Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL MC LC Li ni u .............................................................................................3 Chng 1. Cng ngh nn tng ca ADSL ........................................5 1.1. Mng ni b (LAN)........................................................................5 1.1.1.

Cng ngh Ethernet v IEEE 802.3.........................................5 1.1.1.1. Cu trc gi s liu.............................................................5 1.1.1.2. Nguyn tc hot ng.........................................................7 1.1.1.3. Hnh thc kt ni vt l......................................................10 1.1.1.4. CSMA/CD .........................................................................12 1.1.1.5. Fast Ethernet ......................................................................13 1.1.1.6. S thc thi Fast Ethernet ...................................................14 1.1.1.7. Gigabit Ethernet .................................................................14 1.1.1.8. S thc thi Gigabit Ethernet ..............................................14 1.1.2. Cng ngh mng Token Ring .................................................15 1.1.2.1. Cu trc gi s liu ............................................................15 1.1.2.2. Nguyn tc hot ng ........................................................17 1.2. Mng din rng WAN ...................................................................18 1.2.1. Kt ni im - im .................................................................18 1.2.2. Switched WANs ......................................................................18 1.2.2.1. Chuyn mch Circuit Switching .....................................18 1.2.2.2. Chuyn mch gi- Packet Switching .................................19 1.2.2.3. ATM ..................................................................................19 1.2.2.4. Mng X.25 .........................................................................19 1.2.2.5. Frame Relay .......................................................................21 1.2.2.6. ISDN ..................................................................................21 1.2.2.7. SONET ..............................................................................22 1.3. Cc thit b kt ni ph bin trong mng LAN v WAN ...........23 1.3.1. Card mng: NIC ......................................................................23 1.3.2. Repeater: B lp ......................................................................23 1.3.3. HUB ........................................................................................23

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL 1.3.4. Lin mng (Internet Working) ................................................25 1.3.4.1. Cu ni (Bridge) ................................................................25 1.3.4.2. B dn ng (Router) ........................................................25 1.3.4.3. B chuyn mch (Switch) ..................................................26 Chng 2. Tng quan v ADSL ..........................................................27 2.1. Gii thiu tng quan k thut xDSL ...........................................27 2.2. Tng quan v cng ngh xDSL .....................................................29 2.2.1. c im ca cng ngh xDSL ...............................................29 2.2.2. u im ca cng ngh xDSL ................................................30 2.2.3. Nhng thch thc chnh ca cng ngh xDSL .......................30 2.3. K thut ADSL ..............................................................................31 2.3.1. ADSL l g ..............................................................................31 2.3.2. ng dng ca ADSL ................................................................33 2.3.3. C ch hot ng v di tn ca ADSL ..................................34 2.3.3.1. C ch hot ng ...............................................................34 2.3.3.2. Di ph tn ca ADSL .......................................................35 2.3.4. u im ca ADSL so vi PSTN & ISDN .............................35 2.3.5. Cc thnh phn ca ADSL ......................................................36 2.3.5.1. Modem ADSL l g ...........................................................37 2.3.5.2. Modem ADSL lm vic nh th no ...................................38 2.3.5.3. Mch vng/Local Loop l g .............................................39 2.3.6. Cc thnh phn ADSL t pha nh cung cp dch v .............40 2.3.6.1. DLAM l g .......................................................................40 2.3.6.2. BAS l g............................................................................41 2.3.6.3. ISP l g .............................................................................42 2.3.7. Cc thnh phn khc ca h thng ADSL ..............................42 2.3.8. Kt ni mng ...........................................................................42 2.3.8.1. Cc giao thc c s dng gia modem v BAS ............43 2.3.8.2. Vai tr ca ATM ................................................................43 2.3.9. Vai tr ca PPP .......................................................................44

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL 2.3.10. Modem ADSL trn thc t .................................................44 2.3.11. Mi tng quan gia thoi v ADSL .................................45 2.3.11.1. Thoi v ADSL chung sng ra sao ..................................46 2.3.11.2. Tc a dng ................................................................46 2.4. ADSL mang li g cho ngi dng, doanh nghip .....................47 2.4.1. i vi ngi dng .................................................................47 2.4.2. i vi doanh nghip v cc t chc x hi ...........................48 Chng 3. Tnh hnh pht trin ADSL ti nc ta hin nay ...........49 3.1. Tnh hnh pht trin ADSL ti Vit Nam ...................................49 3.1.1. S ra i ca k thut ADSL ti Vit Nam ............................49 3.1.2. Cng ngh ADSL ti Vit Nam ..............................................49 3.1.2.1. Cc nh cung cp ng truyn ADSL ti Vit Nam .......49 3.1.2.2. Tm hiu cch thanh ton cc ph thu bao ADSL .........52 3.1.2.3. DLAM mt s cng DLAM ti H Ni ............................53 3.2. Thch thc vi cc nh cung cp dch v ADSL ti Vit Nam .54 3.2.1. Cung vt qu cu ..................................................................54 3.2.2. Cht lng ng dy .............................................................54 3.2.3. Hng gii quyt ca cc nh cung cp dch v ADSL .........55 Chng 4: Kt lun...............................................................................57 Ti liu tham kho ................................................................................

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL

LI NI U Nhng nm u ca th k XXI, c coi l k nguyn ca cng ngh thng tin, thng tin hc c ngha n s thnh cng v pht trin ca mt quc gia. Trong giai on cng nghip ho - hin i ho, nhu cu tm kim v trao i thng tin lm cho mng Internet ra i. Cc c quan, t chc u nhn thc c tnh u vit ca x l thng tin qua mng. Kt ni mng khng th thiu cho cc hot ng x hi ni chung v cng ngh thng tin ni ring. Cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin, cng ngh ADSL ra i p ng cho vic x l thng tin mt cch thun tin nhanh chng, chnh xc v t hiu qu cng vic cao. Trong khun kh n tt nghip h K thut vin, chng ti nghin cu v : Cng ngh ADSL. n c b cc lm 4 chng: Chng 1 Cng ngh nn tng ca ADSL, trong chng ny trnh by cc kin thc c bn v mng v cc thit b mng, i su v phn loi mng my tnh theo phm vi a l (LAN v WAN). c bit l mng WAN, v l cng ngh nn tng ca ADSL. Chng 2 Tng quan v ADSL, trong chng ny trnh by cc kin thc c bn, tng th v cng ngh ADSL. Chng 3 Tnh hnh pht trin ADSL ti Vit Nam, trong chng ny trnh by s pht trin ca ADSL cng nh nhng kh khn m cc nh cung cp dch v ADSL gp ti nc ta. Chng 4 Kt lun, trong chng ny a ra nhng nhn nh, nh gi v cng ngh ADSL v hng pht trin ca cng ngh ny. Do thi gian v kin thc c hn nn n khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. Rt mong s ng gp kin v gip ca cc thy c, bn b.

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n!

CHNG 1 CNG NGH NN TNG CA ADSL Chng ta c th ngh n Internet nh l nhng mng xng sng c to ra v qun l bi cc t chc quc t, cc quc gia hay cc ISP khu vc. Mng xng sng c ni vi nhau bi cc thit b kt ni nh Router hay Switch. im cui ca mng l nh cung cp mng cc b khu vc hoc kt ni theo kiu Point- to- point ni mng LAN vi mng. Nhn thc Internet l mt tp hp ca Switching Wans (backbones), LANs, Point- to- point WANs. Mc d b giao thc TCP/IP bnh thng bao gm 5 lp, n ch nh cc giao thc trn thnh 3 lp: TCP/IP duy nht lin quan n tng mng, tng vn chuyn v tng ng dng. iu ny c ngha rng TCP/IP gi thit s tn ti ca WANs, LANs, v kt ni nhng thit b. 1.1 . Mng ni b (LAN) A Local area network (LAN) l mt h thng truyn thng tin, d liu cho php kt ni cc thit b c lp lin lc vi nhau trong mt vng c gii hn, mt to nh, hay mt khu trng. Cng ngh mng LAN ph bin nht hin nay trn th gii cng nh Vit Nam gm c: Ethernet LANs, Token Ring LANs, Wireless LANs v ATM LANs. Trong phn ny chng ta tm hiu loi cng ngh u tin, cn cng ngh ATM LANs s c tm hiu thm trong phn tm hiu cng ngh ATM phn sau. 1.1.1. Cng ngh Ethernet v IEEE 802.3 1.1.1.1. Cu trc gi s liu Cng ngh Ethernet l pht minh ca ba tp on Xerox, DEC v Intel t u nhng nm 1970. Ethernet l cng ngh mng cc b c t chc kt ni theo dng ng thng (Bus), s dng phng php iu khin truy nhp ngu nhin CSMA/CD vi tc trao i s liu 10 Mbps. Cng ngh

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL Ethernet c cc t chc tiu chun quc t chu u v M quy chun vi tn l IEEE 802.3. im khc bit ln nht gi Ethernet v IEEE 802.3 th hin mt trng trong cu trc gi s liu c m t hnh sau:
Included in FCS
9,6 s

min: 64 Byte, max: 1518 byte

Preamble

SFD

DA

SA

TYPE

Infomation

FCS

Preamble

1010...10.10.11
byte 7 1 6 6 2 >46 4

Cu trc gi s liu Ethernet

Included in FCS

min: 64 Byte, max: 1518 byte

9,6 s

Preamble

SFD

DA

SA

LEN

Infomation

FCS

Preamble

1010...1010..11 byte 7 1 6 6 2 >46 4

Cu trc gi s liu IEEE 802.3

Hnh 1.1: Cu trc gi s liu Ethernet v IEEE 802.3

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL Ethernet nh ngha trng loi s liu (TYPE), cho bit s liu trong trng s liu (Information Field) thuc giao thc mc mng trong khi IEEE 802.3 nh ngha trong trng di (LEN) ca gi s liu. Trng Preamble v SFD gm chui bit 1010..10 phc v vic ng b cho n v iu khin nhn. Vi hai bit cui cng ca trng SFD l 11 vi phm mu chui bit ng b, cho bit khi u phn tiu ca gi s liu. Chui byte kim tra FCS c to thnh theo m nh phn tun hon, bao gm trng a ch ch DA, a ch ngun SA, trng loi s liu TYPE v trng s liu. Khong cch gia hai gi s liu lin tip nhau (Interframe Gap) c quy nh l 9,6 s, cn thit cho n v iu khin thu x l ni b v chun b thu gi s liu tip theo. di ti thiu ca gi s liu Ethernet l 64 byte, tng ng 512 bit, bng 1 ca s thi gian . Vic gii hn di ti a ca gi s liu Ethernet l 1518 byte cho php hn ch thi gian pht, tng ng vi thi gian chim knh truyn ca mt trm v nh vy, tng kh nng truy nhp mng v trao i s liu cho cc trm khc cng nh gii hn dung lngb nh m pht v thu. 1.1.1.2. Nguyn tc hot ng Lu iu khin truy nhp mng Ethernet v qu trnh pht, thu s liu c m t trong hnh 1.2

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL

TxM
Assemble Frame

Deferring On?

Stat TxM
NO YES

Collision ?
NO

TxM don e?
YES

Send JAM

Iner, attempts

TxM OK
YES

Too many Attempts ?

NO

Collision Error

Calo,Backoff

Wait Backoff

Transmitt procedure 8

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL

RxM

Start receiving

NO

Receiv e Done ?
YES YES

Frame too smal ?

NO YES

Address OK ?

FCS OK ?
YES NO LEN OK ? NO

NO

NO

Extra bit ?
YES

Diasemble Frame
LEN Error

Align Error

CRC Error

RxM done OK

Receive procedure

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL

Hnh 1.2. Lu iu khin truy nhp mng Ethernet Qu trnh pht bt u bng vic chun b gi s liu cn pht trong b nh m pht. Nu khng trng thi ch ngu nhin (deferring) v pht hin xung t trc v knh ri, qu trnh pht c khi ng v kt thc tt p. Trng hp c xung t truy nhp (Collision), chui bit c bit JAM ( jamming sequence) c pht thng bo trng thi xung t truy nhp cho cc trm khc trong mng bit. Nu s ln xung t truy nhp vt qu gii hn cho php l 16 (nh b m xung t truy nhp ring), qu trnh pht c kt thc vi thng bo li Xung t truy nhp. Trong trng hp ngc li, thi gian ch ngu nhin trc khi kim tra ng truyn v pht li, c tnh theo cng thc: TWait= Tslot* TR vi 0< TR< 2 exp min [n,16] Trong n l s ln xy ra xung t truy nhp. Bng cch tnh trn y, thi gian ch kim tra knh v pht li khi c xung truy nhp tng theo t l thun theo hm s m vi s ln truy nhp v nh vy, lm tng thi gian truy nhp mng, c bit khi lu lng s liu trao i trong mng ln, tng ng vi xc xut xy ra xung t truy nhp cao. Phng php iu khin truy nhp ny, v vy, khng thch hp vi cc ng dng thi gian thc m i hi thi gian truy nhp mng xc nh l yu cu kht khe nht. Qu trnh thu kt thc vi vic kim tra di gi s liu thu c. Nu di gi s liu ngn hn di ti thiu quy nh (64 byte), ngha l qu trnh pht c li (v d xung t truy nhp), th gi s liu b loi b v qu trnh ng b thu gi tip theo c khi ng. iu ny cng xy ra khi a ch ch khng trng vi a ch ngun ca a ch thu. Gi s liu thu c ch c ghi vo b nh m thu sau khi khng nh cc byte kim tra FCS ng. Trong trng hp ngc li, cc thng bo li thu, v d: di

10

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL khng ng (LEN error) hoc phm vi gii hn gi d liu (aligment error) hoc li CRC (CRC error), c chuyn cho phn mm iu khin trao i d liu. 1.1.1.3. Hnh thc kt ni vt l Sau y l tm tt cc c trng kt ni vt l ca cng ngh mng Ethernet

Max. 500m Max .2.5m

Max .185m 0.5m

Max.50m ES ES ES ES

Hnh 1.3: thick Ethernet 10BASE-5 Hnh 1.4:Thin Ethernet 10BASE-2 Hub Max.4 Hub ES ES Hub

100m

ES

ES

Hnh 1.5: Ethernet s dng cp in thoi 10 BASE-T Cc tiu chun kt ni vt l ny cho thy s tin trin ca cng ngh mng Ethernet qua thi gian. Tng vt l ca IEEE 802.3 c th dng cc tiu chun sau xy dng:

11

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL 10BASE5: tc 10Mb/s, dng cp xon i khng bc kim UTP (Unshield Twisted Pair), vi phm vi tn hiu ln ti 500m, topo mng hnh sao. 10BASE2: tc 10Mb/s, dng cp ng trc thin-cable vi tr khng 50 Ohm, phm vi tn hiu 200m,topo mng dng bus. 10BASE-T: tc 10Mb/s, dng cp ng trc thick-cable (ng knh 10mm) vi tr khng 50 Ohm, phm vi tn hiu 500m, topo mng dng bus. 10BASE-FL: dng cp quang, tc 10Mb/s phm vi cp 2000m 1.1.1.4. CSMA/CD: a truy xut cm nhn sng mang c pht hin xung t Trn mng Ethernet, mt thi im ch mt hot ng truyn c php. Mng Ethernet c xem nh mng a truy xut cm nhn mang sng c pht hin xung t. iu ny c ngha l hot ng truyn ca mt node i qua ton b mng v c node tip nhn v kim tra. Khi tn hiu i n cui on, thit b kt cui (terminator) hp th ngn chn s phn hi ngc li trn on mng. A B C D

D Application Presentatio n Session Transport Netword Data Link Physical 12

B and C Application Presentatio n Session Transport Netword Data Link Physical

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL

Hnh 1.6: Hot ng ca Ethernet /802.3 Khi mt my trm mun truyn tn hiu , my trm s kim tra trn mng xc nh xem c my trm khc hin ang truyn thng. Nu mng khng b bn, my trm s thc hin vic truyn. Trong lc ang gi tn hiu my trm s kim tra mng m bo khng c my trm khc ang truyn vo thi im . C kh nng hai my trm cng xc nh mng khng b bn v s truyn vo thi im xp x nhau. Nu iu ny sy ra th s gy ra xung t nh minh ho ca hnh 1.7.

Xung t A B C D

JAM

JAM

JAM

JAM

JAM

JAM

JAM

hnh 1.7 Xung t gia my trm Khi tt c node ang truyn m pht hin ra xung t, node truyn i mt tn hiu nhi (jam signal) nhn mnh thm xung t lu di tt c node khc nhn ra. Tt c node khc ang truyn s ngng vic gi frame trong thi 13

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL gian c chn ngu nhin trc khi c gng gi li. Nu ln gi li cng dn n kt qu xung t, node s gi li v s ln gi li l 15 ln trc khi b hn vic gi. Cc ng h ch nh thi quay lui ti cc my khc nhau l khc nhau. Nu hai b nh thi khc nhau, mt my trm s thc hin ln gi k thnh cng. 1.1.1.5. Fast Ethernet truyn cc loi d liu ln hay phc tp chng ta s dng giao thc Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps). Trong tng MAC, Fast Ethernet s dng cng nguyn l nh Ethernet truyn thng (CSMA/CD) ch c iu tc ng truyn c tng ln t 10 Mbps n 100 Mbps. cho CSMA/CD lm vic, chng ta c hai s la chn: lm tng di cc tiu khung kt cu hoc gim s va chm min (tc ca nh sng khng th thay i c). Vic tng thm di cc tiu ca khung kt cu ko theo s b sung pha trn. Nu d liu c gi i khng di, th chng ta cn phi tng thm bytes. Fast Ethernet c cc ty chn khc: min va chm c c gim bt bi mt h s ca 10 ( t 2500 m n 250 m). Vi mng hnh sao th di 250 m c chp nhn trong nhiu trng hp. Trong tng vt l, Fast Ethernet s dng nhng phng php bo hiu v phng tin truyn thng khc nhau t c tc truyn d liu 100 Mbps. 1.1.1.6. S thc thi Fast Ethernet: Fast Ethernet c th la chn loi 2 dy (two-wire) hoc loi 4 dy (fourwire) trong khi thi hnh. Loi 2 dy c dng trong 100BASE-X, vi mi cp cp xon (100BASE-TX) hoc cp si quang (100BASE-FX). Loi 4 dy ch c dng cho loi cp cp xon (100BASE-T4). 1.1.1.7. Gigabit Ethernet Mun truyn ti cc loi d liu cao hn 100mbps th phi dng giao thc Gigabit Ethernet. t c tc truyn d liu ny, th lp MAC c hai tu chn: gi li giao thc CSMA/CD hoc th n. Vi vn trc, hai s la chn, mt ln na, gim bt s xung t min hoc lm tng thm cc tiu di kt cu. Khng th chp nhn c s xung t min trong khong 25m. 14

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL 1.1.1.8. S thi hnh Gigabit Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet c th phn chia thnh mt trong hai loi s dng loi 2 dy hoc 4 dy. Loi 2 dy c dng trong 1000BASE-X. Vi s pht trin ca loi si cp quang hc laze sng ngn bo hiu (1000BASE-SX). Nhng si cp quang hc laze sng di pht bo hiu (1000BASE-LX), v pht trin thm loi cp xon (1000BASE-CX). Loi 4 dy s dng cc cp cp xon (1000BASE-T). 1.1.2. Cng ngh mng Token Ring Cng ngh mng Token Ring da trn t chc kt ni theo dng ng trn, s dng th bi, mt lot gi s liu c bt xc nh quyn truy nhp v trao i s liu trong mng. Thc t, cc thit b u cui c kt ni theo dng im - ti - im; s liu c chuyn ni tip t thit b cui ny n thit b cui sau trn ng trn theo mt chiu nht nh. Tc trao i s liu l 4 Mbit/s v 16 Mbit/s. Token Ring c pht minh t phng th nghim ca cng ty IBM Thu S v c quy chun vi tn l IEEE 802.5 1.1.2.1. Cu trc gi s liu Cu trc gi s liu Token Ring uc m t chi tit trong hnh di. Sau dy l m t ngha cc trng: - SD(Start Delimiter): SD = J K 0 J K 0 0 0- Gii hn u ca gi s liu, bao gm cc mu k t (symbols) J v K. Vic m ho J v K ph thuc vo phng php iu ch tn hiu c th mc vt l (differential mancherter encoding). SFS SD AC Included in FCS FC DA SA n* Information EFS FCS ED FS

Byte

Hnh 1.8.1:Cu trc gi s liu IEEE 802.5 I/G U/L 14 bit Ring No. 32 bit Host

15

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL Hnh 1.8.2: Cu trc a ch

SD

AC 1 1

ED 1 Byte

Hnh 1.8.3 : Cu trc th bi (ToKen) - AC (Acces control): AC = P P P T M R R R- Trng iu khin truy nhp + P: Priority Bit - Xc nh mc u tin truy nhp (8 mc u tin) + T: Token Bit - Xc nh trng thi ca th bi: T= 0: th bi ri; T=1:th bi bn. + M: Monitor Bit - Xc nh chc nng iu khin gim st hot ng ca mng. +R: Request Bit - Xc nh yu cu th bi vi u tin truy nhp nht nh. - FC ( Frame Control): FC = F F Z Z Z Z Z Z - trng iu khin + FF: Xc nh loi gi s liu; FF = 00; gi s liu LLC; FF = 01; gi s liu MAC + Z..Z: M lnh i vi gi s liu LLC. - ED (End Delimiter): ED = J K 1 J K 1 1 E" ch gii hn cui ca gi s liu + I (Immediate Frame Bit): Bit I = 0 cho bit y l gi s liu cui cng; bit I = 1 cho bit cn nhiu gi s liu tip theo. + E (Error Bit): Bit E=1 cho bit thu c li (V d FSC sai). Bit Ethernet c thit lp mt thit b cui bt k trong mng thng bo kt qa thu sai. - FS (Frame Status): FS = A C R R A C R R: Trng trng thi gi s liu + A (Address Recognized Bit): Bit A = 1 cho bit a ch ch trng vi a ch ngun ca mt thit bi cui cng no trong mng.

16

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL + C (Copied bit): bit C = 1 cho bit gi s liu c mt thit b cui trong mng sao chp vo b nh m thu. Mi thit b c mt a ch MAC xc nh v thng nht, c gn c nh trong v iu khin ni mng. Ngoi hai bit I/G v U/L dng phn bit a ch ring a ch nhm cng nh phng thc qun l hai loi a ch ny, a ch Token Ring gm c hai phn: + a ch phn mng vng (Ring Number) + a ch trm (Host Number) a ch phn mng c s dng trong phn thut ton nh tuyn theo ngun (Source Routing) khi kt ni nhiu mng Token Ring mc iu khin truy nhp MAC. Khc vi gi s liu thng thng, th bi l mt gi s liu c bt, ch gm cc trng gii hn (gii hn cui);(trng iu khin truy nhp). Vic s dng th bi gn quyn truy nhp mng vi cc mc u tin truy nhp khc nhau c m t chi tit trong v d sau y. 1.1.2.2. Nguyn tc hot ng Gi s thit b u cui A c nhu cu pht s liu cho thit b cui C. A ch nhn c th bi c trng thi ri v c u tin truy nhp ca A, chuyn th bi ri thnh gii hn u SFS v pht s liu cn pht sau vi a ch ch l C. A pht trong thi gian quy nh, cn gi l thi gian gi th bi THT (Token Holding Time ) hoc pht cho n khi ht s liu cn pht. Lu rng, u tin truy nhp mng v thi gian gi th bi THT c thit lp khi thc hin ci t v cu hnh thit b cui kt ni vo mng. B B B

Th bi ri

Th bi ri

D
A nhn th bi ri

D
A pht, C chp s liu

D
A nhn s liu do mnh pht

17

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL

Hnh 1.9: qu trnh hot ng ca Token Ring V a ch ch khng trng vi a ch ngun ca mnh nn D nhc li gi s liu ca A v pht tip tc trn mng. Tng t nh D, B nhc li gi s liu vi a ch ch l C v a ch ngun l A. Sau khi nhn li gi s liu mnh pht, A thay i trng thi cc bit sao cho gi s liu tr thnh mt chui bit bt k, khng cn l mt gi s liu xc nh c, ngha l loi b gi s liu do chnh mnh pht ra khi mng, v pht th bi c trng thi ri vo mng. 1.2. Mng din rng WAN 1.2.1. Kt ni im - im:

hnh 1.10: kt ni Point to point Cn c gi l knh thu ring (leased line ) bi v n thit lp mt ng kt ni c nh cho khch hng ti cc mng xa thng qua cc phng tin ca nh cung cp dch v. Cc cng ty cung cp dch v d tr sn cc ng kt ni s dng cho mc ch ring ca khch hng. Nhng ng kt ni ny ph hp vi hai phng thc truyn d liu: - Truyn b d liu- Datagram transmissions: Truyn d liu l cc frame d liu c nh a ch ring bit.

18

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL - Truyn dng d liu-Data-stream transmissions: Truyn mt dng d liu m a ch c kim tra mt ln. 1.2.2. MangWAN chuyn mch 1.2.2.1.Chuyn mch - Circuit switching. Chuyn mch l mt phng php s dng cc chuyn mch vt l thit lp, bo tr v kt thc mt phin lm vic thng qua mng ca nh cung cp dch v ca mt kt ni WAN. Chuyn mch ph hp vi hai phng thc truyn d liu: Truyn b d liu-Datagram transmissions v truyn dng d liu-Data-stream transmission. c s dng rng ri trong cc cng ty in thoi, chuyn mch hot ng gn ging mt cuc gi in thoi thng thng. 1.2.2.2. Chuyn mch gi - Packet Switching. Chuyn mch l mt phng php chuyn mch WAN, trong cc thit b mng chia s mt kt ni im-im truyn mt gi d liu t ni gi n ni nhn thng qua mng ca nh cung cp dch v. Cc k thut ghp knh c s dng cho php cc thit b chia s kt ni. 1.2.2.3. ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode: Truyn khng ng b ). c trng c bn ca cng ngh ATM : - ATM l cng ngh truyn dn khng ng b, hng kt ni. Vic trao i s liu c thc hin da trn cc knh truyn dn o, phn bit bi cc nh danh, xc nh. - Ngi s dng c cung cp di thng cn thit theo yu cu, khng ph thuc vo h thng truyn dn vt l c th (bandwidth salabitlity) - Do xc xut li ca h thng truyn dn thp nn c th b cc bin php pht hin v khc phc li khi trao i s liu gia hai h thng k nhau v gim cc s liu iu khin chng li mc mng (fast packet switching). Cc giao thc mc cao c trch nhim m bo trao i s liu chnh xc gia hai thc th cui (end- to-end control).

19

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL - Thi gian x l mt n v s liu hay cn gi l mt t bo ATM bi h thng chuyn mch nh v xc nh. Mt t bo ATM c 53 byte, trong c 5 byte tiu (s liu iu khin). - m bo cht lng dch v theo yu cu ca ngi s dng (Quality of Service). - Frame relay, SMDS-Swithed Multimegabit Data Service, X.25 l cc v d ca cng ngh chuyn mch gi. 1.2.2.4. Mng X.25

Hnh 1.11 : X.25 trn phng tin truyn dn khng n nh X.25 ra i vo nhng nm 1970. Mc ch ban u ca n l kt ni cc my ch ln (mainframe) vi cc my trm terminal) xa. u im ca X.25 so vi cc gii php mng WAN khc l n c c ch kim tra li tch hp sn. Chn X.25 nu bn phi s dng ng dy tng t hay cht lng ng dy khng cao. X.25 l chun ca ITU-T cho truyn trng qua mang WAN s dng k thut chuyn mch gi qua mng in thoi. Thut ng X.25 cng cn c s dng cho nhng giao giao thc thuc lp vt l v lp lin kt d liu to ra mng X.25. Theo thit k ban u, X.25 s dng ng dy tng t to nn mt mng chuyn mch gi, mc d mng X.25 cng c th c xy dng trn c s mt mng s. Hin nay, giao thc X.25 l mt b cc quy tc xc nh cch thc thit lp v duy tr kt ni gia cc DTE v DCE trong mt mng d liu cng cng (PDN- Public Data Network ). N quy nh cc thit b DTE/DCG v PSE (Packet-swiching exchange) s truyn d liu nh th no. - Bn cn phi tr ph thu bao khi s dng mng X.25.

20

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL - Khi s dng mng X.25 bn c th to kt ni ti PDN qua mt ng dy dnh ring. - Mng X.25 hot ng tc 64 Kbit/s (trn ng tng t). - Kch thc gi tin (gi l frame) trong mng X.25 khng c nh Giao thc X.25 c c ch kim tra v sa li rt mnh nn n c th lm vic tng i n nh trn h thng ng dy in thoi tng t c cht lng thp. - X.25 hin ang c s dng rng ri nhiu nc trn th gii ni cc mng s cha c ph bin v cht lng ng dy cn thp. 1.2.2.5. Frame Relay

Hnh 1.12: Frame Relay trn mng truyn dn khng n nh Frame Relay hiu qu hn so vi X.25 v ang dn dn thay th chun ny. Khi s dng Frame Relay, bn tr ph thu ng dy ti node gn nht trn mng Frame Relay. Bn hy gi d liu qua ng dy ca bn v mng Frame Relay s nh tuyn n ti node gn nht vi ni nhn v chuyn d liu xung ng dy ca ngi nhn. Frame Relay nhanh hn so vi X.25 Frame Relay l mt chun cho truyn thng trong mng WAN chuyn mch gi qua cc ng dy s cht lng cao. Mt mng Frame Relay c cc c trng sau: - C nhiu im tng t nh khi trin khai mt mng X.25 - C c ch kim tra li nhng khng c c ch khc phc li - Tc trun d liu c th ln ti 1.54 Mbit/s - Cho php nhiu kch thc gi tin khc nhau

21

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL - C th kt ni nh mt kt ni ng trc ti mng LAN - C th trin khai qua nhiu loi ng kt ni khc nhau (56K, T-1, T-3) - Hot ng ti lp Vt l v lp Lin kt d liu trong m hnh OSI. Khi ng k s dng dch v Frame Relay, bn c cam kt v mc dch v gi l CIR (Committed Information Rate). CIR l tc truyn d liu ti a c cam kt bn nhn c trn mt mng Frame Relay. Tuy nhin, khi lu lng trn mng thp, bn c th gi d liu tc nhanh hn CIR. Khi lu lng trn mng cao, vic u tin s dnh cho nhng khch hng c mc CIR cao. 1.2.2.6. ISDN (Intergrated Services Digital Network) Mt trong nhng mc ch ca ISDN l cung cp kh nng truy nhp mng WAN cho cc h gia nh v doanh nghip s dng ng cp ng in thoi. V l do , cc k hoch trin khai ISDN u tin xut thay th cc ng dy tng t ang c bng ng dy s. Hin nay, vic chuyn i t tng t sang s ang din ra mnh m trn th gii. ISDN ci thin hiu nng vn hnh so vi phng php truy hp mng WAN qua ng quay s v c chi ph thp hn so vi Frame Relay.

hnh 1.13: ISDN ISDN nh ra cc tiu chun cho vic s dng ng dy in thoi tng t cho c vic truyn d liu s cng nh truyn d liu tngt. Cc c im ca ISDN l: - Cho php pht qung b nhiu kiu d liu(thoi, video, ha..) - Tc truyn d liu v tc kt ni cao hn so vi kt ni quay s truyn thng.

22

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL 1.2.2.7. SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) SONET l mt chun ca American National Standards Institute truyn d liu ng b trn mi trng truyn l cp si quang. Tng ng vi SONET v mt quc t l SDH (synchronous digital hierarchy). Cng nhau, chng m bo cc chun sao cho cc mng s c th ni vi nhau trn bnh din quc t v cc h thng truyn quy c ang tn ti c th nm ly li th ca mi trng cp si quang. SONET cung cp cc chun cho mt s lng ln cc tc truyn cho n 9.953 Gbit/s (tc truyn thc t khong 20 Gbit/s). SONET nh ngha mt tc c s l 51.84 Mbit/s v mt tc c s c bit di tn Ocx (Optical Carrier levels). Trong OC- 192 l mt tc ca SONET ni lin vi mt tc ti (payload rate) bng 9.584640 Gbit/s, ch yu c s dng trong cc mi trng WAN. 1.3. Cc thit b kt ni ph bin trong mng LAN v WAN 1.3.1. Card mng: NIC Card mng - NIC l mt thit b c cm vo trong my tnh cung cp cng kt ni vo mng. Card mng c coi l thit b hot ng lp 2 ca m hnh OSI. Mi card mng c cha mt a ch duy nht l a ch MAC (Media Access Control). Card mng iu khin vic kt ni ca my tnh vo cc phng tin truyn dn trn mng.

Hnh 1.14: Card mng - NIC 23

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL

1.3.2. Repeater:B lp Repeater l mt thit b hot ng mc 1 ca m hnh OSI khuych i v nh thi li tn hiu. Thit b ny hot ng mc 1(Physical). Repeater khuych i v gi mi tn hiu m n nhn c t mt port ra tt c cc port cn li. Mc ch ca repeater l phc hi li cc tn hiu trn ng truyn m khng sa i g. 1.3.3. Hub

Hnh 1.15: HUB L mt trong nhng yu t quan trng nht ca mng LAN, y l im kt ni dy trung tm ca mng, tt c cc trm trn mng LAN c kt ni thng qua hub. Mt hub thng thng c nhiu cng ni vi ngi s dng gn my tnh v cc thit b ngoi vi. Mi cng h tr mt b kt ni dy xon 10 BASET t mi trm ca mng. Khi c tn hiu Ethernet c truyn t mt trm ti hub, n c lp i lp li trn khp cc cng ca hub. Cc hub thng minh c th nh dng, kim tra, cho php hoc khng cho php bi ngi iu hnh mng t trung tm qun l HUB. C ba loi HUB: Hub n (stand alone hub ).

24

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL Hub phn tng (stackable hub, c ti liu gi l hub sp xp ). Hub modun (modular hub): Modular hub rt ph bin cho cc h thng mng v n c th d dng m rng v lun c chc nng qun l, modular c t 4 n 14 khe cm, c th lp thm cc modun 10 BASET. Stackable hub l mt tng cho nhng c quan mun u t ti thiu ban u cho nhng k hoch pht trin LAN sau ny. Nu phn loi theo kh nng ta c 2 loi: - Hub b ng (Passive hub): Hub b ng khng cha nhng linh kin in t v cng khng x l cc tn hiu d liu, n c chc nng duy nht l t hp cc tn hiu t mt s on cp mng. - Hub ch ng (Active hub ): Hub ch ng c nhng linh kin in t c th khuych i v x l tn hiu in t truyn gia cc thit b ca mng. Qu trnh x l d liu c gi l tI sinh tn hiu, n lm cho tn hiu tr nn tt hn, t nhy cm v li do vy khong cch gia cc thit b c th tng ln. Tuy nhin nhng u im cng ko theo gi thnh ca hub ch ng cao hn nhiu so vi hub b ng. V c bn, trong mch Ethernet, hub hot ng nh mt repeater c nhiu cng. 1.3.4. Lin mng (Iternetworking ) Vic kt ni cc LAN ring l thnh mt lin mng chung gi l Iternetworking. Iternetworking s dng 3 cng c chnh: bridge, router v switch. 1.3.4.1. Cu ni (bridge ): L mt thit b c x l dng ni hai mng ging nhau hoc khc nhau n c th c dng vi cc mng c giao thc khc nhau. Cu ni hot ng trn tng lin kt d liu nn khng nh b tip sc phi pht li tt c nhng g n nhn c th cu ni c c cc gi tin ca tng lin kt d liu trong m hnh OSI v x l chng trc khi quyt nh c truyn i hay khng.

25

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL Khi nhn c cc gi tin Bridge chn lc v ch truyn i nhng gi m n thy cn thit. iu ny lm cho Bridge tr nn c ch khi ni mt vi mng vi nhau v cho php n hot ng mt cch mm do. 1.3.4.2. B dn ng (router ): Router l mt thit b hot ng trn tng mng, n c th tm c ng i tt nht cho cc gi tin qua nhiu kt ni i t trm gi thuc mng u n trm nhn thuc mng cui. Router c th c s dng trong vic ni nhiu mng vi nhau v cho php cc gi tin c th i theo nhiu ng khc nhau ti ch. Khc vi Bridge hot ng trn tng lin kt d liu nn Bridge phi x l mi gi tin trn ng truyn th Router c a ch ring bit v n ch tip nhn v x l cc gi tin gi n m thi. Khi mt trm mun gi gi tin qua Router th n phi gi gi tin vi a ch trc tip ca Router ( Trong gi tin phi cha cc thng tin khc v ch n) v khi gi tin n Router th Router mi x l v gi tip. Khi x l cc gi tin Router phi tm c ng i tt nht trong mng da trn cc thng tin no c v mng, thng thng trn mi Router c mt bng ch ng (Router table ) ti u da trn mt thut ton xc nh trc. 1.3.4.3. B chuyn mch (switch): Chc nng chnh ca switch l cng mt lc duy tr nhiu cu ni gia cc thit b mng bng cch da vo mt loi ng truyn xng sng (backbone) ni ti tc cao. Switch c nhiu cng, mi cng c th h tr ton b Ethernet LAN hoc Token Ring. B chuyn mch kt ni mt s LAN ring bit v cung cp kh nng lc gi d liu gia chng. Cc switch l loi thit b mng mi, nhiu ngi cho rng, n s tr nn ph bin nht v n l bc u tin trn con ng chuyn sang ch truyn khng ng b ATM.

26 Hnh 1.16: M hnh b chuyn mch

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL

CHNG 2 TNG QUAN V ADSL 2.1. Gii thiu tng quan k thut xDSL. Mng vin thng ph bin trn th gii hay nc ta hin nay l mng s lin kt (IDN - Integrated Digital Network). Mng IDN l mng vin thng truyn dn s, lin kt cc tng i s v cung cp cho khch hng cc ng truyn dn thu bao tng t. Trong xu hng s ho mng vin thng trn ton th gii, mng lin kt s a dch v ISDN ( Intergated Services Digital Network) v ng dy thu bao s DSL ( Digital Subcriber Line) p ng c nhim v s ho mng vin thng n tn pha khch hng. C th ni rng dch v ISDN l dch v DSL u tin cung cp cho khu dn c giao din tc c s BRI (Basic Rate Interface): 44 Kbit/s, c cu thnh t hai knh B 64 Kbit/s v mt knh D 16 Kbit/s.

27

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL Ngy nay i i vi mng ISDN mt cng ngh mi c nhiu trin vng vi tn gi chung l xDSL, x biu th cho cc k thut khc nhau. Mc ch ca k thut ny l cung cp cho khch hng cc loi hnh dch v cht lng cao v bng tn rng. Cc k thut c phn bit da vo tc v ch truyn dn. K thut ny c th cung cp nhiu dch v c th truyn khng i xng qua modem, in hnh loi ny l ADSL v VDSL v truyn i xng c tc truyn hai hng nh nhau nh HDSL v SDSL. Ring vi k thut VDSL (Very High Speed DSL) c th truyn i xng vi tc rt cao. Cc c trng chnh ca h cng ngh xDSL hin ti c m t trong bng 2.1

K thut 56 Kbit/s Analog modem ISDN

Tc d liu 56Kbit/s downlink 28,8 hoc 33,6 Kbit/s uplink Kbit/s (Khng nn) i xng

S i dy Gii hn s dng khong cch Khng hn

ng dng

gii Email, truy nhp LAN t xa. Truy nhp intranet Internet,

128

5 Km (thm thit b c th m rng khong cch) 50Km trn

Hi ngh truyn hnh, D phng leased line. Cc hot ng thung mi truy cp Internet/ intranet Truy cp Internet

Cable

10

30Mbit/s

28

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL

modem Downstream 0,128 - 10 Mbit/s Upstream ADSL Lite 1Mbit/s Downstream 512 Upstream Kbit/s S dng 1 i dy cp ng trc (thm thit b ph tr c th ti 300 Km) 5 Km Truy cp Internet/ Intranet, duyt Web, thoi IP, thoi video. Truy nhp Internet/ intranet,video theo yu cu, truy cp mng LAN t xa, VoIP.

Full rate 1,5 Mbit/s S dng 1 5Km ADSL Downstream i dy (khongcch cng ngn tc 1,544 Mbit/s cng cao ) Upstream ISDL 144 Kbit/s i xng

5 Km Truy nhp Internet/ (C th m intranet, video theo yu rng ti 300 cu, truy cp mng LAN km) t xa, VoIP.

HDSL 1.544 Mbit/s (T1) S dng 1- 3,6 Km - 4,5 Ni ht, thay th trung i xng 3 i dy Km k T1/E1 c dng b lp. Kt ni cc PBX vi 2.048 Mbit/s (E1) S dng 2 nhau.Tp trung lu i xng i dy. lung Frame Relay, kt ni cc mng LAN SDSL 10544 Mbit/s full S dng 1 duplex (T1) i dy 3 Km Ni ht, thay th trung k T1/E1 c dng b lp, kt ni cc PBX vi nhau, kt ni cc mng LAN.

2.048 Mbit/s full duplex (E1) VDSL

13-52 Mbit/s S dng 1 300- 1.5 Km Truy cp Multimedia Downstream i dy (ph thuc Internet, qung b cc chng trnh TV. 1.5-2.3 Mbit/s vo tc ) Upstream (i xng t ti 34 Mbit/s )

29

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL

Ni chung k thut xDSL l k thut truyn dn dy cp ng, n gii quyt nhng vn tc nghn gia nhng nh cung cp cc dch v mng v nhng khch hng s dng dch v mng . K thut xDSL t c nhng tc bng tn rng trn mi trng mng ph bin nht trn th gii l ng dy cp in thoi thng thng. 2.2. Tng quan v cng ngh xDSL 2.2.1. c im ca cng ngh xDSL - Tc truyn d liu thay i tu theo tng phin bn ca cng ngh xDSL v di ca mch vng thu bao. i vi ADSL, chun ADSL ca ITU-T xc nh tc hng truyn xung l 6.1 Mbit/s v 640 Kbit/s hng ln. Trong thc t tc ti a 6.1 Mbit/s ch c th t c nu khong cch di 2,7 Km v gim ti 1,5 Mbit/s hoc thp hn na khong cch 4,5 Km. Phin bn c tc cao nht l VDSL, h tr ti a ng xung l 55 Mbit/s khong cch 300 m v 13 Mbit/s nu khong cch l 1,4 Km. Tc hng ln nm trong khong 1,6 2,3 Mbit/s. - Mi ngi s dng c mt ng ring kt ni vi DSLAM t ti tng i hoc RT (trm thit b tp trung thu bao). - Cc dch v h tr: Truyn s liu v VoDSL (vi voice gateway). ADSL chia s cng ng cp ng vi thoi tng t. VDSL c th h tr cho chuyn mch truyn hnh. - Yu cu k thut ng cp ng sch, khng c cun cm ko di (loading coil), khng r nhnh (bridge tap).

30

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL Hn ch khong cch ng truyn khong di 4,5 Km. Khng s dng cc thit b DLC trong mch thu bao, nu c DLC th DSLAM phi t ti cc RT. - Thit b khch hng ngoi XDSL modem. Voice gateway nu dng VoDSL. 2.2.2. u im ca cng ngh xDSL. - Cng ngh c kim nghim vi nhiu triu line hot ng trn khp th gii. Chu Hn Quc l nc c mt thu bao ADSL cao nht. - Chun ho bi ITU-T. - S dng h thng cp ng c trin khai rng khp cc nh khai thc. - Trong iu kin thun li, u t cho mng DSL khng ln i vi nh khai thc. 2.2.3. Nhng thch thc chnh ca cng ngh xDSL - Kh khn khi trin khai mng li, do mng truy nhp khng ng b. - Chm sc khch hng, tnh cc. - Trin khai cc dch v gia tng. - Hn ch bi khong cch v nhng h thng tp trung thu bao cng ngh c trin khai. - Trin vng doanh thu tng i tt i vi cc nh khai thc ch o, c c s h tng vin thng rng khp, nhng s rt kh khn cho cc nh khai thc cnh tranh. iu ny c kim nghim trn th trng vin thng M. Trong nhng nm qua nhiu nh khai thc nh lin tc b thua l v phi ng ca. Cng ngh xDSL hng ti th trng chnh l t nhn v cc doanh nghip va v nh. Dch v ny c th khng tng thch vi nhiu doanh

31

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL nghip ln, do cht lng phc v khng thng xuyn c m bo. D kin trong mt vi nm ti, Vit Nam, con s thu bao ADSL s ln ti hng nghn. Ti Vit Nam, nhng vn v cht lng cp, cht lng u ni trong mng truy nhp cng nh mt s thit b tp trung thu bao gm nhiu chng loi khc nhau, s dng cc cng ngh khc nhau trong nhng yu t k thut quan trng cn lu khi pht trin thu bao xDSL. 2.3. K thut ADSL 2.3.1. ADSL l g ? ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) - l ng thu bao s khng i xng, k thut truyn c s dng trn ng dy t modem ca thu bao ti Nh cung cp dch v.

Hiu mt cch n gin nht, ADSL l s thay th vi tc cao cho thit b modem hoc ISDN gip truy nhp Internet vi tc cao v nhanh hn. Cc biu sau ch ra cc tc cao nht c th t c gia cc dch v cung cp.

32

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL

Asymmetric: Tc truyn khng ging nhau hai chiu. Tc ca chiu xung (t mng ti thu bao) c th nhanh gp hn 10 ln so vi tc ca chiu ln (t thu bao ti mng). iu ny ph hp mt cch tuyt vi cho vic khai thc dch v Internet khi m ch cn nhn chut (tng ng vi lu lng nh thng tin m thu bao gi i ) l c th nhn c mt lu lng ln d liu ti v t Internet. Digital: Cc modem ADSL hot ng mc bit (0 v 1) v dng chuyn thng tin s ho gia cc thit b s nh cc my tnh PC. Chnh kha cnh ny th ADSL khng c g khc vi cc Modem thng thng. Subscriber Line: ADSL t n ch hot ng trn ng dy thu bao bnh thng ni ti tng i ni ht. ng dy thu bao ny vn c th c tip tc s dng cho cc cuc gi i hoc nghe in thoi cng mt thi im thng qua thit b gi l splitters c chc nng tch thoi v d liu trn ng dy. Mch ADSL to nn 3 knh thng tin trn i dy thu bao: Mt knh tc cao t tng i ti thu bao. Mt knh tc trung bnh 2 chiu (ph thuc vo cu trc ca ADSL)

33

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL Mt knh thoi hoc mt knh N-ISDN. Tc n v m ADSL c th cung cp l 1,5 hoc 2 Mbit/s trn mt knh t tng i n thu bao v 16 Kbit/s trn mt knh hai hng. Modem ADSL tng thch vi truyn dn ATM, giao thc IP, bng vic thay i tc truyn v ph hp vi cc mo u ca ATM cng nh IP. Bng 2-2 a ra khong cch ti a cho php m vn m bo cht lng truyn dn mt s tc nht nh. Tc (Mbps) 1,5 2,0 1,5 2,0 6,1 6,1 Loi dy 24 AWG 26 AWG 24 AWG Kch thc dy (mm) 0,5 0,4 0,5 khong cch truyn (m) 5500 4600 3700

26 AWG 0,4 2700 Bng 2.2 khong cch ti a cho php ca ADSL

2.3.2. ng dng ca ADSL ADSL xc lp cch thc d liu c truyn gia thu bao (nh ring hoc cng s) v tng i thoi ni ht trn chnh ng dy in thoi bnh thng. Chng ta vn thng gi ng dy ny l local loop.

Thc cht ca ng dng ADSL khng phi vic truyn d liu i/n tng i in thoi ni ht m l to kh nng truy nhp Internet vi tc cao. Nh vy, vn nm vic xc lp kt ni d liu ti Nh cung cp dch v Internet.

34

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL Mc d chng ta cho rng ADSL c s dng truyn d liu bng cc giao thc Internet, nhng trn thc t vic thc hin iu nh th no li khng phi l c trng k thut ca ADSL. Hin nay, phn ln ngi ta ng dng ADSL cho truy nhp Internet tc cao v s dng cc dch v trn Internet mt cch nhanh hn. 2.3.3. C ch hot ng v di tn ca ADSL 2.3.3.1 C ch hot ng: ADSL tm cch khai thc phn bng thng tng t cn cha c s dng trn ng dy ni t thu bao ti tng i ni ht. ng dy ny c thit k truyn ti ni ht. ng dy ny c thit k truyn ti di ph tn s (frequency spectrum) chim bi cuc thoi bnh thng. Tuy nhin, n cng c th truyn ti cc tn s cao hn di ph tng i hn ch dnh cho thoi. l di ph m ADSL s dng.

Thoi c bn s dng di tn s t 300 Hz ti 3,400 Hz. By gi chng ta s xem xt, thoi v d liu ADSL chia x cng mt ng dy thu bao ra sao. Trn thc t, cc splitter c s dng m bo d liu v thoi khng xm phm ln nhau trn ng truyn. Cc tn s m mch vng c th truyn ti, hay ni cch khc l khi lng d liu c th truyn ti, s ph thuc vo cc nhn t sau: Khong cch t tng i ni ht. Kiu v dy ng dy. Kiu v s lng cc mi ni trn ng dy.

35

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL Mt cc ng dy chuyn ti ADSL, ISDN v cc tn hiu phi thoi khc. Mt cc ng dy chuyn ti tn hiu radio. 2.3.3.2 Di ph tn ca ADSL ADSL chia di tn ca mt cp cp xon (1Mhz) thnh ba bng tn, nh trong hnh 2.1 di y. Bng tn u tin, bnh thng khong 0 v 25 Khz, c s dng cho dch v thoi thng thng (c bit n nh dch v thoi c). Dch v ny ch s dng 4 Khz ca knh d liu ny. Bng tn th hai, nm gia 25 v 200 Khz, c s dng cho dch v truyn thng Upstream (ti d liu ln mng). Bng tn th ba, nm trong khong t 250 n 1Mhz, c s dng cho dch v truyn thng Downstream (ti cc d liu trn mng xung my tnh c nhn hay mng ni b). S gi ln nhau v rng buc gia cc dch v Upstream v Downstream cung cp nhiu di tn hn bn pha Downstream.
POTS UPSTREAM DOWSTREAM

0-25 khz

25- 200 khz

250- 1000 khz

hnh 2.1 di ph tn ca ADSL 2.3.4. u im ca ADSL so vi PSTN & ISDN (1) PSTN v ISDN l cc cng ngh quay s (dial-up) ADSL l lin tc/ always-on tc kt ni trc tip.

36

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL (2) PSTN v ISDN cho php chng ta s dng fax, d liu, thoi, d liu ti Internet, d liu ti cc thit b khc. ADSL ch truyn ti d liu ti Internet. (3) PSTN v ISDN cho php chng ta tu chn ISP no m ta mun kt ni ADSL kt ni chng ta ti mt ISP nh trc. (4) ISDN chy tc c s 64kbps hoc 128kbps. ADSL c th ti d liu v vi tc ti 8 Mbps. (5) PSTN ngt truy nhp ti Internet khi chng ta thc hin cuc gi. ADSL cho php va s dng Internet trong khi vn c th thc hin cuc gi ng thi. (6) Kt ni Internet qua ng PSTN v ISDN bng phng thc quay s c tnh cc ni ht. ADSL khng tnh cc ni ht. Ghi ch: Mc d modem ADSL lun ch kt ni thng trc, nhng vn c th cn phi thc hin lnh kt ni Internet trn my PC. Cc dch v nh fax v thoi c th c thc hin cng trn kt ni d liu ADSL ti internet. Trn thc t, tc download tiu biu i vi dch v ADSL gia nh thng t ti (up to) 400 kbps Dng bao nhiu, tr by nhiu. Cu trc cc theo lu lng s dng (hoc theo thi gian s dng) Khng hn ch s ngi s dng khi chia s kt ni Internet trong mng ni b. 2.3.5. Cc thnh phn ca ADSL

37

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL

Trong phn ny chng ta s ln lt m t chc nng ca tng thnh phn ca ADSL, bt u t Modem ADSL ti Nh cung cp dch v Internet. Chng ta cng xem xt pha ISP lc ra nhng thnh phn c bn m h s dng cung cp dich v ADSL. 2.3.5.1. Modem ADSL l g ?

Modem ADSL kt ni vo ng dy in thoi (cn gi l local loop) v ng dy ny ni ti thit b tng i ni ht. Modem ADSL s dng kt hp mt lot cc k thut x l tn hiu tin tin nhm t c tc bng thng cn thit trn ng dy in thoi thng thng vi khong cch ti vi km gia thu bao v tng i ni ht. - Cc loi Modem h tr ADSL: Modem trn card PCI: loi ny tch hp tt c trn mt card PCI. Gi thnh r nht trong ba loi, nhng rt kh ci t, kn chn h iu hnh v khng h tr chia s kt ni n nhiu my tnh. Nu bn tnh dng thm Linux hay Mac OS X, hay chia s k ni ADSL vi nhiu my khc, hay l dn Overclocker, nn trnh xa loi ny. Modem USB: y l loi modem lp ngoi kt ni qua giao tip USB 1.1. Gi ch hn loi trc mt cht v trng c v d lp t. Nhng thc ra 38

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL loi ny cng kn h iu hnh khng km loi kia, ci t tng i kh v khng h tr chia s kt ni. Hn na, tc ca USB 1.1 rt thp (ti a l 12 Mbps nhng thc t cn thp hn nhiu), khng thch hp vi ADSL tc cao, li chim nhiu ti nguyn h thng. Bn cn cn nhc k trc khi chn USB cho ADSL. Ethernet modem lp ngoi: y l loi ph bin nht . N dng giao din ethernet vi my tnh qua card mng 10/100. u im l rt d lp t, h tr hu ht cc h iu hnh, d chai s kt ni. Nhc im ca n l gi thnh cao hn loi khc. Ethernet ADSL modem c khi c tch hp thm mt s chc nng nh tng la (hardware firewall) hay router v hub hay switch lp trong (gip bn chia s kt ni vi cc my khc d dng). - Mt s loi modem ADSL thng dng ti Vit Nam: DrayTek Vigor318: c kch thc nh gn, c bc bng v nha mu xanh bn trong nn c th nhn thy c cc mch in bn trong. Giao tip bng cng USB. Bo hnh 1 nm, gi 65 USD. Zoom Modem ADSL 5510: c tch hp sn Splitter v km theo 2 filter, giao tip bng cng USB. Kch thc nh gn, bo hnh 2 nm. gi 95 USB (c VAT). Zoom ADSL X5 w/4: giao tip qua cng giao tip ngoi bng card mng. Tch hp tng la (firewall) v Splitter. Nh gn, bo hnh 2 nm. Gi 84 USD (bao gm VAT). 2.3.5.2. Modem ADSL lm vic nh th no ? ADSL hot ng bng cch vn hnh cng lc nhiu modem, trong mi modem s dng phn bng thng ring c th.

39

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL

S trn y ch m phng mt cch tng i, nhng qua ta c th nhn thy ADSL s dng rt nhiu modem ring l hot ng song song khai thc bng thng ti a v cung cp mt tc rt cao. Mi ng k sc en trn th hin mt modem v chng hot ng ti cc tn s hon ton khc nhau. Trn thc t c th ti 255 modem hot ng trn mt ng ADSL. im c bit ch ADSL s dng di tn s t 26kHz ti 1.2 MHz trong 10MHz ca bng thng thoi. Tt c 255 modems ny c vn hnh ch trn mt con chp n. Lng d liu m mi modem c th truyn ti ph thuc vo cc c im ca ng dy ti tn s m modem chim. Mt s modem c th khng lm vic mt cht no v s gy nhiu t ngun tn hiu bn ngoi chng hn nh bi mt ng dy (local loop) khc hoc ngun pht v tuyn no . Cc modem tn s cao hn thng thng li truyn ti c t d liu hn bi l do tn s cng cao th s suy hao cng ln, c bit l trn mt khong cch di. 2.3.5.3. Mch vng / Local Loop l g ?

40

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL 'Local Loop' l thut ng dng ch cc ng dy in thoi bnh thng ni t v tr ngi s dng ti cng ty in thoi. It is only on the local loop that ADSL communications actually take place. Nguyn nhn xut hin thut ng local- loop l ngi nghe (in thoi) c kt ni vo hai ng dy m nu nhn t tng i in thoi th chng to ra mt mch vng local loop. 2.3.6. Cc thnh phn ADSL t pha Nh cung cp dch v By gi chng ta s tm hiu xem cc ISP thc hin cung cp ADSL nh th no.

Phm vi Nh cung cp dch v gm c ba thnh phn quan trng : DSLAM - DSL Access Multiplexer BAS - Broadband Access Server ISP - Internet Service Provider

2.3.6.1. DSLAM l g ? DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer) - B dn knh truy nhp ng thu bao s - l mt thit b u cui DSL c t ti a im ca nh cung cp dch v mng. DSLAM tp trung lung d liu t cc

41

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL mch vng DSL v t hp thnh tc cao hn nh tc T1, E1 hoc tc ATM ca OC-3 (155 Mbps)....ri a ti Internet hay mng d liu. Mt thit b DSLAM c th tp hp nhiu kt ni ADSL- c th nhiu ti hng trm thu bao - v t li trn mt kt ni cp quang. Si cp quang ny thng c ni ti thit b gi l BAS - Broadband Access Server, nhng n cng c th khng ni trc tip ti BAS v BAS c th c ci t bt c u.

DSLAM l thit b t pha tng i, l im cui ca kt ni ADSL. N cha v s cc modem ADSL b tr v mt pha hng ti cc mch vng v pha kia l kt ni cp quang. 2.3.6.2. BAS l g ? BAS (Broadband Access Server) l thit b t gia DSLAM v POP ca ISP. Mt thit b BAS c th phc v cho nhiu DSLAM. Cc giao thc truyn thng c ng gi truyn d liu thng qua kt ni ADSL, v vy mc ch ca BAS l m gi hon tr li cc giao thc trc khi i vo Internet. N cng m bo cho kt ni ca bn ti ISP c chnh xc ging nh khi bn s dng modem quay s hoc ISDN. Nh ch gii trn, ADSL khng ch r cc giao thc c s dng to thnh kt ni ti Internet. Phng php m PC v Modem s dng bt buc phi ging nh BAS s dng cho kt ni thc hin c. Thng thng ADSL s dng hai giao thc chnh l: PPPoE- PPP over Ethernet Protocol

42

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL PPPoA- Point to Point Protocol over ATM 2.3.6.3. ISP l g? ISP (Internet Service Provider): nh cung cp dch v Internet (WWW, email, ftp, telnet...). Vit Nam hin nay c cc nh cung cp dch v Internet nh: VDC, FPT, NetNam... 2.3.7 Cc thnh phn khc ca h thng ADSL - Router/ Bridge ADSL: Ty thuc vo v tr ca thit b trong h thng m ta la chn ch hot ng ca thit b l Router hay Bridge. Bridge ADSL phi c cu hnh mnh lm nhim v chuyn ti d liu vi tc cao (1 Mbps chiu Upload, 8 mbps chiu Download) v khong cch chp nhn c (4 5). - Mt s loi Router ph bin Vit Nam hin nay: Ccom EGA- 100U: tch hp tng la; tch hp my ch DHCP; h tr NAT, my ch o, DMZ; khng c cng tc m, c nt Reset; 1 cng 10/100 Mbps, 1 cng USB. Gi 79 USD, bo hnh 1 nm. Planet ADE-3000: tch hp my ch DHCP; h tr NAT, my ch o, DMZ; khng c cng tc m, c nt Reset; 1 cng 10/100 Mbps, 1 cng USB.Loi ny c phn mm km LANGuard, mt dng phn mm tng la. Gi 65 USD, bo hnh 2 nm. Zoom X3/X4: c tch hp sn Splitter v km theo 2 filter , tch hp my ch DHCP; h tr NAT, my ch o, DMZ; cng tc tt m, c nt Reset; 1 cng 10/100 Mbpc, 1 cng USB. C kch thc nh gn nht trong cc loi. Bo hnh 2 nm, Zoom X3 c gi 135 USD (VAT), X4 c gi 145 USD (VAT). 2.3.8. Kt ni mng Di y s trnh by v nhng giao thc truyn thng c s dng trn kt ni ADSL.

43

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL Khi kt ni vo Internet, bn s dng cc giao thc chy tng vn chuyn TCP/IP (chng hn nh HTTP- giao thc c s dng bi cc webbrowser). Qu trnh ny l ging nhau vi cc kiu truy nhp quay s qua PSTN, ISDN v ADSL. 2.3.8.1. Cc giao thc c s dng gia Modem v BAS Khi quay s PSTN/ISDN truy nhp Internet, chng ta s dng giao thc gi l PPP vn chuyn d liu TCP/IP v kim tra cng nh xc thc tn v mt khu ngi truy nhp. Trong ADSL, PPP cng thng c s dng kim tra tn v mt khu truy nhp v ATM th lun c s dng mc thp nht. Kt ni in hnh nh di y:

2.3.8.2. Vai tr ca ATM

44

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL

ATM- Asynchrononus Transfer Mode- c s dng nh l cng c chuyn ti cho ADSL mc thp. L do v l cch thun tin v mm do i vi cc cng ty thoi mun ko di khong cch kt ni t DSLAM ti BAS gip h c th t BAS bt c u trn mng. Cc tham s thit lp cu hnh ATM C hai tham s cn phi thit lp cu hnh mt cch chnh xc trn Modem ADSL m bo kt ni thnh cng ti mc ATM vi DSLAM: VPI - the Virtual Path Identifier VCI - the Virtual Channel Identifier

2.3.9. Vai tr ca PPP

45

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL PPP l giao thc dng vn chuyn lu lng Internet ti cc ISP dc theo cc kt ni Modem v ISDN. PPP kt hp cht ch cc yu t xc thc kim tra tn/ mt khu - v l l do chnh m ngi ta dng PPP vi ADSL. Mc d BAS thc thi giao thc PPP v tin hnh vic xc thc, nhng thc ra vic c thc hin bng cch truy nho vo cc c s d liu khch hng t ti ISP. Bng cch , ISP bit c rng cc kt ni do BAS nh chuyn ti c xc thc thng qua giao dch vi c s d liu ring ca ISP. 2.3.10. Modem ADSL trn thc t Modem ADSL thng minh bn thn n tch hp sn cc giao thc truyn thng cn thit (nh thit b modem ADSL Router hoc modem c s dng kt ni qua cng Card Ethernet 10/100 Mb) nn ch vic la chn v khai bo VPI/VCI cho modem.

Cn modem ADSL th ng th phi hot ng da trn h iu hnh ca my tnh cung cp cc giao thc cn thit. Cc li modem ny bt buc phi ci t phn mm iu khin modem v thit lp cc giao thc PPP, VPI/VCI. Vic cu hnh nh vy phc tp v i hi thi gian nhiu hn. Ch c Windows 98SE, Windows Me, v Windows 2000/XP l c ci sn c ch thc thi ATM, v th ngi ta t s dng cc modem th ng trn thc t. Mc d cc modem thng minh c h tr cc giao thc cn thit nhng chng vn c th c dng cho cc h iu hnh ni trn. Cc modem th ng c th ni vi PC thng qua giao din USB, hoc c th c sn xut di dng PCI card cm thng trn bng mch ch ca PC. 46

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL Lu l vic khai thc giao thc ATM khng c ngha l cn phi c card mng ATM cho PC - ch l c ch h tr bng phn mm trong h iu hnh. 2.3.11. Mi tng quan gia thoi v ADSL ADSL cho php cng lc va truy nhp Internet tc cao li va c th thc hin cuc gi cng trn ng dy . Thit b chuyn dng Splitters c s dng tch ring cc tn s cao dng cho ADSL v cc tn s thp dng cho thoi. Nh vy, ngi ta thng t cc Splitters ti mi u ca ng dy - pha thu bao v pha DSLAM.

2.3.11.1. Thoi v ADSL chung sng ra sao? Ti pha thu bao, cc tn s thp c chuyn n my in thoi cn cc tn s cao i n modem ADSL. Ti cc tng i, cc tn s thp c chuyn sang mng thoi PSTN cn cc tn s cao i n ISP.

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Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL 2.3.11.2. Tc a dng Tc ca kt ni gia modem ADSL v DSLAM ph thuc vo khong cch ng truyn v tc ti a c cu hnh sn trn cng ca DSLAM. Cn tc kt ni vo Internet li cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc na nh di y:

S ngi dng kt ni vo cng mt DSLAM v thc t c bao nhiu ngi dng ang khai thc kt ni. Tc kt ni gia DSLAM v BAS Bao nhiu card DSLAM cng ni vo mt BAS v bao nhiu ngi dng ang khai thc thc t kt ni. Tc kt ni gia BAS kt ni vo ISP v bao nhiu ngi dng thc t ang khai thc. Tc ca kt ni t ISP ti mng Internet ton cu. Bao nhiu thu bao ca ISP ang khai thc (qua cc giao tip khc nhau nh quay s PSTN/ ISDN v ADSL). ISP t chc caching v proxy ra sao, liu thng tin m bn cn khai thc c lu tr trn Cache cha hay phi ti v t Internet. 2.4. ADSL mang li g cho ngi dng, doanh nghip v cc t chc: 2.4.1. i vi ngi dng V c bn, ADSL s gip bn lm nhng vic quen thuc trn Internet nh dng th in t, duyt Web, duyt din n, ti file....nhng nhanh hn 48

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL trc rt nhiu ln v bn c th lm nhng vic ng hi thay v phi lm ln lt tng th nh trc y. Bn c th thoi mi duyt internet do khng phi di c i modem quay s gi tng i hay ngi c truyn chng ch Web np xong trn trnh duyt. Mt iu ng ch l bn khng phi tr cc gi in thoi khi dng ADSL, v ng dy vn dng gi c khi ang duyt Internet, cho d cng ngh ny da trn ng dy in thoi c sn. Ngoi vic tng tc cho nhng nhu cu Internet ph bin trn, ADSL cn gip bn s dng Internet vo nhng tc v m trc y modem quay s vn phi khc lc thm thit vy c trng u hng: - Th nht, bn c th truy cp nhng website thit k vi cht lng cao, dng flash, nhc nn, nhiu nh ng.... - Th hai, bn c th nghe v xem cc bi ht, bn tin, gii thiu phim..t khp mi ni trn th gii. - Th ba, phim theo yu cu (movie- on- demand). Hin nay trn th gii c nh cung cp SingNet (Singapore) ang cung cp dch v ny vi gi 6,5 USD/ thng qua ng ADSL 512 Kbps. - Th t, hi tho video qua mng: kt hp vi webcam, ADSL s gip bn m o vi bn b, ngi thn hay i tc kinh doanh qua internet vi m thanh hnh nh cht lng cao. - Th nm, chi multiplayer game trn internet vi bn b khp th gii. ADSl cho php cc game mng chy trn chu, do thi gian ping thp. - Th su, hc qua mng, bn c th tham d cc kha hc t xa t chc bi cc trng i hc trn th gii hoc truy cp cc th vin in t trn mng nhanh hn. 2.4.2. i vi doanh nghip v cc t chc x hi Thng mi in t v nn cng nghip thng tin l nn tng tng lai ca mi nn kinh t. ADSL ni ring v Broadband Internet ni chung khin thng mi in t tr nn kh thi. Cc ca hng trn mng c th c thit k vi tnh tng tc cao hn, cch trnh by hp dn hn vi ngi dng.

49

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL Loi ca hng ny s gip cc doanh nghip nh c th cnh tranh vi cc c s ln hn trn quy m ton cu. Nn cng ngh phn mm ca Vit Nam s t tnh cnh tranh cao hn so vi Internet bng thng dng. Vic pht trin, thm d v xm nhp th trng cng nh nhn n t hng v giao sn phm s tr nn d dng hn v kinh t hn.

CHNG 3 TNH HNH PHT TRIN ADSL TI NC TA HIN NAY 3.1. Tnh hnh pht trin ADSL ti Vit Nam 3.1.1. S ra i ca k thut ADSL ti Vit Nam Trc khi Vit Nam chnh thc ha vo mng ton cu t cui nm 1997 th c lc c mt s dch v Internet t nhn xut hin ti cc thnh ph ln nh: H Ni, t/p H Ch Minh,...Tuy nhin lc ny do h tng mng nc ta cha c nn tc cn rt chm, gi thnh truy cp mng li cao. Trc nhu cu pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin trong nc, i hi cn phi nng cp ng truyn dn Internet theo ng c (cng ngh Analog) do gi thnh cao hay tc chm. Thng 7/2003, b bu chnh vin thng cp php cho cc doanh nghip vin thng cung cp dch v truy cp Internet tc cao ADSL. Hi phng l thnh ph u tin trong c nc c s dng cng ngh ADSL. T thng 2/2002, tp on KT (Hn Quc) phi hp vi VNPT trin khai th nghim cng ngh ADSL ti Hi Phng. T n nay tc pht trin ca truy cp Internet tc cao ADSL pht trin nhanh chng ti nc ta cng nh cc nc trn th gii. 3.1.2. Cng ngh ADSL ti Vit Nam 3.1.2.1. Cc nh cung cp ng truyn ADSL ti Vit Nam Ti Vit Nam hin nay c rt nhiu nh cung cp ng truyn ADSL nh: VNPT,Viettel, FPT, NETNAM, SPT.. y chng ta ch ni v 2 trong s cc nh cung cp dch v ADSL ti Vit NAm l FPT v NETNAM.

50

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL - FPT: Hin nay FPT ang l nh cung cp ng truyn ADSL ln th hai ti Vit Nam. FPT a ra nhiu loi hnh dch v kt ni bng thng rng. Khi s dng dch v ny ca FPT, bn s c cung cp min ph a ch Email, h tr k thut 24/24h. Hin nay s thu bao ADSL ca FPT t 23000 thu bao. Dung lng kt ni Internet quc t t khong 800 Mbps. Bng k khai chi tit ca mt s loi hnh dch v ADSL do FPT cung cp ti Vit Nam:

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Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL

M t MegaHOME MegaCAFE

I. CHI PH TRIN KHAI DCH V V CC PH HNG THNG Ph khi to dch v 1. i vi khch hng mi 2. Ph thay i ni dung hp ng (**) Ph dch v hng thng (chn 1 trong 2 hnh thc) 1. Tr theo lu lng s dng Ph thu bao Ph trn 1 MByte d liu download/upload T 8:00 n 17:00 T 17:00 n 8:00 Mc cc s dng ti a 2. Thu dch v trn gi II. TC KT NI Tc truy nhp Internet ti a Download Upload Cam kt v tc truy nhp Internet Download Upload III. CC DCH V MIN PH a ch IP a ch Email a ch email c cung cp km theo IV. CHNH SCH DCH V H tr k thut Qua in thoi Ti a ch s dng dch v ca khch hng S lng my tnh c s dng 24 x 7 Trong vng 06 gi 1 my n 3 my 24 x 7 Trong vng 06 gi 1 n 50 my Trong vng 24 gi vng 04 3 email 5 email IP ng IP ng 2,048 Kbps 256 Kbps 4,096 Kbps 640 Kbps 80 VND/MB 40 VND/MB 750,000 VND 500,000 VND/thng Khng p dng 40 VND/MB 150,000 VND/thng 500,000 VND/thng 1,200,000 VND 500,000 VND 1,600,000 VND 500,000 VND

Thi gian tin hnh kho st sau khi nhn h 52 Trong vng 24 gi s ng k Thi gian lp t & cung cp dch v (sau khi Trong kho st) ngy vng

07 Trong ngy

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL - NetNam Netnam hin nay l mt trong nhng nh cung cp dch v Internet bng thng rng u tin Vit Nam. Cc dch v ADSL NetNam vi bng thng rng da trn cng ngh ng dy thu bao bt i xng, bn c th thng thc Internet, thc hin cc giao dch in t, video k thut s, gii tr multimedia...mt cch hon ho. Hn ch ca NetNam l vng ph sng cn gii hn, hin nay ch mi c H Ni, t/p H Ch Minh v mt s tnh ln cn. Hin nay NetNam c khong 2.000 thu bao bng thng rng. Cc gi dch v ADSL m NetNam cung cp: + Mega User: dnh cho ngi s dng gia nh c t 1n 3 my tnh, tnh tit kim chi ph ti a khi truy cp Internet ti gia nh nhng vi tc nhanh hn rt nhiu ln so vi phng thc truy cp gin tip qua in thoi. + Mega Info: dnh cho cc cng ty, doanh nghip, n v c t 1 n 20 my tnh. Thch hp cho vic s dng cc dch v gi tr gia tng trn mng nh Internet Phone. Truy cp 24/24, n nh, tc cao. + Mega Web: dnh cho cc doanh nghip va v nh, vi nhiu tin ch i km nh a ch IP, tn min dng @xxx.netnam.vn, min ph s dng cc dch v Email Offline, WebSite... Dch v tng ng cht lng ng truyn Internet dng ring (Leased Line) tc t 128 Kbps tr nn. + MegaPro: dnh cho cc doanh nghip ln, nhu cu s dng cc dch v a dng, nhiu. Dch v tng ng cht lng ng truyn Internet dng ring(Leased Line) tc t 192 Kbps tr ln. + Mega Cafe: gi dch v ch dnh cho cc i l truy cp Internet, em li hiu qu cao nht trong hot ng kinh doanh. - Cc nh cung cp dch v Internet bng thng rng khc ti Vit Nam: VNPT: l nh cung cp ng truyn ADSL ln nht Vit Nam vi hn 36.000 thu bao, vi tc kt ni Internet quc t t 1,7Gbps.

53

Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL Viettel: y l nh cung cp ng truyn bng thng rng mi nht ca Vit Nam. Nhng do h tng k thut mng tt v cc chnh sch khuyn mi tt nn ang pht trin rt nhanh. Hin nay, tng s thu bao ca Viettel t 8.500 thu bao. Saigon Postel (SPT) : c s lng thu bao Internet bng thng rng t 3.700 thu bao. 3.1.2.2. Tm hiu cch thanh ton cc ph thu bao ADSL Hin nay cc nh cung cp dch v ADSL cung cp hai hnh thc thanh ton cc ph chnh l: Hnh thc tnh ph trn gi. Hnh thc tnh ph theo lu lng s dng. Tuy nhin vic la chn hnh thc thanh ton cc ph nhu th no hon ton ph thuc vo nhu cu s dng Internet ca khch hng bi v mi hnh thc tnh cc u c nhng u nhc im ring:

Tnh ph trn gi (Flat Charge) u im - D dng qun l cc ph s dng hng thng - Khng phi lo lng cc ph s tng khi s dng nhiu - Dng nhiu nhng li phi tr t tin

Tnh ph theo lu lng s dng (Volume Charge) u im - S dng bao nhiu tr tin by nhiu

Nhc im

Nhc im

i khi khng s dng Internet nhng vn phi - Kh qun l khi c nhiu ngi cng s dng tr tin Internet

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Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL

- kh nng mc cc tng rt cao khi s dng nhiu

Ph hp vi nhng khch hng c nhn c nhu cu s dng nhiu, cc doanh nghip cc t chc, cc vn phng

Ph hp vi cc c nhn

3.1.2.3. DSLAM- Mt s cng DSLAM ti H Ni DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer) - B dn knh truy nhp ng thu bao s - l mt thit b u cui DSL c t ti a im ca nh cung cp dch v mng. DSLAM tp trung lung d liu t cc mch vng DSL v t hp thnh tc cao hn nh tc T1, E1 hoc tc ATM ca OC-3 (155 Mbps)....ri a ti Internet hay mng d liu. Mt s cng DSLAM ti H Ni: DSLAM inh Tin Hong DSLAM Nguyn Du DSLAM Ch Da DSLAM Thng nh DSLAM Gip Bt DSLAM Nguyn Thi Hc DSLAM Kim Lin DSLAM Lng Trung DSLAM Mai ng DSLAM c Giang

3.2. Thch thc vi cc nh cung cp dch v ADSL ti Vit Nam 3.2.1. Cung vt qu cu

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Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL Dch v truy cp Internet bng thng rng (ADSL) ang gia tng vi tc cao Vit Nam khin cc nh cung cp dch v ADSL lo ngi v cu vt qu cung. Theo s liu thng k khng chnh thc, s thu bao dch v ADSL ca tng cng ty Bu chnh Vin thng (VNPT) l 36.000, ca cng ty FPT l khong 23.000 v ca cng ty Vin thng qun i (Viettel) l 8.500, ca Si Gn Postel (SPT) l 3.750, ca NetNam l 2000. Trung bnh mi thng cc nh cung cp dch v pht trin c khong 2.000 n gn 3.000 thu bao ADSL. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn khin th trng ny ln cn st, theo cc chuyn gia vin thng l do gi cc thp, tc ng truyn p ng c cc yu cu khai thc Internet mc cao hn nh nghe nhc, xem phim, chi game, khai thc mng o dng ring VPN... Ngoi ra, cc d n tin hc ho chnh ph, cc mng doanh nghip cng ang c nhu cu s dng bng thng rng rt ln. n c, mng Metro Ethernet (Tp.H Ch Minh) c hnh chc m kit ni, bng thng kt ni n mt im ln 100 Mbs. Trong khi nhu c s dng tng, trong khi tc u t pht trin mng ca doanh nghip khng theo kp nn dn n tnh trng chy s ADSL. c bit, VNPT cn khong 2.000 n ngh lp t dch v Mega VNN ang nm ch. 3.2.2.Cht lng ng dy S pht trin ca cng ngh ng dy thu bao s ph thuc vo cht lng v thit k mng cp ni ht. Trong nhiu trng hp, mng cp c thit k t hng chc nm trc cho dch v in thoi n thun, do n s to ra mt s bt li c th cn tr hay thm ch khng thc hin c ADSL. Chng hn, cng ngh ADSL s khng thc hin c vi ng dy c cun ti hoc cc nhnh r v di ng dy. Hin nay ti Vit Nam, h tng k thut mng ang giai on chuyn giao, do khng thun li cho s pht trin Internet bng thng rng ti nc ta.

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Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL 3.2.3. Hng gii quyt ca cc nh cung cp dch v ADSL p ng nhu cu ADSL, cc nh cung cp buc phi u t h tng truyn dn ni ht ch ng hn trong vic trin khai dch v. Mi y, FPT gi n ngh B Bu chnh Vin thng cp php thit lp mng v cung cp dch v truy cp Internet bng thng rng (ADSL, HDSL v VDSL) v c B ny chp thun. Theo ng Trng nh Anh, gim c Cng ty Truyn thng FPT, nm 2004, FPT mi thng pht trin 1.000 thu bao ADSL, nhng sang nm 2005 c thm khong 3.000 thu bao mi thng. Vi tc pht trin ny, d tnh n cui nm 2005, FPT s t khong 100.000 thu bao ADSL. Chnh v vy, vic thit lp mng truyn dn ni ht ring l iu kin quan trng pht trin. Hin nay tng dung lng cng ra quc t ca FPT t khong 800 Mbps. Trong thng 5 ny, FPT s a vo hot ng thm 2 tuyn cp quang 155Mbps/ tuyn, nng tng dung lng cng ra quc t t trn 1Gbps. Trong khi , VNPT ln k hoch nng dung lng ng truyn ln 2Gbps ngay trong nm nay. Tuy nhin, VNPT mi ch trin khai c dch v Internet bng thng rng ti 26 tnh, thnh do kh khn v th tc xin php u t. Khng t d n trin khai dch v ADSL nhiu a phng ang nm ch s bu chnh vin thng qua. C th, Bu in H Ni d kin pht trin mi 30.000 thu bao ADSL, Bu in Tp.H Ch Minh pht trin 40.000 thu bao nhng vn ch duyt ca cc s bu chnh vin thng. D c nhiu kh khn nhng n cui nm nay, VNPT s pht trin dch v ADSL n 100% huyn, th trong c nc, vi nhiu gi cc hp dn thu ht khch hng(gi gi dch v ADSL thp nht d kin mc trn, di 100.000/thng). thu ht khch hng s dng sn phm ca mnh, ngoi vic nng cp h tng k thut mng th cc nh cung cp dch v a ra chin khuyn mi thu ht khch hng. - Gy n tng nht v khuyn mi cho ADSL l NetNam. K t 30.4, NetNam tung ra chng trnh khuyn mi dnh cho khch hng ng

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Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL k s dng thu bao ADSL mi gm 5 mn qu: tng in thoi S Fone(tr gi 800.000), ti khon cho in thoi (800.000), cho mn router ADSL s dng khi no chm dt hp ng , thit k web min ph nu s dng tn min NetNam v Web hosting mim ph trong 6 thng. - Cc doanh nghip c khai thc in thoi c nh nh Viettel hay SaigonNet u c chng trnh khuyn mi cho khch hng s dng trn ng in thoi do cng ty cung cp. Vi SaigonNet, khng ch min ph ci t ADSL ban u m khch hng cn c tng 600.000 vo ti khon s dng ADSL. Nu l mt trong hai trm khch hng u tin ca chng trnh khuyn mi s c tng modem ADSL. Viettel s gim 50% chi ph lp t ban u. Tuy nhin, theo thng tin t SaigonNet v Viettel, vic lp t cha tht s thun tin lm v nhiu vng tuy c ng in thoi nhng cha c cc trm pht cho kt ni ADSL. - FPT th min ph lp t thu bao nhng khch hng vn phi ng tin trn s c tr vo cc thu bao thng v sau ca khch hng. H gi cc, m rng cng i quc t l nhng ng thi tch cc, gip ngi tiu dng tip cn Internet, nng cao cht lng phc v.

CHNG 4 KT LUN

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Tm hiu cng ngh ADSL n trn l mt s kin ca chng ti v cng ngh ADSL. y l kt qu ca qu trnh nghin cu, vn dng nhng kin thc c trang b trong nh trng v cc lnh vc khc. y l cng ngh mang tnh t ph trong ngnh cng ngh thng tin. Nh c cng ngh ADSL m con ngi c th thc hin nhng iu cc cng ngh mng trc y tng nh khng th thc hin c nh: hi tho Video qua mng, phim theo yu cu, chi Game trc tuyn... Hin nay cng ngh ADSL v nhng h cng ngh xDSL khc c s dng rng ri ti cc nc pht trin. T nhng u im vt tri ca cng ngh ADSL, chc chn trong tng lai gn cng ngh ADSL s c ng dng v pht trin rng ri ti Vit Nam. Trong qu trnh thc hin n, chng ti nhn c s gip tn tnh ca thy gio H Mnh o gip chng ti hon thnh tt n tt nghip ny.V thi gian lm v kin thc c hn nn n khng trnh khi nhng sai st, rt mong s gp ca cc thy c gio v cc bn. Xin chn thnh cm! Nhm thc hin n. V Tun Anh Bi Bng Hon Nguyn Th Thu Linh

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