TRNG I HC BNH DNG KHOA CNG NGH SINH HC

Tiu lun:

CNG NGH SAU THU HOCH C CHUA TI

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Cng Minh SVTH: Lp 11SH04 nhm 6

Bnh Dng, thng 2/2012

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M U ............................................................................................................................. 4 CHNG 1 ......................................................................................................................... 5 TNG QUAN V CNG NGH SAU THU HOCH NC TA .............................. 5 CHNG 2 ......................................................................................................................... 8 C CHUA V NHNG BIN I SAU THU HOCH................................................. 8 2.1. Gii thiu s lc v c chua ................................................................................... 8 2.2. Nhng bin i sau thu hoch .................................................................................. 9 2.2.1. Nhng tn thng c gii ................................................................................. 9 2.2.2. H hp ............................................................................................................... 9 2.2.3. S sinh sn Ethylen............................................................................................ 9 2.2.4. S sinh nhit ...................................................................................................... 9 2.2.5. S bay hi ........................................................................................................ 10 2.2.6. S gim khi lng qu................................................................................... 10 2.2.7. S thay i thnh phn ho hc. ..................................................................... 10 CHNG 3 ....................................................................................................................... 12 CNG NGH BO QUN SAU THU HOCH C CHUA TI .............................. 12 3.1. Thu hoch v x l ti rung.................................................................................. 12 3.1.1. chn thu hoch ........................................................................................... 12 3.1.2. Thi gian thu hoch......................................................................................... 13 3.1.3. Phng php thu hoch .................................................................................. 13 3.1.4. Lu tr trn ng rung.................................................................................. 14 3.2. Cc cng on trong nh ng gi ......................................................................... 16

3.2.1. Lm sch v kim sot thi hng .................................................................... 16 3.2.2. Phn loi / tuyn chn ..................................................................................... 17 3.2.3. Kim sot s chn ............................................................................................ 19 3.2.4. Lm lnh s b ................................................................................................ 20 3.2.5. Bao gi............................................................................................................. 21 3.3. Bo qun ................................................................................................................. 23 3.3.1. Bao gi iu bin kh quyn (MAP) ................................................................ 24 3.3.2. Bo qun lnh bng phng php bay hi (Evaporative Cooling System) ... 25 3.3.3. Cc phng php ko di thi gian bo qun n gin v r tin khc ........ 28 3.5. Vn chuyn ............................................................................................................. 28 3.6. Tiu th................................................................................................................... 31 TI LIU THAM KHO.................................................................................................... 34

M U
Cng vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t th gii th nhu cu v vn lng thc, thc phm ca ngi dn ngy cng c quan tm nhiu hn c bit l vn rau qu ti. Rau qu ti sau thu hoch l mt trong nhng sn phm thc phm khng th thiu c v lun gn lin vi cuc sng hng ngy. Tuy nhin, c c sn phm rau qu ti p ng c cc yu cu v cht lng thc phm th phi c cc phng php x l bo qun chng sau thu hoch nhm gi nguyn gi tr dinh dng v thi hn s dng lu di. V vy vic nghin cu v tm hiu cc yu t nh hng n sn phm rau qu ti v cc bin php x l, bo qun chng sao cho c hiu qu l rt cn thit. Trong s cc sn phm rau qu ti phi k n l c chua. y l loi rau va c th c dng n ti, va dng ch bin trong cc ba n hng ngy ca ngi dn hay ch bin cc sn phm ung, sn phm ch bin khc rt thun tin cho s dng v c li cho sc kho con ngi. C chua l loi qu rt d b hng sau qu trnh thu hi, chu nhiu tc ng ca cc yu t ngoi cnh cng nh con ng i, vy cn nghin cu cc yu t nh hng tm ra c phng thc bo qun thch hp.

CHNG 1 TNG QUAN V CNG NGH SAU THU HOCH NC TA

Nhng nm qua, sn xut nng nghip nc ta c nhng bc pht trin vt bc, nhng cn thiu tnh bn vng, khin cho nng sn xut khu b thua thit nhiu khi thm nhp th trng th gii. Theo nh gi ca cc nh khoa hc, sn xut v tiu th rau qu Vit Nam vn dng quy m h gia nh, r t t trang tri sn xut rau qu chuyn canh, quy m ln phc v ch bin v xut khu. Phn ln cc sn phm rau qu Vit Nam c s dng di dng ti sng. Nng lc ch bin ch khong 200.000 tn/nm (2% tng sn lng), ch yu l cc loi rau qu ng hp, nc qu ng chai. Tn tht sau thu hoch i vi nng sn Vit Nam khong hn 25% i vi cc loi qu v hn 30% i vi cc loi rau, 15-20% i vi cc loi lng thc khc... Nh vy, vi t l tn tht ny, mi nm chng ta b mt khong 3.000 t ng - mt khon tin ln hn so vi tng thu ngn sch ca nhiu tnh. C nhiu nguyn nhn dn n tnh trng trn. Th nht l, v mt nhn thc. Ch vi nm gn y, cng ngh sau thu hoch mi c quan tm, nht l khi sn lng nng nghip nc ta p ng cho nhu cu trong nc v c d hng ti xut khu. Ngay vic hoch nh chin lc v pht trin cng ngh sau thu hoch cng cha c quan tm ng mc. Bn cnh , tn tht ny cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t trc thu hoch nh: ging, phn bn, cch thc chm sc, v vic s dng thuc bo v thc vt... Ngay chnh nng dn, nhng ngi trc tip sn xut cng cha nh n thc c tm quan trng v bo qun nng sn sau thu hoch, khin cho mc v gi tr tn tht ln hn rt nhiu so vi cc nc trong khu vc. Cht lng nng sn ca chng ta cha th snh c so vi cc nc trong khu vc nh Thi Lan, Singapo, Malaixia, Trung Quc... n gin l, v cc khu trc v sau thu hoch ca h c chun b v trin khai rt ng b nn cht lng nng sn sau thu hoch rt cao v tn tht sau thu hoch cng khng ng k . Vit Nam, cng ngh sau thu hoch do mi c quan tm nn cn tnh trng km pht trin. C l, phi mt 15 n 20 nm na, cng ngh sau thu hoch nc ta mi theo kp trnh ca Thi Lan ngy nay.

Ti sao gi tr go xut khu ca Vit Nam li lun thp hn Thi Lan? l v cng ngh sy thc go ca chng ta cha pht trin, thc thng phi trn cc sn t, b tng hay trn ng ri nha dn n rn, gy rt cao (30-40%), bn cnh t l sn, ct u vt tiu chun cho php, nn gi go ca nc ta thng thp hn loi go cng phm cp Thi Lan t 20-30 USD/tn, gy thit hi cho nh sn xut mi nm ti 50-60 triu USD. Tin ti hi nhp, r rng chng ta phi quan tm hng u n cht lng sn phm, ch bin, bo qun v xy dng thng hiu nng sn Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, cht lng sn phm l yu t quyt nh n cc tiu ch khc. Mun c sn phm nng nghip tt th cc khu trc thu hoch l rt quan trng, n ng vi tr gn nh quyt nh i vi cc khu khc. Bi l, khi sn phm m bo tt, an ton, t tiu chun, th cng ngh bo qun s rt thun li, bn cnh , cht lng nng sn tt cng l tiu ch quan trng khch hng quc t bit n thng hiu hng Vit Nam. Mun vy chng ta cn xy dng cc vng chuyn canh phc v xut khu. Bn cnh l vic hin nay, h thng kim tra cht lng nng sn ca nc ta cha thng nht, v vy cn nhanh chng xy dng cc phng kim tra cht lng nng sn hin i, nng lc phn tch cc ch tiu v thnh phn dinh dng, cht ph gia, cht kch thch, c t, thc phm chiu x v nng sn chuyn gen. Hin trng cng ngh sau thu hoch nc ta hin nay nh sau: - Thiu nghin cu k v ch s thu hoch tri cy: y l mt ch s quan trng, nhng ch c mt s c quan nghin cu bc u thc hin i vi mt s tri cy tri chnh. - Cng ngh thu hoch, sau thu hoch (x l, bo qun, vn chuyn...) lc hu v thiu u t c s vt cht km theo (kho lnh chuyn dng, thit b ra, x l, bung chn, bao b, ng gi, vn chuyn...). C nc mi ch c vi c s s ch, ng gi t tiu chun xut khu. - Tn tht trong qu trnh thu hoch v sau thu hoch cn kh ln (c khong 25% v khi lng, cha k n tn tht v cht lng). - Do din tch trng tri cy manh mn, cha c quy hoch tng th vng tp trung cha c nhiu ging mi c gii thiu p dng, nht l vic p dng quy trnh sn xut hng thc hnh nng nghip tt (GAP) cha c ph bin rng ri. - Nng dn v cc thnh vin trong h thng cung ng cha c hun luyn v hng dn y v k thut thu hoch v x l bo qun, nn nng sn c chn

khng ng u, d b mt nc, nhim vi sinh vt, qu nhiu d lng thuc bo v thc vt... nn vic thu mua, x l nng sn m bo s lng v cht lng ng u gp kh khn, nh hng n vic kinh doanh nht l xut khu. - Hin nay chng ta cha c quy nh trong cht lng rau qu sau thu hoch c ban hnh thnh nhng tiu chun bt buc. Nhng quy nh v cht lng nng sn hin nay vn ch yu c xy dng trn c s theo s tha thun gia nh vn v nh thu mua tri cy. - iu kin kim sot v sinh an ton thc phm v d lng cc cht c hi khi x l tri cy cha c ch . C s vt cht cho cng ngh x l, bo qun v ch bin ti vng nguyn liu cn thiu thn. - Bn cnh , h thng c s h tng nng thn (ng ni b, knh rch, in nc, thng tin lin lc...) cn yu km, v ang lm h n ch kh nng pht trin, tiu th sn phm tri cy. Vic gii quyt c tng bc nhng vn nu trn khng nhng s lm gim tn tht sau thu hoch, duy tr gi tr dinh dng cht lng tri cy, m cn lm c s pht trin ngnh tri cy mt cch bn vng, phc v tiu dng trong nc v tham gia xut khu, c bit l lm tng thm thu nhp ca ngi nng dn, lc lng lao ng hin cn chim khong trn 70% dn s Vit Nam.

CHNG 2 C CHUA V NHNG BIN I SAU THU HOCH

2.1. Gii thiu s lc v c chua
C chua l loi rau n tri rt c a thch v ph m cht ngon v ch bin c nhiu cch. C chua cn cho nng sut cao, do c trng rng ri v c canh tc khong 200 nm nay Chu u lm cy thc phm. C chua c v hi chua v l mt loi thc phm b dng, giu vitamin C v A. Tri c chua thuc loi mng nc, c hnh dng thay i t trn, bu dc n di. V tri c th nhn hay c kha. Mu sc ca tri thay i ty ging v iu kin thi tit. Thng mu sc tri l mu phi hp gia mu v tri v tht tri Qu trnh chn ca tri chia lm 4 thi k: Thi k tri xanh: Tri v ht pht trin cha hon ton, nu em dm tri khng chn, tri cha c mi v, mu sc c trng ca ging. Thi k chn xanh: Tri pht tri n y , tri c mu xanh sng, keo xung quanh ht c hnh thnh, tri cha c mu hng hay vng nhng nu em dm tri th hin mu sc vn c. Thi k chn vng: Phn nh tri xut hin mu hng, xung quanh cung tri vn cn xanh, nu sn phm cn chuyn ch i xa nn thu hoch lc nay tri chn t t khi chuyn ch. Thi k chn : Tri xut hin mu sc vn c ca ging, mu sc th hin hon ton, c th thu hoch n ti. Ht trong tri lc nay pht trin y c th lm ging.

Ht c nh, dp, nhiu lng, mu vng sng hoc hi ti. Ht nm trong bung cha nhiu dch bo kim hm s ny mm ca ht. Trung bnh c 50 - 350 ht trong tri. Trng lng 1000 ht l 2,5 - 3,5g. Trong c chua c cha rt nhiu cht dinh dng c li cho c th nh carotene, lycopene, vitamin v kali. Tt c nhng cht ny u rt c li cho sc kho con ngi. c bit ci loi vitamin B, vitamin C v beta carotene gip c th chng li qu trnh oxy ho ca c th, gim thiu nguy c t vong do bnh tim mch v ung th.

2.2. Nhng bin i sau thu hoch

2.2.1. Nhng tn thng c gii L nhng tn thng trong qu trnh thu hi, vn chuyn v gi chn. C chua b dp nt, khng nhng gy mo m xu x b ngoi m cn lm tng s mt nc, to iu kin cho ly nhim bnh, kch thch qu trnh h hp v tng hp ethylene. Nhng qu ny khng th bo qun c v chng b thi hng ch sau vi gi. Nn gim n mc ti thiu nhng tn thng c gii l mt trong nhng con ng ko di tui th v cht lng c chua, ng thi nng cao sn lng ch bin v bo qun. 2.2.2. H hp H hp l qu trnh sinh l quan trng ca qu sau thu hoch. S h hp lm gim khi lng mt cch t nhin v khi h hp qu s dng cht dinh dng, thi ra nng lng dng nhit (lm nng khi qu), nc, kh CO2 v i khi c ru. Nc v nhit sinh ra lm qu b m t v d b thi, c bit l nm mc. Khi qu ang chn c cng h hp cao nht. T lc chn hn n qu chn, cng h hp gim nhanh ng thi gim kh nng khng cho nn qu d b thi hng. Cc yu t nh hng n cng h hp l: nhit , m, thnh phn khng kh mi trng. Trong iu kin t Oxy, nhiu kh Cacbonic, khng c cht kch thch chn Ethylenth cng h hp gim. 2.2.3. S sinh sn Ethylen Song song vi qu trnh h hp, qu sn sinh ra kh ethylen. Khi qu gn chn hm lng cht ny t n mc cc i. Kh ethylen kch thch s phn gii cholorophyl v qu trnh chn qu. Qu t bin h hp sinh ra nhiu ethylen trong qu trnh chn hn cc loi khc. S chn trong qu t bin h hp c bt u bi s tng dt bin trong s sinh sn ethylen. Mc sn sinh ra ethylen thay i nhiu theo tng loi qu. 2.2.4. S sinh nhit Nhit c sinh ra trong qu trnh bo qun ti l do h hp. 2/3 lng nhit c ti ra ngoi mi trng, 1/3 lng nhit cn li c dung vo cc qu trnh trao i cht bn trong t bo, qu trnh bay hi nc.. Trong bo qun cn duy tr cc thng s nhit , m ti u trong kho. Khi nhit tng kch thch cng h hp mnh ln, t y mnh chu trnh: nhit ,

 m tng lm qu trnh h h p tng, cho s pht trin ca vi sinh vt tng, lng nhit sinh ra li tng hn na. l iu kin dn n h hng qu nhanh chng. 2.2.5. S bay hi Qu sau khi tch khi cy s xy ra qu trnh mt nc t nhin do bay hi, dn n qu b nhn ho, hnh thc xu. Nu qu trnh mt nc nhanh lm ri lon sinh l, lm tng h hp dn n qu b hng nhanh. Mc bay hi nc ph thuc vo tng loi qu, ging v cu to ca qu (qu v dy, v mng, dai , gin), chn ca qu, mc bm gip c hc. Mc bay hi cn ph thuc vo m v nhit mi trng, phng thc bao gi qu. Qu non, xanh bc hi nc nhanh nn chng b ho. Qu b khuyt tt do cn trng, nm bnh, bm gip c hc cng lm tng s mt nc. S mt nc cng thay i theo thi gian bo qun: Sau khi thu hi th mt nc mnh, sau gim ri li tng ln khi qu chn ri thi hng. m mi trng thp, nhit mi trng cao cng lm tng s mt nc. 2.2.6. S gim khi lng qu Khi xy ra hin tng bay hi nc trong qu trnh bo qun th khi lng ca qu b gim v cht lng dinh dng ca qu cng b tn hao. S tn hao cht dinh dng tn hao do qu phi s dng cht dinh dng (ch yu l ng) duy tr s sng sau khi ngt khi cy m do qu b gim hm lng cht kh sau thi gian bo qun. 2.2.7. S thay i thnh phn ho hc. Trong qu trnh qu chn, qu s tr nn mm (do cht protopectin chuyn thnh pctin ho tan lm qu tr nn mm ). S bin i pectin trong qu trnh bo qun qun l mt yu t quan trng cho qu trnh bo qun qu. V vy, khi thu hoch cn phi xc nh thi im qu cha chn thch hp. Nu chn qu, qu kh bo qun; nu qu cn qu xanh th cht lung qu khng tt . Glucid (cc cht ng, tinh bt): l thnh phn thay i ln v mnh nht trong khi bo qun. Trong thi gian bo qun qu chn, ng c s dng trong qu trnh h hp chuyn ho thnh nng lng, hm lung ng b gim theo thi gian. Cc loi qu cha chn hoc t l chn thp th tip tc chn trong qu trnh bo qun, tinh bt chuyn thnh ng, mt phn uc s dng sinh nhit, phn cn li tch t trong qu lm tng lng ng trong qu tng theo thi gian bo qun.

Bin i v axt hu c: Trong qu chn c cha 0,5 1,0 % axt hu c. Cc axt hu c thng gp l axt malic, axt xitrc, axt tractic...Trong qu trnh bo qun, lng axt hu c gim r rt c v cht v lng . iu ny lm cho v chua ca qu gim i v v ngt tng ln khi qu chn . Bin i v sc t, mu sc: mu sc ca qu do cht chlorophyl, antoxian v carotenoit quyt nh. Tu theo mc chn ca tng loi qu m mu xanh ca qu mt dn do chlorophyl gim, mu vng, tng dn do hm lng carotenoit v antoxian tng . Bin i cc cht gy v, gy hng: trong qu xanh thng cha hiu tanin lm cho qu c v cht. Khi qu chn, tanin bin i thnh ng glucoza ri gim dn v mt hn lm cho qu c v ngt v mt v cht. Cc cht thm c to ra v tng ln trong qu trnh chn sau thu hoch nh ete, ru, aldehyt vi hm lng rt nh nhng to cho qu c mi thm ring . Bin i vitamin: T giai on xanh gi chuyn sang chn c nhiu loi vitamin to thnh nh vitamin B9 , B15, P , K, tin vitamin A... c bit vitamin C tng ln r rt nhng khi chn qu th hm l ng ny b gim.

CHNG 3 CNG NGH BO QUN SAU THU HOCH C CHUA TI

3.1. Thu hoch v x l ti rung
Bn yu t chnh c quan tm trong v ngay sau khi thu hoch c chua l chn thu hoch, thi gian thu hoch, phng php thu hoch v x l qu thu ho ch ti rung. Bt k s thiu st no i vi nhng yu t ny u dn n gim cht lng qu, thm ch l tn tht hon ton. 3.1.1. chn thu hoch C chua c th thu hoch khi qu t chn xanh ( thun thc v mt sinh l nhng cn xanh v), hoc ng mu, hoc chn hon ton, ty vo mc ch s dng, thi gian vn chuyn, hoc khong cch t ni sn xut n ni tiu dng hoc th trng. i vi nhng th trng xa, hoc i h i thi gian tn tr lu, c chua c thu hoch khi cn xanh hoc hi (ang chuyn mu). L mt th qu h hp t bin, c chua thu hoch khi cn xanh nhng thun thc th c th chn tip t nhin, v c th t n cht lng ti u. Ngc li, qu non s khng t c mu sc v hng thm tt v s d dng b h hng sau thu hoch (Bautistaand Acedo, 1987).

Hnh 1. Mu c chua t chn xanh c th thu hoch C chua chn xanh c xc nh bng v d mu c th nh nh 1. Mu i din ny c ct cho v nu nh cc ht ca mt ct khng b ct v cc qu th tng ng nhau v kch thc, hnh dng, th c coi l chn. Trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn, c chua chn xanh c th chu c iu kin b mt lu tr rp, x x tt hn, v th m vic tn tht cht lng v s lng l ti thiu. Tuy nhin, c chua chn xanh c th khng t chn yu cu khi n thi im bn hoc tiu th, nn vic cho qu chn

t nhin sau thu hoch hoc lm chn nhn to l cn thit. Qu c mu hng hoc chn thng c thu hoch do nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng hoc nh ch bin.

Hnh 2. Thu hoch c chua trng thi chn khc nhau da vo mu v i vi cc th trng gn, c chua c th thu hoch khi ang ng mu, c mu hng hoc chn hon ton. Cc trng thi ny c th xc nh d dng v chc chn da vo mu v (Hnh 2). Hin nay, c rt nhiu ging c chua l sn phm ca cng ngh sinh hc nh c chua ESL thi hn bo qun di, bin i gen hoc khng (Suslow v Cantwel, 2005). Nhng ging khc nhau ny nu thu hoch qu trng thi chn xanh th qu trnh chn s b nh hng. V vy, t nht qu phi c thu hoch khi v hng. 3.1.2. Thi gian thu hoch Nn thu hoch khi tri mt v tt nht l vo bui sng, v khi nhi t thp c th gim thiu s tng nhit ca qu, ng thi tng hiu qu thu hoch. Bt u thu hoch khi sng sm tan ht hoc nu thu hoch vo lc qu sm th cn cn thn ch iu ny trnh gy hi cho nhng cy vn cn qu cho t thu hoch sau. Khng nn thu hoch khi tri ma hoc ngay sau khi ma, v t l mc bnh c th cao hn (Bautista v Acedo, 1987). Nc ma c th tch t trn cung qu, l ni xm hi chnh ca vi sinh vt, to iu kin thun li cho vi sinh vt pht trin. Tuy nhin, nu khng trnh c iu ny, qu cn phi c ra sch v lm kh trc khi bao gi. Vic ra v lm kh cng cn thit i vi qu t cc cy khng c cc hoc khng c li chn t, v t l ngun cha vi sinh vt gy hi, c th bm vo qu c bit l trong ma ma. 3.1.3. Phng php thu hoch Phng php thu hoch thng dng l hi qu bng tay (Hnh 3)

Hnh 3. Thu hoch c chua bng tay Hi qu ra khi cy cn trnh gy tn thng cy v khng cn thit phi ri i phn cung nh, lm l ra phn cui cung, l ni trao i kh ch yu ca qu (v d, y l ni thot hi nc, gy mt nc v gim khi lng; l li vo ca O2 v li ra ca CO2, v th lm tng cng h hp v cc hot ng trao i cht khc). Mt vic khc cn lu khi thu ho ch l phi quan st trnh tn thng c gii, nh mt vt thng nh gy ra do mng tay ca ngi thu hoch. Nhng vt thng nh nh th c th khng d dng nhn thy nhng qu xanh, nhng s thy sau khi vt thng chuyn sang mu en.

Hnh 4. Dng c thu hoch c chua vi b mt nhn Dng c cha khi thu hoch, tt nht l c lm bng nha c b mt nhn (nh thng hoc khay nha nh). Dng c ny thng thun tin cho vic ng mt lng nh, v khng gy tn thng qu. 3.1.4. Lu tr trn ng rung Cn trnh nm qu vo r thu hoch, hoc khng nn qung ko mnh cc r thu hoch. Nu khng, nhng va chm c th dn n nhng triu chng khng nhn thy

c nh vt thm nu hoc en phn ht. Cc st ln c s dng thun tin cho vic cha ng v vn chuyn sn phm t ng rung n ni ng gi. Nn s dng cc r nha, nhng cng c th s dng cc vt cha n gin nh st tre. i vi cc st tre, hoc thng g, c th lt l hoc giy bo c bo v qu trnh b mt ca vt cha. Cc thao tc khng ng cch trong qu trnh lu gi trn ng rung bao gm: nm qu vo thng cha, lm ri hoc ko mnh dng c cha trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Nhng thao tc ny c th dn n c cc tn thng vt l nhn thy v khng nhn thy. Cc vt thng nhn thy c th l cc vt ct, l thng hoc vt try xc. Ngoi vic nh hng n cht lng cm quan, cc tn thng vt l cn lm tng s mt nc v tc chn, v dn ng cho vi sinh vt xm hi.

Hnh 5. Qu nng ln do b phi di nh mt tri suy gim nhanh cht lng do mt nc, qu nhn nheo v tng tc chn. C chua sau thu hoch c gi tm thi di bng rm, trnh phi ra di nh nng mt tri, v iu ny gy rm nng, mt nc nhanh dn n kh nhn v tch ly nhit thc y qu trnh chn. S tng nhit ca qu thng thy khi qu b phi nng mt n hai gi. Nhit tch t bn trong qu s c gii phng sau v lm tng nhit bn trong vt liu bao gi, vt chuyn ch hoc khu lu tr. ng thi n lm tng cng h hp. loi b nhit, cn lm mt s b. Qu c thu hoch nhng chn khc nhau c th phn loi trong qu trnh thu hoch v qu trnh lu gi trn ng, bng cch chng trong cc vt cha khc nhau hoc trong cc thng cha c ngn.

Hnh 6. Dng c thu hoch v vn chuyn c tm ngn chia qu xanh v qu chn. Phn loi qu ty thuc vo kch thc v ng thi c th phn loi khuyt tt nu ngi thu hi c kinh nghim. Nu khng, qu s c vn chuyn n nh bao gi lm vic ny.

3.2. Cc cng on trong nh ng gi

Hot ng chnh trong nh bao gi l ng gi trc khi bo qun hoc vn chuyn n th trng. Mc d vy, cc cng vic khc trc khi bao gi cng cn thc hin sao cho tn tht l thp nht trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn v tn tr v t c yu cu cht lng trong sut qu trnh lu thng trn th trng v tiu dng. Cc cng vic trc bao gi i vi c chua bao gm lm sch, phng nga thi hng, phn loi tuyn chn, x l kim sot qu trnh chn v lm mt s b. 3.2.1. Lm sch v kim sot thi hng C th s dng vi mm lau sch qu trong qu trnh phn loi, hoc c th ra bng nc sch, sau phi lm kh. Trong qu trnh ra, nc ra c th b nhim bn v cha vi sinh vt gy thi hng nu khng thng xuyn thay nc. x l phng bnh, c th s dng cc cht thng thng c php s dng (General-Regarded-AsSafe - GRAS) nh Clo di dng cht ty ra (5.25% HypoChlorit NaOCl) v mui cacbonat nh Natricacbonat. Nhng nghin cu trc y ch ra rng, phng php x l n gi n ny s lm gim thi hng mt cch c hiu qu. Tuy vy, i vi tng ging phi s dng nng thuc thch hp. Khi s dng mui cacbonat (v d kim cacbonat hoc ph bin l Natricacbonat), nng 3% (30g/l) th nn dng phun ln qu hoc nhng qu, sau ra vi nc (Smilanick 2002).

Sau khi ra, cn lm kh qu v s m t bn trong vt cha s to iu kin thun li cho vi khun pht trin. Vic ny c th thc hin d dng bng cch lau qu, hoc qut bng khng kh thch hp. Trong sut qu trnh ra hoc lm kh, c th tin hnh mt s cng vic trc bao gi nh phn loi tuyn chn. 3.2.2. Phn loi / tuyn chn C chua c cht lng tt lun l s la chn u tin ca ngi tiu dng. V th, phn loi hay tuyn chn lun l vic lm c li. Phn loi v tuyn chn c th thay th cho nhau, nhng tht ra gia chng vn c s khc bit. Khi phn loi da trn tiu chun la chn chnh thc ca cng nghip th c gi l s tuyn chn. Nhng qu trnh n gin hn gi l phn loi. Phn loi hay tuyn chn bt u bng vic phn bit nhng qu c cht lng tt vi nhng qu km cht lng hoc b khuyt tt (nhng qu b rn nt, bin dng, thi hng, b cn trng hi, hoc b cc vt thng vt l). Nhng qu tt sau s tip tc c phn loi theo mc cht lng, da vo kch thc v chn. Nh th, phn loi v tuyn chn s xc nh cht lng v gi thnh ca sn phm hng ha khi a ra th trng. Nu thiu cc tiu chun cht lng th s l ro cn thng mi v s cn tr s pht trin v tnh cnh tranh trong cng nghip. Trong thi i tng cng m rng thng mi v ton cu ho th trng, cc nc ang pht trin cn c c quan tiu chun ha v kim tra tiu chun la chn. Phn loi v tuyn chn s trnh c s h hng sm ca qu. Nu ln cc loi qu khc nhau v cht lng, qu b bnh hoc b tn thng vi cc qu lnh ln s lm tng t l thi hng, v qu cht lng km hoc qu b tn thng rt nhy cm vi s pht sinh bnh, d dng b nhim bnh t qu b bnh v c th dn n h hng c nhng qu lnh ln khc. Qu b bnh hoc b tn thng c gii thng sn sinh ra nhiu ethylene, mt hoocmon thc y qu trnh chn v gi ho. Vn ny s tr nn nguy him nu qu c tiu th th trng xa, nhng ni m thi gian vn chuyn c th phi ko di 3 5 ngy, nhit s tng, to iu kin thun li cho bnh pht trin. Cng khng nn ln qu cha chn vi qu chn, c bit l trong sut thi gian di vn chuyn v lu tr, v qu chn s sinh ra lng ethylene cao, gy ra s chn sm ca nhng qu cha chn. cc nc Lo, Vit Nam, Cambodia v nhiu nc ang pht trin khc, khng c tiu chun la chn no vi c chua. S phn loi gia ni cung cp v ni c nhu cu li khc nhau. C th phn loi da trn kch thc (v d: A ln, B trung bnh, C nh, D rt nh), mu sc hoc trng thi chn v khng b khuyt tt.

S phn loi theo ging cng quan trng v c chua c rt nhiu loi ging, khc nhau v nhy cm vi nhng tn thng c gii v tc chn. C chua c tht dy thng chu c lu tr trong nhng vt dng b mt g gh tt hn so vi nhng gin tht mng. Nu c hai ging ny c lu tr trong cng mt ni, th tn thng c gii nhng qu mng tht c th dn n thi hng hoc gim cht lng nhng qu c tht dy v lm tng tc chn. Mt s nng dn thng trng v thu hoch hai hoc vi ging cng mt lc. Cc qu khc ging c bao gi ln trong cng mt thng cha vn c th gi c cht lng nu ni sn xut gn ni tiu th. Tuy vy, nu mun thit lp mt ci tn cho sn phm c cht lng tt ca mnh, ngi nng dn cn phn loi sn phm theo kch c hoc yu cu cht lng ca ngi tiu dng. C th dn nhn hoc ng du cho sn phm, con du phi c bo v v cao ngun cung cp c chua cht lng cao. V tiu chun la chn c chua cha c s dng cho cng nghip cc nc ang pht trin trong c Lo, Cambodia v Vit Nam nn cch phn loi c ngh diy c th dng tham kho: - Loi A, ln: C chua ca cng mt ging, c cng trng thi chn, cng hnh dng, khng khuyt tt (khuyt tt do cn trng hi, tn thng vt l, thi hng, bin dng,) - Loi A, trung bnh: Cht lng yu cu nh loi trn, nhng khc v kch c. - Loi A, nh: Cht lng yu cu nh trn, nhng khc v kch c. - Loi B, ln: C chua ca cng mt ging, khuyt tt trn b mt hoc khuyt tt nh (khuyt tt nh ngha l khng nh hng n cht lng qu khi n v nh hng khng ln n cht lng cm quan ca c l hng). - Loi B, trung bnh: Cht lng yu cu nh trn, nhng khc v kch c. - Loi B, nh: Cht lng yu cu nh trn, nhng khc v kch c. - Loi C, a kch c: C chua ca cng mt ging, khng c phn loi theo trng thi chn, nhng khng c qu chn hon ton, c khuyt tt nh nh loi B, nhiu kch c. Suslow v Cantwel (2005) a ra ch s cht lng tiu chun cho cc ging c chua khc nhau, trc ht l da trn s tng ng v hnh dng v khng c khuyt tt, h hng. Kch c khng phi l yu t tuyn chn cht lng nhng c l nh hung kh nhiu n cht lung v mt thng phm. Cc ch s cht lng ny nh sau:

Hnh dng: c cng mt kiu hnh dng (hnh trn, hnh cu, hnh cu dt) Mu sc tng ng (t cam n m, vng nht). Khng c mu xanh. Biu hin bn ngoi: Trn mn, so cung nh. Khng c cc vt rn nt, rm nng, vt thng do cn trng, vt thng c gii, hoc vt bm tm. cng: Chu c p lc. Khng b bin dng do chn nu.

3.2.3. Kim sot s chn: S chn ca c chua c th c lm chm li hoc tng cng hoc ci thin. Lm chm qu trnh chn l mc ch chnh ca tch lu, bo qun, ko di tui th sau thu hoch. Trnh qu trnh chn sm trong khi vn chuyn cng rt quan trng. Vic thc y qu trnh chn cng cn dng n, c bit l i vi nhng qu thu hoch trng thi chn xanh p ng nhu cu ca th trng tiu dng v thm ch nhng qu c thu hoch trng thi khc nhau c th t c chn ng u theo yu cu. C chua chn thng l nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng hoc nh ch bin. Ch nn lm chn nhn to nhng qu tr ng thnh, v qu non chn p s khng tt. Phng php lm chn khc nhau c mt c ch chung tng tc chn l x l ethylene hoc nhng cht tng t (nh axetylene) trong mt khong thi gian kch thch qu sn sinh ethylene mc cao. Vic s dng kh ethylene i hi chi ph cao v my mc phc tp. C th lm chn c chua bng mt s k thut n gin nh sau: S dng nguyn liu thc vt sn sinh kh ethylene cao nh l cy ca Gliricidia sepium v Samanea saman hoc nhng qu chn, ang chn. Nhng nguyn liu ny thng c s dng vi lng thch hp l 10% trng lng qu (c 10 kg qu, th s dng 1 kg nguyn liu thc vt ny), trn ln vi qu trong mt bung kn 2-3 ngy, sau a qu ra khi phng v chn t nhin trong iu kin thong. S dng dung dch Etan (ch phm thng mi l Ethrel ging vi ethylene dng lng) nng 2500-5000 ppm, nhng trong 5 pht. S dng t n (CaC2), cho mt lng t vo ng qu gi trong phng nh, nn nh v khi c chua phi c ph kn bng bao ti trong 2 ngy acetylene gii phng ra t t n khi n phn ng vi nc, sau bao ti chn c d i, qu chn. Trong mt vi trng hp, qu c cha trong thng cha ln, sau t n c a vo trong mt ti nh, ph kn trong 2 ngy. Khong 0.25-0.5 kg CaC2 c gi trong giy bo v trong mt st tre 80 kg. Qu xanh s chuyn sang c mu sau 1 ngy t khi x l, trong khi chn t nhin th phi mt 6-7

ngy. Cn ch rng phn ng ca CaC2 v nc s sinh ra acetylene l mt phn ng to nhit, v th khng x l trong thi gian ko di v s dn n tn thng nhit ca qu v d qu chn cng ch t c mu cam hoc vng, thay v mu . cc nc nhit i th ci thin s chn rt quan trng, v d nh Lo, Vit Nam v Cambodia, ni m iu kin nhit cao l ch yu, thng dao ng t 27 320C, khng thun li cho s hnh thnh mu ca qu c chua. Nhit chn ti u cho gi tr cm quan tt v cht lng dinh dng l 200C (Suslow v Cantwell 2005). Nhit ny cho mu sc tt nht v gi c nhiu vitamin C nht. Mu ca qu c chua l do carotenoid, lycopene c tng hp nhit khong t 13 250C. Cao hn khong nhit ny s cho mu vng cam hoc vng nht, v -carotene c tng hp nhiu hn, trong khi thp hn khong nhit th qu c th b tn thng lnh (khng chn c, hoc b nu ha b mt). Mu hnh thnh qu c chua khng phi l mt vn nhng vng t cao, ni c nhit thp, hoc khi lu tr kho lnh trong cc ch bn bun, bn l. nhng vng t thp hoc khi nhit cao, c th lm cho c chua chn bng cch gi qu trong khu mt hoc trong mi cht lm mt d bay hi. 3.2.4. Lm lnh s b: Lm gim nhanh chng nhit sn phm, mt qu trnh c gi l lm lnh s b, c th gip gi c cht lng thng qua vic lm chm cc hot ng trao i cht. Lm lnh ngay sau khi thu hi c th gi cht lng rau qu mc tt nht sau thu hoch. Nu c thc hin kt hp vi bo qun lnh, n c th lm gim thi gian lm lnh. Lm lnh khng kh cng bc l c hiu qu nht nhng phng mt li ph bin hn (theo Suslow v Cantwell, 2005). Mt phng php n gin v nhanh chng ca lm lnh s b l s dng nc lnh. Lm lnh nc n gin v gi thp c thc nghim ti Vin Nghin cu rau qu, H Ni, xem hnh 10. H thng ny gm mt b khung c lm t nhng ng nc v hai loi vt liu lt u tin l nhng tm tre an, tm ct v tip theo l tm nilon ph ln trn trc khi cho nc vo. Nc c lm lnh n 100C bng cch cho . Qu c th c nhng ngp trong nc lnh n khi nhit tm qu t 10-130C.

Hnh 10. M hnh lm lnh s b n gin thc hin ti Vin NC Rau qu, H Ni 3.2.5. Bao gi H thng bao gi khng ch c chc nng cha sn phm m quan trng hn, n cn c s dng nh mt yu t bo v sn phm hu hiu, gip sn phm trnh nhng tc ng c hc v nhng nguyn nhn lm hao tn khc. Cc chc nng khc ca bao b l cung cp cc thng tin v sn phm bn trong nh: khi lng v nh gi bn ca sn phm, xut x sn phm v.v C nhiu loi bao b khc nhau c s dng bao gi v vn chuyn c chua nhng ph bin nht l cc st tre v st g c dung tch cha thay i t 20-60 kg (Hnh11). Mt s t trng hp s dng st nha mc d chng kh t, nhng vn c gii thiu bi chng rn chc v c th ti s dng, hoc tr li, chng c b mt mm v d v sinh v c th xp thnh chng cao.

Hnh 11. Vt ng c chua: A-St tre, B-St g, C-St nha Tuy nhin khng ging nh nhng vt liu cng khc, nu khng s dng nhng bin php bo v ph hp th tc dng bo v rau qu t nhng tn thng vt l ca st tre l rt thp. St tre thng c b mt sc v gh gh, chng khng th chng ln nhau m khng lm dp nhng qu lp di nu khng s dng tm g lt hoc np y bng g gia cc lp, v cc st trng khng th chng ln nhau tit kim khng gian nu khng c thit k vi nhng cnh cho theo y nh hnh 12A. Thng g cng bo v sn phm tt hn st tre nhng nu khng lt b mt mt cch cn thn th n c

th l nguyn nhn gy nn nhiu tn thng rau qu. Mun tit kim khng gian khi tn tr cc thng trng th c th thit k cc thng g dng c th gp li, xp li c (Hnh 12A) trong khi st nha c th lm cc cnh xin (Hnh 12B).

Hnh 12. Thng g xp c (A) v st nha c cnh xin (B). trnh hoc hn ch thp nht cc thng tn vt l v nhng hao tn khc qu, khi bao gi cn ch thc hin nhng im sau: a. S dng bao b sch b. Nu ti liu bao gi c s dng ph bin, vic ng gi d c thc hin ng u. Nhng bao gi cha t 40-50 kg l qu nng. Ngi ng gi thng lm ri hoc nm chng hn l nhc chng ln mt cch nh nhng trong sut qu trnh ng gi v vn chuyn. c. S dng nhng vt lt v vt m hoc nhng vt liu dng lt nh giy bo, l... Vi thng g, c th dn sn nhng tm ba cc tng mng pha bn trong. d. Khng s dng nhng vt cha qu su v s d lm tn thng qu phn y. e. Ch ng va dung tch cha ca bao b. Khng c n qu cht hoc ng qu y dn n nhng tn thng do bm dp. f. ng gi nhng qu c cng chn trong cng mt bao b. Nu xp ln nhng qu chn vi nhng qu cha chn c th dn n s chn p ca nhng qu cha chn v lm tng h hng nhng qu chn t trc. g. Gi c nh qu trong bao b lm cho qu khng x dch trong sut qu trnh ng gi v vn chuyn v hn ch thp nht h hng do va p. C th c nh qu bng cch lc nh bao b trong qu trnh ng gi lp y cc khong trng. Bao b c lm y ti 1/3 dung tch cha v lc nh; sau tip tc lm y n 2/3 dung tch cha v lc li bao b ln na. Tip tc qu trnh ny cho n khi bao b c lm y kht.

h. Cn thao tc cn thn trong sut qu trnh ng gi (nh khng ri qu...) i. Buc cht bao b bng dng c chuyn dng hoc dy buc. j. Xp vo ni mt. C nhng bin php bao gi c th gip lm chm s chn v ko di thi gian tn tr ca c chua. Mt k thut n gin c ng dng kh ph bin mt s nc l bao b ci bin kh quyn (MAP), mt loi bao b chuyn dng c th linh ng trong mi trng bo qun. Loi mng MAP ny nn c s dng nh l yu t b sung hn kt hp vi cc vt liu bao gi khc l mt vt liu bao gi c lp v n c kh nng chng chu tc ng c hc km.

3.3. Bo qun
Khi qu c bo qun th mc ch chnh l tr hon s chn v ko di thi gian tn tr qu. Thng thng qu c em bo qun tm thi trong khi ch vn chuyn, bc vc hoc ch n lc bn, nhng nng dn v ngi bun bn li khng mun sn phm ca h b chn sm. Nh vy, qu chn sm trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn l iu khng c mong mun. Nhng cng c nhiu trng hp, c chua c gi trong mt khong thi gian no i qu chn v lc chng c bo qun vi mc ch lm tng chn nhiu hn l ko di thi gian tn tr qu. Nhng k thut bo qun khc nhau khi em ng dng bt c ni no u phi c kim nghim cho ph hp vi cc iu kin ni bng cch s dng cc ging a phng, yu t nh hng n cc phn ng trong qu trnh bo qun. Phng php hiu qu nht lm chm chn v ko di thi gian bo qun l bo qun nhit thp. Nu c c s bo qun lnh, nn lu cc i u kin sau y (Suslow v Canwell, 2005): Nhit : 12,5-150C vi qu xanh; 10-12,50C vi qu ng (c mu nht); 7 100C vi qu chn (c mu m). m tng i: 90-95%. Qu c chua t chn k thut c th bo qun c n 14 ngy trc khi chn 12,5 C m khng lm gim cht lng cm qun v s bin i mu sc. nhit ny, sau qu 2 tun, s thi hng s tng dn theo thi gian bo qun. Vi nhng qu t chn ti ( chn s dng, n c), c th bo qun c 8-10 ngy khong nhit thch hp. Bo qun ngn hn hoc h nhit thp hn khong nhit nu trn i khi c p dng trong th trng nhng s d xy ra tn thng lnh sau mt vi ngy. C chua s xut hin tn thng lnh nhit di 100C nu gi qu 2 tun hoc 50C nu qu 6-8 ngy. Hu qu ca vic tn thng lnh l c chua s khng tip tc chn mt cch bnh thng, khng t c mu sc v hng v t nhin, qu b mm, b mt b lm, thm ht, v tng nguy c h hng (c bit l mc en gy ra bi vi khun Alternaria spp.). Bn cnh , m tng i cao cng cn thit cho vic gi cht lng c chua mc cao nht c th v chng li s mt hi nc (lm nhn v
0

qu). m cao ko di cng l i u kin thun li pht trin mc trn b mt qu hoc nhn cu ng. nhng nc ang pht trin bao gm Cambodia, Lo, Vit Nam nhng c s bo qun lnh vn cn him. Nhng phng php bo qun khc l rt cn thit. Sau y l nhng phng php bo qun c chua n gin v r tin. 3.3.1. Bao gi iu bin kh quyn (MAP) MAP l mt phng php n gin v r tin lm c ch s chn ca qu bng cch to ra mi trng kh c t kh CO2 v nhiu kh O2. MAP cn to ra mi trng m lm gim s mt hi nc. MAP c to ra mt cch n gin bng cch cho qu vo trong mt ti cht do (hnh13). Mng nilon cng c th c dng lm vt liu lt trong cc thng cha, hoc che ph, y cc pallet.

Hnh 13. C chua bo qun MAP v khng bo qun MAP sau 6 ngy iu kin thng (25-330C) Nhng loi mng MAP c sn cc nc chu bao gm cc nc Lo, Vit Nam v Cambodia l cc loi ti LDPE v HDPE, mng polypropylene (PP) vi cc dy khc nhau. Trong ng dng ring mng MAP vi iu kin nhit cao cc nc nhit i, bn trong ti thng xy ra hin tng ng nc v c th dn n thi hng qu (Hnh 14). trnh tnh trng y, nhng loi mng ph hp vi dy thch hp phi c s dng hoc phi xc nh c thi gian ti a trong bo qun bng MAP trc khi xy ra cc hin tng nh vy. c l trn ti nilon cng tr nn cn thit. Cc l thng c th

c c u n bng cch s dng cc vt dng di thng thng, inh ghim hoc nhng hng l kim chm siu nh. V d, khi s dng dng LDPE 50 m th nn c 4 l inh ghim cho mi 4 kg qu trong khi vi st g c kch thc 36 x 48 x 24 th cn 24 l inh ghim.

Hnh 14. Nc ng bn trong mng MAP (A) v lm hng qu bo qun bng MAP (B) 3.3.2. Bo qun lnh bng phng php bay h i (Evaporative Cooling System) ECS bao gm s bay hi ca nc mang theo yu t lm mt. Nc c cung cp vo nhng vng ln cn ca sn phm v lm h nhit trong bung bo qun, nhit sinh ra t chnh sn phm (nhit sinh ra do h hp) v do mi trng bn ngoi. S gim nhit c th khng qu ln nhng m c th tng ln t 90% hoc cao hn, ng dng ECS rt c hiu qu trong vic hn ch s mt nc v cc qu trnh lin quan n s mt nc (nh s ho, s chn nhanh). Cc phng php ECS khc nhau u c mt im chung s c mt ca nc vng ln cn sn phm: S dng mn ca m:

Mn ca c lm m vi nc t l 1:1 c th tr hon s chn ca c chua ti 2 tun v qu c chua vn tip tc chn (Hnh 15) (Bautista v Acedo, 1987). Mn ca phi c lm sch, bng cch di nc si, phi kh dit vi khun. Mt k thut khc dit khun l s dng dung dch Hypochlorite 200ppm lm m mn ca. Qu c chua nn c xp thnh tng lp mng, chng hn: mt lp mn ca dy khong 2 cm, tip theo l mt lp qu sau li ph ln mt lp mn ca v c tip tc nh th. Cch ny c th ngn khng cho bnh ly lan t lp ny sang lp khc. Phng php ny c th thc hin nhiu khng gian hoc trong cc vt cha.

Hnh 15. S dng mn ca m trong bo qun c chua S dng chum, vi lm m:

Nhng ci chum, vi ln rt sn cc vng nng thn c th c s dng lm ECS mc trung bnh (Hnh 16) (Bautista v Acedo, 1987). Chum c t trn mt ci khay nc v ph ln trn bng mt mnh vi m hoc bao ti lm t si ay. Phng php ny c th gi qu c chua chm chn t 1- 2 tun.

Hnh 16. S dng chum vi m bo qun c chua T lm mt nh bay hi:

Mt kiu cu trc ca ECS c th gi c chua xanh trong thi gian bo qun lu gp i so vi c chua bo qun iu kin thng (Acedo, 1997a). Kiu cu trc th nht (Hnh 17A) gm c t bo qun lm bng g v li kim loi, ton b cu trc c ph bi bao ti ay c lm t bng nc trong khay t trn nh v di y. Cu trc th hai (Hnh 17B) l s ci tin ca cu trc th nht. Cc cnh hp c lm t tm Gl phng, c khong cch 5x5cm so vi cnh pha ngoi c lm bng li thp tt. Khong cch 1,5cm gia hai bc vch bn trong v bn ngoi cha y tru c gi t bng s tip xc vi mt tm vi ngm ngp trong khay nc t trn nh hp, c th thay tru bng than ci v mn ca. Cu trc th 3 (Hnh 17C) l mt cu trc phng

to, khong gp 4 ln kch thc ca cu trc th 2, dng bo qun s lng ln. N khng c phn no c lm t g v c lm t nhng vt liu bn nh cc thanh st v tm Gl dy v li thp. h nhit, ta nhit bn trong t, phn nh t c bc tng thng gi. Mng ng nc cng nh t vi h thng ng nha dn nc vo lp tru dy 5 cm. Ton b cu trc ny t trn mt khay Gl cha nc.

Hnh 17. Thit b lm mt bay hi bo qun c chua Thit b lm mt bay hi vi qut thng gi: (hnh 18)

Cu trc ny c hai hp mng trn cc cnh i nhau c cha nhng b rm hoc than (Redulla v cng s., 1984). Nc c cho nh vo than hoc rm v gi lm quay tuabin ht hi m, kh mt c a vo lm mt sn phm bn trong t mt. Nhit bn trong t gim t 3-50C trong khi m tng ln khong 85%.

Hnh 18. Thit b lm mt bay hi vi my ht gi

T mt khng cn nng lng:

y l thit b lm mt bay hi, c dng ln vi hai lp gch, khng gian gia hai bc tng trong v ngoi c y ct t m nc (Hnh 19) (Roy, 1989). C chua c t bn trong v ton b t c ph bng mt tm thm r tin gi m. Sut thi gian nng, t bo qun c th duy tr 15-180C v 95% m.

Hnh 19. Thit b lm mt bay hi kiu bung lm mt khng nng lng 3.3.3. Cc phng php ko di thi gian bo qun n gin v r ti n khc Mt bin php hu hiu nhm lm chm s chn l s dng 1-methylcyclopropene (1MCP), l cht c tc dng c ch hot ng ca ethylene v c y ban Mi trng v Cc kim nh thuc v thc phm Hoa k (US EPA v FDA) cng nhn l an ton cho ngi s dng rau qu. N c th lm c chua chm chn n 2 tun theo Improved Pope vi c chua c th s dng 250ppb 1-MCP trong 24 gi (Acedo v cng s., 2004). N cng c tc d ng lm chm chn tng t trn c chua bi vi liu lng s dng 110ppb (Opiyo v Ying, 2005). Tuy nhin, trong c hai trng hp, qu c chua u khng t mu mong mun khi t s chn mm. Nhng x l ng thi khc sau khi x l 1-MCP c th cn thit qu c chua chn mt cch bnh th ng v mu sc v. Mt x l khc cho thy cn thit s dng ethanol (Acedo v cng s., 1995). Bin php x l tt nht l 1 ml ethanol cho mi kg c chua trong 6 gi bng cch s dng phng php bay hi v 4% ethanol trong 4 pht khi s dng phng php nhng ngp.

3.5. Vn chuyn
y l mt trong nhng cng on quan trng trong x l c chua bi v bt c mt thiu st no trong h thng ny (nh iu kin vn chuyn ngho nn, thao tc cu th, nhng s chm tr) u c th dn n nhng hao ht nghim trng (Hnh 20).

Hnh 20. iu kin vn chuyn ngho nn dn n nhng hao ht c chua nghim trng Nhng phng tin vn chuyn ch yu l xe bc hng, xe but v xe ti v chng thng khng c lm lnh. hn ch thp nht nhng hao tn, cn lu mt s im sau: a. Cch thc xp hng ph hp i vi cc st tre, t cc tm g ngn nm ngang gia cc lp trong khi hng trnh lm hng qu cc lp pha di (Hnh 21A). Vi cc loi bao b nh thng g hoc st nha th khng cn thit (Hnh 21B).

Hnh 21. Cch thc xp hng i vi st tre (A) v st g hoc st nha (B) trnphng tin vn chuyn b. Gi cht cc thng hng trong mt khi m bo cho cc thng hng trong cng mt khi gi chng khng b trt ra khi khi trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn, iu c th dn ti s h hng ln. c. Cn che ph trnh ma, nng v gi to S dng vi bt che ph trnh ma t, phi sn phm di tri nng v di tri gi mnh trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Qu b m t s to iu kin thun li cho s pht trin ca vi khun v thi hng, cn

vic phi nng s lm qu b nng ln. Phi by qu di tc gi cao dn n s mt hi nc v lm ho qu. d. Cn m bo s thng kh thch hp trnh hin tng nng cc b hoc s ym kh lm tng nhit v hm lng ethylen. Mt h thng thng kh nh v d Hnh 22 (Pantastico, 1980). Khi vn chuyn cn che ph cn thn bng vi bt v tm ngn gi c lm bng tm Gl phng t cao hn cabin.

Hnh 22. H thng thng kh trong xe ti khng lm lnh e. Thao tc cn thn trong khi xp vo hoc ly ra Nu khng s d gy hng qu do va chm nh nt qu (Hnh 23).

Hnh 23. Nhng vt nt trn qu l biu hin ca s h hng do va chm hn ch thp nht vic lm ri qu trong sut qu trnh tin hnh v thao tc, c th dng mt h thng bng ti nh hnh 24A (Pantastico, 1980). Bng ti gm 2 rng rc v mt si dy cho chc chn. Mt rng rc c t bn trong xe ti pha u thng xe, ci th hai t mt v tr di ng hoc ni c nh ca nh kho. Thng hng c th c treo trc tip hoc t vo trong mt ci r mc chuyn hng ln

hoc xung xe ch hng. S dng thang hoc bc gip hot ng vn chuyn hng ln xung c d dng hn (Hnh 24 B). Thang c th di chuyn c v mt thang lm bng g hoc st, chn thang lm bng st.

Hnh 24. H thng bng ti (A) v cu thang (B) gip bc v d hng thun tin f. Thc hin vn chuyn vo thi gian mt trong ngy iu ny gip bo v qu khi s tng h hp v suy gim cht lng. g. Trnh nhng tr hon khng cn thit Nhng tr hon trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn tng mc hao tn cht lng qu.

3.6. Tiu th
y l khu quan trng cui cng ca hot ng sau thu hoch gia ngi sn xut hoc ngi vn chuyn vi ngi mua hoc ngi tiu dng. Nhng hot ng x l

 th trng quyt nh cht lng cui cng ca sn phm by bn v cn cung cp cho ngi tiu dng cht lng tt nht c th. Sn phm phi c b ngoi hp dn nh ti, khng b khuyt tt, cht lng cao. Cn c nhng x l thch hp, khng ch quan tm n ring sn phm m cn phi ch n thao tc ca ngi x l. hnh 25, v d: st y c chua chn c th c vn chuyn an ton hn bng xe y hoc xe ch hng chuyn dng.

Hnh 25. Vn chuyn cc st c chua bng tay ch Mt s hot ng quan trng th trng (ngi bn bun v bn l) m bo cht lng v tnh thng phm ca c chua nh sau: - Thc hin v sinh thch hp Sn phm h hng phi c vt b, lm sch c s ng gi v bo qun, khu vc by bn phi c v sinh v lau dn sch s. C th s dng Chlorine 200ppm kh trng khu vc bn hng. - Ti lm sch Lau qu lm cho chng hp dn ngi tiu dng hn. Ra qu bng nc chlorin ha i vi nhng qu b h hng trong qu trnh vn chuyn. - Ti la chn, phn loi iu ny l cn thit i vi lot c chua c cht lng khng ng u, ln ln cc chn, b thng tn do bnh hoc do c hc. iu ny cng rt quan trng trong vic m bo tnh ng u v cht lng ca sn phm c by bn. - X l chn C chua c tiu th nhiu nht khi chn, do , c th chn c chua trc khi by bn. Vic x l chn cn tun theo quy nh ca a phng v phi c cng b rng ri. - Bao gi li th trng bn bun, sn phm c la chn li v ng trong cc ti nh hn, ph hp hn vi phn phi l. - Trnh h hng do ethylene C chua rt nhy cm vi ethylene sinh ra bi s chn p. Mt khc, c chua chn cng s n sinh ra hm lng ln ethylene lm cho qu chn khng ng lc v lm gim gi tr ca nhng qu ti khc, v th ng th trng

bn bun v bn l thng bn cc loi qu khc nhau. Nhng sn phm sinh nhiu ethylen v nhng sn phm nhy cm vi ethylen khng nn chung trong mt phng hoc trn cng ngn by bn. Nhng ngun sinh ethylen khc (forklifts, phng lm chn, qu hng) phi c khng ch. S dng h thng thng hi v cht hp ph ethylen (nh KMnO4) lm gim lng ethylen trong khu vc bo qun. - Bo qun Tt c lng c chua nhn v khng th phn phi ht trong cng mt ngy, do cn phi bo qun. Phng bo qun vi ch bo qun ph hp l cn thit. Phi n s tng thch ca cc loi qu cng c bo qun.

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Ti liu tp hun, Cng ngh sau thu hoch v k hoch tp hun d n Reta 6208. 2. http://agriviet.com/nd/517-cay-ca-chua/ 3. http://www.vacvina.org.vn/Story/vn/home/BaigiangVAC/2010/12/396.html 4. http://vst.vista.gov.vn/home/database/an_pham_dien_tu/MagazineName.2004-0422.2018/2005/2005_00030/MItem.2005-07-20.0434/MArticle.2005-0720.0303/marticle_view 5. http://rausach.com.vn/forum_posts.asp?TID=3098&title=bo-qun-rau-qu-cao-cp