI 7 tng
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
Ch ng 1
Mt lp cn thit phi to mc khc nhau ca khi nim tru tng. Mi lp phi thc hin mt chc nng xc nh r rng. Chc nng ca mi lp phi c chn theo quan im hng ti cc giao thc chun quc t c nh ngha. Ranh gii gia cc lp phi c chn ti thiu lung thng tin i qua cc giao din. S cc lp phi ln phn bit cc chc nng cn thit nhng khng a vo cng mt lp qu nhiu chc nng, v phi nh kin trc khng rc ri. .. u im ca qu trnh phn lp chc nng khi xy dng m hnh OSI Tch hot ng thng tin mng thnh cc phn nh hn, n gin hn Chun ho cc thc th chc nng ca mng Cho php cc lp chc nng pht trin mt cch c lp m khng nh hng ti ton cc To ra s d hiu trong qu trnh xy dng, nghin cu giao thc
1.1.1 Chc nng cc tng trong m hnh OSI

Tng 1 Vt l Chc nng Cung cp phng tin truyn tin, th tc, khi ng duy tr, hu b cc lin kt vt l, cho php truyn d liu dng bit. Truy nhp ng truyn vt l nh cc phng tin: C, in, hm, th tc. 2 Lin liu Tng mng Thit lp, duy tr, hu b cc lin kt d liu, phc cc sai st truyn tin. Thc hin vic chn ng v chuyn tip thng tin vi cng ngh chuyn mch thch hp. Thc hin vic kim sot lung d liu v ct hp d liu nu cn. kt d kim sot lung d liu, pht hin sai st v khc 3
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
Ch ng 1
Tng giao vn
Thc hin vic truyn d liu gia hai u nt (end- to- end), kim sot li v kim tra vic truyn d liu gia hai u nt. C th thc hin vic ghp knh (Multiplxing), ct hp d liu nu cn Thit lp, duy tr v ng b ho v hu b cc phin truyn thng Biu din thng tin theo c php ngi s dng m bo truyn d liu ca cc ng dng qua mi trng OSI. L giao din gia ngi s dng v mi trng OSI,ng thi cung cp cc dch v thng tin phn
5 6
Tng phin Trnh din
ng dng
tn. Hnh 1.2 Chc nng cc tng trong m hnh OSI
1.1.2 Cc giao thc chun ca m hnh OSI

Vn t ra y l hai h thng my tnh khc nhau c th giao tip c vi nhau hay khng? Ta thy rng m hnh OSI c th to ra gii php cho php hai h thng d khc nhau th no i na u c th truyn thng c vi nhau nu chng m bo nhng iu kin sau y: Chng ci t cng mt tp cc chc nng truyn thng Cc chc nng c t chc thnh mt tng. Cc tng ng mc phi cung cp cc chc nng nh nhau. ( Phng thc cung cp khng nht thit ging nhau ) Cc tng ng mc phi s dng cng mt giao thc. m bo nhng iu trn cn phi c cc chun. Cc chun phi xc nh cc chc nng v dch v c cung cp bi mt tng. Cc chun cng phi xc nh cc giao thc gia cc tng ng mc. M hnh OSI 7 tng chnh l c s xy dng cc chun . Thc th hot ng trong cc tng ca OSI : Theo quan nim ca OSI, trong mi tng ca mt h thng c mt hoc nhiu thc th (entity) hot ng. Mt thc th c th l thc th mm (software entity), v d nh mt tin trnh trong h
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
Ch ng 1
thng a x l, hoc l mt thc th phn cng (hardware entity) v d nh chp I/O thng minh. Thc th tng 7 c gi l thc th ng dng (Application entity); thc th tng 6 c gi l thc th trnh din. .v..v.. Mt thc th tng N ci t dch v cung cp cho tng N+1. Khi tng N gi l ngi cung cp dch v, cn tng N+1 gi l ngi dng dch v. Tng N dng dch v ca tng N-1 cung cp dch v ca n. Tng N c th a ra vi lp dch v, chng hn nh truyn thng nhanh m t v truyn thng chm m r. Cc dch v c sn ti cc nt truy cp dch v ( SAP-Service Access Point ). Cc SAP ca tng N v tr m ti tng N+1 c th truy nhp dch v c a ra. Mi SAP c mt a ch v tn duy nht. Mi thc th truyn thng vi thc t ca tng trn v tng di n qua mt giao din. Giao din ny gm mt hoc nhiu im truy cp dch v. (N-1) Entity cung cp dch v cho mt (N) entity thng qua vic gi cc hm nguyn thu (primitive). Hm nguyn thu ch r chc nng cn thc hin v c dng chuyn d liu, thng tin iu khin. C 4 hm nguyn thu c dng nh ngha tng tc gia cc tng lin k nhau, nguyn l hot ng ca chng c m t qua hnh sau:
(N+1)Lay er
(N+1)Lay er
Reque st SAP
Confir m
(N)Layer
Respon
(N)Layer
Indicati ont SAP
se (N)Protoc ol
Hnh 1.3 thu
Nguyn l hot ng ca cc hm nguyn
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
Ch ng 1
Request (yu cu ): l hm nguyn thu m ngi s dng dch v (Service user) dng gi cc chc nng. Indication (ch bo): l hm nguyn thu m nh cung cp dch v(Service Provider ) dng : Gi bo mt chc nng no hoc Ch bo mt chc nng c gi mt im truy cp dch v (SAP) Response (tr li ): l hm nguyn thu m ngi s dng dch v dng hon tt mt chc nng c gi t trc bi mt hm nguyn thu Indication SAP . Confirm (xc nhn) l hm nguyn thu ca nh cung cp dch v, dng hon tt mt chc nng c gi t trc bi hm nguyn thu Request ti SAP . Theo s ny quy trnh thc hin mt thao tc gia hai h thng A v B c thc hin nh sau: Tng (N+1) ca A gi xung tng (N) k n mt hm Request
Tng N+1 (N)PC I Tng N

Hnh 1.4
(N+1)PD U
(N)SDU (N)PDU
Quan h n v d liu gia cc tng k nhau
Trong h thng A: tng (N+1) gi hm Request xung tng N qua SAP trn giao din (N+1)/N. Ti tng N, kin to mt n v d liu gi yu cu sang tng N ca h thng B qua giao thc tng N. Trong h thng B: Tng N nhn c yu cu , n gi ln tng (N+1) bng hm Indication qua SAP trn giao din (N+1)/N . Tng (N+1) tr li tng N bng hm Response, qua SAP ca giao din 2 tng.
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
Ch ng 1
Tng N , kin to mt n v d liu gi tr li sang tng N ca h thng A qua giao thc tng N. Nhn tr li, tng (N) ca A gi ln tng (N+1) k trn n mt hm xc nhn (Confirm) kt thc mt giao tc gia hai h thng. Cc hm nguyn thu u c gi n ( hoc gi i ) t mt im truy nhp dch v (SAP) ranh gii 2 tng (n+1) v (N). n v d liu s dng trong giao thc tng (N) k hiu l PDU. Gia cc tng k nhau cc n v d liu c mi quan h nh sau: mt thc th tng N khng th truyn trc tip n mt thc th tng N+1 ca h thng khc, m phi i xung tng thp nht (tng vt l ) trong kin trc phn tng no . Khi xung n tng (N) th mt n v d liu ca tng (N) c xem nh mt n v d liu (SDU) ca tng (N). Phn thng tin ca tng (N), gi l (N) SDU qu di th c ct thnh nhiu on, mi on kt hp vi (N) PCI vo u to thnh nhiu (N) PDU. Qu trnh nh vy c chuyn xung cho n tng vt l, d liu c truyn qua ng vt l. h thng nhn, qu trnh din ra ngc li. Qua mi tng cc PCI ca cc n v d liu s c phn tch v ct b cc header ca cc PDU trc khi gi ln tng trn.
1.1.3
Phng thc hot ng ca cc tng trong
m hnh OSI
Mi tng m hnh trong tng ISO, c hai phng thc hot ng chnh c p dng l: phng thc hot ng c lin kt (connection-oriented) v khng c lin kt (connectionless). Vi phng thc c lin kt, trc khi truyn d liu cn thit phi thit lp mt lin kt logic gia cc thc th cng tng. Cn vi phng thc khng lin kt th khng cn lp lin kt logic v mi n v d liu trc hoc sau n. Vi phng thc c lin kt, qu trnh truyn d liu phi tri qua ba giai on theo th t thi gian. Thit lp lin kt: hai thc th ng mc hai h thng thng lng vi nhau v tp cc tham s s c s dng trong giai on sau. Truyn d liu: d liu c truyn vi cc c ch kim sot v qun l.
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
Ch ng 1
Hu b lin kt (logic): gii phng cc ti nguyn h thng cp pht cho lin kt dng cho cc lin kt khc. Tng ng vi ba giai on trao i, ba th tc c bn c s dng, chng hn i vi tng N c: N-CONNECT ( thit lp lin kt ), N-DATA(Truyn d liu ), v N-DISCONNECT (Hu b lin kt )Ngoi ra cn mt s th tc ph c s dng tu theo c im, chc nng ca mi tng. V d: Th tc N-RESTART c s dng khi ng li h thng tng 3 Th tc T-EXPEDITED DATA cho vic truyn d liu nhanh tng 4 Th tc S-TOKEN GIVE chuyn iu khin tng 5. .. Mi th tc trn s dng cc hm nguyn thu (Request, Indication, Response, Confirm) cu thnh cc hm c bn ca giao thc ISO. Cn i vi phng thc khng lin kt th ch c duy nht mt giai on l: truyn d liu. So snh hai phng thc hot ng trn chng ta thy rng phng thc hot ng c lin kt cho php truyn d liu tin cy, do c c ch kim sot v qun l cht ch tng lin kt logic. Nhng mt khc n phc tp v kh ci t. Ngc li, phng thc khng lin kt cho php cc PDU c truyn theo nhiu ng khc nhau i n ch, thch nghi vi s thay i trng thi ca mng, song li tr gi bi s kh khn gp phi khi tp hp cc PDU di chuyn ti ngi s dng. Hai tng k nhau c th khng nht thit phi s dng cng mt phng thc hot ng m c th dng hai phng thc khc nhau.
1.1.4 Truyn d liu trong m hnh OSI.

Tin trnh gi gm vi d liu mun gi qua tin trnh nhn. D liu a xung tng ng dng, d liu c gn thm tiu lp ng dng (AH-Application Header) vo pha trc d liu v kt qu a xung cho tng trnh din. Tng trnh din c th bin i mc d liu ny theo nhiu cch khc nhau, thm phn header vo u v i xung tng phin. Qu trnh ny c lp i lp li cho n khi d liu i xung tng vt l, chng thc s c truyn sang my nhn. my nhn cc phn header khc nhau c loi b tng ci mt khi cc thng bo truyn ln theo cc lp cho n
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
10
Ch ng 1
khi ln ti tin trnh nhn. Nh vy, vic truyn d liu thc hin theo chiu dc. Hnh 1.5 biu din mt mu s dng m hnh OSI c th truyn d liu nh th no. Giao thc lp ng
Dat
dng Giao trnh din
thc
SH TH NH
AH a
Data PH Data Data Data Data Data Bits
DH PH
Hnh 1.5 OSI
V d qu trnh truyn d liu trong m hnh
1.2
B giao thc TCP/IP
1.2.1 S thc y cho vic ra i ca TCP/IP

Giao tip thng tin tr thnh nhu cu khng th thiu trong tt c mi lnh vc hot ng. Mng my tnh tnh ra i phn no p ng c nhu cu . Phm vi lc u ca cc mng b hn ch trong mt nhm lm vic, mt c quan, cng ty... trong mt khu vc. Tuy nhin thc t ca ca nhng nhu cu cn trao i thng tin trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau, v nhiu ch khc nhau, gia cc t chc, cc c quan. ..l khng c gii hn. V vy nhu cu cn kt ni cc mng khc nhau ca cc t chc khc nhau trao i thng tin l thc s cn thit. Nhng tht khng may l hu ht cc mng ca cc cng ty, cc c quan... u l cc thc th c lp, c thit lp phc v nhu cu trao i thng tin ca bn thn cc t chc . Cc mng ny c th c xy dng t nhng k thut phn cng khc nhau ph hp vi nhng vn giao tip thng tin ca ring h. iu ny chnh l mt cn tr cho vic xy dng mt mng chung, bi v s khng c mt k thut phn cng ring no p ng cho vic xy dng mt mng chung tho mn nhu cu ngi s dng. Ngi s dng cn mt mng tc cao
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
11
Ch ng 1
ni cc my, nhng nhng mng nh vy khng th c m rng trn nhng khong cch ln. Nhu cu v mt k thut mi m c th kt ni c nhiu mng vt l c cu trc khc hn nhau l tht s cn thit. Nhn thc c iu , trong qu trnh pht trin mng ARPANET ca mnh, t chc ARPA ( Advanced Research Projects Agency) tp trung nghin cu nhm a ra mt k thut tho mn nhng yu cu trn. K thut ARPA bao gm mt thit lp ca cc chun mng xc nh r nhng chi tit ca vic lm th no cc my tnh c th truyn thng vi nhau cng nh mt s thit lp cc quy c cho kt ni mng, lu thng v chn ng. K thut c pht trin y v c a ra vi tn gi chnh xc l TCP/IP Internet Protocol Suit ( b giao thc TCP/IP ) v thng c gi tt l TCP/IP. Dng TCP/IP ngi ta c th kt ni c tt c cc mng bn trong cng ty ca h hoc c th kt ni gia cc mng ca cc cng ty, cc t chc khc nhau, vi nhau. TCP/IP c mt s c tnh quan trng sau: L b giao thc chun m v sn c, v: n khng thuc s hu ca bt c mt t chc no; cc c t th sn c v rng ri. V vy bt k ai cng c th xy dng phn mm truyn thng qua mng my tnh da trn n. TCP/IP c lp vi phn cng mng vt l, iu ny cho php TCP/IP c th c dng kt ni nhiu loi mng c kin trc vt l khc nhau nh: Ethernet, Tokenring, FDDI, X25, ATM... TCP/IP dng a ch IP nh danh cc host trn mng to ra mt mng o thng nht khi kt ni mng. Cc giao thc lp cao c chun ho thch hp v sn c vi ngi dng.
1.2.2 Cu trc phn lp ca TCP/IP

TCP/IP l m hnh m kt ni mng. N c thit k theo m hnh kin trc phn tng, gm bn lp c m t nh hnh sau y:
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Ch ng 1
Hnh 1.6 M hnh phn lp ca TCP/IP v S giao thc TCP/IP Lp ng dng (Application): y l lp cao nht trong cu trc phn lp ca TCP/IP. Lp ny bao gm tt c cc chng trnh ng dng s dng cc dch v sn c thng qua mt TCP/IP Internet.Cc chng trnh ng dng tng tc vi mt trong cc giao thc ca lp Transport truyn hoc nhn d liu. Mi chng trnh ng dng la chn mt kiu giao thc thch hp cho cng vic ca n. Chng trnh ng dng chuyn d liu theo mu m lp Transport yu cu.M hnh TCP/IP hng n ti a linh hot ti lp ng dng cho ngi pht trin phn mm. Cc ng dng y bao gm: FTP
File Transfer Protocol HTTP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol SMTP
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Ch ng 1
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol DNS
System TFTP UDP - Ttrivial File Transfer Protocol User Datagram Protocol
Domain
Name
Lp vn chuyn (Transport layer): Nhim v trc tin ca lp Transport l cung cp s giao tip thng tin gia cc chng trnh ng dng. Mi s giao tip c gi l end-to-end. Lp Transport c th iu chnh lu lng lung thng tin. N cng cung cp mt s vn chuyn tin cy, hiu sut cao, m bo rng d liu n m khng b li. lm nh vy, phn mm giao thc c h tr h tr bn nhn c th gi li cc thng bo xc nhn v vic thu d liu v bn gi c th truyn li cc gi tin b mt hoc b li. Phn mm giao thc chia dng d liu ra thnh nhng n v d liu nh hn (thng c gi l cc segment) v chuyn mi segment cng vi a ch ch ti lp tip theo tip tc qu trnh truyn dn. Mc d hnh trn dng mt khi biu din cho lp ng dng, nhng ni chung my tnh c th c nhiu chng trnh ng dng truy nhp vo Internet ti cng mt thi im. Lp Transport phi chp nhn d liu t mt s chng trnh ng dng v gi n ti lp tip theo thp hn. lm nh vy n thm vo thng tin b sung cho mi segment, gm c cc m nh danh chng trnh ng dng gi n v chng trnh ng dng s nhn n, cng nh mt tng kim tra. My nhn s dng tng kim tra thm tra gi tin n, v s dng m ch nh danh chng trnh ng dng n c chuyn pht n.Lp vn chuyn lin quan n hai giao thc TCP v UDP. Lp Internet (Internet layer): Mc tiu ca lp Internet l truyn cc gi t bt k mng no trn lin mng v n c ch trong iu kin c lp vi ng
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Ch ng 1
dn v cc mng m chng tri qua.Giao thc c trng khng ch lp ny l giao thc IP.Cng vic xc nh ng dn tt nht v hot ng chuyn mch gi din ra ti lp ny. Lp Internet x l giao tip thng tin t mt my ny ti mt my khc. N chp nhn mt yu cu gi mt gi t lp Transport cng vi mt nh danh ca my ch m gi tin s c gi ti. N s bc gi tin trong mt IP Datagram, in y thng tin vo trong phn header, s dng gii thut chn ng quyt nh l giao pht gi tin trc tip hay l gi n ti mt Router, v chuyn datagram ti giao din phi ghp mng thch hp cho vic truyn dn. Lp Internet cng x l cc Datagram n, kim tra tnh hp l ca chng, v s dng gii thut chn ng quyt nh l datagram s c x l cc b hay l s c chuyn i tip. i vi cc datagram c a ch ch cc b, th phn mm lp Internet s xo phn header ca cc Datagram , v chn trong s cc giao thc lp Transport mt giao thc thch hp x l gi tin. Trong lp Internet cn gi cc ICMP ( Giao thc bn tin iu khin lin mng ) v cc bn tin iu khin khi cn thit v x l tt c mi bn tin ICMP ti.
Host A Application Transport Internet Network Interface

Identical datagra m Identical frame
Identica l messag e Identica l packet Router R Internet Network Interface

Identical datagra m Identical frame
Host B Application Transport Internet Network Interface
Physical net 1 Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
Physical net 2
15
Hnh 1.7 Qu trnh giao pht bn tin gia
Ch ng 1
Lp truy nhp mng(Network Access Layer): Lp thp nht ca m hnh phn lp TCP/IP, chu trch nhim v vic chp nhn cc IP datagram v vic truyn pht chng trn mt mng xc nh. Mt giao din phi ghp mng c th gm mt b iu khin thit b (v d nh khi mng l mng cc b m my c gn ni trc tip ti) hoc l mt h thng con phc tp s dng giao thc Data Link ca bn thn n( v d khi mng bao gm cc chuyn mch gi giao tip vi cc host bng giao thc HDLC).Lp truy nhp mng lin h n cc k thut LAN hay WAN. Hnh 1.7 gip ta hnh dung s hot ng trong mi trng phn lp ca TCP/IP, vic giao pht bn tin s dng hai mng ring bit, mt mng cho vic truyn dn t host A ti Router R, v mng kia truyn dn t Router R ti Host B. Trong m hnh TCP/IP khng cn quan tm n ng dng no yu cu cc dch v mng, v khng cn quan tm n giao thc vn chuyn no ang c dng, ch c mt giao thc mng IP. y l mt quyt nh thit k c cn nhc k . IP phc v nh mt giao thc a nng cho php bt k my tnh no, bt c u, truyn d liu vo bt c thi im no.
1.3
So snh hai m hnh TCP/IP v m
hnh OSI
M hnh OSI v m hnh TCP/IP c nhng im ging v khc nhau.
Cc im ging nhau C hai u l phn lp. C hai u c lp ng dng v qua chng c nhiu dch v khc nhau. C hai c cc lp mng v lp vn chuyn c th so snh c.
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Ch ng 1
K thut chuyn mch gi c chp nhn. Cc im khc nhau TCP/IP c cc chc nng lp phin, trnh din c gp trong lp ng dng. TCP/IP tp hp lp vt l v lp lin kt d liu trong OSI vo mt lp. C hai phn lp (TCP v UDP)vi cc thuc tnh khc c to ra lp truyn ti cho php pht trin cc ng dng khc nhau vi yu cu cht lng dch vu khc nhau TCP/IP c xy dng trn quan im mng ca lin mng. nh tuyn trong mi trng ny da vo lp IP. TCP/IP biu hin n gin hn v c t lp hn. TCP/IP khng a ra mt tiu chun c th v lp iu khin truy nhp mng. iu ny cho php cc cng ngh lp ny pht trin mt cch c lp vi cc giao thc lp trn. y cng chnh l ng lc pht trin cng ngh mng Cc giao thc TCP/IP l cc chun c s cho Internet pht trin,nh vy m hnh TCP/IP chim c nim tin v cc giao thc ca n. M hnh OSI ch l m hnh c s dng tham chiu khi xy dng v phn tch cc h giao thc truyn s liu c th.
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TELNET
n tt nghip i hc Tng quan v mng IP Application
DNS
Ch ng 1
SMTP
FTP Application UDP
Presentation Session Transport
TCP Datalink Network Physical ICMP IP
IGMP
Network Access
Hnh 1.8 Mi tng quan gi kin trc TCP/IP v m hnh OSI
1.4
Phn loi mng IP
S pht trin nhanh chng ca Internet ko theo vic m rng phm vi ng dng ca giao thc TCP/ IP hnh thnh ln cc loi mng IP nh sau: mng Internet ton cu, mng IP trong cc t chc v doanh nghip cn gi l mng Intranet, mng ring o dng giao thc IP (IP VPN). Mt s mng IP bao gm c ba loi mng trn. V d trong mt doanh nghip c mt s mng LAN chy giao thc IP trn cc cng ngh nh Ethernet, TokenRing, FDDI... cc chi nhnh khc nhau. Mi a im xa s c cc router kt ni vi mng WAN dng IP VPN. Mng ny c cng ni ra Internet, coi nh mt phn ca mng Internet ton cu. Cc mng Intranet l nhng mng IP c qun l (managed IP network) ngha l vic truyn d liu c thc hin mau l vi tr thp v tin cy cao bi v hot ng ca doanh nghip ph thuc rt nhiu vo vic giao nhn d liu kp thi. N tng phn vi mng Internet trong tr ln v thi im d liu n khng th d don trc c. Cc cng ty v t chc ln, nhiu chi nhnh, c xu hng tin hnh xy dng mng ring nhng gi thnh s l qu cao. Mt gii php l xy dng mng ring o trn nn tng mng Internet cng
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Ch ng 1
cng chy giao thc IP. Do , IP VPN l mt dch v mi, d nh cung cp cho cc doanh nghip mt loi mng IP c cht lng tng ng vi Intranet. Trong cc mng IP VPN c s m bo v tr thp, v bng thng cng nh cc tnh nng bo mt bt chc cc c im ca mng Intranet. Nhng s m bo ny to ln mt tnh nng gi l m bo cht lng dch v (QoS). QoS l s khc nhau c bn ch yu gia IP VPN, Intranet v Internet cng cng.
1.5
Giao thc IP
1.5.1 Tng quan v giao thc IP

Giao thc IP c chc nng ca tng mng trong m hnh TCP/IP. Giao thc IP l giao thc khng lin kt (connectionless) , ngha l khng c s m bo rng cc gi tin gi i s n c ti ch ca n. Ngoi chc nng chn ng, chc nng quan trng nht trn tng mng, giao thc IP cn c kh nng tm li, chia nh cc gi tin v lp rp li chng, nhm cho php truyn thng qua cc mng c kch thc gi tin nh hn. Giao thc IP l mt giao thc rt hiu qu v c s dng nhiu trong cc chng trnh ng dng. Giao thc IP c thit k dng trong cc h thng cc mng my tnh truyn thng chuyn mch gi (packet-switched). Giao thc IP truyn cc khi d liu t mt ngun ti mt ch trong ngun v ch l cc trm my tnh c nhn dng thng qua cc a ch c di c nh. Giao thc IP cng cho php vic phn on v lp rp li cc gi tin IP c di ln cho php cc gi tin ny i qua cc mng my tnh c n v gi tin nh. Giao thc IP ch gii hn trong vic cung cp cc chc nng cn thit nhm truyn cc gi bt t ngun ti ch trn mt h thng mng. Khng c c ch cho tin cy, iu khin lung (flow control), nh s th t (sequencing) hay c ch truyn li d liu. Khng c c ch bo nhn, khng c kim tra d liu m ch c kim tra phn header thng qua m kim tra checksum. Cc li tm c c thng bo thng qua giao thc thng bo iu khin lin mng ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol). Giao thc IP cng cung cp cho cc giao thc tng trn cc kiu v cc cht lng dch v khc nhau. N dng bn trng c bn
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Ch ng 1
cung cp cc dch v bao gm: Kiu dch v, Thi gian sng, Cc la chn v M kim tra Checksum. Kiu dch v (Type of Service) dng ch ra cht lng phc v mong mun. Cc gateway c th dng trng ny truyn tham s v ra cc quyt nh chn ng cho cc gi tin IP. Thi gian sng (time to live) l thi gian cho php mt gi tin c tn ti trong mng. N c gn gi tr bi nt gi v sau c gim dn ti mi nt trn ng i. Nu gi tr ca n bng khng trc khi n ti c ch th gi tin s b hy b. iu ny trnh trng hp mt gi tin b lp (loop) v tn ti mi trong mng. Cc la chn cung cp cc chc nng b sung trong mt s tnh hung nh la chn bn ghi nh ng, nhn thi gian. Cc la chn t khi c dng trong hu ht cc trng hp. M kim tra checksum cho php kim tra i vi cc thng tin trong phn header ca gi tin IP. Nu m kim tra b sai th tc l phn header b li v gi tin s b hy b. Phn d liu ca gi tin khng c kim tra bng m checksum v c th c li.
1.5.2 Cc chc nng ca IP

IP (Internet Protocol) l giao thc kt ni khng lin kt. Chc nng ch yu ca IP l cung cp cc dch v Datagram v cc kh nng kt ni cc mng con thnh lin mng truyn d liu vi phng thc chuyn mch gi IP Datagram , thc hin tin trnh nh a ch v chn ng. IP Header c thm vo u cc gi tin v c giao thc tng thp truyn theo dng khung d liu (Frame). IP nh tuyn cc gi tin thng qua lin mng bng cch s dng cc bng nh tuyn ng tham chiu ti mi bc nhy. Xc nh tuyn c tin hnh bng cch tham kho thng tin thit b mng vt l & logic nh ARP_giao thc phn gii a ch. IP thc hin vic tho ri v khi phc cc gi tin theo yu cu kch thc c nh ngha cho tng di n thc hin. IP kim tra li thng tin iu khin, phn u IP bng gi tr tng CheckSum. Tm li IP l giao thc cung cp cc chc nng chnh sau: nh ngha cu trc cc gi d liu l n v c s cho vic truyn d liu trn Internet. nh ngha phng thc nh a ch IP. Truyn d liu gia lp giao vn v lp Internet.
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Ch ng 1
nh tuyn chuyn cc gi d liu trong mng. Thc hin vic phn mnh v hp nht (FragmentationReassembly) cc gi d liu v nhng/tch chng trong cc frame lp truy nhp mng.
1.5.3 Giao din vi cc giao thc lp trn v lp di

Giao thc IP gi cc giao thc lp di, mang cc gi tin IP ti gateway hoc ti trm ch. ng thi n cng b gi bi giao thc lp trn l lp giao vn nh giao thc TCP truyn cc on d liu ca giao thc ti trm ch. Giao thc tng trn nh TCP s cung cp cc thng tin v a ch cho giao thc IP thng qua cc tham s ca li gi. Giao thc IP sau s to ra cc gi tin IP, ra quyt nh chn ng v gi cc giao thc mng tng di mng cc gi tin IP ny i ti gateway hoc ti trm ch.
Telnet
FTP
TFTP
...
...
TCP
UDP
...
...
Giao thc IP v ICMP
Giao di m (Ethernet, Token-Ring, ) n ng
Hnh 1.9 Mi quan h gia giao thc IP v cc giao thc khc
1.5.4 a ch IP
Mc ch ca giao thc IP l truyn mt gi tin qua mt tp cc mng lin kt vi nhau. Vic truyn thc hin c bng vic chuyn cc gi tin t mt thc th trong lin mng ti thc th kia cho ti khi gi tin ti c ch. Thc th ni y c th l mt trm my tnh hoc mt gateway. Cc gi tin IP c truyn t thc th ny ti thc th kia nh vo a ch lin mng (IP Interrnet). Do
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Ch ng 1
mt trong nhng vn quan trng nht ca giao thc IP l a ch. a ch IP bao gm 2 phn: NET ID + HOST ID Phn NET ID cho php nh tuyn gi tin n mng ch trong mi trng lin mng. Phn HOST ID cho php nh tuyn gi tin n HOST c th trong 1 mng. Phn NET ID do t chc ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers) cp cho cc nh qun tr mng. Phn HOST ID do nh qun tr mng qui hoch cho cc HOST trong mng ca h.
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Ch ng 1
Hnh 1.10 a ch IP a ch IP bao gm bn vng, mi vng mt byte ( mt octet), chng c biu din di dng thp phn c ngn cch. Ngi ta chia thnh cc lp a ch IP A,B,C,D,E. a ch IP c th c biu din di dng thp phn, nh phn hoc thp lc phn nhng cch biu din thng dng nht l cch biu din bng thp phn c du chm tch cc vng. V d nh a ch: 155.132.150.82. S a ch ho nh danh cc trm (Host) trong lin mng c gi l a ch IP. Mc ch ca a ch IP l nh danh duy nht cho mt Host bt k trn lin mng. Do t chc v ln ca cc mng con ca lin mng c th khc nhau, ngi ta chia cc a ch IP thnh 5 lp k hiu l A, B, C, D, E. Cc gii a ch lp A, B, C c s dng gn cho cc phn t mi trng lin mng Gii a ch lp D s dng vo mc ch multicast Gii a ch lp E s dng vo mc ch nghin cu
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23
Ch ng 1
Hnh 1.11 Cc lp a ch IP Cc bit u tin ca byte u tin c dng nh danh lp a ch (0-lp A, 10 - lp B, 110 - lp C, 1110 - lp D, 11110 - lp E). a ch lp A c bit u tin l 0.a ch lp A c subnetmask mc nh l 255.0.0.0.Di a ch lp u tin 0.0.0.0 c s dng vo mc ch Default network v Default route.Di a ch cui cng 127.0.0.0/8 s dng vo mc ch loopback.Tt c cc a ch IP ca lp A dng 8 bt u tin nh danh phn mng ca a ch.Ba octet cn li c th dng cho phn host ca a ch. Mi mng dng mt a ch lp A c th gn 224 -2 =16.777.214 a ch HOST kh dng. Cc a ch IP lp A lun c gi tr nm trong khong t 0 n 126 trong octet u tin. a ch lp B c 2 bit u tin l 10.a ch lp B c subnetmask mc nh l 255.255.0.0. Tt c cc a ch IP ca lp B dng 16 bt u tin nh danh phn mng ca
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24
Ch ng 1
a ch. Hai octet cn li c th dng cho phn host ca a ch. Mi mng dng mt a ch lp B c th gn 216 -2 =65.534 a ch HOST kh dng. Cc a ch IP lp B lun c gi tr nm trong khong t 128 n 191 trong octet u tin. a ch lp C c 3 bit u tin l 110.a ch lp C c subnetmask mc nh l 255.255.255.0. Tt c cc a ch IP ca lp B dng 24 bt u tin nh danh phn mng ca a ch. Octet cn li c th dng cho phn host ca a ch. Mi mng dng mt a ch lp C c th gn 28 -2 =254 a ch HOST kh dng. Cc a ch IP lp C lun c gi tr nm trong khong t 192 n 223 trong octet u tin. Lp D dng gi IP Datagram ti mt nhm cc Host trn mt mng. Tt c cc s ln hn 233 trong trng u l thuc lp D. Lp E d phng dng trong tng lai. Nh vy, Hnh 1.11 xc nh a ch mng cho lp A: t 1 n 126 cho vng u tin, 127 dng cho a ch loopback, lp B t 128.1.0.0 n 191.255.0.0, lp C t 192.1.0.0 n 233.255.255.0
Lp
A B C D E
Bit c trng 0 10 110 1110 11110
S lng Mng 127 16.383 2.097.15 1
S lng Host 16.777.2 14 65.534 254
Biu din bng s Thp phn 0.1.0.0 126.255.255.255 128.1.0.0 191.255.255.255 192.1.0.0 223.255.255.255 223.0.0.0 239.255.255.255 240.0.0.0 247.255.255.255
Bng 1.1 Xc nh khong lp a ch IP biu din bng s thp phn
1.5.4.1
Mt s a ch c bit
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
25
Ch ng 1
Loopback (Lp ngc): 127.x.x.x , vi x= 0 255 . c gi l cc a ch loopback. Bt k mt gi d liu no c truyn i bi mt ng dng TCP/IP n a ch IP 127.x.x.x th gi d liu s c truyn ngc li cho ng dng m khng qua mt thit b trung gian mng. Gi d liu sao chp ni truyn n b m nhn trn cng mt my. a ch Loopback c ng dng kim tra nhanh phn mm TCP/IP c c cu hnh thch hp khng. Nu trong mt a ch IP, gi tr ca Host cha tt c bit 0, y l a ch mng. V d 137.53.0.0 l a ch mng lp B 137.53. Nu trong mt a ch IP, gi tr ca Host cha tt c bit 1, y l a ch Broadcast c nh hng. Mt a ch Broadcast nh hng c nhn thy bi tt c cc node trn mng . V d, vi nhm mng B: 137.53.255.255 l a ch Broadcast nh hng ca nhm. a ch IP 255.255.255.255 c gi l Local Broadcast hoc Limite Broadcast. c s dng trong cc mng LAN. a ch IP 0.0.0.0 s dng trong bng nh tuyn tr vo mng cho b nh tuyn mc nh (cng giao tip mc nh). Tm li : C mt s a ch IP c bit ginh ring cho InterNIC (Internetwork Information Center) theo RFC 960: 0..x.x.x 127.x.x.x 128.0.x.x 191.255.x.x 192.0.0.x 223.255.255.x 223.0.0.0 n 255.255.255.255 Trong mi lp a ch IP c mt s a ch nht nh khng c nh tuyn trn Internet, nh m t chi tit RFC 1597. Nhng a ch ny rt thng dng trong phm vi cc t chc. Chng cung cp cc bin php bo mt nhm ngn chn nhng k xm nhp tri php t bn ngoi, gip trnh tnh trng s t nhm d liu ca t chc ln mng. Nhng a ch ny l: Lp A: 10.0.0.0 n 10.255.255.255 Lp B: 172.16.0.0 n 172.31.255.255
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
26
Ch ng 1
V d
Lp C:
192.168.0.0 n 192.168.255.255
192.1.1.1 l a ch IP lp C - a ch mng 192.1.1.0, - a ch Host l 1. 150.150.5.6 l a ch IP lp B - a ch mng 150.150.0.0 - a ch Host l 5.6. 9.6.7.8 l a ch IP lp A - a ch mng 9.0.0.0 - a ch Host l 6.7.8 128.1.0.1 l a ch IP lp B - a ch mng 128.1.0.0 - a ch Host l 0.1
1.5.4.2
IP Multicast
Khi nim v IP multicast IP multicast l mt khi nim tru tng ca multicast phn cng. N cho php chuyn mt gi tin IP ti mt nhm cc trm. Mt nhm trm c th bao gm cc trm trn nhiu mng vt l khc nhau. Mt trm c th l thnh vin ca nhiu nhm v c th ng k tham gia mt nhm cng nh rt khi nhm nu nh c nhu cu. Mt trm c th gi cc gi tin ti mt nhm trm multicast m khng cn phi l thnh vin ca nhm . Mi mt nhm multicast c mt a ch multicast duy nht thuc lp a ch D gi l a ch IP multicast. Mt s a ch IP multicast c dnh ring v c gi l cc a ch IP multicast wellknown. Cc a ch IP multicast khc c th dng c gi l cc nhm a ch multicast tm thi (transient multicast groups). Cc a ch ny c to ra khi cn thit v xa i nu nh s thnh vin trong nhm bng khng. C ch multicast ca IP c th c dng trong mt mng cc b hoc trong lin mng Internet. Trong trng hp th hai, mt gateway multicast c bit c dng chuyn cc gi tin i. Tuy nhin cc trm cng khng cn bit s hin din ca gateway multicast. Mt trm chuyn cc gi tin multicast i nh vo kh nng multicast ca mng cc b. Nu nh gateway multicast tn ti, n s nhn cc gi tin multicast v chuyn chng ti cc mng khc. Cc gateway multicast dng cc kh nng multicast ca phn cng chuyn cc
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Ch ng 1
gi tin ny i ti cc trm ch multicast. Trng thi gian sng (timeto-live) ca gi tin multicast cng c ngha ging nh trng thi gian sng ca gi tin IP thng thng. Vic chuyn cc gi tin multicast c th da vo cc gateway c lp hay da vo cc gateway thng thng c ci t thm chc nng multicast. a ch IP multicast a ch IP multicast gm c bn bt u l 1110, dng ch ra mt a ch IP l multicast. Sau l 28 bt ch ra nhm multicast. Nu biu din theo dng du chm th a ch multicast bao gm t a ch 224.0.0.0 ti 239.255.255.255. a ch 224.0.0.0 l dng dnh ring, n khng c gn cho mt nhm multicast no. a ch 244.0.0.1 l c dng vi ngha l tt c cc trm v gateway c ci t multicast trong mng cc b. Khng c a ch multicast dng cho tt c cc trm trn lin mng Internet. a ch multicast ch c dng lm a ch ch, khng c dng lm a ch ngun. N cng khng c xut hin trong cc la chn ngun hay bn ghi nh ng ca gi tin IP. Cng khng c thng bo ICMP no c dng cho cc gi tin multicast. nh x t a ch multicast ca IP sang a ch multicast Ethernet Trong mng cc b, tn ti mt khi nim l multicast phn cng(hardware multicast). Phn cng mng h tr mt dng truyn thng nhiu im (multi-point) v duy tr mt tp cc a ch dng cho mc ch ny. Khi mt nhm cc trm mun truyn thng cho nhau, chng nh ngha ra mt a ch multicast v cu hnh phn cng giao din mng ca chng c th nhn bit c a ch multicast ny. Sau tt c cc trm trong nhm u c th nhn c mt bn sao ca gi tin gi ti a ch multicast ny. Mt trong cc kiu mng thng dng nht l mng Ethernet v mng Ethernet cung cp mt kh nng in hnh v multicast v phn cng. Mng Ethernet dng mt bt thp trong byte cao ca a ch 48 bt ca n phn bit a ch multicast vi cc a ch thng thng: 01.00.00.00.00.00.00. Vic nh x t a ch IP sang a ch Ethernet tun theo qui tc sau: t 23 bt thp ca a ch multicast IP vo 23 bt thp ca mt a ch multicast Ethernet c bit l
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01.00.5E.00.00.00. V d nh a ch multicast IP l 224.0.0.1 s tr thnh a ch multicast Ethernet l 01.00.5E.00.00.01. X l multicast Khng phi trm IP no cng c kh nng x l multicast. Ngi ta chia ra thnh ba mc x l multicast nh sau: Mc 0 1 2 ngha Trm khng c kh nng gi v nhn gi tin IP c a ch multicast Trm c th gi nhng khng c kh nng nhn cc gi tin IP vi a ch multicast Trm c th gi v nhn cc gi tin IP vi a ch multicast Bng 1.2 Cc mc x l multicast
Mt trm mun c kh nng gi cc gi tin IP vi multicast cn cho php cc chng trnh ng dng ch ra a ch IP vi multicast , sau n phi c kh nng nh x cc a ch IP multicast thnh cc a ch multicast tng ng ca phn cng. c th nhn c cc gi tin IP vi a ch multicast, cc phn mm IP trn cc trm cn phi thc hin nhiu bc. u tin l n phi c mt giao din no cho php mt chng trnh ng dng khai bo rng n mun gia nhp hay rt khi mt nhm multicast no . Nu c nhiu chng trnh ng dng cng tham gia mt nhm th n phi chuyn n cho mi chng trnh ng dng mt bn sao ca gi tin IP ca nhm . Hn na trm cn phi chy mt mt giao thc c bit ch cho gateway multicast cc b l n l thnh vin ca nhm . Giao thc gi l giao thc qun l nhm lin mng IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol). tham d mt mt nhm multicast m bao gm nhiu mng khc nhau, mt trm cn phi bo cho gateway multicast bit. Gateway multicast s lin lc vi cc gateway multicast khc, bo cho chng bit v trng thi thnh vin ca n v thit lp cc ng i trong bng chn ng.
1.5.4.3
Subneting
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i khi nh qun tr mng mun chia nh mng ca mnh thnh nhiu mng nh hn c bit l cc mng ln. V khi mng qu ln ng ngha vi vic tng min broadcast domain. Cc mng thng c kch c khng bng nhau: i khi ch c 2 HOST, i khi l rt nhiu. Cc phn chia nh hn c gi l cc mng con (Subnetwork) v c thc hin nh a ch kh linh hot.Cc mng con c gi ngn gn l subnet. Mi a ch sub net l duy nht v lun c gn mt cch cc b, tc l lun do ngi qun tr mng quyt nh.
Subnet ID = Network ID + [ Subnet field + Host field ]

Hnh 1.12 Subneting Subnet field v Host field c to ra t phn Host gc ca ton mng. Ngi qun tr mng mn cc bt t phn host gc v gn chng nh l subnet field. S bit ti thiu c th mn l 2. Nu bn ch mn 1 bit to mt mng con, th bn ch c mt ch s mng l mng . 0, v ch s qung b l mng .1. S bit ti a c th mn sao cho cn li t nht 2 bit cho ch s host. Vic phn chia thnh cc mng con c nhng u im sau: Gim kch thc min qung b. Lm n gin hn vic qun l mng. Xy dng li cu trc bn trong m khng lm nh hng ti cc mng ngoi. Nng cao c tnh bo mt. V d: xem Hnh 1.13 a ch IP b nh tuyn : 149.108.0.0 a ch IP Network 1: 149.108.1.0
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a ch IP Network 2: 149.108.2.0
149.108.1
.2
149.108.1
149.108.1 .3
Network 1
Mng Intern et
149.108.0 .0 .2 Router
149.108.2 149.108.2. 149.108.2 1

Hnh 1.13 mng con .3 Mt v d 2 Network 2
1.5.4.4
Mt n mng con (Subnet Mask)
Nhiu mng con kt ni vi nhau dng chung mt a ch IP phi s dng b nh tuyn (Router) gia chng. B nh tuyn phi thc hin vic phn chia mng con v bit c bao nhiu bit ca vng Host ang c s dng cho cc mng con, tc l n bit vng a ch Host c s dng bao nhiu bit cho a ch mng con v phn cn li a ch host ca cc mng con. Thng tin ny c Router trnh by nh mt mt n mng con. Mt n mng con khng phi l mt a ch nhng n xc nh phn a ch IP no l network field v phn no l host field. Mt subnet mask gm 32 bit m gi tr ca n c tnh theo quy lut sau: Cc bit trong mt n mng con ng vi cc bit ca Network v Subnet number ( subnet field) trong a ch IP cha cc bit 1. Cc bit trong mt n mng con ng vi cc bit ca Host number ( host field) trong a ch IP cha cc bit 0. V d: 1) Cho a ch IP lp B v mt n mng con nh sau: a ch IP: 128.12.33.71 Mt n mng con: 255.255.255.0 Khi :
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2) Cho a V Khi :
S mng con (Subnet number) =34 S trm (Host number) = 71 a ch Broadcast trc tip = 128.12.33.255 ch IP lp C v mt n mng con nh sau: a ch IP: 192.55.12.240 Mt n mng con: 255.255.255.240
192 55 12 240 11000000 00110111 00001100 0111 1000 S mng con (Subnet number) =112 S trm (Host number) = 8 a ch Broadcast trc tip = 192.55.12.127
IP AddressNetworkHostSubnet numberHost numberSubnet Mask11111111 0000Hnh 3.5 11111111 111111110000 Biu din mt n mng con lp B (Mask)
Hnh1.14
Mi quan h gia mt n mng con v s lng
Host trong a ch IP lp B
Bng 1.3
Biu din mt n mng con lp B (Mask)
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Subnet Mask 255.255.192.0 255.255.223.0 255.255.240.0 255.255.248.0 255.255.252.0 255.255.253.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.12 8 255.255.255.19 2 255.255.255.22 4 255.255.255.24 0 255.255.255.24 8 255.255.255.25 2
Byte 3 1100000 0 1110000 0 1111000 0 1111100 0 1111110 0 1111111 0 1111111 1 1111111 1 1111111 1 1111111 1 1111111 1 1111111 1 1111111 1
Byte 4 0000000 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0000000 0
Subnet number 2 6 14 30 62 126 254 510 1.022 2.046 3.094 8.190 16.382
Host number 16.382 8.190 3..094 2.046 1.022 510 254 128 62 30 14 6 2
1.5.4.5
Mt vi nhc im ca a ch IP
Mt trong cc nhc im chnh l a ch IP tham chiu ti mt ni kt ch khng tham chiu ti mt trm. Chnh v vy khi mt my tnh c tch ra khi mt mng v di chuyn sang mng
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khc, nu ni my tnh ny vo mng mi c a ch IP khc mng c th s c trc trc v phi khai bo li a ch IP cho my. Mt nhc im na lin quan n lp C a ch IP. Trong lp ny mt mng c ti a 255 trm, nu nh mng pht trin v vt ra ngoi gii hn ny th phi chuyn i sang lp a ch khc. Vic ny gy ra mt kh khn v thng dn n vic phi dng ton b mng, i a ch ca tt c cc trm trong mng. Nhc im th ba lin quan n vic nh tuyn . a ch IP c dng ch yu trong vic nh tuyn . Cc gateway s dng a ch IP thc hin cc quyt nh nh tuyn cho cc gi tin IP. Nh ta bit mt trm m c hai ni kt s c hai a ch IP. Do ng i ca gi tin IP trong mng s ph thuc vo a ch IP. C th vi a ch IP ny gi tin s ti c ch, cn vi a ch IP kia th khng. Vic ny l khng thun tin v ta thng mong mun rng mt trm, mt thc th duy nht, cn phi c nhn dng duy nht. Ta hy xem v d c ch ra trong Hnh 1.15
M ng 1 I4 G A B I5 M ng 2
Hnh 1.15. V d mt trm c nhiu a ch IP Trong Hnh 1.15 trm A v trm B cng ni vi mng 1. Chng c th truyn thng tin cho nhau trc tip qua mng 1. Trm A gi d liu ti trm B c th thng qua a ch I4. Ngoi ra trm A cng c th gi d liu ti B thng qua gateway G v dng a ch I5. Gi thit l ni kt ca trm B vo mng 1 b hng. Khi nu mt ngi dng trn trm A dng a ch IP I4 gi th d liu s khng ti c ch. Trong khi vi ngi dng khc dng a ch I5 th li gi c.
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Ch ng 1
1.5.5 Cc phng php gn a ch IP

cp pht a ch IP cho mt thit b kt ni vo mng Internet chng ta c hai phng php gn a ch IP: Gn a ch tnh L phng php nh trc cho mi thit b kt ni vo mng mt a ch IP c nh v duy nht.Phng php ny d thc hin nhng hiu qu s dng a ch IP khng cao v d gp kh khn khi s dng trng a ch IP. Gn a ch ng L phng php gn a ch IP cho thit b khi thit b kt ni mng ng thi s dng mt server cp pht v qun l cc a ch hin thi.Phng php ny hiu qu s dng a ch IP cao v t ng trong vic cp pht nhng li kh phc tp .
Hnh 1.16 Gn a ch IP
1.5.6 Th t byte v a ch IP
Vic chun ha th t byte l rt quan trng bi v gi tin IP mang cc gi tr nh phn trong c a ch ch v di gi tin. Cc gi tr ny cn phi c hiu thng nht i vi ngi nhn v
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Ch ng 1
c ngi gi. Giao thc IP gii quyt vn ny bng nh ngha mt th t byte chun ca mng. Th t byte chun c nh ngha theo giao thc IP l th t byte Endian ln (Big Endian). Mi trm gi s bin i th t byte trn my ca mnh v th t byte chun ca mng v truyn d liu i trn mng, Sau trm nhn li bin i th t byte ca mng v th t byte ca my khi nhn d liu.
1.5.7 Cu trc gi d liu IP

IP l giao thc cung cp dch v truyn thng theo kiu khng lin kt (Connectionless). Phng thc khng lin kt cho php cp trm truyn nhn khng cn phi thit lp lin kt trc khi truyn d liu v do khng cn phi gii phng lin kt khi khng cn nhu cu truyn d liu na. Phng thc kt ni "khng lin kt" cho php thit k v thc hin giao thc trao i d liu n gin (khng c c ch pht hin v khc phc li truyn). Cng chnh v vy tin cy trao i d liu ca loi giao thc ny khng cao. Cc gi d liu IP c gi l cc Datagram.Nh mt frame mng vt l, mt datagram c chia thnh vng header v vng d liu. Phn header cng tng t frame, n cha a ch ngun cng a ch ch v mt trng type dng nh danh ni dung ca datagram. S khc nhau l header ca datagram cha a ch IP cn header ca frame cha a ch vt l. Hnh sau m t dng tng qut ca mt datagram.
Datagram Header
Datagram Data
Hnh 1.17 Datagram Nu a ch IP ch l a ch ca mt trm nm trn cng mt mng IP vi trm ngun th cc gi d liu s c chuyn thng ti ch, nu a ch IP ch khng nm trn cng mt mng IP vi my ngun th cc gi d liu s c gi n mt my trung chuyn, IP Gateway chuyn tip. IP Gateway l mt thit b mng IP m nhn vic lu chuyn cc gi d liu IP gia hai mng IP khc nhau. Hnh 1.18 m t cu trc gi d liu IP.
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Hnh 1.18
Cu trc gi d liu IP
VERS (4 bits): Version hin hnh ca IP c ci t.Gm 4 bt, cha ng phin bn ca giao thc IP c dng trong gi tin. Trng ny c dng kim tra xem bn nhn, bn gi, gateway trung gian c chp nhn cu trc ca gi tin hay khng. Tt c cc phn mm IP u phi kim tra trng ny xem n c kh nng x l c phin bn ny hay khng. Nu nh phin bn ca gi tin khc vi phin bn m n c th x l th chng trnh s khng x l v bo li. IHL (4 bits): di phn tiu (Internet Header Length) ca Datagram, tnh theo n v t (32 bits). Nu khng c trng ny th di mc nh ca phn tiu l 5 t. Type of service (8 bits): Trng kiu dch v cho bit cc thng tin v loi dch v v mc u tin ca gi IP, c dng c th nh sau:
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Precedence Trong :
Unused
Precedence (3 bits): ch th v quyn u tin gi Datagram, c th l: 111 Network Control (cao nht) 011- flash 110 Internetwork Control 010 Immediate 101 CRITIC/ECP 001 Priority 100 Flas Override 000 Routine (thp nht) D (Delay) (1 bit) : ch tr yu cu. D=0 tr bnh thng. D=1 tr thp. T (Throughput) (1 bit): ch s thng lng yu cu. T=1 thng lng bnh thng. T=1 thng lng cao. R (Reliability) (1 bit): ch tin cy yu cu. R=0 tin cy bnh thng. R=1 tin cy cao. Total Length (16 bits): Trng tng di ch di ton b Datagram, k c phn Header (tnh theo n v bytes), vng d liu ca Datagram c th di ti 65535 bytes. Trng ny gm 4 bt ch ra di ca phn header ca gi tin tnh theo n v s t 32 bt. Thng thng di ca phn header l 20 bytes. Phn header c di ti thiu l 5 t 32 bt. Identification (16 bits) : Trng nhn dng cng vi cc tham s khc nh (Source Address v Destination Address) tham s ny dng nh danh duy nht cho mt Datagram trong khong thi gian n vn cn trn lin mng. Flags (3 bits) : lin quan n s phn on (Fragment) cc Datagram. C th l:
DF
MF
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Ch ng 1
Bit 0 Bit 1
: Reserved, cha s dng lun ly gi tr 0 : (DF)= 0 (May Fragment)
1 Fragment) Bit 2 : (MF)= 0 (Last Fragment)
(Dont
1 (More Fragment) Fragment Offset (13 bits) : ch v tr ca on (Fragment) trong Datagram, tnh theo n v 64 bits, c ngha l mi on (tr on cui cng) phi cha mt vng d liu c di l bi ca 64 bits. Time To Live (TTL-8 bits) : quy nh thi gian tn ti ca mt gi d liu trn lin mng trnh tnh trng mt Datagram b qun trn mng. Gi tr ny c t lc bt u gi i v s gim dn mi khi gi d liu c x l ti nhng im trn ng i ca gi d liu (thc cht l ti cc Router). Nu gi tr ny bng 0 trc khi n c ch, gi d liu s b hu b. Trng TTL ch ra s n v tnh bng giy mt gi tin c th tn ti trong mng. Khi gi mt gi tin i, bn gi s gn gi tr ny trong mi gi tin. Gateway v cc trm x l gi tin s gim trng TTL i mt s thi gian v s loi b gi tin khi gi tr ca trng ny bng 0.
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Vic tnh ton thi gian cn gim l tng i kh khn. n gin ha gateway s gim trng TTL i 1 n v mi khi n x l mt header ca gi tin. Ngoi ra x l trng hp c s tr ti gateway, khi nhn mt gi tin n s ghi li thi im nhn v khi chuyn gi tin i n s ghi li thi im gi. Gateway s tr trng TTL i mt gi tr bng thi gian m gi tin ny li trong gateway. Khi trng TTL bng khng, gateway s loi b gi tin v gi thng bo li v cho bn gi. Vic dng TTL cho php loi tr kh nng mt gi tin c th tn ti ni trong mng ngay c khi bng chn ng ca gateway gp s c v gateway gi gi tin b lp trong mng. Protocol (8 bits): ch giao thc tng k tip s nhn vng d liu trm ch (hin ti thng l TCP hoc UDP c ci t trn IP). Header Checksum (16 bits): m kim sot li s dng phng php CRC (Cycle Redundancy Check) dng m bo thng tin v gi d liu c truyn i mt cch chnh xc (mc d d liu c th b li). Nu nh vic kim tra ny tht bi, gi d liu s b hu b ti ni xc nh c li. Cn ch l IP khng cung cp mt phng tin truyn tin cy bi n khng cung cp cho ta mt c ch xc nhn d liu truyn ti im nhn hoc ti nhng im trung gian. Giao thc IP khng c c ch kim sot li (Error Control) cho d liu truyn i, khng c c ch kim sot lung d liu (Flow Control). Source Address (32 bits): a ch ca trm ngun. Destination Address (32 bits): a ch ca trm ch. Option (c di thay i) s dng trong mt s trng hp, nhng thc t chng rt t dng. Option bao gm chc nng bo mt, chc nng nh tuyn c bit Padding ( di thay i): vng m, c dng m bo cho phn Header lun kt thc mt mc 32 bits Data ( di thay i): vng d liu c di l bi ca 8 bits, ti a l 65535 bytes.
1.5.8 ng gi d liu
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User data Applicatio n
Applicatio n header TCP header IP header Etherne t header
User data
Application data TCP Segment TCP data IP Datagram IP data
TCP
IP
Ethernet
Ethernet
Frame Hnh 1.19 ng gi d liu trong kin trc Ethernet TCP/IP Cng ging nh tt c cc mng gi khc, cc gi tin trong mng IP cng c b sung thm cc trng tiu u bn tin qua cc lp giao thc pha pht v c g b cc trng tiu ny pha thu x l. Qu trnh c gi l ng gi d liu (encapsulation). Trong ngn xp giao thc TCP/IP gm bn lp. Ti mi lp, cc gi d liu c gi ti t lp trn s c b sung thm mt tiu tng ng mang cc thng tin iu khin cn thit cho lp ny. Qu trnh ng gi d liu c m t trong Hnh 1.19 trn. Cc gi IP phi c nhng trong cc khung d liu tng lin kt d liu tng ng trc khi chuyn tip trong mng. Qu trnh nhn mt gi tin din ra ngc li. di ti a ca mt gi d liu lin kt l MTU. Khi cn chuyn mt gi d liu IP c di ln hn MTU ca mt mng c th cn phi chia nh gi d liu IP thnh nhng gi IP nh hn hoc bng MTU. Qu trnh ny c gi l phn mnh (fragment). Trong phn tiu ca gi tin IP c thng tin v phn mnh v xc nh cc mnh c quan h ph thuc hp thnh gi tin ban u ti pha thu.
1.5.9 Phn mnh v hp nht cc gi IP

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Cc gi d liu IP phi c nhng trong khung d liu tng lin kt d liu tng ng, trc khi chuyn tip trong mng. Qu trnh nhn mt gi d liu IP din ra ngc li. V d, vi mng Ethernet tng lin kt d liu, qu trnh chuyn mt gi d liu din ra nh sau. Khi gi mt gi d liu IP cho mc Ethernet, IP chuyn cho mc lin kt d liu cc thng s a ch Ethernet ch, kiu khung Ethernet (ch d liu m Ethernet ang mang l ca IP) v cui cng l gi IP. Tng lin kt s liu t a ch Ethernet ngun l a ch kt ni mng ca mnh v tnh ton gi tr Checksum. Trng type ch ra kiu khung l 0x0800 i vi d liu IP. Mc lin kt d liu s chuyn khung d liu theo thut ton truy nhp Ethernet. Mt gi d liu IP c di ti a 65536 byte, trong khi hu ht cc tng lin kt d liu ch h tr cc khung d liu nh hn ln ti a ca gi d liu IP nhiu ln (v d di ln nht ca mt khung d liu Ethernet l 1500 byte). V vy cn thit phi c c ch phn mnh khi pht v hp nht khi thu i vi cc gi d liu IP. di ti a ca mt gi d liu lin kt l MTU (Maximum Transmit Unit). Khi cn chuyn mt gi d liu IP c di ln hn MTU ca mt mng c th, cn phi chia gi s liu IP thnh nhng gi IP nh hn di ca n nh hn hoc bng MTU gi chung l mnh (Fragment). Trong phn tiu ca gi d liu IP c thng tin v phn mnh v xc nh cc mnh c quan h ph thuc hp thnh sau ny. V d: Ethernet ch h tr cc khung c di ti a l 1500 byte. Nu mun gi mt gi d liu IP gm 2000 byte qua Ethernet, phi chia thnh hai gi nh hn, mi gi khng qu gii hn MTU ca Ethernet. IP dng c MF (3 bit thp ca trng Flags trong phn u ca gi IP) v trng Flagment Offset ca gi IP ( b phn on) nh danh gi IP l mt phn on v v tr ca phn on ny trong gi IP gc. Cc gi cng trong chui phn mnh u c trng ny ging nhau. C MF bng 1 nu l gi u ca chui phn mnh v 0 nu l gi cui ca gi c phn mnh. Qu trnh hp nht din ra ngc li vi qu trnh phn mnh. Khi IP nhn c mt gi phn mnh, n gi phn mnh trong vng m, cho n khi nhn c ht cc gi IP trong chui phn mnh c cng trng nh danh. Khi phn mnh u tin c nhn,
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Ch ng 1
IP khi ng mt b m thi gian (gi tr ngm nh l 15s). IP phi nhn ht cc phn mnh k tip trc khi ng h tt. Nu khng IP phi hu tt c cc phn mnh trong hng i hin thi c cng trng nh danh. Khi IP nhn c ht cc phn mnh, n thc hin hp nht cc gi phn mnh thnh cc gi IP gc v sau x l n nh mt gi IP bnh thng. IP thng ch thc hin hp nht cc gi ti h thng ch ca gi. Original IP packet 04 05 2000 00 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 05 06 checksum 128.82.23.12 192.12.2.5 DATA 1980 byte Fragment 04 00 1 1 05 06 1 05 1 1 0 0 checksum 128.82.23.12 192.12.2.5 DATA 1480 byte 1500 0
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n tt nghip i hc Tng quan v mng IP Fragment
Ch ng 1
04 00 1 1 05 1
05 1 06 0 0 0
520 0 checksum 128.82.23.12 192.12.2.5 DATA 500 byte
Hnh 1.20
Nguyn tc phn mnh gi d liu
Kch thc ca gi tin , MTU Khi truyn d liu, giao thc IP gi cc gi tin xung tng di truyn d liu i trong mng. Ti tng di, tng lin kt d liu, gi tin s c bc ra ngoi mt phn header ca tng ny v chuyn tip xung tng vt l gi i. tng vt l, cc gi tin li c bc bng mt phn header ca tng vt l. Do cn thit phi la chn mt kch thc ca gi tin IP, sao cho n c th thch hp vi cc gi tin tng di v truyn i trong mng d dng.
Trm A Net 1 MTU=1500 G1 Net 2 MTU=620 G2
Trm B Net 3 MTU=1500
Hnh 1.21 M t phn on Hnh 1.21 Miu t vic phn on. Gateway G1 phn on cc gi tin t A ti B, gateway G2 phn on gi tin gi t B sang A. i vi mi mng, c mt gii hn v kch thc d liu c th truyn i trong mt gi tin trn tng vt l. V d nh trong mng
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Ch ng 1
Ethernet, gii hn ny l 1500 bytes, trong khi mng PRONET cho php ti 2044 bytes. Gii hn ny c gi l n v truyn ti a MTU (Maximum Transfer Unit). Mt vi mng ch cho php MTU l 128 bytes. Nu ta gii hn kch thc ca gi tin IP ph hp vi kch thc nh nht ca gi tin trn tng vt l th s khng hiu qu khi IP hot ng trn mng c MTU ln. Cn nu ta chn kch thc ca gi tin IP theo kch thc ln nht ca gi tin trn tng vt l th gi tin ny s khng ph hp vi cc mng c MTU nh. Do l do trn, thay v thit k mt gi tin c kch thc c nh, giao thc IP s chn mt kch thc gi tin thch hp v dng mt c ch cho php chia nh gi tin thnh cc phn nh i qua mng m c MTU nh. Cc phn ny gi l cc phn on (fragment), qu trnh chia nh gi tin gi l qu trnh phn on (fragmentation). Hnh 1.21 cho ta thy qu trnh phn on xut hin ti gateway, ni ni gia hai mng, mt mng c MTU ln v mt mng c MTU nh. Hai trm A v B ti hai mng Net1 v Net3 u c MTU l 1500. Do vy khi gi d liu qua nhau, hai trm s dng gi tin c kch thc l 1500. Hai mng Net1 v Net3 thng qua mng Net2 c MTU l 600. Do vy cc gi tin gi t A sang B s b phn on ti gateway G1. Cn cc gi tin gi t B sang A s b phn on ti gateway G2. Kch thc ca mt phn on c chn sao cho n va kht vi mt gi tin ti mng . Sau khi c phn on, cc phn on s c lp rp li vi nhau (reassembled) to li gi tin gc ti ch. Giao thc IP khng gii hn kch thc ca mt gi tin. Bn gi IP c th chn bt k kch thc no m n ngh l thch hp. Vic phn on v lp rp li s c lm t ng m khng cn bn nhn phi thc hin mt x l c bit no. Theo c t ca IP RFC 791 [22], gateway phi chp nhn c cc gi tin c kch thc ln n MTU ca mng. Gateway thng c th chp nhn c cc gi tin c kch thc ln ti 576 byte. Cu trc ca mt phn on gm c phn header v phn d liu. Phn header cha thng tin ging ht phn header ca gi tin ngoi tr trng c FLAG, m ch ra rng n l mt phn on. Phn d liu cha ng cc phn nh d liu ca gi tin. Ni kt cc phn on Trong giao thc TCP/IP khi mt gi tin b phn on, cc phn on ca n s di chuyn c lp trn mng theo cc hng cc nhau
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ti c ch cui cng. Ti ch cc phn on ny c ni kt li thnh gi tin gc. Vic cc phn on di chuyn c lp trong mng cho ti khi n ti ch c mt vi nhc im. Th nht l bi v cc phn on khng c ni kt li ngay sau khi i qua mng c MTU nh m c gi nguyn nn khi i qua mng c MTU ln th tnh hiu qu s thp. Th hai l nu bt k mt phn on no b mt, gi tin s khng th c ni kt. Ti bn nhn khi nhn c phn on u tin, n khi ng ng h m. Nu thi gian ht trc khi tt c cc phn on ti ch, bn nhn s xa tt c cc phn on c nhn trc . Vic mt mt phn on bt k s lm mt gi tin tng ng v phi truyn li ton b cc phn on. iu ny lm tng xc sut mt gi tin. Tuy c mt vi nhc im nhng phng php ny cho thy n vn hot ng tt. N cho php cc phn on di chuyn mt cch c lp v khng bt buc cc gateway phi ct gi v ni kt cc phn on.
1.5.10 iu khin qu trnh phn on

C ba trng trong phn header ca gi tin dng iu khin qu trnh phn on, l trng nhn dng (identification), trng c (flags) v trng offset ca phn on. Trng nhn dng cha mt tn duy nht ca gi tin, trng ny c sao chp vo trong phn header ca phn on. Bn nhn s dng trng ny v a ch ngun nhn bit c phn on thuc v gi tin no. Tt nhin l bn gi cng phi m bo vic sinh ra mt nhn dng duy nht cho mi gi tin. Mt trong cc k thut c s dng l dng mt b m. B m s c tng ln mt sau mi ln to mt gi tin v gn vo trong trng nhn dng ca gi tin. Trng offset ca phn on ch ra v tr ca phn d liu cha trong phn on trong phn d liu ca gi tin. Khong cch c tnh t v tr 0 v tnh theo n v 8 byte. Hai bt thp trong trng c lin quan n vic phn on. Bt th nht ch ra liu gi tin c th c phn on hay khng. Khi bt ny c thit lp th gi tin khng th b phn on. Gateway, m cn phi phn on gi tin gi i, khi gp bt ny s tr v mt thng bo li cho bn gi.
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Bt tip theo ch ra phn on cha d liu thuc v phn gia trong gi tin hay l phn cui cng trong gi tin. Khi bt ny c thit lp c ngha l d liu cha trong n thuc v d liu gia gi tin, cn khng th l d liu cui cng trong gi tin. Khi nhn c phn on vi bt ny bng khng, bn nhn c th bit c l n nhn c ht cc phn on ca gi .
1.6
nh tuyn IP
1.6.1 Cc c tnh ca nh tuyn IP

V mt khi nim th nh tuyn IP l n gin, c bit i vi mt host. Nu ch c kt ni trc tip n host th IP datagram c gi trc tip n ch. Nu khng th datagram s c host gi n mt router mc nh v cho php router ny chuyn pht datagram n ch. Lp IP c mt bng nh tuyn trong b nh, n c s dng tm kim thng tin nh tuyn mi ln IP thu mt datagram gi i. Khi mt datagram c thu t mt giao din mng, IP u tin kim tra a ch IP ch ,nu thy l a ch IP ca n hay l a ch broadcast th datagram c chuyn n modul giao thc c xc nh trong trng protocol ca tiu IP. Nu kim tra thy mnh khng phi l ch ca datagram ny th IP s hu b datagram hoc thc hin chuyn pht datagram nu host ny c cu hnh nh mt router. Mi thc th trong bng nh tuyn cha cc thng tin sau. a ch IP ch: N c th l a ch host y hay ch l a ch mng, c xc nh bi trng c cho thc th ny. a ch host xc nh mt host c bit vi host-ID khc 0, cn a ch mng xc nh tt c cc host trn mng vi host-ID=0. a ch IP ca next-hop router hay a ch IP ca mng c kt ni trc tip. Mt next-hop router l mt router trn mt mng c kt ni trc tip m ta c th gi datagram ti chuyn pht n. Next-hop router khng phi l ch cui cng nhng n hng cc datagram chng ta gi cho n n ch cui cng. Flags: mt c xc nh liu a ch IP ch l a ch mng hay a ch host, mt c khc cho bit next-hop router c
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thc s l next-hop router khng hay l giao din c kt ni trc tip. c tnh k thut ca giao tip gia mng v datagram nn c gi i cho truyn dn. nh tuyn IP c thc hin trn c s tng chng. T bng nh tuyn ( Hnh 1.23 ) cho thy IP khng bit tuyn hon chnh n ch bt k ngoi tr ch ny kt ni trc tip vi host gi m n ch cung cp a ch IP ca next-hop router m datagram c gi n. nh tuyn IP to ra cc hot ng sau. Tm kim trong bng nh tuyn mt thc th bng cch kim tra a ch IP ch hon chnh. Nu tm thy th gi gi tin n next-hop router c ch ra hoc n giao din c kt ni trc tip (ph thuc vo trng flag). Kt qu l to ra mt kt ni im-im. Tm kim trong bng nh tuyn mt thc th bng cch kim tra ch a ch mng net-ID. Nu tm thy th gi packet n next-hop router c ch ra hoc giao din c kt ni trc tip. Tt c cc host trn mng ch c th b x l vi thc th ny. Tm kim trong bng nh tuyn mt thc th c dn nhn default. Nu tm thy th gi gi tin ti next-hop router c ch ra. Nu khng thc hin c hot ng no th datagram l khng th chuyn pht v thng bo li host unreachable hay network unreachable c gi n tng ng dng to ra datagram ny. Kh nng xc nh mt router ti mt mng m khng phi mt host l mt c tnh nn tng ca nh tuyn IP. N cho php cc router c bng nh tuyn vi hng ngn thc th thay v hn mt triu thc th. Nh m kch thc bng nh tuyn gim,gim thi gian tm kim. Hu ht phn mm nh tuyn IP l phc tp v chn tuyn da theo nhng gi thuyt c nh v nhng con ng ngn nht. Ngoi tr vic gim TTL v tnh li CRC th nh tuyn IP khng lm bin i IP datagram ban u. Nu bng nh tuyn s dng a ch vt l th vic lin kt a ch IP ca trm k tip v a ch vt l c th thc hin ch mt ln do gim Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
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c thi gian tnh ton khng cn thit. Nhng phn mm IP trnh s dng cc a ch vt l khi lu tr v tnh ton nh tuyn v: Bng nh tuyn cung cp mt giao tip c bit r rng gia phn mm IP v phn mm cp cao s dng nh tuyn. S dng a ch IP lm cho ngi qun tr d hiu hn trong vic xc nh phn mm c cp nht thng tin nh tuyn chnh xc khng. Mc ch ca IP l xy dng mt s tru tng m che du cc chi tit ca mng l c s h tng. Vic datagram truyn t mt my sang my k tip lun bao gm vic ng gi mt datagram vo mt frame vt l, nh x a ch IP ca trm k tip vo a ch vt l v gi frame i thng qua phn cng c s. Vic s dng bng nh tuyn mc nh cng gip cho bng nh tuyn gi c kch thc nh c bit i vi nhng my ch c th truy xut mt router. phc tp ca mt bng nh tuyn ph thuc vo cu hnh mng m host truy cp n. Trng hp n gin nht l host khng c ni vi bt k mng no, TCP/IP vn c th c s dng trn host nhng ch thng tin vi chnh n. Bng nh tuyn trong trng hp ny bao gm mt thc th n cho giao din loop back. Tip theo l host c ni vi mt LAN n, ch c th truy nhp n cc host trn LAN . Bng nh tuyn gm hai thc th mt cho giao din loop back v mt cho LAN. Bc tip theo xy ra khi cc mng khc nhau c th t ti qua mt router n. N thng c x l vi mt thc th default n router . Cui cng l khi host c bit hay mng c bit c b sung.
1.6.2 X l ti lp IP
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X l c thc hin ti lp IP c m t qua Hnh 1.22 di y.

Routin g Route Comma nd netstat Comma nd
dae mon
UD P
TCP
yes
no
ICM P
IP output calculate next-hop router
Our packet?
Forward
Process Datagram IP option
Routi ng Table
Source routing IP input

queue
IP layer
Network interface
Hnh 1.22 X l c thc hin ti lp IP Routing daemon thng l mt tin trnh ngi dng, y daemonc ngha l tin trnh ang chy in the backgroud,thc hin cc hot ng thay mt cho ton b h thng. N thng c bt u khi h thng c mi v hot ng cho n khi h thng ngng hot ng. Bng nh tuyn c cp nht bi routing daemon khong 30s mt ln. N cng c cp nht khi bn tin ICMP redirect c thu hay bi route command (lnh ny thng c khi h thng c mi ci t mt vi tuyn khi u). Cn netstat command c s dng hin th bng nh tuyn.
1.6.3 Khi to bng nh tuyn

Bt c khi no mt giao din c khi to (thng thng khi a ch ca giao din c thit lp bi lnh ifconfig command) th mt tuyn trc tip c to ra t ng cho giao din . i vi cc
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lin kt im-im v giao din loop back th tuyn ny l n mt host, i vi cc giao din broadcast th tuyn ny l n mt mng. Cc tuyn n cc host hay cc mng khng c kt ni trc tip th phi a vo trong bng nh tuyn. Mt cch ph bin thc hin n l s dng lnh route command t cc file khi to khi h thng c mi. Mt s h thng cho php mt router mc nh c xc nh trong mt file v mc nh ny c b sung vo bng nh tuyn bt c khi no khi to li n. Mt cch khc khi to bng nh tuyn l chy routing daemon hay s dng giao thc khm ph tuyn mi hn.
Hnh 1.23 Bng nh tuyn
1.6.4 Thng bo li ti nh tuyn ICMP

Thng bo li ti nh tuyn ( ICMP redirect error ) l thng bo c router gi cho pha pht IP datagram khi datagram ny nn c gi n mt router khc. Chng ta ch thy bn tin ny khi mt host c s la chn gia cc router gi packet i. Hot ng ny c minh ho rt r trong v d sau. hos
(1)IP datagram
(3) ICMP redirect (2)IP datagram Phm Vn Hin -R1 01VT
R2
final
51
Ch ng 1
Hnh 1.24 V d ca mt ICMP redirect Gi thit rng host gi mt datagram ti R1, quyt nh nh tuyn ny c to ra v R1 l router mc nh cho host ny. R1 thu datagram v tra cu bng nh tuyn, n quyt nh rng R2 l next-hop router gi datagram n R2 th R1 pht hin ra rng n ang gi datagram ti giao din m n c a n. y chnh l c s mt router gi thng bo ICMP redirect ti pha pht. R1 gi thng boICMP redirect ti pha pht bo n gi cc datagram sau n cng ch qua R2 thay v R1. Nh hot ng ny m mt host vi nhn thc ti thiu v nh tuyn c th xy dng bng nh tuyn ngy cng tt hn. ICMP redirect cho php cc host TCP/IP khng h tham gia vo nh tuyn vi tt c cc chc nng ny thuc v router. Thng thng R1 v R2 phi bit nhiu hn v cu hnh mng c kt ni, nhng tt c cc host c th khi u vi mt tuyn mc nh v s hc c nhiu hn khi chng thu cc thng bo ICMP redirect .
1.6.5 Cc bn tin khm ph router ICMP

Nh cp n trc y, mt cch khi to bng nh tuyn l s dng cc tuyn c nh c xc nh trong cc file cu hnh. N thng c s dng thit lp mt thc th mc nh. Cch mi hn l s dng cc bn tin thng bo v router ICMP gi l cc bn tin khm ph router ICMP . Sau khi mi (bootstrapping) mt host thc hin broadcast hoc multicast bn tin router solicitation. Cc router nhn c bn tin ny s tr li bng bn tin thng bo router router advertisment ca chng. Ngoi ra cc router cn broadcast hoc multicast cc thng bo router ca chng mt cch nh k, do cho php host bt k nghe cp nht bng nh tuyn ca n. nh dng ca hai loi bn tin ny c m t di y trong Hnh 1.25 v Hnh 1.26.
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Rt nhiu a ch c th c thng bo bi mt router trong mt bn tin n v s a ch ny c cha trong trng s lng a ch number of address. Trng kch thc thc th a ch address entry size lun c gi tr l 2 tng ng vi 32 bit. Trng thi gian sng life time ch ra thi gian tnh theo giy m cc a ch c thng bo l hp l. Mt s cc cp (a ch IP v mc u tin) c xp sau cc trng trn. Trng mc u tin preference level l mt s nguyn khng du 32bit ch ra mc u tin ca a ch tng ng. Hot ng ca mt router nh sau. Khi mt router khi u, n pht i cc thng bo theo nh k n tt c cc giao din c kh nng broadcast hoc multicast. Cc thng bo ny khng phi l nh k chnh xc m c pht ngu nhin trnh tnh trng nhiu router trn cng mng con cng pht. Khong thi gian thng thng gia cc ln thng bo l 450 v 600 giy, thi gian sng mc nh cho mt thng bo l 30 pht. Khi mt giao din trn mt router khng c php th router c th pht mt thng bo cui cng trn giao din ny vi trng life time c lp l 0. Cc router cng nghe thng bo solicitation t cc host v tr li bng bn tin advertisment. Nu c nhiu router trn mt subnet nh qun l h thng phi cu hnh mc u tin cho mi router mt cch ph hp. 0 31 Type(10) Code(0) Unused(0) Hnh 1.25 solicitation nh dng ca bn tin ICMP router checksum 7 8 15 16
Type(9) Number of address
Code(0) Address entry size
checksum Life time
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Router address(1) Preference level(1) Router address(2) Preference level(2) . . Hnh 1.26 advertisment Hot ng ca mt host din ra nh sau. Ngay khi mi mt host thng thng pht lin 3 bn tinsolicitation. Ngay khi thu c bn tinadvertisment hp l th host ngng gi cc bn tin solicitation. Mi host cng nghe thng bo t cc router k cn, cc thng bo advertismentc th lm thay i router mc nh ca host . Nu thng bo advertismentkhng c thu cho mc nh hin ti th mc nh ny b timeout. Ngay khi router mc nh thng thng c xc nh th n s gi thng bo advertisment c 10 pht mt ln vi thi gian sng l 30 pht. iu ny gip cho thc th mc nh ca host s khng b timeout nu ch mt hoc hai thng bo advertisment b mt. nh dng ca bn tin ICMP router
1.7
IPv6
C mt s vn vi IPv4 hin ti, chng l kt qu ca vic tng trng nhanh chng ca Internet trong nhng nm qua. Qu na s a ch lp B c s dng, n s b cn kit nu tip tc tng trng nh trong qu kh 32bit a ch IP l khng cho s tng trng ca Internet trong thi gian di. Cu trc nh tuyn hin ti l khng phn cp m l phng, yu cu mt bng nh tuyn cho mt mng. Khi s mng tng ln v rt nhiu a ch lp C c thay th cho mt a ch lp B th kch thc bng nh tuyn s tng.
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C bn xut c a ra cho mt phin bn mi ca IP l IP next-generation. SIP - single IP: N ngh mt s thay i i vi IP, s dng 46bit a ch v mt nh dng tiu khc. PIP: ngh ny cng s dng a ch phn cp, di bin i v ln hn vi mt nh dng tiu khc. TUBA - TCP and UDP with bigger address, da trn giao thc mng phi kt ni,mt giao thc OSI tng t nh IP. N cung cp a ch ln hn, di bin i c th ln n 20byte. TP/IX c m t trong RFC1475, n s dng 64bit a ch IP nhng cng bin i tiu TCP, UDP vi 32bit s cng cho c hai giao thc, 64bit s ACK, 32bit ca s cho TCP . Mc d d on v s cn kit a ch IP vo cui nhng nm 90s khng xy ra nhng IETF vn nghin cu v mt phin bn mi ca IP khc phc nhc im ca IPv4. Mt s thiu st ca IPv4 v cc yu cu c a ra. Khng gian a ch qu nh, cn mt khng gian a ch ln hn. Kch thc bng nh tuyn: S cc mng trong Internet v cc bng nh tuyn tng ng ngy cng ln. Mt khng gian a ch ln cho php to ra phn cp mm do, tng ca CIDR l tp hp nhiu thc th mc thp vo mt thc th mc cao. Tnh n gin: IPv4 dng nh qu phc tp vi cc phn mnh, x l cc tu chn, cu hnh. Hiu nng: Cc bng nh tuyn ln, phn mnh v x l cc la chn gp phn lm tng tr. D cu hnh: Thit b IPv4 phi c cu hnh vi a ch IP hp l hay s dng DHCP ly ra mt a ch IP t mt server. Bo mt Kh nng m rng l kh nng b sung cc chc nng v c tnh mi m khng yu cu s kim tra k lng ca cc giao thc ang tn ti . Cng tn ti: C th ni rng thit b IPv4 v cc ng dng s cng tn ti vi chng ta mi mi, mt phin bn mi bt k ca IP phi hp tc v cng tn ti vi IPv4.
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Cng vi yu cu trn v n lc ca cc k s mng cho ra i phin bn mi ca IP gi l IPv6. N khng khc nhiu so vi hot ng tng th ca IPv4, mng vn c gn mt a ch mng, IPv6 vn chuyn pht cc gi theo cch phi kt ni, cc router vn chy cc giao thc nh tuyn, mt thit b mi phi c cu hnh vo mt a ch IPv6 hp lIPv6 c xem l mt phin bn n gin hn, hiu qu hn caIP. Cc chc nng v c tnh ca IPv6 Khng gian a ch 128bit. Kh nng nh tuyn tng cng ci thin hiu nng v iu khin nh tuyn, mm do trong vic to ra phn cp a ch nh khng gian a ch ln. nh tuyn ngun hiu qu hn khi s dng nh tuyn tiu m rng. S tn ti ca trng label trong tiu cho php cc gi ca mt lung c xc nh cho mt x l c bit. Khng gian a ch multicast ln hn v bao gm mt trng hin th hn ch mt cch hiu qu mt vng truyn dn multicast. Phn mnh b ngn cm trong cc router, vic x l cc tu chn r rng hn v gim bt gnh nng cho router trung gian. Cc a ch anycast c nh ngha sao cho cc gi c chuyn n giao din gn nht c th. nh dng tiu n gin hn IPv4 . Ci thin h tr tu chn: Phn m rng ca tiu IPv6 c m ho vi sai nn cho php hiu nng tt hn, mm do hn a ra cc m rng tng lai. Nhn lung: Mt ngun cn dn nhn cc gi ca mt lungc bit. Lung ny yu cu dch v hay x l c bit bi cc router trung gian, n s n gin ho vic x l phn loi gi cc router . Cc my chuyn tip l cc my cng tn ti v hp tc vi cc host v router IPv4. IPv6 header c di 40byte, cc trng ca n bao gm: Version 4bit Traffic class l byte DS (diff Serv) cho cc gi IPv6. Flow class l gi tr khc 0 c gi bi ngun xc nh cc gi ca cng mt lung, lung ny yu cu dch v hay x l c bit.
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Payload length nh ngha di theo octet ca ti v phn m rng tiu . Next-header nh ngha loi tiu ngay sau n, n c th l phn m rng, tiu lp vn ti hay ti d liu. Hop limit cng chc nng vi TTL trong IPv4. 0 31 4bit versio n 8bit traffic class 20bit flow label 8bit nextheader 8bit hop-limit
16bit payload length
128bit Source IP address 128bit Destination IP address Extension header
Hnh 1.27 IPv6 header
IPv6 header Next-header =routing header
Routing header Next-header =fragment
Fragment header Next-header =TCP
TCP +payload
Hnh 1.28
IPv6 extension header
Sau 40byte bt buc ca tiu v trc d liu thc s c th c mt s m rng tiu tng t nh cc tu chn trong IPv4, n cha thng tin v x l c bit m gi yu cu. Phn ln m rng ch c x l bi ch ch khng phi cc router trung gian, do hiu nng tt hn. Ni dung ca phn m rng c nh ngha trong phn next-header.
1.8
Cc giao thc khc ca lp Internet

57
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c a ch IP ca trm ngun v trm dch nhng gi IP i theo ng no ti ch. tng chng (hop) cc router lm nhim v chn ng hay nh tuyn cho cc gi. vic chn ng c thc hin tt th router phi c thng tin v cc tuyn, cc chng v tnh trng ca mng ni chung. Cc giao thc nh tuyn c dng cp nht nhng thng tin cho router. c rt nhiu giao thc nh tuyn c pht trin cho cc mng IP, c th chia lm hai loi chnh l nh tuyn theo trng thi knh (link-state routing) v nh tuyn theo vc t khong cch (distance-vector routing). Vi cc giao thc nh tuyn, mng c kt cu tt c kh nng t vt qua cc tc nghn cc b, phn ng nhanh vi cc tnh hung xy ra; tc l c tin cy cao. Cc a ch IP ch l cc a ch logic c dng tng mng chn ng i t u cui. Tuy nhin trn tng chng, hai my ch c th lin lc vi nhau khi bit a ch vt l ca nhau (a ch MAC). Nh vy vn t ra l thc hin nh x gia a ch IP v a ch MAC (48 bit) ca mt trm. Giao thc ARP c xy dng chuyn i t a ch IP sang a ch vt l khi cn thit. Cn giao thc RARP c dng trong trng hp ngc li. C giao thc ARP v RARP u khng thuc IP, nhng c IP dng n khi cn. Mt giao thc khc cng lin quan ti IP, l ICMP. Giao thc ny thc hin truyn cc thng bo iu khin (v tnh trng li trn mng,...) gia cc gateway hoc trm ca lin mng. Li c th l mt datagram khng c gi ti ch, hay mt router ht b nh m ... Mt thng bo IMCP c to v chuyn cho IP. IP s bc thng bo vi mt IP header v chuyn n cho router khc hoc trm ch.
1.8.1Giao thc phn gii a ch ARP

1.8.1.1 Gii thiu
a ch IP ch l a ch logic, cc mng vt l c a ch ring ca mnh l a ch phn cng. Mt mng vt l c th s dng nhiu lp mng khc nhau ti cng thi im. i vi mt frame Ethernet th n c gi t mt host n host khc trn mt LAN, n s dng a ch vt l 48bit quyt nh giao din m
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Ch ng 1
fragment c gi n. Giao thc phn gii a ch (ARP) cung cp cch bin dch a ch IP thu c a ch vt l v ngc li. Cc phn t (host, router, server...) s dng a ch IP trao i thng tin cho nhau trong mi trng mng hoc lin mng. C ngha l chng phi bit a ch IP ca nhau.Xt trong mi trng n mng, gi tin IP s c ng thnh khung c a ch MAC.Nu khng bit ia ch MAC ch th chng s t gi tr a ch MAC l FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF. iu ny s lm tng lu lng trong mt min broadcast domain. Chc nng ca giao thc ARP l cho php cc phn t xy dng bng nh x IP sang MAC 32bit a ch IP
RARP
ARP 48bit a ch Ethernet Hnh 1.29 ARP v RARP
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Hnh 1.30 Cc bng ARP ARP cung cp cch sp xp ng a ch IP vo a ch phn cng tng ng, y gi l ng v n xy ra t ng v thng khng quan tm n ngi s dng hay nh qun l h thng. RARP c s dng bi cc h thng khng a nhng yu cu cu hnh bng tay bi cc nh qun l.
1.8.1.2
Hot ng ca ARP
Mi giao din mng c mt a ch phn cng, cc frame c chuyn mch ti mc phn cng phi c nh a ch n mt giao din, nhng TCP/IP lm vic vi a ch IP ca n. a ch IP ca mt host khng cho php nhn gi mt frame ti host , nhn phi bit a ch phn cng ca ch gi d liu n . Chc nng ca ARP l phi cung cp cch sp xp ng gia a ch IP v a ch phn cng c s dng bi cc cng ngh mng khc nhau. Cc link im-im khng s dng ARP, khi cc link ny c cu hnh (thng trong thi gian mi), nhn phi c thng bo v a ch IP ti mi u ca link. a ch phn cng l khng c lin quan. iu ct yu ARP hot ng hiu qu l duy tr mt ARP cache trn mi host. Cache ch bin dch hin thi t a ch IP n a ch phn cng. Ta c th hin th cache nh dng lnh arp. C th xy ra trng hp mt host ang c truy vn b down hay khng tn ti, do khng th tr li cho ARP request c. Khi pha gi ARP request s tip tc gi ARP request vi tn sut gim dn. ARP request tng ng 1:1 vi TCP SYN segment . Tr khi thu c ARP reply th TCP segment mi c gi i v nu khng th vn cha bit a ch phn cng ca ch. Mt timeout thng c cung cp cho thc th trong ARP cache. Cc thc hin ca Berkeley thng c timeout l 20 pht cho mt thc th hon chnh v 3 pht cho mt thc th khng hon chnh. Mi ln s dng thc th th lp timeout ca n l 20 pht. V d : Thit b ngun 197.15.22.33 ang yu cu a ch MAC ca ch c a ch 197.15.22.126. Thit b ch c a ch 197.15.22.126 bt ly ARP request v p ng li bng mt ARP reaply c cha a ch MAC ca n.
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Ch ng 1
Hnh 1.31 Cc bng ARP
MAC HEADER
Destination 02-06-8C-01-02-03 Source 02-06-8C-44-44-44
IP HEADER
Destination 197.15.22.33 Source 197.15.22.126
ARP reply message I have that MAC
add
Hnh 1.32 Cu trc ARP request
1.8.1.3
Proxy ARP v gratuitous ARP

61
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
Ch ng 1
Proxy ARP cho php mt router tr li ARP request trn mt trong s cc mng ca n cho mt host trn mng khc ca n. N nh la host pht ARP request rng n l host ch khi m host ch trn side khc ca n. Khi router hot ng nh mt proxy agent cho host ch, thc hin chuyn tip cc gi t cc host khc gi cho n. Proxy ARP cn gi l promiscuoust ARP hay ARP hack cn c chc nng n i hai mng vt l so vi nhau. Mt c trng khc ca ARP c gi l gratuitous ARP. N xy ra khi mt host gi i mt ARP request tm kim a ch IP ca chnh n, n thng c thc hin khi giao din c cu hnh ti thi gian mi. Gratuitous ARP c hai chc nng. N cho php mt host xc nh xem liu host khc c c cu hnh vi cng a ch IP ca n khng. Host bsdi khng mong i thu mt reply cho request ny v nu mt tr li c thu th bn tin li lp a ch IP c a ra. y l mt cnh bo vi cc nh qun l h thng rng mt trong s cc h thng b cu hnh sai. Nu host gi gratuitous ARP thay i a ch phn cng ca n (do host b ng,card giao din b thay thhost c khi to li) th gi ny s lm cho bt k host no khc trn cp (c mt thc th trong cache ca n cho a ch phn cng c ) s cp nht thc th cache ARP. Nu mt host thu mt ARP request t mt a ch IP ang tn ti trong cache ca n th thc th cache cp nht vi a ch phn cng ca pha gi ARP request . c tnh ny ca ARP cho php mt backup file server tip qun mt server b li bng cch pht ra mt ARP request gratuitous vi a ch IP ca server b li. Nh cc gi c gi ti server b li s c gi n backup m cc ng dng client khng h bit rng server ngun b li. ARP l mt giao thc c s ca TCP/IP nhng n thng hot ng m khng cn s hiu bit ca ng dng hay cc nh qun l h thng v n.
1.8.2 Giao thc phn gii a ch ngc RARP

1.8.2.1 Gii thiu
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Ch ng 1
Khi mt h thng vi mt a cc b c mi, n thng c c a ch IP ca n t file cu hnh, file ny c c t file a. Nhng vi mt h thng khng a th mt cch khc ginh c a ch IP l cn thit.
1.8.2.2
Hot ng ca RARP
Cng nh vi ARP, RARP request c gi broadcast cn RARP reply thng l unicast. Trong khi khi nim RARP l n gin th thc hin ca mt RARP server l ph thuc h thng v phc tp, do khng phi tt c cc thc hin ca TCP/IP u cung cp RARP server. Ngc li, cung cp mt ARP server li rt n gin v n thng l mt phn ca thc hin TCP/IP trong mng li. Bi v, mng li bit a ch IP v a ch phn cng ca n nn khi thu ARP request cho mt trong s cc a ch IP ca n, n s tr li vi a ch phn cng tng ng. Server thng cung cp vic sp xp t mt a ch phn cng vo mt a ch IP cho rt nhiu host (tt c cc h thng khng a trn mng). Sp xp ny c cha trong mt file a. V mng li thng khng c v phn tch cc file a nn chc nng ca mt RARP server c cung cp nh mt tin trnh ngi dng m khng phi nh mt phn thc hin TCP/IP ca mng li. RARP request c pht nh cc frame Ethernet vi trng loi xc nh. iu c ngha rng RARP server phi c vi cch gi v thu cc frame Ethernet loi ny. V vic thu pht ca cc frame ny l ph thuc h thng nn thc hin ca mt RARP b gn chtvi h thng. Mt bin dng ca RARP l RARP request c gi i nh broadcast mc phn cng, chng khng c chuyn pht bi cc router. cho php cc h thng khng a mi ngay c khi host server b down th rt nhiu RARP server c cung cp trn mt mng n. Khi s server tng khin lu lng mng tng v tt c cc server cng gi RARP reply cho bt c RARP request thu c. H thng khng a gi RARP request thng s dng RARP reply thu c u tin. Hn na, c th xy ra tnh hung cc RARP server th tr li cng mt lc do gy ra va chm trn Ethernet.
1.8.3 Giao thc bn tin iu khin lin mng ICMP

1.8.3.1 Gii thiu
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Ch ng 1
Giao thc bn tin iu khin lin mng ICMP c xem nh mt phn ca lp IP, n thng tin v cc bn tin li v cc iu kin khc yu cu s ch . Cc bn tin ICMP thng hot ng da trn lp IP hoc giao thc lp cao hn. Mt s bn tin ICMP li gy li cho tin trnh ngi dng. Cc bn tin ICMP c pht trong IP datagram .
IP datagram
IP header Hnh 1.33 datagram
ICMP message ng gi bn tin ICMP trong IP
0 8bit type
7 8 8bit code
15 16 16bit checksum
31
Hnh 1.34 nh dng bn tin ICMP Bn byte u ca cc bn tin ICMP ging ht nhau nhng phn cn li ph thuc vo mi loi bn tin khc nhau. Trng type c 15 gi tr khc nhau nhm xc nh bn tin ICMP c bit. Mt vi loi bn tin ICMP s dng thm trng code xc nh thm iu kin. Trng checksum tnh tng kim tra cho ton b bn tin ICMP .
1.8.3.2 Vai tr ca ICMP

Phn mm IP cung cp dch v khng tin cy, chuyn d liu phi kt ni bng cch dn xp cho mi b router chuyn d liu. Nu mt router khng th chuyn i mt datagram hay n pht hin mt du hiu khng bnh thng c nh hng n vic chuyn d liu, router cn thng bo cho ni gi datagram. Mi b router hot ng mt cch t qun, chuyn tip hay gi datagram n ch m khng cn s phi hp vi ni gi ban u. H ny lm
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Ch ng 1
vic tt nu mi my tnh hot ng mt cch chnh xc v thng nht vi nhau v vic nh tuyn. S khc bit gia mt mng c ci t vi phn cng nht nh vi mt Internet c ci t vi phn mm ch: i vi thc hin trn, ngi thit k c th thm phn cng c bit thng bo cho cc my ni mng khi c li, cn trong mt Internet khng c c ch phn cng ny nn ni gi khng th bit vic pht chuyn khng c l do cc my a phng hay cc my xa. Do , vic bt li tr thnh cng vic kh khn, bn thn giao thc IP khng cha g nhiu gip ni gi kim tra mi lin kt hay bit v cc li ny. ICMP c xem nh mt phn bt buc ca IP v phi c trong mi ci t IP. Ging nh cc giao dch khc, cc bn tin ICMP di chuyn qua Internet trong phn d liu ca IP datagram . Tuy nhin, ch n cui cng ca mt thng ip ICMP khng phi l mt chng trnh ng dng hay ngi s dng my ch m l phn mm IP trn my . ICMP cho php router gi thng bo li v thng bo iu kin n cc b router khc hoc my khc. Mt my bt k c th gi thng bo ICMP ti bt k my khc. ICMP cung cp phng tin thng tin lin lc gia phn mm IP trn cc my. u im chnh ca vic cho php my tnh s dng ICMP l n cung cp ch mt c ch c dng cho mi thng bo thng tin v iu khin. ICMP l mt c ch thng bo li, n cung cp cho router mt phng php khi gp li s thng bo cho ngun u tin. Khi mt datagram gy ra li, ICMP ch c th thng bo iu kin li tr v ngun ban u ca datagram , ngun ny phi lin h li ny vi tng chng trnh ng dng hoc thc hin thao tc khc sa li. ICMP ch c th thng bo ngc v ngun ban u v hai l do. Th nht, datagram ch gm nhng vng xc nh a ch ngun, a ch ch m khng c h s y v ng i ca n qua Internet. Th hai, thay v hu b datagram mt cch im lng, router s dng ICMP thng bo cho ngun v vn xy ra v tin tng rng chng trnh qun tr my s hp tc vi chng trnh qun tr mng xc nh v sa li.
1.8.3.3 Cc loi bn tin ICMP

Loi bn tin ICMP c ch ra bi trng type trong bn tin ICMP. Cn c s phn bit gia bn tin thng bo li v bn tin truy vn
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Ch ng 1
v chng c x l rt khc bit. V d nh mt bn tin li khng bao gi c to ra tr li cho mt bn tin li, v nu c mt bn tin li to ra mt bn tin li, th s bn tin li s tng theo cp s nhn. Khi mt bn tin ICMP c gi i, n lun cha tiu IP v 8 byte u tin ca IP datagram gy ra li khin bn tin li ICMP c to ra. N cho php modul ICMP ang thu kt hp bn tin ny vi mt giao thc c bit (TCP hoc UDP c xc nh trong trng loi giao thc ca tiu IP datagram ) v mt tin trnh ngi dng c bit (t s cng ly t 8 byte d liu IP u tin cha tiu TCP hoc UDP). Mt bn tin li ICMP khng bao gi c to ra tr li cho: Mt bn tin li. Mt datagram c ch l a ch IP broadcast hay multicast. Mt datagram c gi nh mt broadcast lp link. Mt fragment khng phi l fragment u tin. Mt datagram m a ch ngun ca n khng xc nh mt host n, iu c ngha l a ch ngun khng th l a ch ton 0, a ch loopback, a ch broadcast hay a ch multi cast. Cc lut trn nhm trnh broadcast storms khi bn tin li c gi i tr li cho cc gi broadcast.
1.8.3.4 Mt s loi bn tin ICMP

Yu cu v tr li mt n a ch H thng khng a s dng bn tin yu cu mt n a ch ICMP (ICMP address mask request ) t c mt n mng con ca n (subnet mask) trong thi gian mi. H thng ang yu cu ny thc hin broadcast bn tin ICMP request ca n. Mt gii php mt h thng khng a t c mt n mng con ca n l s dng giao thc BOOTP.
0 Type
7 8 Code(0)
15 16 checksum
31
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Ch ng 1
(17 or 18) Identifier
Sequence number
32bit subnetmask Hnh 1.35 nh dng bn tin yu cu v tr li mt n a ch ICMP Cc trng identifier v sequence number c thit lp n mt gi tr bt k bi pha gi trong bn tin request v cc gi tr ny c gi ngc tr v t pha thu trong bn tin reply. N cho php pha gi xc nhn bn tin reply no l tr li cho bn tin request no. Yu cu v tr li nhn thi gian ICMP
0 31 Type (13 or Code(0) 14) Identifier
7 8 checksum Sequence number
15 16
32bit originate timestamp 32bit receive timestamp 32bit transmit timestamp Hnh 1.36 nh dng bn tin yu cu v tr li nhn thi gian ICMP Yu cu nhn thi gian ICMP (ICMP timestamp request ) cho php mt h thng truy vn h thng khc thi im hin ti. Gi tr nhn thi gian c quay vng v 0 sau mt vi ms k t lc na m. c tnh tt ca bn tin ICMP l n cung cp phn gii c ms trong khi mt s gii php khc cung cp phn gii c giy. Tr ngi ch xy ra lc na m. Pha yu cu in vo trng originate timestamp v gi i yu cu. H thng tr li in vo receive timestamp khi n thu -
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67
Ch ng 1
c request v in vo transmit timestamp khi n gi i reply. Thc t thng hai trng ny c lp cng mt gi tr. Nguyn nhn cung cp 3 trng l cho pha gi tnh thi gian request v tnh ring thi gian reply c gi.
1.8.3.5 X l cc bn tin ICMP

V ICMP bao ph mt vng rng cc iu kin, t cc bn tin thng bo li n cc bn tin thng tin, nn bn tin ICMP c x l khc nhau, thm ch trong mt thc hin cho trc. Tu loi bn tin m bn tin ICMP c x l bi nhn hay c gi n tt c cc tin trnh ngi dng ng k vi nhn c cc bn tin ICMP thu c. Nu khng c cc tin trnh ngi dng ny th bn tin b hu b mt cch im lng. Cc tin trnh ngi dng ny cng thu mt bn sao ca tt c cc bn tin ICMP k c cc bn tin c x l bi mng li, nhng ch sau khi mng li x l bn tin. Mt s bn tin b hu b.
1.9Cc c ch truyn ti
TCP v UDP l hai giao thc tng giao vn, hot ng trn IP, c cc c im khc nhau. Nu s tin cy quan trng hn tr th TCP/IP c s dng ngc li th dng UDP/IP. TCP: cung cp dch v kt ni c hng lin kt (connectionoriented) cho cc lp trn. TCP c c ch bo nhn (Acknowledge) v truyn li cc gi b li hay mt, c c ch iu khin lung. D liu c truyn theo lung lin tc, c m bo sp xp tun t cc n v d liu (segment). Mt tin trnh ng dng trong mt host truy nhp vo cc dch v ca TCP c cung cp thng qua mt cng (port). Mt cng kt hp vi mt a ch IP to thnh mt socket duy nht trn lin mng trao i thng tin. Nhiu cng c dnh ring cho cc ng dng c bn nh FTP, WWW, Telnet... Trong phn bo hiu H323 ca VoIP, TCP dng m bo s tin cy khi thit lp cuc gi. Tuy nhin, TCP khng c dng mang lu lng thoi. UDP: Ngc li vi TCP, UDP l giao thc kt ni khng lin kt,c phn tiu nh hn v t chc nng hn nn UDP c xu hng
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Ch ng 1
hot ng nhanh hn TCP. Do UDP c dng mang lu lng thoi, vic bo nhn v truyn li gi trong TCP lm cho tr qu ln v cht lng thoi khng chp nhn c. Ngoi ra, UDP cng c c ch gn v qun l cc s hiu cng nh danh cc ng dng
Kt Lun
Chng ny trnh by c nhng khi nim c s v mng IP vi cc chc nng v thnh phn c bn ca n.Cc vn c trnh by bao gm : Khi nim c bn v hai m hnh OSI v TCP/IP, chc nng cc lp trong mi m hnh, s ging v khc nhau gia hai m hnh ny. Giao thc IP : khi nim c bn,chc nng, a ch IP, cc phng php gn a ch IP, cu trc gi d liu IP, qu trnh ng gi, phn mnh, hp nht cc gi IP, IPv6, nh tuyn IP. Cc giao thc khc trong lp Internet: ARP, RARP, ICMP. Cc c ch truyn ti. Trong chng k tip chng ta s tm hiu cc k thut nh tuyn trong mng IP.
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Ch ng 1
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
70
n tt nghip i hc nh tuyn trong mng IP
Ch ng 2 K thut
Chng 2 k thut nh tuyn trong mng IP 2.1 Khi nim v nh tuyn

nh tuyn l mt cng vic quan trng trong qu trnh truyn tin trong mng thng tin. N c thc hin tng mng (tng 3 theo m hnh tham chiu OSI). Mc ch ca nh tuyn l chn ng chuyn thng tin ca ngi s dng t im ngun n im ch trong mi trng lin mng.
Hnh 2.1 S xc nh ng dn Qu trnh nh tuyn (routing) bao gm hai hot ng chnh, l: xc nh ng truyn (path determination) v chuyn tip thng tin (forwarding) theo ng (cn c gi l switching). Vic truyn thng tin i theo con ng chn c th ni l kh n gin , trong khi , vic xc nh ng truyn phc tp hn rt nhiu. Trong cc mng thng tin khc nhau, vic xc nh ng truyn cng din ra khc nhau. Tuy nhin, cch xc nh ng truyn no cng bao gm hai cng vic c bn : Th nht l thu thp v phn pht thng tin v tnh trng ca mng (v d nh trng thi ng truyn, tnh trng tc nghn...) v ca thng tin cn truyn (v d nh lu lng, yu cu dch v...). Cc thng tin ny s c s dng lm c s cho vic xc nh ng truyn.
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71
Ch ng 2 K thut
Th hai l chn ra ng truyn kh dng (cng c th l ng truyn ti u) da trn cc thng tin trng thi trn. ng truyn kh dng l ng truyn tho mn mi yu cu ca thng tin cn truyn (v d: tc ) v iu kin ca mng (v d: kh nng ca ng truyn). Cn ng truyn ti u (theo mt tiu chun no ) l ng truyn tt nht trong nhng ng truyn kh dng. Trong mi mng thng tin, c th s dng mt trong hai kiu forwarding: hng kt ni (connection-oriented) v phi kt ni (connectionless) Lp mng thc hin phn phi gi t u cui ti u cui theo li tng lc xuyn qua lin mng. Lp mng dng bng nh tuyn gi cc gi t mng ngun ti mng ch.Sau khi cc router xc nh ng dn s dng,n x l chuyn tip cc gi.N ly gi c chp nhn trn mt giao tip v chuyn n giao tip khc l bt u ca ng dn tt nht a gi n ch.
Hnh 2.2
Bng nh tuyn IP
Mt bng nh tuyn bao gm cc a ch mng ch v cp hop ( on ni gia hai node) k tip. Mt mc trong bng nh tuyn trn ch ra rng n mng 172.31.0.0, gi nn gi ra giao tip S0.
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72
Ch ng 2 K thut
Cc thng tin v bng nh tuyn c cha trong RAM/DRAM ca Router.Cc thng tin v ng i n mng (hay nhm mng) nm trong mt dng ca bng nh tuyn v cn c gi l thc th trong bng nh tuyn Vic xy dng cc thc th trong bng nh tuyn c th do trc tip ngi qun tr mng hoc t n xy dng nn khi thu thp thng tin t mng (thng qua giao thc nh tuyn) Khi cc giao din ca router c kch hot v gn a ch IP. Router s nhn bit cc mng
S0 E0 S1
L0
L1
L2
Router#show ip inter brief Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Serial0 192.168.1.1 YES unset up Serial1 192.168.2.1 YES unset down FastEthernet0 192.168.3.1 YES unset down Loopback0 192.168.4.1 YES unset up Loopback2 192.168.5.1 YES unset up Loopback3 192.168.6.1 YES unset up Router#show ip route C 192.168.4.0 is directly connected, Loopback0 C 192.168.5.0 is directly connected, Loopback1 C 192.168.6.0 is directly connected, Loopback2
Protocol down down down up up up
Hnh 2.3 Giao tip router
2.2
Cc phng php nh tuyn
nh tuyn c th phn ra lm nhiu loi v mt Router c th dng nhiu phng php nh tuyn cng lc. K hoch nh tuyn phi c thc hin mt cch c k hoch ttrn ton mng.
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73
Ch ng 2 K thut
C th phn loi phng php nh tuyn (phng php xy dng bng nh tuyn) trong mng IP thnh: nh tuyn tnh v nh tuyn ng nh tuyn trong min qun tr IGP v lin min qun tr EGP nh tuyn Distance-vector v Link-state ...
2.2.1
nh tuyn tnh
Thng tin v nh tuyn tnh c cung cp t ngi qun l mng thng qua cc thao tc nhp bng tay vo trong cu hnh ca router.Ngi qun tr phi cp nhp bng tay i vi cc mc ch tuyn tnh ny bt c khi no kin trc mng b thay i. nh tuyn tnh c u im l cho php bn ch ra thng tin m bn mun biu l v cc mng b gii hn, do lm tng tnh bo mt ca thng tin. nh tuyn tnh c s dng khi : Cu trc mng n gin Mng l mng ct stub-network( mng ch c th tip cn bng mt ng dn) Cu hnh nh tuyn tnh cho mt mng ct trnh c lng overhead ca nh tuyn ng.Khi s dng phng php nh tuyn tnh s khng lm tng lu lng trong mng v khng th thch ng vi s thay i topo v lu lng ca mng.
2.2.2 nh tuyn ng
Trong phng php nh tuyn ng, cc Router s thu thp thng tin v tnh trng ca mng v t ng xy dng nn thc th trong bng nh tuyn.Cc router s trao i thng tin chng t quyt nh vic xy dng thc th trong bng nh tuyn Phng php ny c li th khi mng phc tp.nh tuyn ng em n s linh hot , c th thch ng vi vic mng thay i kin trc v lu lng, to ra mt lu lng thng tin phc v trao i thng tin nh tuyn.
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
74
Ch ng 2 K thut
Hnh2.4 nh tuyn ng c th thch nghi vi s thay i topo S thnh cng ca nh tuyn ng ty thuc vo hai chc nng router c bn: Duy tr mt bng nh tuyn. Phn tn tri thc mng theo nh k, di dng cp nht nh tuyn, cho cc router khc. nh tuyn ng da vo mt giao thc nh tuyn chia s tri thc mng cho cc router.Mt giao thc nh tuyn nh ra mt tp nguyn tc c p dng vo mi router khi n thng tin vi cc router lng ging. Giao thc nh tuyn l mt tp cc qui ch v vic trao i thng tin nh tuyn v la chn ng i c coi l ngn nht Cc tham s c tnh n khi chn ng i ngn nht bao gm: Hop count ( s lng bc nhy ) Bandwidth ( Bng thng ) Load ( Ti ) Reliability ( tin cy ) Delay ( tr )
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75
Ch ng 2 K thut
Hnh 2.5 Khong cch trong cc n v o lng
Hnh 2.6 Cc thnh phn o lng nh tuyn Cn c vo vic trao i thng tin v la chn ng i ngn nht c th chia nh tuyn ng thnh cc loi sau: Distance-vector Link-state Hybrid kt hp hai loi trn
2.3 Cc thut ton chn ng

2.3.1 Gii thiu
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76
Ch ng 2 K thut
C rt nhiu thut ton chn ng khc nhau. Mi thut ton c nhng u im cng nh hn ch ring. Ngi thit k khi thit k mng s cn c vo mng ca mnh (c im ca mng, cc tiu ch i vi vic truyn thng tin trong mng...) la chn thut ton chn ng cho ph hp. Ngi ta c th nh gi thut ton chn ng theo nhng kha cnh sau : Ti u C nhng thut ton chn ra c nhng ng truyn ti u, cng c thut ton ch chn ra c nhng ng truyn gn ti u.. nh gi c mc ti u ca tuyn ng, khi trin khai thut ton phi xc nh r l ti u theo ci g? C nhiu tham s hay c s dng nh gi mt tuyn ng: S node phi i qua. Khong cch vt l. Gi thnh truyn dn. tr truyn lan. tin cy. Bng thng. Hiu sut s dng mng. Mc x l ti node. .v.v n gin khi m t cc thut ton, ngi ta a ra mt khi nim: di. di ca tuyn ng l mt hm ph thuc vo mt hoc nhiu tham s trn. Do , vic chn tuyn ng ti u cng chnh l chn con ng c di ngn nht. Nhiu khi, di (length) ca link cn c gi l cost, hoc weight. Cc cch gi ny mang ngha nh nhau. Lng ti nguyn mng s dng phc v vic chn ng Bt k thut ton chn ng no, hot ng c u phi s dng ti nguyn mng. nh gi lng ti nguyn mng s dng, ngi ta thng da trn nhng thng tin nh: phc tp tnh ton khi xy dng bng chn ng, lng b nh yu cu, lng thng tin trao i phc v chn ng. Mnh v n nh
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
77
Ch ng 2 K thut
Thut ton phi mnh v n nh, ngha l n phi hot ng tt trong mi tnh hung, ngay c trong nhng trng hp bt thng, khng th d bo trc nh: li truyn dn, lu lng tng cao t ngt... Tc hi t ( Thi gian hi t) Gii thut nh tuyn l c s cho nh tuyn ng . Bt c khi no tpo ca mng thay i th c s tri thc mng cng phi thay i.Tri thc ny cn c phn nh qua tm nhn chnh xc n nh v mt tp mi.Tm nhn ny gi l s hi t. Vic s dng mt giao thc nh tuyn (ng) lun i hi cc Router nhn thc mt cch chnh xc v mng.Khi mi khi ng hoc c s thay i v mng, cc router phi mt 1 khong thi gian nhn bit chnh xc v mng. y l thi gian hi t ca mng Khi tt c cc router trong mt lin mng ang hot ng vi cng mt tri thc, lin mng c gi l hi t.Hi t nhanh l mt c tnh mng lun c mong mun bi n gim i khong thi gian trong cc router s tip tc a ra cc quyt nh khng chnh xc v v b. Thi gian hi t ph thuc vo thi gian trao i thng tin v thi gian hon thnh thut ton. Ta cn c s cn nhc gia gim thiu thi gian hi t v lu lng nh tuyn. i vi nhng mng thay i lin tc, vic nh tuyn cng cn phi cp nht thng tin thng xuyn v sau th a ra quyt nh chn ng mi. Do , nu tc hi t ca thut ton thp, khng p ng kp thi vi s thay i ca mng, c th gy ra tnh trng c nhng vng lp i lp li trong tuyn ng, lm cho hot ng ca mng b nh tr. Ta c th xem mt v d n gin sau ( Xem Hnh 2.7 )
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
78
Ch ng 2 K thut
5 RXW HU
* W L LL QW U HU RXW ;
5 RXW HU
FK ;
1RGHVDX 5
FK ;
1RGH VDX 5
% QJ FK FSQKWQJ FK FK Q QJ % Q QJ DFSQKW
Hnh 2.7 tuyn vng
Tc hi t thp dn ti nh
Gi s vic chn ng c thc hin ti tng node, mi ln mng thay i hoc trong mt khong thi gian no th thng tin v mng c cp nht, v sau th cc b chn ng phi tnh ton li. Nhng do hi t ca thut ton thp nn cc bng chn ng mi node c to ra nhng thi im khc nhau. Nu ta cn chuyn mt tin ti node X trong mng, con ng ti node X c xc nh l phi qua node R1. Khi gi tin ti R1, bng chn ng va c cp nht v xc nh node tip theo trn con ng i ti node X l phi qua node R2, n s c chuyn ti R2. Nhng khi ti node R2, do cha c bng chn ng cp nht, nn li xc nh node tip theo trn con ng i ti node X l node R1 (theo thng tin c), gi tin li c chuyn tr li node R1. iu ny lm cho vic chn ng ca chng ta b lun qun hai node R1, R2 ny, gi tin khng th ti ch. Linh hot Chn ng linh hot c ngha l mi khi trong mng c s thay i, vic chn ng phi nhanh chng pht hin c thay i ny v iu chnh li cc thng tin chn ng cho ph hp.
2.3.2 Thut ton tm ng ngn nht

Xt mt th G = (V , E , L ) vi V l mt tp cc nh c N phn t biu th cho cc node trong mng. E l tp cc cung tng trng cho cc link trong mng. W l tp gi tr mang di ca mi cung trong
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
79
Ch ng 2 K thut
E. lij L l di ca cung {i,j} E ni nh i vi j V. di ny chnh l di ca link tng ng. di ca cc cung c coi l c nh, hoc gi l c nh trong mt khong thi gian tm ra con ng ngn nht. Mc du vy, trong mt s trng hp, di ca link l mt hm
ph thuc thi gian, tc l L = {l ij (ij ) | (i, j ) E} . ng i ngn nht gia nh ngun s v nh ch d l mt chui lin tc cc cung ni s v d vi khong cch ngn nht trong G. Mt cch trc quan, khong cch ngn nht gia hai nh s v d thy c bng cch coi cc cung trong graph l cc si dy c di tng ng; sau cm hai nh ko cng ra. Khi , con ng ngn nht s l chui cc on dy to thnh ng thng ni s vi d. Tu vo th m vic m vic tm con ng ngn nht l n gin hay phc tp. V d, vi th hnh cy ( Hnh 2.8a), ta ch c mt con ng duy nht ni hai nh, nn tt nhin cng l con ng ngn nht. Cn vi th c cha vng ( Hnh 2.8b ), vic tm ng ngn nht s phc tp hn, bi t mt nh ngun, n c nh ch c th i qua nhiu con ng.
Hnh 2.8 th cy v th c vng Thut ton chn ng ngn nht a ra cc bc tm c con ng ngn nht gia hai nh. Vi cng mt th, cng mt cp nh ngun-ch, cc thut ton chn ng ngn nht c th a ra cc con ng ngn nht khc nhau (chui cc cung khc nhau), nhng di ca cc con ng chc chn phi bng nhau.
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
80
Ch ng 2 K thut
Cc thut ton khc nhau c cc bc thc hin khc nhau, nhng tt c u da trn mt nguyn l chung thc hin tnh ton: Nu k l mt nh nm trn con ng ngn nht t i n j th on t i n k ca con ng phi l con ng ngn nht t i n k, v on t k n j cng chnh l con ng ngn nht t k ti j. T , ta c cng thc sau: (*) Trong , dij, dik, dkj l khong cch ngn nht gia hai nh tng ng. Khi thc hin thut ton, ta coi rng, nu gia hai nh i, j
k
d ij = min ( d ik + d kj )
khng c cung ni th hin
l ij =
. Da vo tp cc lij, ta tnh cn trn di
ca khong cch t nh s n tt c cc nh i V. Mi khi pht

j ji , cn trn di s c lm tt ln: i . (**) Qu trnh kt thc khi khng cn cn trn no c th lm tt thm c na. Khi , gi tr ca di s cho ta di ca con ng ngn nht t s n i. Vic tnh ton cc cn trn c gi l gn nhn, qu trnh s dng nhn ca mt nh gn li nhn cho cc nh khc c gi l qu trnh qut. Mt trong nhng thut ton tm ng ngn nht hot ng hiu qu nht c a ra bi Dijkstra. Thut ton ny cn c thng tin v ton b th c th tm ra con ng ngn nht t mt nh ti cc nh cn li. Mt thut ton khc rt thch hp cho vic tnh ton phn tn, thut ton Bellman - Ford, ch cn thng tin v cc cung t mt nh ti cc nh ln cn. Hu ht cc thut ton chn ng ngn nht c s dng trn mng thng tin hin nay u da trn thut ton Dijkstra hoc Bellman-Ford. S dng cc thut ton ny, mi node trong mng s lu gi mt bng chn ng, ch ra node tip theo trn con ng ngn nht ti ch, v di ca con ng . Khi mng c s thay i, cc thng tin cp nht c chuyn qua cc node ln cn hoc c qung b trn ton mng. T , cc node s tnh li bng chn ng ca mnh. T cc bng chn ng trong mi node, chng ta c th to c cy ng ngn nht ti mi node (xem Hnh 2.9) j
(d
+ l ji < d i )
(d
= d +l
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
81
Ch ng 2 K thut
Hnh 2.9 ch d
Cy ng i ngn nht cho node
2.3.3
Thut ton Dijkstra
Thut ton ny do Dijkstra a ra. N thch hp cho vic tm ng i ti u t mt nh ti tt c cc nh cn li trong th. Hot ng ca thut ton ny nh sau: Gi s ta cn tm ng i ngn nht t nh s n tt c cc nh cn li trong th. Thut ton c xy dng da trn c s gn cho cc nh cc nhn tm thi. Cc nhn ny c bin i theo mt th tc lp. Sau mi vng lp, s c mt nhn tm thi tr thnh nhn c nh, chnh l nhn tm thi c gi tr nh nht. Nhn c nh, tt nhin, khng b bin i trong cc vng lp, v chnh l di ca con ng ngn nht t nh ngun ti nh tng ng vi nhn . nh mi c gn nhn c nh ny s c qut gn li nhn tm thi cho cc nh khc. Ta thy rng, vic gn nhn li cho cc nh ch c thc hin mi khi c thm mt nh c gn nhn c nh. nh c gn nhn c nh trc phi c gi tr ca nhn c nh nh hn nhn c nh ca nh c gn sau. Nn, m bo mt nh c nhn c
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
82
Ch ng 2 K thut
nh khng c gn nhn li, phi c yu cu rng khng c cung no trong mng c chiu di m. Thut ton Dijkstra c ci t nh sau:
array[n] Dijkstra(n , root , dist [n,n]) // root: node ngun // n: s node varpre_node[n] // Node lin trc cur_dist[n] scanned[n] nh index Findmin( ) d_min = INFINITY for each ( i , n ) if ( !scanned[i] && (cur_dist[i] < d_min) ) i_min = i d_min = cur_dist[i] return i_min void Scan( i ) for each ( j , n ) if (cur_dist [j] > cur_dist [i] + dist [i,j] ) cur_dist [j] = cur_dist [i] + dist [i,j] pre_node[j] = i // Khong cch hin ti // nu bng TRUE, l c gn nhn c // dist[i,j] = lij
cur_dist INFINITY pre_node -1 scanned FALSE cur_dist [root] = 0 #_scanned = 0
while ( #_scanned < n) i ( Findmin( )
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
83

Scan ( i ) return (pre_node)
Ch ng 2 K thut
Vi mng pre_node, ta s thu c tt c cc con ng ti u t cc nh trong mng ti nh ngun.
2.3.4 Thut ton Bellman-Ford

Khc vi thut ton Dijkstra, tm v qut nh c nhn nh nht, v mi nh ch phi qut mt ln, thut ton Bellman qut cc nh theo th t gn nhn ca nh, v vy s khng phi tm nh nh nht, tuy nhin li dn ti vic mt nh c th phi qut nhiu ln. Thut ton Bellman c bn hot ng bng cch qut ln lt tt c cc nh, nhm gn li nhn cho cc nh khc. V c thc hin lp li nh vy cho n khi sau mt vng lp m khng c nh no c gn nhn li na. Tuy nhin, lm nh vy phi thc hin mt lng tnh ton rt ln. Thng thng, khi qut mt nh, ch cn kim tra xem c phi gn li nhn cho cc nh ln cn hay khng. V ch cn qut nhng nh c gn nhn li trong vng lp trc. thc hin theo cch va ni, c th s dng mt hng i lu gi th t qut cc nh cn qut. Mi khi mt nh c gn nhn, n li c a vo hng i. V hng i l kho d liu qun l theo kiu vo trc - ra trc (FIFO) nn cc nh s c qut theo th t gn nhn. Nu mt nh c gn nhn li sau khi qut, n li c a vo trong hng i. hiu thut ton Bellman-Ford, ta xem v d sau: Xt mng nh trong Hnh 2.10, gi s A l nh ngun. A c gn nhn 0 v c a vo hng i. Qut A, nh B v C c gn nhn tng ng l 5 v 1, v cng c a vo hng i. Tip theo, ta qut nh B, gn nhn cho D v E cc gi tr 6 v 11. D v E cng c t vo hng i. Tip theo ta qut nh C, B c gn nhn mi l 4 v c a tr li hng i. Qut D, gn nhn 10 cho F v a F vo hng i. Qut E. B c qut ln th 2, n gn cho D v E cc nhn tng ng l 5 v 10, v c hai tip tc li quay tr li hng i. Qut F, khng gn nhn mi cho nh no. Qut D, gn nhn 9 cho F v a F tr li hng i. Qut E, qut F.
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
84
n tt nghip i hc nh tuyn trong mng IP 0 A 1 C 1 4 B 1 5 D 5 4 F 9
Ch ng 2 K thut E 10 6 2
5 3
Hnh 2..10 Mng v d Thut ton Bellman c ci t nh sau:

array[n] Bellman (n , root , dist [n,n]) varpre_node[n] , cur_dist[n] , in_queue[n] , scan_queue[n] void Scan( i ) in_queue[ i ] = FALSE for j = 1 to n if (cur_dist [j] > cur_dist [i] + dist [i,j] ) cur_dist [j] = cur_dist [i] + dist [i,j] pre_node [j] = i if ( ! in_queue [j] ) push (scan_queue , j) in_queue [j] = FALSE cur_dist INFINITY pre_node -1 in_queue FALSE initialize_queue (scan_queue) cur_dist [root] = 0 push (scan_queue , root) in_queue[root] = TRUE while ( ! empty (scan_queue)) i pop(scan_queue) scan (i) return (pre_node).
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
85
Ch ng 2 K thut
Ta thy rng, cc nh c qut theo th t gn nhn, dn n l cc nh c qut theo khong cch bc (hop) ti nh ngun. u tin, nh ngun c qut (hop = 0), tip theo l cc nh ln cn nh ngun (hop = 1). V c th tip tc. Do , ta thy, mt nh c th cn phi qut ti a n-1 ln. Trong hu ht cc trng hp thc t, s ln qut trung bnh ca cc nh khng ln, thng ch l 3 n 4 ln, d l mng c ti hng ngn nh. Trong khi , vi nhng mng c s lng nh ln, chng trnh s dng thut ton Dijkstra phi mt kh nhiu thi gian vo vic tm nh c gi tr nhn nh nht. Do , thut ton Bellman ni chung thc hin nhanh hn so vi thut ton Dijkstra. Nh trong v d trc, khi qut nh C, ta gn nhn li cho nh B, m trc , nh B gn nhn cho hai nh D, E. Sau khi qut C xong, ta qut D v E ri mi n nh B ln th hai. Khi qut B ln th hai, ta gn nhn li cho D v E, dn ti l li phi qut li hai nh ny. Dng nh, khi ta qut li B th cng phi qut li D v E. T vn , ta thy rng c th gim c s ln qut D v E bng cch t B vo u hng i ngay sau khi n c gn nhn li. Cng vic ny thc t lm tng ng k hiu qu ca chng trnh, m ta ch phi sa i thut ton mt cht, l s dng mt hng i c hai u vo, v ngoi vic lu thng tin v vic c mt ca mt nh trong hng i hay cha, ta cn cn thng tin v vic nh tng trong hng i hay cha. Tuy nhin, vi thut ton Bellman-Ford sa i ny, ta c th gp phi trng hp v cng xu, nh trong v d sau (Hnh 2.11):
Hnh 2.11 Mng v d
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
86
Ch ng 2 K thut
Nu khi gn nhn cc nh ln cn theo th t ABC, qu trnh qut cc nh s xy ra nh sau: u tin, R gn cho A nhn 11, B nhn 9 v.v Sau qut A khng gn nhn cho nh no c. Tip theo, qut B, gn nhn cho A, t A vo u hng i, ri sau li qut A. Qut C, gn nhn li cho A v B C tip tc nh th, cui cng, nh A c gn nhn v qut 2N-1 ln. Trng hp trn xy ra l cc gi tr khng t nhin ca trng s cc on ng v cch ta gn nhn cc nh ln cn ca cc nh ang qut. Tuy nhin, trng hp tng t rt him khi xy ra trong thc t. V nu ta thy n xy ra thng xuyn, th tt nht nn s dng thut ton Dijkstra. So snh vi thut ton Dijkstra: C hai thut ton ny u l nhng thut ton n gin, hiu qu, d ci t, tuy nhin c khc nhau mt s im sau: Thut ton Dijkstra ch c th hot ng c nhng mng c di cc knh u dng. Trong khi , thut ton Bellman c th s dng c trong nhng mng c knh c di m, min l khng tn ti cc vng c tng di cc cung trong vng m. Thut ton Dijkstra cn thng tin v tt c cc nh, tt c cc cung. Trong khi , thut ton Bellman, c th tm ng ngn nht cho mt nh da vo thng tin tm ng ngn nht ca cc nh ln cn, v di cc cung ni vi cc nh ln cn .
2.4
Cc loi giao thc nh tuyn
Hu ht cc gii thut nh tuyn c th c chia thnh mt trong hai gii thut c bn: Distance vector Link - State nh tuyn distance-vector xc nh hng v khong cch i vi bt k lin kt no trong lin mng nh tuyn Link State (cn c gi l shortest path fist) kin to li chnh xc kin trc ca ton lin mng( hay ch t l mt phn trong router thuc vo). nh tuyn Blanced-hybrid phi hp cc kha cnh ca hai loi trn
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
87
Ch ng 2 K thut
2.4.1 nh tuyn theo vec-t khong cch

2.4.1.1 Gii thiu
nh tuyn theo vect khong cch ( Distance vector ) da trn nguyn tc trao i phin bn copy trong cc bng nh tuyn gia cc router mt cch nh k.Vic trao i thng tin nh tuyn ch din ra gia 2 router k cn .Cc router tip nhn cc bng nh tuyn cng thm khong cch v xy dng nn thc th nh tuyn ca n.Khong cch n ch s l tng khong cch thnh phn Cc thut ton chn ng theo vec-t khong cch c s dng ph bin trong cc mng chuyn mch gi t cch y vi thp k, bt u t mng ARPANET. N c s dng ph bin c th l do n gin, tnh ton phn tn, ch s dng nhng thng tin cc b nh ra con ng ti ch. Cc thut ton chn ng theo vec-t khong cch chn ra cc con ng ti u theo mt tiu chun ti u nh trc. Thc o nh gi c th l cc tham s v tr, t l li, cc ph truyn dn... Khi nh gi mt ng truyn, ta da trn mt gi tr gi l cost ca ng truyn . Cost c th l mt trong nhng tham s trn, cng c th l mt hm ph thuc vo nhiu tham s. ng truyn ti u ngha l c cost nh nht. y chng ta ch xt trng hp: cost ca mt tuyn ng (route) bng tng cost ca cc link. Bi v, c nhng trng hp, v d, cost ca route bng mt hm tch ca cost cc link (trong trng hp t l li bit). C s ca cc thut ton chn ng theo vec-t khong cch l thut ton Bellman-Ford ni trn. Hn ch ca thut ton chn ng theo khong cch l tc hi t b nh hng rt nhiu khi cc link trong mng thay i cost lin tc.
2.4.1.2
Tnh ton li cost
Gi s ti thi im trc khi c thay i v cost ca cc link, tuyn ng t node i n node j phi i qua node ln cn vi i l k, v cost ca ton tuyn ng l d. Nu sau khi thay i cost, node i nhn c thng tin t node ln cn k rng qua k, con ng ti j c tng cost l d < d, th thng tin v con ng ti j ca i s c cp nht. Trng hp khc, nu node k thng bo vi node i rng con
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
88
Ch ng 2 K thut
ng ti j qua k tng cost, khi node i s thc hin li vic tnh ton chn ng ti node j. Trong trng hp, node k b hng (hoc link t i ti k b hng), cn phi c bin php x l li ny, bi v theo nh hot ng thng thng, li ny khng th c x l. Bi con ng ti j ca i ch c th thay i khi k gi thng tin thay i cost ca con ng ti j cho i. m vic gi ny khng th thc hin c. Cc giao thc chn ng theo phng php vec-t khong cch u cn c mt c ch x l trng hp ny. V d nh i vi RIP, s qui nh mt chu k cho cc node gi thng tin cp nht ti cc node ln cn. Nu mt node, c sau mt s hu hn chu k , khng nhn c thng tin cp nht t mt node ln cn th tt c cc con ng t node ny qua node ln cn u b hu v phi tnh ton li nhng con ng b hu .
2.4.1.3
m n v cng
Thut ton chn ng theo vec-t khong cch c tc hi t khc nhau trong cc trng hp thay i cost khc nhau. N p ng nhanh vi tin lnh v p ng chm vi tin xu. thy r iu ny, chng ta xem xt v d sau: Mt mng c 5 node nh Hnh 2.12 trong cost l s bc nhy (hop).
Hnh 2.12 Mng v d Con ng ti cc ch khng th ti c cost bng v cng (infinite) (Gi tr v cng ny ln hn bt c cost ca con ng ngn nht no. i vi RIP, infinite bng 16). Gi s, lc u A b hng v tt c cc node khc u bit iu ny nn c cost ca con ng ti A l v cng. Khi A c khi phc (tin lnh), ln trao i thng tin u tin, B bit c lng ging bn tri ca n c cost bng 0 n A. Theo bng nh tuyn ca B, con ng ti A s c cost bng 1. Tt c cc node cn li vn ngh A b hng v c cost ca con ng ti A bng v cng nh trong bng 2.1, dng th hai. Ti ln trao i sau, C bit B c cost n A l 1 v th n cp nht trong
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
89
Ch ng 2 K thut
bng nh tuyn ca n cost n A l 2. C vy, sau 4 chu k trao i thng tin, kt qu ng c tt c cc node. Bng 2.1 Code ca cc node ti cc thi im
B Thi im ban u Sau 1 ln cp nht Sau 2 ln cp nht Sau 3 ln cp nht Sau 4 ln cp nht 1 1 1 1 C 2 2 2 D 3 3 E 4
Xt trng hp th hai, mng ang hot ng tt th ng link t node B n node A b hng (tin xu). Khi B khng nhn c thng tin g v A t pha bn tri, n s coi rng cost ca con ng ti A theo hng bn tri bng v cng. Trong khi , con ng ti A theo hng bn phi s l 2 (qua C) + 1 (t B n C) = 3. Con ng ny thc ra l khng chnh xc bi n phi i qua B ti A. Cost ti A ca theo cc node C,D,E vn khng thay i (Xem bng 2.2). n ln cp nht thng tin th hai, C nhn c thng tin t cc node ln cn v con ng ngn nht n A l 3, n s c cost ca con ng n A l 4. n ln cp nht th ba, B li cp nht li thng tin ca mnh theo C... V thng tin c chm chp c thay i nh vy cho ti khi tt c cc node u c cost ca con ng ti A l v cng.
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
90
Ch ng 2 K thut
Bng 2.2 Code ca cc node ti cc thi im

B Thi im ban u Sau 1 ln cp nht Sau 2 ln cp nht Sau 3 ln cp nht Sau 4 ln cp nht Sau 5 ln cp nht Sau 6 ln cp nht ... 1 3 3 5 5 7 7 ... C 2 2 4 4 6 6 8 ... D 3 3 3 5 5 7 7 ... E 4 4 4 4 6 6 8 ...
2.4.1.4 Chia ct hai hng

Trong trng hp tin xu trn, hai node C v B lin tip truyn nhng thng tin khng chnh xc cho nhau, to ra ng i lng vng. gii quyt tnh trng ny, gii php chia ct hai hng (trong mt s ti liu, c gi l gii php ch ngang), c a ra. Theo gii php ny, mt node truyn thng tin ng v cost ti ch cho tt c cc node lng ging tr node m qua n s i ti ch. i vi node ny, hoc l n khng truyn thng tin g (theo phng php chia ct hai hng thng thng), hoc n truyn li thng tin rng cost bng v cng (theo phng php chia ct hai hng u c ngc - poison reverse). Nh trong v d trn, node C ch truyn thng tin cp nht ng v con ng ti A cho node D, cn vi node B, n khng truyn thng tin g hoc s truyn thng tin rng cost ti A l v cng. Tuy nhin, gii php chia ct hai hng ch gii quyt c tnh trng hai node a thng tin khng chnh xc cho nhau. Cn khi c ba node tr ln a thng tin khng chnh xc, n c th s li ri vo tnh trng to ra ng vng nh trong v d sau: Xt mng nh Hnh 2.13, cost vn l s bc nhy.
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
91
Ch ng 2 K thut
Hnh 2.13
Mng v d
Ti thi im ban u, mng hot ng tt. C c cost ti D l 1. C A v B u c cost ti D l 2 v i qua C. Khi ng link gia C v D b hng, do c A v B u thng bo vi C rng con ng ti D c cost bng v cng nn C s t cost con ng ti D bng v cng v thng bo cho A, B bit. Khi A v B bit c iu ny, n s thay i con ng ti D ca mnh. A ti D qua B (vi cost = 2 + 1 = 3 < v cng) v B ti D qua A (cng vi cost = 3) v hai node ny s gi thng tin l c cost bng 3 cho C... Vy l, c A, B v C cng ri vo tnh trng m ti v cng. (Xem bng 2.3) Bng 2.3 Code ca cc node ti cc thi im
A t B t C Thi im ban u Sau 1 ln cp nht Sau 2 ln cp nht Sau 3 ln cp nht Sau 4 ln cp nht Sau 5 ln cp nht Sau 6 ln cp nht Sau 7 ln cp nht ... 2 2 2 5 ... 1 1 ... B C kqu kqu kqu t A t C t A t B 2 2 3 6 ... 2 2 2 ... 1 1 4 7 ... 2 2 3 5 8 ... 3 6 ... 3 ... 1 4 7 ...
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
92
Ch ng 2 K thut
2.4.1.5
Cp nht c iu kin
Cp nht c iu kin l c ch gip cho cc mng s dng phng php cp nht theo chu k hot ng hiu qu hn. Cp nht c iu kin l qu trnh cp nht cost din ra ngay sau khi pht hin ra c s thay i cost ca tuyn ng ti ch. Thng thng, gim ph tn truyn dn cho thng tin cp nht, qu trnh cp nht c iu kin ch thc hin cp nht i vi nhng tuyn ng m cost s b thay i. ng thi, qu trnh cp nht c iu kin c th c lm chm li mt khong thi gian, trong khong thi gian , nu vic cp nht nh k xy ra th cp nht c iu kin s khng c tin hnh na. Qu trnh cp nht c iu kin din ra nh sau: Gi s node i sau khong thi gian qui nh khng nhn c thng tin g t node j, n s coi rng node j khng th lin lc c. Khi , i s gi thng tin cp nht c iu kin n tt c cc node ln cn ca n. Trong cc node ln cn ca i, ch nhng node c ng i ti j qua i phn ng vi thng tin cp nht ny. Cc node cn li s b qua thng tin cp nht . Nhng node c lin quan s tin hnh tnh ton li con ng ti j, ng thi li gi thng tin cp nht c iu kin n cho cc node ln cn. Kt qu l thng tin cp nht c iu kin c lan truyn t i ti tt c cc node c ng i ti j qua i. Vi c ch cp nht c iu kin ny, vn m n v cng s c loi tr nu trong qu trnh thng tin cp nht c iu kin truyn lan khng c thay i g v tuyn ng ti ch ang xt.
2.4.2 nh tuyn theo trng thi lin kt

2.4.2.1 Gii thiu
nh tuyn hteo trng thi lin kt ( Link-state Routing ) da trn nguyn tc trao i thng tin trng thi LSA gia cc Router trong mng.Vic trao i thng tin din ra trong mt min s dng giao thc nh tuyn.Da vo vic thu thp LSA m router c mt cc nhn tng th v cu trc mng Cu trc ca mng kt hp vi thut ton SPF tm ra Shortest Path First Tree v xy dng nn bng nh tuyn Chn ng theo trng thi lin kt - mt phng php chn ng mnh hn, linh hot hn so vi chn ng theo vec-t khong
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Ch ng 2 K thut
cch - c s dng trong mng ARPANET v vn ang tip tc c s dng trong mng Internet hin ti. Trong thut ton chn ng theo trng thi lin kt, mi node trong mng s c mt bn sao ca c s d liu miu t trng thi (cost) ca cc ng link gia cc node trong mng (link-state database). C s d liu ny c to thnh t nhng phn nh gi l cc thng bo trng thi lin kt (LSA). Mi node trong mng c nhim v to ra mt LSA miu t v tt c cc ng link ni ti mnh. Sau , n gi LSA ny cho tt c cc node cn li trong mng. Vic phn pht cc LSA c thc hin bi qu trnh flooding. Yu cu i vi vic flooding ny l nhanh, chnh xc. Trong thut ton chn ng theo trng thi lin kt, iu quan trng l cc node phi c c s d liu ging nhau. C vy th mi c th chn c nhng con ng chnh xc v khng tn ti vng. Khi trong mng c bt k s thay i v trng thi link (thay i v kh nng lm vic ca node cng dn n thay i v trng thi link), cc node c lin quan s phi to ra nhng bn LSA m t thay i v gi i cho ton mng. Trong khi ang thc hin flooding, cc node s c nhng c s d liu khc nhau. Nhng ch sau mt khong thi gian ngn (c th ni l ch ph thuc vo tr truyn dn, nu flooding tt), vic ng nht d liu li c m bo. Sau khi node c c d liu cp nht, n s thc hin vic tnh ton tm ng truyn da trn c s d liu . Phng php tnh ton ph bin nht l s dng thut ton Dijkstra (cn c gi l thut ton chn ng ngn nht trc tin - SPF, nh ni trn) C th m t thut ton chn ng theo trng thi lin kt gm 5 bc: Xc nh cc node ln cn. nh gi cc link xc nh cost. To cc LSA. Phn pht cc LSA. Tnh ton chn ng.
2.4.2.2
Xc nh cc node ln cn
Khi mt node bt u lm vic, nhim v u tin l gi i mt gi tin c bit HELLO theo tt c cc hng. Cc node u kia ca link khi nhn c gi tin ny, s gi tr li mt gi tin tr li, mang nhng thng tin cn thit v node .
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Ch ng 2 K thut
Nu c nhiu node kt ni vi nhau bi mt LAN, c th miu t mt cch thng thng l cc node ny kt ni im-im cho mi cp. Tuy nhin, ngi ta thng coi LAN nh mt node o. Node o ny kt ni im-im ti tt c cc node . (nh trong Hnh 2.14 , mng LAN kt ni ba node A, C, F (hnh a) c coi nh mt node N ni vi c ba node (hnh b))
Hnh 2.14 Cch m t LAN
2.4.2.3
Xc nh cost cho mi link
Thut ton chn ng theo trng thi lin kt yu cu mi node phi bit c, hay t nht l c lng c, cost ca mi link ni ti n. Nh bit, cost ca mi link c th c nh gi theo nhiu tham s, do cng c nhiu cch xc nh cost ca mi link. V d, nu cost ca mi link c nh gi theo tr truyn lan trn link th, mt gi c th xc nh cost bng cch gi i mt gi tin ECHO, v u bn kia khi nhn c gi tin ny th ngay lp tc gi tr li. Khi , node ban u c th cn c vo khong thi gian t khi pht n khi nhn c gi tin ECHO xc nh cost. Cng c th lm cho cost ca mi link ph thuc vo c vo lu lng ca link. Nu mun ph thuc lu lng, khi tnh thi gian truyn gi ECHO, ta tnh c thi gian t khi gi ny c a vo hng i, cho n khi n bt u c truyn i. nh gi cost ph thuc c vo lu lng c ci li l thng tin s c truyn i theo ng t b tc nghn. Tuy nhin, cng c lc cch ny li dn n l mng hot ng khng hiu qu nh trong v d sau:
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Ch ng 2 K thut
Hnh 2.15 Mng v d Xt mng nh trong Hnh 2.15, c chia thnh hai phn ng v Ty. Hai na ny c kt bi hai ng CF v EI. Gi s rng, phn ln thng tin truyn gia hai na ang theo ng CF, do , khi nh gi, CF s c cost ln hn nhiu so vi EI. Sau khi lp li bng chn ng, tt nhin, s chn EI. T , hu ht lu lng gia hai na s tp trung trn ng EI. n ln nh gi, chn ng sau, CF li c chn. Vy l, bng chn ng lin tc thay i, mng hot ng khng hiu qu.
2.4.2.4
Thng bo trng thi lin kt.
Mng c miu t mt cch chnh xc thng qua cc thng bo trng thi lin kt - LSA (Link State Advertisement). Mi LSA s mang thng tin v mt phn nh ca mng xung quanh mt node. Thng thng, LSA ca mt node cha nhng thng tin sau: Tn, hoc m nhn dng ca node . Danh sch cc link ni ti node . Cost ca mi link. Node (hoc mt phn ca mng c th quy thnh mt node) ni vi u kia ca mi link. Cc dch v, ng dng m node cung cp.
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Ch ng 2 K thut
Hnh 2.16 Mng v d V d, vi mng nh Hnh 2.16 , s c c s d liu nh Hnh 2.17. C s d liu ny c to thnh t 5 LSA (tng ng vi 5 node). Nhn vo LSA tng ng vi node A, ta thy: node A ni vi ba link. Link th nht ni A vi B v c cost bng 4. Link th hai c cost bng 3 ni vi node C. V link th ba c cost bng 1 ni A vi E. Thm na, LSA ca node A cn cho thy node ny c cung cp dch v cho Application 1. Sau khi c c LSA ca tt c cc node khc, cng vi LSA ca mnh to ra, mi node s bit c mi thng tin v cu hnh kt ni, trng thi kt ni... ca mng. Cc thng tin ny s c s dng tnh ton chn ng.
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Ch ng 2 K thut
Hnh 2.17 Thng bo trng thi lin kt LSA Thng thng, mt LSA cn cha thm nhiu thng tin khc nh: S th t (Sequence Number): Khi trong mng tn ti nhiu LSA do cng mt node to ra, s th t ca LSA s c dng chn ra LSA mang thng tin mi nht. Tui (Age) ca LSA: Gi tr ny c dng kim tra xem LSA cn c gi tr na hay khng. Checksum: Dng kim tra li trong khi truyn LSA trn mng hoc khi lu LSA trong b nh. Ngoi ra, trong cc giao thc khc nhau, LSA cn c th c cc trng mang cc thng tin chi tit hn, v d nh: cost ca link cho cc dch v khc nhau, tnh trng tc nghn ca node... Ta thy, vic to cc LSA kh n gin. Nhng vn l ch khi no th to LSA. Cch th nht l to chng mt cch nh k, c sau mt khong thi gian xc nh s thc hin. Cch th hai l to cc LSA mi khi trong mng c mt s thay i ng k nh khi link, hoc node thay i kh nng hot ng: ang hot ng tt th hng hoc ngc li.
2.4.2.5
Phn pht cc LSA
Khi phn pht cc LSA, yu cu t ra l phi nhanh, v tin cy. Thng thng, ngi ta s dng phng php trn lt. Mt node khi pht i cc LSA, s th t s c tng dn ln. Mi node s lu gi
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Ch ng 2 K thut
mt bn danh sch cc cp gi tr (node, s th t). Khi mt node nhn c mt LSA, n s kim tra s th t ca LSA ny, nu ln hn so vi s th t lu trong bn danh sch , n s cp nht c s d liu trng thi lin kt ca mnh, ng thi chuyn tip theo tt c cc link ni vi n ngoi tr link m qua LSA c chuyn ti. Trng hp ngc li, LSA s c b qua. Vic s dng s th t trong cc LSA cng gp phi mt s rc ri: Th nht, nu vic tng dn s th t dn n trn s, hot ng ca mng s b ri lon. (Trn s l iu tt yu xy ra khi tng s ln vt qu phm vi biu din ca my tnh, v d khi biu din s t nhin bng 8 bit, ta ch c th c gi tr ln nht l 255; sau khi cng thm 1 vo s ny, kt qu thu c s l 0). Vn ny c th c gii quyt bng cch s dng nhiu bit biu din s th t. V d, nu s dng s th t 32 bit, v vi chu k pht LSA l 1s th phi sau 136 nm mi xy ra trn s. Th hai, nu mt node b hng, n s b mt gi tr s th t hin ti ca mnh. Nu n li bt u t 0, tt c cc LSA n pht i s khng c gi tr. Vn ny c th c gii quyt bng cch: node sau khi b hng v hot ng tr li, s gi yu cu ti tt c cc node khc trong mng reset li cp gi tr (node, s th t) tng ng. tng tin cy khi flooding, tt c cc node u phi gi thng tin bo nhn khi n nhn c mt LSA, d LSA mang thng tin c hay mi. Nu hai node ln cn gi cng mt LSA cho nhau th khng cn phi bo nhn. Mt node sau khi gi LSA m cha c bo nhn th s tip tc gi LSA sau mi khong thi quy nh cho ti khi nhn c bo nhn. V d, vi mng Hnh 2.16 trn, gi s node A gi LSA ca mnh i, qu trnh flooding s din ra nh sau: u tin, A gi LSA ca mnh cho cc node B, C v E. B, C v E thy cc LSA mi nhn c mang thng tin mi, s cp nht vo c s d liu ca mnh, v gi bo nhn v A. Sau , B s truyn LSA ny cho D, C truyn cho D v E, cn E th truyn cho C v D. LSA chuyn gia C v E c ngm hiu l bo nhn. D, gi s nhn c LSA t C trc tin, s gi LSA cho B v E, v gi bo nhn
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Ch ng 2 K thut
cho C. V D cng ngm coi cc LSA chuyn n t B v E l bo nhn. Cc LSA nhn c B v E t D cng c ngm hiu l bo nhn. gim lng ti nguyn mng b chim bi flooding, cc LSA s gim thiu kch thc bng cch ch cha cc thng tin v nhng thay i trong mng.
2.4.2.6
Tnh ton chn ng.
Sau khi node c c s d liu y , n s thc hin vic tnh ton chn ng. Nh ni, hu ht cc giao thc chn ng theo trng thi lin kt u s dng thut ton SPF tnh ton tm ng ngn nht. Mi link s c hai gi tr cost tng ng do hai node hai u gi n. Thut ton SPF c th s dng c hai gi tr ny, mi gi tr cho mt hng, cng c th s dng gi tr trung bnh cho c hai hng. Khi ng dng giao thc nh tuyn Link-state cn ch cc c im sau: Hu ht cc giao thc nh tuyn Link-state yu cu v tc x l v b nh ca Router nhm lu tr thng tin topo mng v chy thut ton SPF Khi mi khi ng cc phn t trong mng (router) yu cu mt lng bng thng ln. Tuy nhin khi mng n nh th li yu cu bng thng thp cho thng tin nh tuyn
2.4.2.7
So snh Link-State v Distance-vector

Link-state
Distance-vector
Nhn thc v tnh trng mngCc router c ci nhn ging nhau thng qua router k cn v mng thng qua trao i LSA Cng thm khong cch theoTnh ton ng i ngn nht tng chng c lp Update u n theo khongCp nht theo s kin (mi hot thi gian cho trc ng hoc thay i trng thi) Chia s thng tin nh tuynChia s thng tin nh tuyn cho cho cc router k cn tt c cc router trong mng
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Ch ng 2 K thut
Hnh 2.18 So snh Link State v Distance vector Giao thc distance-vector nhn bit cu trc mng thng qua vic trao i bng nh tuyn gia cc router k cn. Trong khi link-state nhn bit thng qua vic tip nhn cc LSA cn thit Vic tnh ton Metric trong distance-vector l vic cng gp. Link-state tnh ton Metric t topo mng v thut ton SPF Distance-vector trao i thng tin nh theo mt chu k nht nh d c d khng c s thay i cu trc mng Thng tin nh tuyn ca distance-vector l ton b ni dung trong thc th nh tuyn.
2.4.3 Giao thc nh tuyn lai ghp

Gm cc giao thc IS-IS (OSI) v EIGRP. L s kt hp gia nh tuyn theo vect khong cch v nh tuyn theo trng thi lin kt. Thng tin nh tuyn cng bao gm ton b ni dung trong thc th. Thi gian cp nhn thng tin nh tuyn tu thuc vo s thay i cu trc mng. La chn tuyn theo nguyn tc vc t khong cch. C tc hi t nhanh ca trng thi lin kt.
Kt lun
Sau khi xem xong chng ny chng ta c nhng kin thc c bn v cc k thut nh tuyn trong mng IP. Ta bit c cc phng php nh tuyn, cc thut ton chn ng v cc loi giao thc nh tuyn trong mng IP . Trong cc chng tip theo chng ta s tm hiu hai giao thc nh tuyn ni trong mng IP l RIP v OSPF.
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Ch ng 2 K thut
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n tt nghip i hc thc thng tin nh tuyn RIP
Ch ng 3 Giao
Chng 3 Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn rip 3.1 Mt s khi nim c bn
3.1.1 B nh tuyn
Lin mng Pha pht Application Transport Network Network Interface & Physical Router Network Network Interface & Physical Pha thu Application Transport Network Network Interface & Physical
Mng con
Mng con
Hnh 3.1 B nh tuyn (Router) Cc b nh tuyn (router) lm nhim v kt ni cc mng lp mng, v thc hin chuyn gi tin gia cc mng. Chng phi bit c cu trc a ch lp mng, v phi quyt nh cch thc, hng truyn cc gi tin. Khi thc hin chn ng truyn cho gi tin, b nh tuyn tin hnh c a ch ch ca gi tin v chn ng truyn da vo bng nh tuyn . Cc b nh tuyn c kh nng chn ra ng truyn tt nht cng nh chn kch thc gi tin ph hp nht.
3.1.2 H thng t tr - AS ( Autonomous System )

Mt s vn v chn ng ny sinh chng hn nh vic cc core Router s c th khng chn c tuyn ng ti u khi tuyn phi i qua backbone, hoc khi cc mng trong mt site c cu trc phn cp phc tp. V mc ch chn ng, chn ng, mt nhm cc mng v cc Router c iu khin bi mt nh chc trch
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qun l n l c gi l h thng t tr (Autonomous System). Cc Router trong mt h thng t tr t do chn cc phng tin cho n pht hin, truyn b, ph chun v kim tra s ph hp ca cc tuyn ng. tng h thng t tr l mt s khi qut ho khng phc tp v t nhin ca kin trc mng li , vi cc h thng t tr thay th cho cc mng cc b. Hnh sau m t tng ny:
Backbone Network
.......... ...
R1
R2
Rn
AS
AS
AS n
Hnh 3.2 Kin trc ca mt internet vi cc h thng t tr ti cc backbone sites. Mi h thng t tr bao gm nhiu mng v cc Router bn di mt chnh quyn qun l lm cho cc mng n trong cc h thng t tr c th i ti c khp Internet, mi h thng t tr phi ng bo trc thng tin v kh nng t ti mng, ti cc h thng t tr khc. Thng thng mt Router trong mt h thng t tr c trch nhim bo trc cc tuyn ng v tng tc trc tip vi mt trong s cc core Router. D sao hon ton c kh nng c vi Router, mi ci bo tin trc mt mng con ca cc mng. Mt mng Internet TCP/IP ln c cu trc b sung lm ph hp cc bin gii qun l: mi tp hp ca cc mng v cc Router c qun l bi mt chnh quyn qun l s c xem xt tr thnh mt h thng t tr. Mt h thng t tr t do la chn mt kin trc chn ng bn trong, nhng phi tp hp thng tin v tt c cc mng ca n v ch nh r mt hoc nhiu Router s chuyn thng tin
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Ch ng 3 Giao
v kh nng c th t ti cc h thng t tr khc. Bi v Internet c kt ni dng kin trc mng li, Nn mi h thng t tr phi chuyn thng tin v kh nng c th ti cho cc core Router. Mt AS thng bao gm mt s mng kt ni vi nhau ca mt t chc no . Mi AS c qun l theo mt chnh sch ring, s dng mt chin lc nh tuyn ring. Nh trong Hnh 3.2 mt AS c th kt ni vi mt AS khc c qun l bi cng mt t chc, n cng c th kt ni vi mt mng khc.
Hnh 3.3 Mi quan h gia giao thc cng ni v giao thc cng ngoi. C nhiu giao thc nh tuyn trong mng Internet c a ra. Mt s c s dng thc hin vic nh tuyn trong mt AS, mt s khc c s dng nh tuyn gia cc AS vi nhau. Giao thc cng ni (IGP - Interior Gateway Protocol): Cc giao thc cng ni m bo cho cc router trong cng mt AS c th thc hin trao i thng tin vi nhau. Cc giao thc nh OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) v RIP (Routing Information Protocol) thuc loi ny.
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Ch ng 3 Giao
Giao thc cng ngoi (EGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol): Cc giao thc cng ngoi cho php trao i thng tin gia cc h t tr. Mt v d v giao thc cng ngoi l BGP (Border Gateway Protocol). Trong khun kh ca n, chng ta s tm hiu hai giao thc nh tuyn cng ni l RIP v OSPF.
3.2 Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn RIP

Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn RIP (Routing Information Protocol) l mt v d ca mt giao thc cng trong c thit k s dng trong cc h thng t tr nh. RIP c nn tng l giao thc nh tuyn Xerox XNS. RIP c sm trin khai v c chp nhn bi n c kt hp trong h iu hnh BSD da trn nn UNIX. RIP thuc s cc giao thc nh tuyn theo vc-t khong cch. Vo gia nm 1988, IETF pht hnh RFC 1058 m t hot ng ca h thng s dng RIP. Tuy nhin RFC ny ra i sau khi rt nhiu h thng RIP c trin khai thnh cng. Do , mt s h thng s dng RIP khng h tr tt c nhng ci tin ca thut ton vc-t khong cch c bn (v d nh cp nht c iu kin v u c ngc).
3.2.1 Cc loi gi RIP

Giao thc RIP nh ngha hai loi gi c th c gi bi bt c thit b no chy giao thc RIP: Gi yu cu: loi gi ny c gi yu cu cc node ln cn cung cp bng vec-t khong cch ca n. Trong yu cu cng ch r node c yu cu s gi ch mt phn hay ton b bng. Gi tr li: loi gi ny c mt node gi i thng bo nhng thng tin trong bng vec-t khong cch ca n. Bng ny c gi trong nhng tnh hung sau: Bng c gi 30 giy mt ln. Bng c gi tr li mt yu cu t mt node RIP khc. Nu h thng h tr cp nht c iu kin, bng c th c gi khi c s thay i trong bng vec-t khong cch ca chnh node . Khi mt gi tr li c chuyn ti mt node, cc thng tin bn trong gi tin cp nht s c so snh vi bng vec-t khong cch ca
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Ch ng 3 Giao
node . Nu gi tin cp nht mang thng tin v mt tuyn c cost thp hn so vi mc tng ng trong bng th mc s c cp nht bi thng tin ny.
3.2.2 nh dng cc gi tin RIP

RIP s dng mt loi nh dng ring chia s thng tin v khong cch ti cc ch khc nhau trong mng. Gi tin RIP c gi bn trong bn tin UDP, s dng cng 520. Gi RIP c kch thc ti a l 512 octet. Thng tin cp nht ln hn gi tr ny phi c chia nh v chuyn i trong nhiu gi. Trong mi trng LAN, cc gi RIP c gi vi a ch qung b lp MAC (ti tt c cc node) v a ch qung b IP. Trong cc mi trng im n im hay khng qung b th cc gi s c nh a ch c th ti node cn gi. nh dng gi tin RIP c ch ra trong Hnh 3.4
Hnh 3.4 Cu trc gi tin RIP Command: ch ra y l gi tin yu cu hay gi tin tr li. Version: Version ca gi RIP (bng 1) AFI: Ch ra loi a ch c s dng (Vi IP, AFI = 0x0002). IP Address: a ch IP ca node ch ca mc chn ng ( nh tuyn ).
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Ch ng 3 Giao
Metric: S hop ti ch. C th c cc gi tr t 1 n 16. Gi tr 16 c ngha l ch tng ng khng th ti c. Cc trng AFI, IP Address, Metric mang thng tin v mt mc trong bng chn ng (nh tuyn ). Mt gi tin RIP c th mang thng tin ca ti a 25 mc.
3.2.3 Cc mode hot ng ca RIP

Mt node s dng RIP c hai mode hot ng sau: Mode ch ng: Cc node hot ng trong mode ny ng thi nhn/gi thng tin nh tuyn t/ti cc node ln cn. Thng thng cc router c cu hnh hot ng trong mode ch ng. Mode b ng (hay im lng): Node hot ng trong mode ny ch nhn cp nht t cc node ln cn m khng pht thng tin cp nht. Cc trm cui thng c cu hnh hot ng trong mode ny.
3.2.4 Tnh ton cc vec-t khong cch

Bng vec-t khong cch m t tng mng ch. Cc mc trong bng ny cha nhng thng tin sau: Mng ch c m t bi mc trong bng. Cost tng ng ca tuyn tt nht ti ch. Nh ni, cost y c tnh theo s bc nhy (hop). Mi link c cost bng 1. a ch IP ca node tip theo trn con ng dn ti mng ch. Mi khi mt node nhn c thng tin cp nht bng nh tuyn, n s thc hin thut ton nh tuyn theo vec-t khong cch cp nht bng chn ng ca mnh. Hnh 3.5 m t bng vec-t khong cch cho ba b nh tuyn trong mt lin mng n gin.
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Ch ng 3 Giao
Bng ca R2 c Node Ho h sau p N1 R1 2 N2 Trc 1 tip N3 Trc 1 tip N4 R3 2 N5 N6 R3 R3 3 4
Bng ca R3 ch Node Ho sau p N1 R2 3 N2 R2 2 N3 N4 N5 N6 Trc tip Trc tip R4 R4 1 1 2 3
Bng ca R4 ch Node Ho sau p N1 R3 4 N2 R3 3 N3 N4 N5 N6 R3 Trc tip Trc tip R5 2 1 1 2
Hnh 3.5 Bng vec-t khong cch
3.2.5 Hn ch ca RIP
RIP c rt nhiu im hn ch: Gii hn di tuyn ng: lm gim nh hng ca vic m ti v cng, gi tr ti a m cost ca mt tuyn ng c th c cng nh cng tt. Nhng iu s ng ngha vi vic kch thc cho php ca mng s gim. Theo RIP, cost c gi tr v cng c t l 16. Do , RIP khng cho php mt tuyn ng c cost ln hn 15. Tc l, nhng mng c kch thc ln hn 15 bc nhy phi dng thut ton khc. Lu lng cn thit cho vic trao i thng tin chn ng ln. Tc hi t kh chm Khng h tr mt n mng con c di thay i (VLSM): Khi trao i thng tin v cc tuyn ng, RIP khng km theo thng tin g v mt n mng con. Do , mng s dng RIP khng th h tr mt n mng con c di thay i.
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Ch ng 3 Giao
3.2.6 Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn phin bn 2 (RIP-2)

T chc IETF a ra hai phin bn RIP: RIP phin bn 1 (RIP-1 hay RIP): y l giao thc c m t trong RFC 1058. RIP phin bn 2 (RIP-2): y cng l mt giao thc vec-t khong cch c thit k s dng bn trong mt h thng t tr AS. N c thit k khc phc nhng hn ch ca RIP-1. RIP-2 c m t trong RFC1723 v c pht hnh vo cui nm 1994. RIP-2 c nhng ci tin sau so vi RIP: H tr CIDR v VLSM: RIP-2 h tr siu mng v mt n mng con c chiu di thay i. y l mt trong nhng l do c bn thit k chun mi ny. Ci tin ny lm cho RIP-2 ph hp vi cc cch thc a ch ho phc tp khng c trong RIP-1. H tr chuyn gi a im: y l ci tin RIP c th thc hin kiu chuyn gi a im ch khng n thun ch c kiu qung b nh trc. iu ny lm gim ti cho cc trm khng ch i cc bn tin RIP-2. tng thch vi RIP-1, tu chn ny s c cu hnh cho tng giao din mng. H tr nhn thc: RIP-2 h tr nhn thc cho tt c cc node pht thng tin nh tuyn. iu ny hn ch nhng thay i c dng xu i vi bng nh tuyn. H tr RIP-1: RIP-2 tng thch hon ton vi RIP-1. Tuy nhin, bi tng thch hon ton vi RIP-1, RIP-2 vn gii hn chiu di ti a ca mt tuyn ng l 15.
3.2.6.1
nh dng bn tin RIP-2
RIP-1 c thit k h tr cc ci tin trong tng lai do vy RIP-2 c th li dng c im ny. Bn trong gi tin RIP-1 cha sn trng Version v hn 50% cc octet trong gi cn cha c s dng. nh dng gi ca RIP-2 nh trong Hnh 3.6 :
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Ch ng 3 Giao
Hnh 3.6 nh dng gi tin RIP-2 V c bn, gi RIP-2 ging gi RIP-1. Trong gi RIP-2, trng version mang gi tr l 2. Thm na, 20 octet dnh cho mc u tin c th c thay th bi thng tin nhn thc. Authentic Type: nu bng 0, coi nh l khng c thng tin nhn thc, nu bng 2 th trng tip theo s mang thng tin nhn thc. Authentication Data: Trng ny cha 16 byte password. Route Tag: Trng ny dng phn bit gia tuyn trong (internal route) v tuyn ngoi (external route). Tuyn trong l nhng tuyn bit c thng tin nh RIP, cn tuyn ngoi l nhng tuyn c thng tin bit c nh cc giao thc khc.
3.2.6.2
Nhng hn ch ca RIP-2
RIP-2 c pht trin khc phc rt nhiu hn ch trong RIP-1. Tuy nhin nhng hn ch ca RIP-1 nh gii hn v s hop hay kh nng hi t chm vn cn tn ti trong RIP-2. Ngoi ra, cn c nhng hn ch trong qu trnh nhn thc ca RIP-2. Chun RIP-2 khng m ho mt khu nhn thc m truyn n di dng k t thng thng. iu ny dn ti nguy c mng b tn cng bi bt k ai c kt ni vt l trc tip ti h thng.
3.2.7 RIP th h k tip cho IPv6.

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Ch ng 3 Giao
RIP th h k tip RIPng (RIP next generation) c pht trin cho php cc b nh tuyn bn trong mt mng s dng IPv6 trao i cc thng tin tnh ton tuyn. Chun ny c nu trong RFC 2080. Cng ging nh cc giao thc khc trong tp giao thc RIP, RIPng l mt giao thc vec-t khong cch c thit k s dng bn trong mt h t tr. RIPng s dng cng thut ton, nh thi nh RIP2. Trong RIPng vn cn nhng hn ch tha hng ca cc giao thc vec-t khong cch nh hn ch v gi tuyn v thi gian hi t.
3.2.7.1
S khc bit gia RIPng v RIP-2
C hai im c bn phn bit RIP-2 v RIPng: H tr nhn thc: RIP-2 h tr nhn thc i vi tt c cc node pht thng tin nh tuyn. RIPng khng h tr qu trnh nhn thc ny, thay vo , n s dng tnh nng an ton tha hng t IPv6. Ngoi nhn thc cc tnh nng an ton cn cho php m ho tng gi tin RIPng. Lm cch ny c th khng ch c s cc thit b nhn thng tin nh tuyn. Mt kt qu ca vic s dng cc tnh nng an ton IPv6 l trng AFI trong gi tin RIPng c loi b. L do l khng cn thit phi phn bit gia cc u mc nhn thc v cc u mc nh tuyn trong mt bn tin qung co. H tr cc nh dng a ch IPv6: cc trng cha trong gi tin RIPng c thay i h tr nh dng a ch di ca IPv6.
3.2.7.2 nh dng gi tin RIPng

nh dng gi tin RIPng tng t nh gi tin RIP-2. C hai u cha 4 octet tiu lnh, theo sau l cc mc nh tuyn, mi mc gm 20 octet. Vic s dng trng command v trng version hon ton ging nh trong gi tin RIP-2. Tuy nhin cc trng cha thng tin nh tuyn c thay i ph hp vi a ch IPv6 di 16 octet. Cc trng ny c s dng khc vi nhng trng tng ng trong RIP-1 v RIP2.
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
112
Ch ng 3 Giao
ch ra con ng tip theo ti ch, RIPng s dng 20 octet mang thng tin v ch (Hnh 3.7a), v 20 octet mang thng tin v bc tip theo (Hnh 3.7b )
Hnh 3.7 Mc chn ng trong RIPng (a)Thng tin v ch (b) Thng tin v hng tip theo. S kt hp ca trng IPv6 Prefix v trng Prefix dng xc nh a ch ch. Trng Metric ch octet, tuy nhin th l vn tha bi gi tr ti a ca ch l 16. Trng IPv6 Next Hop Address mang a tip theo trn con ng ti ch. Mt gi tin RIPng s c dng nh Hnh 3.8 Length c s c kch thc 1 trng ny vn ch ca node
Hnh3.8 Mt gi tin RIPng Trong gi tin v d trn, ba ch u tin khng c phn ch bc nhy k tip tng ng, tc l i trc tip qua node pht gi tin
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113
Ch ng 3 Giao
ny. n ch 4 v 5 phi qua A. Tng t, n ch 6 phi qua B.
Kt lun
Mc ch ca chng ny l trnh by v giao thc thng tin nh tuyn RIP, l mt giao thc cng ni, nh tuyn theo vect khong cch, vi cc phin bn: RIPv1, RIPv2, RIPng. Chng ny cng gii thiu cho chng ta nhng chc nng c bn ca router, khi nim v h thng t tr cng nh khi nim c bn v giao thc nh tuyn cng ni v giao thc nh tuyn cng ngoi trong mng IP. Trong chng tip theo, chng ta s tm hiu v giao thc nh tuyn OSPF, cng l mt giao thc nh tuyn cng ni nhng nh tuyn theo trng thi lin kt.
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114
Ch ng 3 Giao
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115
n tt nghip i hc Chng 4 Giao thc OSPF
Chng 4 Giao thc OSPF 4.1 Gii thiu

Giao thc OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) l mt giao thc cng ni . N c pht trin khc phc nhng hn ch ca giao thc RIP. Bt u c xy dng vo nm 1988 v hon thnh vo nm 1991, cc phin bn cp nht ca giao thc ny hin vn c pht hnh. Ti liu mi nht hin nay ca chun OSPF l RFC 2328. OSPF c nhiu tnh nng khng c cc giao thc vec-t khong cch. Vic h tr cc tnh nng ny khin cho OSPF tr thnh mt giao thc nh tuyn c s dng rng ri trong cc mi trng mng ln. Trong thc t, RFC 1812 (a ra cc yu cu cho b nh tuyn IPv4) - xc nh OSPF l giao thc nh tuyn ng duy nht cn thit. Sau y s lit k cc tnh nng to nn thnh cng ca giao thc ny: Cn bng ti gia cc tuyn cng gi: Vic s dng cng lc nhiu tuyn cho php tn dng c hiu qu ti nguyn mng. Phn chia mng mt cch logic: iu ny lm gim bt cc thng tin pht ra trong nhng iu kin bt li. N cng gip kt hp cc thng bo v nh tuyn, hn ch vic pht i nhng thng tin khng cn thit v mng. H tr nhn thc: OSPF h tr nhn thc cho tt c cc node pht thng tin qung co nh tuyn. iu ny hn ch c nguy c thay i bng nh tuyn vi mc ch xu. Thi gian hi t nhanh hn: OSPF cho php truyn cc thng tin v thay i tuyn mt cch tc th. iu gip rt ngn thi gian hi t cn thit cp nht kin trc mng. H tr CIDR v VLSM: iu ny cho php nh qun tr mng c th phn phi ngun a ch IP mt cch c hiu qu hn. OSPF l mt giao thc da theo trng thi lin kt. Ging nh cc giao thc trng thi lin kt khc, mi b nh tuyn OSPF u thc hin thut ton SPF x l cc thng tin cha trong c s d liu trng thi lin kt. Thut ton to ra mt cy ng i ngn nht m t c th cc tuyn ng nn chn dn ti mng ch.
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4.2 Mt s khi nim dng trong OSPF

Vng OSPF (OSPF Area) Mng s dng OSPF (AS) c chia thnh mt tp cc vng. Mi vng bao gm mt nhm logic cc mng, cc b nh tuyn v c mt tn nhn dng 32 bit ring. Vng c th nm trong gii hn ca mt khu vc a l. Vic chia nh AS nh vy c nhng li im sau: Bn trong mt vng, cc b nh tuyn duy tr mt c s d liu nh nhau m t cc thit b nh tuyn v cc link trong vng . Cc b nh tuyn ny khng bit g v cu hnh ca phn mng bn ngoi vng. Chng ch bit ti cc tuyn dn ti cc mng ngoi . iu ny gip gim bt kch thc c s d liu v cu hnh c duy tr trong mi b nh tuyn. Cc vng hn ch s pht trin bng n ca cc thng tin cp nht trng thi lin kt. Phn ln cc LSA ch c pht i trong phm vi mt vng. Vic chia vng lm gim bt lng x l ca CPU duy tr c s d liu cu hnh. Cc thut ton SPF c hn ch ch lm vic vi nhng thay i bn trong ca mt vng. Vng backbone Trong mi AS s dng OSPF phi c t nht mt vng, l vng backbone. Cc vng khc c th c to ra da theo cu hnh mng hay cc yu cu khc v thit k. Trong mt AS c nhiu vng, vng backbone c kt ni vt l ti tt c cc vng khc. Mi vng u phi c kh nng pht thng tin nh tuyn trc tip ti vng backbone. Sau vng backbone s pht nhng thng tin ny ti cc vng cn li. Router ni vng, bin vng v bin AS Trong mng OSPF, router c phn thnh ba loi: ni vng (Intra-Area), bin vng (area border) v bin AS (AS boundary). (Hnh 3.9) Intra-Area Router: cc router ny nm hon ton trong mt vng OSPF. Chng lu tr c s d liu v cu hnh ca vng . Area Border Router (ABR): loi router ny c kt ni vi hai hay nhiu vng khc nhau. Mt trong cc vng phi l vng backbone. Cc ABR lu tr nhng c s d liu cu hnh ca
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tng vng n kt ni. Cc ABR cng thc hin cc thut ton SPF c lp cho tng vng. AS Boundary Router (ASBR): Cc router loi ny nm ti ngoi vi ca mng OSPF. Chc nng ca chng l lm cc cng trao i thng tin kt ni gia mng OSPF vi cc mi trng nh tuyn khc. ASBR c nhim v thng bo vi mng AS v cc lin kt ra ngoi AS.
Hnh 4.1 Cc loi router trong OSPF. Mi Router c gn mt gi tr nhn dng 32 bit (RID). Gi tr ca RID xc nh duy nht thit b . Cc loi mng vt l OSPF phn chia mng vt l thnh 3 loi. Chng phn bit vi nhau da theo loi hnh thng tin gia cc thit b kt ni trong mng. im ti im: cc mng loi ny kt ni trc tip hai router. a truy nhp: mng loi ny h tr nhiu router cng kt ni ti. Loi ny li c chia thnh hai loi con: Cc mng qung b cho php chuyn gi ti tt c cc router mt cch ng thi. Khi thit b pht s s dng
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mt a ch c tt c cc thit b khc nhn bit gi l a ch qung b. Ethernet v Token-ring l hai loi mng a truy nhp qung b OSPF. Mng khng qung b khng c kh nng trn y. Mi gi tin phi c xc nh mt a ch dn ti mt Router nht nh. X.25 v Frame Relay l hai v d ca mng a truy nhp khng qung b OSPF. im - a im: y l trng hp c bit ca mng a truy nhp khng qung b. Trong mi thit b khng nht phi kt ni trc tip vi mi thit b khc. Router ln cn. Cc router cng kt ni ti mt mng c coi l cc router ln cn. Gia hai router ln cn c th c thit lp mi quan h cn k. Khi hai router ln cn trao i bng trng thi lin kt vi nhau l chng c mi quan h ny. Vic trao i cc thng tin trng thi kt ni gia cc router ln cn s chim dung mt lng ln lu lng ng truyn. gim bt lng thng tin trao i ny, mt router khng cn thit phi to mi quan h cn k vi mi thit b ln cn: Trong mng a truy nhp : quan h cn k c thit lp gia mi router vi mt router c ch nh. Trong mng im ti im: quan h cn k c to ra gia c hai router. Mi mng a truy nhp chn ra mt Router c ch nh (DR) v mt router c ch nh d phng (BDR). DR thc hin hai chc nng sau trong on mng: N thit lp mi quan h cn k vi mi router trong mng a truy nhp . iu ny lm cho DR tr thnh im trung tm chuyn cc LSA. N to ra cc bn tin thng bo lin kt lit k tng router kt ni ti mng a truy nhp . BDR to ra quan h cn k tng t nh router c ch nh. N c trch nhim thc hin cc chc nng ca DR khi RD gp s c.
4.3 Phn pht cc LSA

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Theo giao thc OSPF, cc LSA c pht trn lt ging nh trong cc thut ton chn ng theo trng thi lin kt thng thng. gip cho qu trnh phn pht cc LSA c hiu qu, hai bc sau y cn phi c thc hin: Mi router lu LSA trong mt khong thi gian trc khi chuyn ti cc router ln cn ca n. Nu trong khong thi gian c mt bn sao mi ca LSA c chuyn ti, router s thay th bn c bng LSA mi ny. m bo tin cy, mi LSA u cn c bo nhn. Nu mt router nhn c LSA t mt hng, trong khi cha kp bo nhn li nhn c thm nhiu LSA khc mi hn cng t hng th ch cn bo nhn cho LSA mi nht. Mt router sau khi pht mt LSA m khng thu c bo nhn th sau mt khong thi gian s pht li LSA cho ti khi c bo nhn t pha bn kia. Kch thc ca cc LSA kh nh, trung bnh ch khong 40 byte. Cc LSA c chia thnh 5 loi khc nhau: LSA Router: loi LSA ny c to ra bi tt c cc router OSPF v c pht trn lt trn ton vng. Chng lit k tt c cc link ni ti router ny, gi ca mi link, a ch ca mng hoc router m cc link kt ni ti. LSA mng (network LSA): loi qung co ny lit k cc router kt ni ti mt mng a truy nhp. Chng c to ra bi cc DR trong mt on a truy nhp v cng c pht theo kiu trn lt trn ton vng. LSA tm tt (Summary LSA): loi LSA ny c mt ABR to ra. Loi 3: m t cc tuyn ti ch trong cc vng khc trong mng OSPF (ch gia cc vng khc nhau). Loi 4: m t tuyn ti cc ASBR. LSA cho link ngoi (external link LSA): loi qung co ny m t cc tuyn ti nhng ch nm ngoi AS. Chng c to ra bi mt ASBR. Cc qung co loi ny c pht trn lt trn mi vng ca AS.
4.3 Cc kiu gi tin OSPF
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Cc gi OSPF c truyn trong gi tin IP vi ToS bng 0 v quyn u tin ca bn tin iu khin lin mng. iu ny gip cho gi c c s x l nh mong mun. Tt c cc gi OSPF u c chung phn tiu nh trong Hnh 3.10. Theo sau l phn thng tin c chiu di thay i.
Hnh 4.2 Tiu gi tin OSPF Version: phin bn ca OSPF. Packet Type: loi gi tin. Gi OSPF c th thuc mt trong 5 loi sau: Hello: loi gi ny s dng pht hin v duy tr quan h vi cc router ln cn. Database description: loi gi ny m t tp hp cc LSA cha trong c s d liu trng thi lin kt ca router. Link state request: Loi gi ny dng yu cu mt LSA mi hn t mt router ln cn. Link state update: loi gi ny s dng cung cp mt LSA mi hn cho mt router ln cn. Link state acknowledgement: loi gi ny lm nhim v bo nhn LSA. Packet Length: Chiu di ca gi tin tnh theo byte, k c tiu .
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Router ID: Xc nh router pht gi tin. Area ID: Xc nh xem gi tin ny thuc vng no. Authentication Type: Kiu thng tin nhn thc: kiu thng tin nhn thc trong OSPF c thit lp theo mi vng. Authentication Data: Thng tin nhn thc.
4.4 cn
Trao i thng tin gia cc node ln
thc hin chn ng ti u, cc node cn phi trao i vi nhau cc LSA. OSPF c quy nh mt s hot ng thc hin vic trao i cc thng tin ny: Pht hin router ln cn. Chn router c ch nh. Thit lp quan h cn k v ng b c s d liu. Pht hin router ln cn- giao thc Hello ca OSPF Giao thc Hello pht hin v duy tr mi quan h vi cc router ln cn. Mi router s pht i theo chu k cc gi tin Hello theo tng giao din (link). Cc gi tin Hello ny mang RID ca tt c cc router gi gi tin Hello ti cho router qua giao din tng ng.. Khi mt router nhn ra RID ca mnh trong gi Hello c gi bi router khc, chng s tr thnh cc router ln cn. Trong gi Hello cn mng cc thng tin v mc u tin ca router, nhn dng DR, BDR. Cc thng tin ny c dng chn ra DR trong cc mng a truy nhp. Chn Router c ch nh Mi mng a truy nhp u phi c mt DR. Cng c th c thm mt BDR bo m khng b mt kh nng nh tuyn trong trng hp DR gp s c. Khi c la chn, DR v BDR s to quan h cn k vi tt c cc router trong on a truy nhp . Thit lp quan h cn k v ng b c s d liu Cc router ln cn c coi l cn k nu chng ng b vi nhau c s d liu trng thi kt ni. Mt router khng to mi quan h cn k vi tt c cc router ln cn. Trong mng a truy nhp, nhng mi quan h cn k ch c thit lp vi DR v BDR.
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4.5 kin
Trng thi ca router ln cn - Cc s
i vi mt router, mi router ln cn c th mt trong cc trng thi sau: Down: y l trng thi khi u. N ch ra rng cha nhn c thng tin t bt c thit b no trong cng on mng. Attemp: trng thi ny ch c s dng trong mng khng qung b. N ch ra rng router ln cn ngng hot ng. Cn phi n lc thit lp li lin lc vi n. Init: qu trnh thng tin vi mt router ln cn bt u, nhng cha thit lp c thay i hai chiu. C th l va nhn c gi tin Hello t router , nhng trong cha c RID ca mnh. 2-way: lin lc hai chiu c thit lp gia hai router. C th to quan h cn k. ExStart: router ln cn bt u to mi quan h cn k. Exchange: hai router ln cn ang trao i c s d liu cu hnh. Loading: hai router ln cn ang ng b c s d liu cu hnh. Full: hai router ln cn hon thnh quan h cn k, c s d liu ca chng cng c ng b xong. Cc s kin xy ra trong mng s lm thay i trng thi ca cc router ln cn. V d, khi mt router nhn c mt gi tin Hello t mt router ln cn, trng thi ca router ln cn ny s chuyn t Down sang Init. Khi lin lc hai chiu c thit lp, trng thi s chuyn t Init sang 2-Way. Trong RFC 2328 m t chi tit cc s kin ny.
4.6 Bng nh tuyn , tm ng theo bng nh tuyn

Bng nh tuyn lu gi tt c cc thng tin cn thit c th chuyn gi d liu IP n ch. Mi bng nh tuyn bao gm cc mc (entry). OSPF cho php trong mi bng chn ng c mt mc cho mt tuyn mc nh.
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
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Mi mc trong bng nh tuyn
mang cc thng tin chnh
sau: a ch ch. ch ny c th l mt mng (bao gm mng IP lp A,B,C, mng con, siu mng, hoc ca mt host) hoc mt router. Trong bng nh tuyn ca mi router, c c cc mc chn ng cho cc router bin vng, router bin AS. Nu ch l mt mng, th trong mi mc nh tuyn cn c c mt n a ch. Cost ca tuyn ng dn ti ch. Next hop ch ra link kt ni vi router m theo gi tin cn i qua ti ch. Do OSPF cho php s dng nhiu tuyn ng c cost bng nhau nn trong mt mc nh tuyn c th c nhiu trng next hop. Mi khi nhn c mt gi tin IP, router tm trong bng nh tuyn chn ra mc chn ng (mc nh tuyn ) ph hp nht vi a ch ch ca gi tin. Mc nh tuyn ph hp nht l mc nh tuyn c vng a ch ch nh nht cha a ch ch ca gi tin. a ch ph hp nht cn c gi l a ch ging di nht (longest match). Nu khng tm thy mc nh tuyn no ph hp, m bng nh tuyn li c mc cho tuyn mc nh, gi tin s c truyn theo tuyn mc nh .
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Kt lun
Chng ny i trnh by giao thc nh tuyn cng ni trong mng IP nh tuyn theo trng thi lin kt. Qua chng ta c c khi nim c bn v OSPF, cc kiu gi tin ca OSPF, cch thc trao i gia cc node k nhau,v nhng u im ni bt ca n so vi RIP.
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
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Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
126
n tt nghip i hc Kt lun chung
Kt lun chung
n cho chng ta mt ci nhn tng quan v mng IP, nhng khi nim c bn ca cc thnh phn trong mng IP, cc k thut nh tuyn trong mng IP v i vo tm hiu hai giao thc nh tuyn cng ni trong mng IP l RIP v OSPF. Nh ni phn u, mng IP c rt nhiu vn cn nghin cu m trong ngy mt, ngy hai khng th tm hiu ht c. Mt khc, trong mt khong thi gian c hn chc chn vn tm hiu trong n ny cng khng trnh khi thiu st, em knh mong c s ch bo ca cc thy, cc c cng ton th cc bn em c th nng cao c tm nhn thc ca mnh. Em xin chn thnh cm n!
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
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n tt nghip i hc Ti liu tham kho
Ti liu tham kho

1. 2. 3. 4.
5.
Nguyn Thc Hi, Mng my tnh v cc h thng m, NXB Gio Dc, 2001. Nguyn c Ngha - Nguyn T Thnh, Ton ri rc, NXB Gio Dc, 1999. Martha Steenstrup, Routing in Communication Network, Prentice Hall - New Jersey, 1995. Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Computer Network - Third Edition, Prentical Hall - New Jersey, 1996. Aaron Kershenbaum, Telecommunications Network Design Algorithms, IBM Thomas J.Watson Reserch Center, McGraw-Hill, 1993
6.
Adolfo Rodriguez, John Gatrell, John Karas, Roland Peschke, TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical Overview, IBM_Redbooks, 82001.
7. 8.
9. 10.
Peter John Shoubridge, Adaptive Strategies for Routing in Dynamic Networks, University of South Australia, 2000. Gerald R. Ash, Dynamic Routing in Telecommunications Networks, McGrall-Hill, 1997. Internetworking www.cisco.com, 2002. Teach Yourself TCP/IP in 14 Days, Second Edition, www.sams.com, 2002. Technology Handbook, Cisco,
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n tt nghip i hc Ti liu tham kho
Phm Vn Hin - 01VT
129

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n tt nghip i hc Mc lc

1.2 B giao thc TCP/IP..........................................11

1.6 nh tuyn IP .................................................47

1.7 IPv6.................................................................54 1.8 Cc giao thc khc ca lp Internet..................57

2.3 Cc thut ton chn ng................................76

Cc loi giao thc nh tuyn.........................87

3.2 Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn RIP ..............106

3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.2.7

n tt nghip i hc Thut ng vit tt

Management Giao thc qun tr nhm

n tt nghip i hc Thut ng vit tt

Phm Vn Hin - 01VT

Phm Vn Hin - 01VT

Phm Vn Hin - 01VT

n tt nghip i hc Tng quan v mng IP

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng IP 1.1 M hnh tham chiu OSI

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Phm Vn Hin - 01VT

n tt nghip i hc Tng quan v mng IP

1.1.1 Chc nng cc tng trong m hnh OSI

Phm Vn Hin - 01VT

n tt nghip i hc Tng quan v mng IP

Tng phin Trnh din

tn. Hnh 1.2 Chc nng cc tng trong m hnh OSI

1.1.2 Cc giao thc chun ca m hnh OSI

n tt nghip i hc Tng quan v mng IP

Indicati ont SAP

Hnh 1.3 thu

Nguyn l hot ng ca cc hm nguyn

Phm Vn Hin - 01VT

n tt nghip i hc Tng quan v mng IP

Tng N+1 (N)PC I Tng N

Quan h n v d liu gia cc tng k nhau

Phm Vn Hin - 01VT

n tt nghip i hc Tng quan v mng IP

Phng thc hot ng ca cc tng trong

Phm Vn Hin - 01VT

n tt nghip i hc Tng quan v mng IP

1.1.4 Truyn d liu trong m hnh OSI.

n tt nghip i hc Tng quan v mng IP

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

dng Giao trnh din

Data PH Data Data Data Data Data Bits

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Hnh 1.5 OSI

V d qu trnh truyn d liu trong m hnh

B giao thc TCP/IP

1.2.1 S thc y cho vic ra i ca TCP/IP

n tt nghip i hc Tng quan v mng IP

1.2.2 Cu trc phn lp ca TCP/IP

Phm Vn Hin - 01VT

n tt nghip i hc Tng quan v mng IP

File Transfer Protocol HTTP

Hypertext Transfer Protocol SMTP

Phm Vn Hin - 01VT

n tt nghip i hc Tng quan v mng IP

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol DNS

n tt nghip i hc Tng quan v mng IP

Host A Application Transport Internet Network Interface

Identica l messag e Identica l packet Router R Internet Network Interface

Host B Application Transport Internet Network Interface

Physical net 1 Phm Vn Hin - 01VT

Hnh 1.7 Qu trnh giao pht bn tin gia