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n ho cng GVHD: Ths.

Trng Quc Hng


LI M U
Khoa hc k thut ngy cng pht trin v cng vi n l nhu cu ngy cng
cao v tinh khit ca cc sn phm. V th, cc phng php nng cao tinh
khit lun lun c ci tin v i mi ngy cng hon thin hn, nh l: C
c, hp th, chng ct, trch ly,
Tu theo c tnh yu cu ca sn phm m ta c s la chn phng php
cho ph hp. i vi h nc-axit axetic l 2 cu t tan ln hon ton, ta phi s
dng phng php chng ct nng cao tinh khit.
n mn hc ho cng l mt mn hc mang tnh tng hp trong qu trnh
hc tp ca cc cng nhn vn hnh thit b ch bin du kh trong tng lai. Mn
hc gip sinh vin gii quyt nhim v tnh ton c th v: Quy trnh cng ngh, kt
cu, cng nh iu kin lm vic vn hnh ca h thng chng ct trong cng
nghip ho cht v cng nghip lc ho du.
y l bc u tin sinh vin vn dng nhng kin thc hc ca
nhiu mn hc m nht l mn hc ho cng vo gii quyt nhng vn k thut
thc t 1 cch tng hp.
Nhim v ca n l thit k, tnh ton thp chng ct h hn hp 2 cu t
nc-axit axetic, vi nng sut nhp liu l 0.8m
3
/h, nng nhp liu 88% khi
lng nc, nng sn phm nh 99.55% khi lng nc, nng sn phm
y 70% khi lng nc, nhit nhp liu 100.1727
o
C, nhit sn phm nh
100.0235
o
C, nhit sn phm y sau khi trao i nhit 40
o
C, trng thi nhp liu
lng si.
Di y chng em xin trnh by ni dung nghin cu ca n: NGHIN
CU THIT K, TNH TON H THNG THP CHNG CT.
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 1
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN
1.1. L THUYT V CHNG CT
1.1.1. Khi nim [5]
Chng ct l qu trnh dng tch cc cu t ca mt hn hp lng cng
nh hn hp kh thnh cc cu t ring bit da vo bay hi khc nhau ca cc
cu t trong hn hp (ngha l khi cng mt nhit , p sut hi bo ho ca cc
cu t khc nhau).
Thay v a vo hn hp 1 pha mi to nn s tip xc gia 2 pha nh
trong qu trnh hp th hoc nh kh, trong qu trnh chng ct pha mi c to
nn bng s bc hi hoc ngng t.
Nguyn l ca qu trnh chng ct
Chng ct l qu trnh tch mt dung dch bng cch un si n, ri ngng t
hi bay ra c 2 phn: Phn nh l distillat c nhit si thp, cha nhiu cht
d si, cn phn nng cn li l cn chng ct (redue).
Hnh 1.1. Chng ct n gin
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 2
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
1. Ngun nhit 9. Cng ht chn khng
2. Bnh thy tinh 10. Adapter (thit b kt ni)
3. Ct ngng t-bay hi 11. iu chnh nhit
4. Nhit k 12. iu chnh tc khuy
5. ng sinh hn 13. Thit b khy v gia nhit
6. Nc lm lnh u vo 14. Du gia nhit
7. Nc lm lnh u ra 15. Cnh khuy
8. Bnh cha sn phm chng ct 16. Dung dch lm lnh
Nh vy, php chng ct c th thu c distillat c thnh phn mong mun
bng cch chng ct nhiu ln.
Nhng chng ct nhiu ln nh vy rt phin phc, tn thi gian m
khng kinh t. khc phc nhc im ny ta dng h thng chng ct c ct
chng ct. Ct chng ct c s a l thuyt cng ln, th c kh nng cho
mt distillat c thnh phn khc cng nhiu so vi dung dch trong bnh un, tc l
distillat rt giu cht d bay hi. Dng ct chng ct c nhiu a l thuyt c th
thu c distillat l cht d bay hi gn nh tinh khit.
Khi chng ct ta thu c nhiu cu t v thng bao nhiu cu t th thu
c by nhiu sn phm. Nu xt h n gin c 2 cu t th ta thu c 2 sn
phm:
- Sn phm nh ch yu gm cu t c bay hi ln v 1 phn rt t cc
cu t c bay hi b hn.
- Sn phm y ch yu gm cu t c bay hi b v 1 phn rt t cu t
c bay hi ln.
i vi h nc-axit axetic th:
- Sn phm nh ch yu l nc.
- Sn phm y ch yu l axit acetic.
1.1.2. Cc phng php chng ct
1.1.2.1. Chng ct n gin [5]
+ Chng ct bay hi dn dn: Ch yu dng trong phng th nghim xc
nh ng cong chng ct Enghen.
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 3
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
Chng ct bay hi mt ln: Cho php nhn c phn chng ct ln hn so
vi bay hi mt ln.
Hnh 1.2. Chng ct bay hi dn dn
Trong qu trnh chng n gin hi to thnh c ly ra ngay v cho ngng
t. Thnh phn v lng, sn phm nh v y lun thay i theo thi gian.
+ Chng ct bay hi nhiu ln:
Cho php qu trnh tch cc phn on theo mong mun.

Hnh 1.3. Chng ct bay hi nhiu ln
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 4
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
Sn phm
Nhin liu vo
Sn phm
Nhin liu vo
Sn phm Sn phm
Sn phm
Hi quay tr li
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
Nh vy, qu trnh l gin on. Nu mun thnh phn sn phm khng thay
i ta tin hnh chng lin tc.
Chng n gin c ng dng cho nhng trng hp sau:
- Khi nhit si ca 2 cu t khc nhau xa.
- Khi khng i hi sn phm c tinh khit cao.
- Khi cn tch hn hp lng ra khi cc tp cht khng bay hi.
- Khi mun tch s b hn hp nhiu cu t.
1.1.2.2. Chng ct chn khng [1]
Chng ct chn khng l phng php chng ct p sut thp hn p sut
kh quyn nhm mc ch gim nhit si ca hn hp chng ct trnh s phn
hu v nhit ca cc cu t cn chng ct.
1.1.2.3. Chng bng hi nc [3]
Trong thc t khng c nhng cht lng ho tan vo nhau, nhng khi ho
tan cc cht lng vo nhau rt b (v d nh hn hp benzen-nc) ta c th coi
nh chng khng ho tan vo nhau. i vi cc hn hp loi ny ta c th tch cc
cu t bng phng php lng gn. Nhng tnh cht c bn ca hn hp lng loi
ny l:
- p sut ring phn ca cu t ny khng ph thuc vo s c mt ca cu
t kia trong hn hp v bng p sut hi bo ho ca cc cu t nguyn cht cng
nhit :
P
A
= p
A
; p
B
= P
B
- p sut chung ca hn hp bng tng s p sut ring phn, ngha l bng
p sut hi bo ho ca cc cu t:
P = p
A
+ p
B
= P
A
+ P
B

- Nhit si ca hn hp thp hn nhit si ca cc cu t.
Khi chng bng hi nc trc tip, ngi ta phun hi nc qua lp cht lng
bng 1 b phn phun. Hi nc c th l hi bo ho hay hi qu nhit.
Trong qu trnh tip xc vi hi nc v lp cht lng, cu t cn chng s
phn tn vo trong hi. Hn hp hi nc v cu t bay hi c ngng t v
tch thnh sn phm.
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 5
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
Qu trnh chng bng hi nc trc tip hp l nht l dng tch cu t
khng tan trong nc khi tp cht khng bay hi, trng hp ny sn phm ngng
s phn lp: Cu t bay hi v nc, chng ta ly sn phm ra 1 cch d dng.
u im ca qu trnh chng bng hi nc trc tip l gim c nhit
si ca hn hp, ngha l chng ta c th chng c nhit si ca tng cu t.
iu ny rt c li i vi cc cht d b phn hu nhit cao cng nh i vi
cc cht c nhit si qu cao m khi chng gin tip i hi dng hi p sut
cao. Chng bng hi nc trc tip c th tin hnh gin on hay lin tc.
Trong c 2 trng hp ngi ta u phi dng cch t gin tip un bc
hi hn hp. Lng hi nc trc tip i vo hn hp ch c nhim v mang cu t
d bay hi ra m thi.
1.1.2.4. Chng luyn [5]
Chng ct c hi lu
nng cao kh nng phn chia hn hp lng, ngi ta tin hnh cho hi
lu mt phn sn phm nh. Nh s tip xc thm mt ln gia pha lng (hi lu)
v pha hi trong thp c lm giu thm cu t nh nh m phn chia cao
hn.
Chng ct c tinh luyn
Da vo qu trnh trao i cht nhiu ln gia pha lng v hi nh vo cc
a hay m. Chng ct s c phn chia cao hn nu kt hp vi hi lu.
Hnh 1.4. S tip xc gia dng lng v hi trong thp chng ct
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 6
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
Sn phm ra khi nh
Nhin liu lng
Nhit vo
Sn phm y
Nhit thay i
Giai on cn bng
Hi t
di ln
cht lng
i xung
cht lng
Hi bay ln
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
1.1.3. Cc thit b chng ct [6]
Ta c th phn bit chng ct ra thnh quy trnh mt ln nh trong phng th
nghim tch mt ha cht tinh khit ra khi mt hn hp, v chng ct lin tc,
nh trong cc thp chng ct trong cng nghip.
Trong nhiu trng hp c mt t l nht nh ca hn hp hai cht lng m
khng th tip tc tch bng phng php chng ct c na. Cc hn hp ny
c gi l hn hp ng ph.
Nu mun tng nng ca cn phi dng n cc phng php tinh ct c
bit khc. C th s dng cc loi thp chng ct sau:
- Thp chng ct dng mm xuyn l hoc mm a li.
- Thp chng ct dng mm chp.
- Thp m (thp chng ct dng vt chm).
Nhn xt v u khuyt im ca tng loi thp
- Thp mm xuyn l
u im:
Ch to n gin, v sinh d dng, tr lc thp hn thp chp, t tn kim loi
hn thp chp.
Nhc im:
Yu cu lp t cao: Mm lp phi rt phng, i vi thp c ng knh
qu ln (>2.4m) t dng mm xuyn l v khi cht lng phn phi khng u trn
a.
- Thp chp
u im:Hiu sut truyn khi cao, n nh, t tiu hao nng lng hn nn
c s mm t hn.
Nhc im: Ch to phc tp, tr lc ln.
- Thp m
u im: Ch to n gin, tr lc thp.
Nhc im:
Hiu sut thp, km n nh do s phn b cc pha theo tit din thp khng
u, s dng thp chm khng cho php ta kim sot qu trnh chng ct theo
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 7
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
khng gian thp trong khi thp mm th qu trnh th hin qua tng mm 1
cch r rng, thp m kh ch to c kch thc ln quy m cng nghip.
Bng 1.1 So snh u v nhc im ca cc loi thp.
Thp m. Thp mm xuyn l. Thp mm chp.
u im
- n gin.
- Tr lc thp.
- Hiu sut tng i cao.
- Hot ng kh n nh.
- Lm vic vi cht lng
bn.
- Hiu sut cao.
- Hot ng n
nh.
Nhc im
- Hiu sut thp.
- n nh km.
- Thit b nng.
- Tr lc kh cao.
- Yu cu lp t kht khe.
- Lp a tht phng.
- Cu to phc tp
- Tr lc ln.
Hnh 1.5. Hnh minh ha thp chp [5]
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 8
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
Hnh 1.6. Hnh minh ho a mm l [5]
Hnh 1.7. Hnh minh ha cho thp a m [5]
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 9
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
1.2. GII THIU S B V NGUYN LIU [7]
1.2.1 Nc
1.2.1.1. Khi nim
Nc l mt hp cht ha hc ca oxy v hydro, c cng thc ha hc l
H
2
O. Vi cc tnh cht l ha c bit (v d nh tnh lng cc, lin kt hydro v
tnh bt thng ca khi lng ring) nc l mt cht rt quan trng trong nhiu
ngnh khoa hc v trong i sng 70% din tch ca Tri t c nc che ph
nhng ch 0,3% tng lng nc trn Tri t nm trong cc ngun c th khai
thc dng lm nc ung.
Bn cnh nc thng thng cn c nc nng v nc siu nng. cc
loi nc ny, cc nguyn t hydro bnh thng c thay th bi cc ng v
teri v triti. Nc nng c tnh cht vt l (im nng chy cao hn, nhit si
cao hn, khi lng ring cao hn) v ha hc khc vi nc thng.
1.2.1.2. Cu to
*). Hnh hc ca phn t nc
Phn t nc
Phn t nc bao gm hai nguyn t hydro v mt nguyn t oxy. V mt
hnh hc th phn t nc c gc lin kt l 104,45. Do cc cp in t t do
chim nhiu ch nn gc ny sai lch i so vi gc l tng ca hnh t din. Chiu
di ca lin kt O-H l 96,84 picomet.
*). Tnh lng cc
Tnh lng cc
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 10
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
Oxy c m in cao hn hydro. Vic cu to thnh hnh ba gc v vic
tch in tng phn khc nhau ca cc nguyn t dn n cc tnh dng cc
nguyn t hydro v cc tnh m nguyn t oxy, gy ra s lng cc. Da trn hai
cp in t n c ca nguyn t oxy, l thuyt VSEPR gii thch s sp xp
thnh gc ca hai nguyn t hydro, vic to thnh moment lng cc v v vy m
nc c cc tnh cht c bit. V phn t nc c tch in tng phn khc nhau
nn mt s sng in t nht nh nh sng cc ngn c kh nng lm cho cc phn
t nc dao ng, dn n vic nc c un nng. Hin tng ny c p dng
ch to l vi sng.
*). Lin kt hydro
Lin kt hydro
Cc phn t nc tng tc ln nhau thng qua lin kt hydro v nh vy c
lc ht phn t ln. y khng phi l mt lin kt bn vng. Lin kt ca cc phn
t nc thng qua lin kt hydro ch tn ti trong mt phn nh ca mt giy, sau
cc phn t nc tch ra khi lin kt ny v lin kt vi cc phn t nc khc.
ng knh nh ca nguyn t hydro ng vai tr quan trng cho vic to
thnh cc lin kt hydro, bi v ch c nh vy nguyn t hydro mi c th n gn
nguyn t oxy mt chng mc y . Cc cht tng ng ca nc, v d nh
dihydro sulfua (H
2
S), khng to thnh cc lin kt tng t v hiu s in tch qu
nh gia cc phn lin kt. Vic to chui ca cc phn t nc thng qua lin kt
cu ni hydro l nguyn nhn cho nhiu tnh cht c bit ca nc, v d nh nc
mc d c khi lng mol nh vo khong 18g/mol vn th lng trong iu kin
tiu chun. Ngc li, H
2
S tn ti dng kh cng trong nhng iu kin ny.
Nc c khi lng ring ln nht 4
o
C v nh vo m bng c th ni ln
trn mt nc; hin tng ny c gii thch nh vo lin kt cu ni hydro.
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 11
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
1.2.1.3.. Cc tnh cht ha l ca nc
Cu to ca phn t nc to nn cc lin kt hydro gia cc phn t l c
s cho nhiu tnh cht ca nc. Cho n nay mt s tnh cht ca nc vn cn l
cu cho cc nh nghin cu mc d nc c nghin cu t lu.
Nhit nng chy v nhit si ca nc c Anders Celsius dng
lm hai im mc cho bch phn Celcius. C th, nhit nng chy ca nc
l 0
o
C, cn nhit si (760mmHg) bng 100
o
C. Nc ng bng c gi l nc
. Nc ha hi c gi l hi nc. Nc c nhit si tng i cao nh
lin kt hydro.
Di p sut bnh thng nc c khi lng ring (t trng) cao nht l
4C: 1g/cm l v nc vn tip tc gin n khi nhit gim xung di 4C.
iu ny khng c quan st bt k mt cht no khc. iu ny c ngha l:
Vi nhit trn 4C, nc c c tnh ging mi vt khc l nng n, lnh co;
nhng vi nhit di 4C, nc li lnh n, nng co. Do hnh th c bit ca
phn t nc (vi gc lin kt 104,45), khi b lm lnh cc phn t phi di xa ra
to lin kt tinh th lc gic m. V vy m t trng ca nc nh hn nc
th lng.
Khi ng lnh di 4C, cc phn t nc phi di xa ra to lin kt tinh
th lc gic m.
Nc l mt dung mi tt nh vo tnh lng cc. Cc hp cht phn cc
hoc c tnh ion nh axit, ru v mui u d tan trong nc. Tnh ha tan ca
nc ng vai tr rt quan trng trong sinh hc v nhiu phn ng ha sinh ch xy
ra trong dung dch nc.
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 12
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
Nc tinh khit khng dn in. Mc d vy, do c tnh ha tan tt, nc
hay c tp cht pha ln, thng l cc mui, to ra cc ion t do trong dung dch
nc cho php dng in chy qua.
V mt ha hc, nc l mt cht lng tnh, c th phn ng nh mt axit
hay baz. 7pH (trung tnh) hm lng cc ion hydroxyt (OH
-
) cn bng vi hm
lng ca hydronium (H
3
O
+
). Khi phn ng vi mt axit mnh hn th d nh HCl,
nc phn ng nh mt cht kim:
HCl + H
2
O H
3
O
+
+ Cl
-
Vi ammoniac nc li phn ng nh mt axit:
NH
3
+ H
2
O NH
4
+
+ OH
-
1.2.2. Axit axetic
1.2.2.1. Gii thiu chung
Axit axetic, hay cn gi l etanoic, l mt axit hu c (Axit Cacboxylic),
mnh hn axit cacbonic. Phn t gm nhm methyl (-CH
3
) lin kt vi nhm
caboxyl (-COOH).

M hnh phn t axit acetic
Gim l axit axetic nng t 26%. Gim c iu ch bng cch ln
men ru etylic. Axit axetic cn c th c iu ch t axetylen, cracking du m
hoc chng g.
1.2.2.2. Tnh cht ha hc
Nguyn t hydro (H) trong nhm carboxyl (COOH) trong cc axit cacbolic
nh axit axetic c th cung cp mt ion H
+
(proton), lm cho chng c tnh cht
axit. Axit axetic l mt axit yu, thuc nhm axit monoprotic, c K
a
= 4,75. N to
ra gc lin kt l axetat (CH
3
COO

). Dung dch 1,0M (tng ng nng gim


gia nh) c pH l 2,4, cho thy ch 0,44% cc phn t axit axetic b phn ly.
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 13
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
Lin kt hai phn t axit axetic, ng t nt th hin cc lin kt hydro.
Cu trc tinh th ca axit axetic cho thy cc phn t nh trng lin kt bi
cc lin kt hydro. Cc cht nh trng cng c th c pht hin dng hi
120C. Chng cng c mt trong pha lng trong cc dung dch long trong cc
dung mi khng c lin kt hydro, v mt mc nht nh trong axit axetic tinh
khit, nhng b ph v trong cc dung mi c lin kt hydro.
Enthalpy phn ly ca cc cht ny c tnh khong 65,066,0 kJ/mol, v
entropy phn ly khong 154157 Jmol
1
K
1
. Cch thc nh trng ny cng c th
hin cc axit cacboxylic thp hn khc.
Axit axetic lng l dung mi protic dnh t (phn t phn cc), tng t
nh ethanol v nc. Vi hng s in mi trung bnh khong 6,2; n c th ho
tan khng ch trong cc hp cht phn cc nh cc mui v c v cc loi ng
m n cn c kh nng ha tan trong cc hp cht khng phn cc nh du, v cc
nguyn t nh lu hunh v it. N cng c th ha trn vi cc dung mi phn
cc v khng phn cc khc nh nc, cloroform, v hecxan. i vi cc alkan cao
phn t (t octan tr ln) axit axetic khng c kh nng trn ln mt cch hon
ton, v kh nng trn ln tip tc gim khi s n-alkan cng ln. Tnh cht ha tan
v trn ln ca axit axetic lm cho n c ng dng rng ri trong cng nghip.
1.2.2.3. Cc phn ng ha hc
Axit axetic c th n mn cc kim loi nh st, mangan v km sinh ra kh
hydro v cc mui kim loi tng ng gi l cc axetat. Nhm khi tip xc vi oxy
s to thnh mt mng mng nhm oxit trn b mt lm cho n c kh nng chng
li mt cch tng i s n mn ca axit, iu ny cho php cc bnh cha bng
nhm c th dng vn chuyn axit axetic. Cc axetat kim loi cng c th c
iu ch t axit axetic v mt bazo tng ng, nh phn ng ph bin l "natri
bicacbonat + gim". Ch tr crm(II) axetat, th hu ht cc axetat cn li u c th
ha tan trong nc.
Mg
(r)
+ 2CH
3
COOH
(l)
(CH
3
COO)
2
Mg
(dd)
+ H
2 (k)

SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 14
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
NaHCO
3 (r)
+ CH
3
COOH
(dd)
CH
3
COONa
(dd)
+ CO
2

(k)
+ H
2
O
(l)

Axit axetic c th to cc phn ng ha hc c trng ca nhm axit
cacboxylic nh to ra nc v ethanoat kim loi khi phn ng vi kim; to ra
ethanoat kim loi khi phn ng vi kim loi; v to ra ethanoat kim loi, nc v
cacbon dioxit khi phn ng vi cc cacbonat v bicacbonat. Phn ng c trng
nht l to thnh ethanol, v to thnh cc dn xut nh axetyl clorua bng cch
thay th nhm -OH bi -Cl.
Cc dn xut thay th khc nh anhydrit axetic; anhydrit ny c to ra
theo phn ng trng ngng rch phn t nc t hai phn t ca axit axetic. Cc
este ca axit axetic tng t c th c to ra bi este ha, v cc amit. Khi nung
trn 440C, axit axetic phn hy to ra cacbon dioxit v metan, hoc to ra ethanon
v nc.
Axit axetic c th c nhn bit bi mi c trng ca n. Phn ng bin
i mu i vi cc mui ca axit axetic l cho tc dng vi dung dch st(III)
clorua, phn ng ny to ra mu m sau khi axit ha. Khi nung nng cc axetat
vi asen trioxit to ra cacodyl oxit, cht ny c th c nhn bit bi cc hi c
mi hi.
1.2.2.4. ng dng
Axit axetic l mt axit quan trng nht trong cc loi axit hu c. Axit axetic
tm c rt nhiu ng dng v n l loi axit hu c r tin nht. N c dng
ch to rt nhiu hp cht v este. Ngun tiu th ch yu ca axit axetic l:
Lm du n (dm n cha 4,5% axit axetic).
Lm cht ng c nha m cao su.
Lm cht do t si xenluloza axetat-lm phim nh khng nhy la.
Lm cht nha kt dnh poly vinyl axetat.
Lm cc phm mu, dc phm, nc hoa tng hp.
Axetat nhm dng lm cht cn mu (mordant trong ngh nhum).
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 15
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
Phn ln cc ester axetat u l cc dung mi, v d: Izoamyl axetat ho tan
c nhiu loi nha xenluloza.
1.2.3. Hn hp nc-axit axetic [6]
Ta c bng thnh phn lng (x)-hi (y) v nhit si ca hn hp nc axit
axetic 760 mmHg.
Bng 1.1. Thnh phn lng (x)-hi (y) v nhit si ca hn hp nc-axit
axetic 760mmHg.
x (%
phn
mol)
0 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
y (%
phn
mol)
0 9.2 16.7 30.3 42.5 53 62.6 71.6 79.5 86.4 93 100
t(
o
C) 118.4 115.4 113.8 110.1 107.5 105.8 104.4 103.3 102.1 101.3 100.6 100
Hnh 1.8. th x-y ca h nc-axit acetic.
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 16
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
1.3. QUY TRNH CNG NGH CHNG CT H 2 CU T NC-AXIT
ACETIC [6]
1.3.1. S cng ngh
Hnh 1.9. S cng ngh chng ct h 2 cu t nc-axit acetic.
Ch thch:
1. Bn cha nguyn liu 9. Nhit k
2. Bm 10. p k
3. Thng cao v 11. Thit b ngng t sn phm nh
4. Lu lng k 12. Ni un
5. Thit b trao i nhit vi sn phm y 13. Bn cha sn phm nh
6. Thit b gia nhit nhp liu 14. Bn cha sn phm y
7. By hi 15. B phn phn dng
8. Thp chng ct
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 17
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
1.3.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh
Hn hp axit axetic-nc nhit khong 28
o
C ti bnh cha nguyn liu (1)
c bm (2) bm ln bnh cao v (3). T hn hp c a n thit b trao i
nhit (5) trao i nhit vi sn phm y. Sau hn hp c un si n nhit
si trong thit b gia nhit (6) hn hp c a vo thp chng ct (8) a nhp
liu.
Trn a nhp liu cht lng c trn vi phn lng t phn ct ca thp
chng ct chy xung. Trong thp hi i t di ln gp lng i t trn xung.
y c s tip xc v trao i gia 2 pha vi nhau. Pha lng chuyn ng trong
phn chng cng xung cng gim nng cu t d bay hi v b pha hi t ni
un (12) li cun d bay hi. Cng ln trn nh thp nhit cng thp, nn khi
hi i qua cc a t di ln th cc cu t c nhit si cao l nc ngng t li,
cui cng trn nh thp ta thu c hn hp c cu t nc nhiu nht. Hi ny
c a vo thit b ngng t (11) v c ngng t hon ton. Mt phn cht
lng c ngng t trao i nhit vi dng nhp liu trong thit b (5) ri vo bn
cha sn phm nh (13). Phn cn li ca cht lng ngng t c hi lu v thp
a trn cng vi t s hi lu ti u. Mt phn cu t si c nhit si thp
c bc hi cn li cu t c nhit si cao trong cht lng ngy cng tng. Cui
cng y thp ta thu c hn hp lng hu ht l cc cu t kh bay hi l axit
axetic.
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 18
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
CHNG 2: NI DUNG NGHIN CU
*). Bng cc k hiu
K hiu ngha n v
Cn bng vt cht
F
Nng sut nhp liu theo khi lng kg/h
F
Nng sut nhp liu theo s mol kmol/h
D
Sut lng sn phm nh theo khi lng kg/h
D
Sut lng sn phm nh theo s mol kmol/h
W
Sut lng sn phm y theo khi lng kg/h
W
Sut lng sn phm y theo s mol kmol/h
F
x Nng phn mol nhp liu trong pha lng % mol
F
x
Nng phn khi lng nhp liu trong pha lng % khi lng
D
x Nng phn mol sn phm nh trong pha lng % mol
D
x
Nng phn khi lng sn phm nh trong pha lng % khi lng
W
x Nng phn mol dng sn phm y trong pha lng % mol
W
x
Nng phn khi lng sn phm y trong pha lng % khi lng
F
y Nng phn mol nhp liu trong pha hi % mol
F
y
Nng phn khi lng dng nhp liu trong pha hi % khi lng
D
y Nng phn mol sn phm nh trong pha hi % mol
D
y
Nng phn khi lng sn phm nh trong pha hi % khi lng
W
y Nng phn mol sn phm y trong pha hi % mol
W
y
Nng phn khi lng sn phm y trong pha hi % khi lng
x
Nng phn mol trong pha lng % mol
x
Nng phn khi lng trong pha lng % khi lng
*
y Nng phn mol trong pha hi cn bng vi pha lng % mol
*
y
Nng phn khi lng trong pha hi cn bng vi
pha lng
% khi lng
M
n
Khi lng mol phn t nc kg/kmol
a
M Khi lng mol phn t axit axetic kg/kmol
tb
M Khi lng mol phn t trung bnh kg/kmol
G
Sut lng theo s mol kmol/h
G
Sut lng theo khi lng kg/h
F
M Khi lng mol phn t trung bnh nhp liu kg/kmol
D
M Khi lng mol phn t trung bnh sn phm nh kg/kmol
W
M Khi lng mol phn t trung bnh sn phm y kg/kmol
S
t Nhit si ca dung dch
o
C
FS
t Nhit si ca nhp liu
o
C
DS
t Nhit si ca sn phm nh
o
C
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 19
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
WS
t Nhit si ca sn phm y
o
C
Fv
t Nhit nhp liu vo
o
C
Dr
t Nhit sn phm nh ra
o
C
Wr
t Nhit sn phm y ra
o
C
Nr
t Nhit nc ra
o
C
Nv
t Nhit nc vo
o
C
Tnh s a thc
R
min
Ch s hon lu ti thiu
R
th
Ch s hon lu thch hp
f Ch s nhp liu

bay hi tng i

nht cP
hh
nht ca hn hp cP
a
nht ca axit axetic cP
n
nht ca nc cP

Hiu sut a
D
Hiu sut a nh
W
Hiu sut a y
F
Hiu sut a v tr nhp liu
tb
Hiu sut a trung bnh
N
tt
S a thc t a
N
ttC
S a thc t on chng a
N
ttL
S a thc t on luyn a
N
ttT
S a thc t c thp a
N
lt
S a l thuyt a
2.1. CC THNG S BAN DU
Nng sut nhp liu:
F
= 0.8 (m
3
/h)
Nng nhp liu:
F
x
= 88% kl nc
Nng sn phm nh:
D
x
= 99.55% kl nc
Nng sn phm y:
W
x
= 70% kl nc
Khi lng phn t nc v axit acetic: M
N
= 18, M
A
= 60
Chn:
+ Nhit nhp liu: t
F
= 100.1727
o
C
+ Nhit sn phm nh: t
D
= 100.0235
o
C
+ Nhit sn phm y sau khi trao i nhit: t
W
= 40
o
C
+ Trng thi nhp liu: Lng, si
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 20
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
2.2. XC NH SUT LNG SN PHM NH V SN PHM Y
Sut lng dng lu cht theo khi lng:
G =
G
.
tb
M
(kg/h)
Sut lng dng lu cht theo mol:
G
=
tb
G
M
(kmol/h)
Chuyn t phn khi lng sang phn mol:
x
F
=
a
F
b
F
b
F
M
x
M
x
M
x
) 1 (
+

=

60
) 88 . 0 1 (
18
88 . 0
18
88 . 0

+
= 0.9607 (phn mol nc)
x
D

=
a
D
b
D
b
D
M
x
M
x
M
x
) 1 (
+

=
60
) 995 . 0 1 (
18
995 . 0
18
995 . 0

+
= 0.9985 (phn mol
nc)

x
W
=
a
w
b
w
b
w
M
x
M
x
M
x
) 1 (
+

=

60
) 70 . 0 1 (
18
70 . 0
18
70 . 0

+
= 0.8861 (phn mol nc)
Tnh M
tb
:
M
tb
F

= x
F
. M
b
+ (1- x
F
) .M
a

= 0.9607*18+(1-0.9607)*60
= 19.6506 (kg/kmol)
M
tb
D

= x
D .
M
b
+ (1- x
D
) . M
a

= 0.9985*18 + (1 0.9985) * 60
= 18.063 (kg/kmol)
M
tb
W

= x
W
* M
b
+ (1- x
W
) * M
a

= 0.8861 * 18 + (1 0.8861 ) * 60
= 22.7838 (kg/kmol)
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 21
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
Khi lng ring ca hn hp nhp liu:
) / ( 7532 . 957
) / ( 6891 . 957
) / ( 2231 . 958
3
3
3
m kg hh
m kg A
m kg N

Sut lng dng nhp liu:


F =
hh M
F
F
tb

=
7532 . 957 * 6506 . 19
800
* 1000 = 42.507 (kmol/h)
Phng trnh cn bng vt cht cho ton b thp chng ct:

'

+
+
W D
x * W x * D x * F
W D F
F

=>

W D
x x
F

=
W F
x x
D

=
F D
x x
W

=> D =
W D
W F
x x
x x

*F =
8861 . 0 9985 . 0
8861 . 0 9607 . 0

*42.507 = 28.186 (kmol/kg)


W = F - D = 42.507 - 28.186 = 14.321 (kmol/kg)
D = D * M
tb
D
= 28.186 * 18.063 = 509.1237 (kg/h)
W
= W * M
tb
W
= 14.321 * 22.7838 = 326.2867 (kg/h)
2.3. XC NH T S HI LU THCH HP
2.3.1. T s hi lu ti thiu
T s hi lu ti thiu l ch lm vic m ti ng vi s mm l thuyt
l v cc. Do , chi ph c nh l v cc nhng chi ph iu hnh (nhin liu,
nc v bm) l ti thiu.
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 22
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Hnh 2.1. th biu din mi quan h gia x
F
v y
*
F
R
min
=
F F
F D
x y
y x

*
*
=

9607 . 0 9700 . 0
9700 . 0 9985 . 0
3.1
Vy: T s hi lu ti thiu l: R
min
= 3.1
2.3.2. T s hi lu thch hp [2]
Khi R tng, s mm gim nhng ng knh tng, thit b ngng t, ni un
v cng bm cng tng theo. Chi ph c nh s gim dn n cc tiu ri tng
n v cc khi hi lu ton phn, lng nhit v lng nc s dng cng tng
theo t s hi lu.
Tng chi ph bao gm: Chi ph c nh v chi ph iu hnh. Chi ph hi lu
thch hp ng vi tng chi ph l cc tiu.
Tuy nhin, i khi cc chi ph iu hnh rt phc tp, kh kim sot nn
ngi ta c th tnh t s hi lu thch hp t iu kin thp nh nht. tnh c
t s hi lu thch hp theo iu kin thp nh nht (khng tnh n chi ph iu
hnh) ta cn lp mi quan h gia t s hi lu v th tch thp t chn R
th
ng
vi th tch thp l nh nht.
Nhn thy tit din thp ng vi lng hi i trong thp m lng hi t l
vi lng lng hi lu trong thp, do trong iu kin lm vic nht nh th G
D
s
khng i nn lng hi lu s t l vi (R+1), do , tit din thp s t l vi
(R+1).
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 23
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
Ngoi ra, chiu cao thp t l vi s n v chuyn khi m
ox
hay s mm l
thuyt N
lt
. Cho nn, th tch lm vic ca thp t l vi tch s m
ox
*(R+1). Nh vy,
ta c th thit lp quan h gia R v V
thp
theo quan h R v m
ox*
(R+1). T th
quan h ny ta xc nh c im cc tiu ca m
ox
*(R+1) ng vi t s hi lu
thch hp R.
Bng 2.1. Mi quan h gia R, m
ox
v m
ox
*(R+1)
R m
ox
m
ox
*(R+1)
2.496 47.818 167.173
2.723 37.733 140.480
2.973 32.801 130.320
3.023 33.545 134.952
120
130
140
150
160
170
2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50
R
R*(m
ox
+1)
Hnh 2.2. th biu din mi quan h gia R, m
ox
v m
ox
*(R+1)
Vy, ta c t s hi lu thch hp:
R = R
min
* 1.3 + 0.3 = 3.1 * 1.3 + 0.3 = 4.4
2.4. PHNG TRNH NG NNG LM VIC V S MM L
THUYT [4]
2.4.1. Phng trnh nng lm vic ca on ct
y =
1
.
1
.
+
+
+ R
x
x
R
R
D
=
1 4 . 4
9985 . 0
.
1 4 . 4
4 . 4
+
+
+
x
= 0.8148.x + 0.1849
2.4.2. Phng trnh nng lm vic ca on chng
y = W
x
R
f
x
R
f R
.
1
1
.
1 +

+
+
+
=
8861 . 0 *
1 4 . 4
1 508 . 1
.
1 4 . 4
508 . 1 4 . 4
+

+
+

x
= 0.5356x 0.0833
Vi: f =
186 . 28
507 . 42

D
F
= 1,508: ch s nhp liu.
2.4.3. S mm l thuyt
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 24
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
Hnh 2.3. S mm a l thuyt
th xc nh s mm l thuyt
T th ta c: 23 mm, bao gm: 19 mm ct, 1 mm nhp liu, 3 mm
chng.
Tm li, s mm l thuyt l N
lt
= 23 mm
2.4.4. S mm a thc t [4]
S mm thc t tnh theo hiu sut trung bnh:
tt
N
=
tb
Nlt

[4(tp 2/170)]
Trong : tb

Hiu sut trung bnh ca a, l 1 hm s ca bay hi


tng i v nht ca hn hp lng:

= f(
,
)
N
tt
: S mm thc t
N
lt
: S mm l thuyt
Xc nh hiu sut trung bnh ca thp

tb
:
+ bay hi tng i ca cu t d bay hi:

=
x
x
y
y
+
1
1
*
*
Vi: x: Phn mol ca nc trong pha lng.
y
*
: Phn mol ca nc trong pha hi cn bng vi pha lng.
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 25
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
lg

hh = x
1
lg

1
+ x
2
lg
2

[3(tp 1)trang 84]


* Ti v tr nhp liu:
x
F
= 0.9607 ta tra th cn bng ca h
*
F
y 0.9700
t
F
= 100.1727
o
C
+

9607 . 0
9607 . 0 1
9700 . 0 1
9700 . 0 1
1
*
*
F
F
F
F
F
x
x
y
y

1.27
+ t
F
= 100.1727
o
C, a

= 0.46.10
-3
N.s/m
2
, n

= 0.284.10
-3
N.s/m
2
(t2/91, 92)
F

= 0.443.10
-3
(N.s/m
2
) = 0.443 cP
Suy ra:
F F
.
= 1.27*0.443 = 0.563
Tra ti liu tham kho [tp 2, trang 171]:
F

= 0.58
* Ti v tr mm y:

W
x
0.8861 tra th cn bng ca h
*
W
y
= 0.925
+
8861 . 0
8861 . 0 1
925 . 0 1
925 . 0 1
1
*
*

W
W
W
W
W
x
x
y
y

= 1.58
+

0.46*10
-3
N.s/m
2
, n

= 0.284* 10
-3
N.s/m
2
W

= 0.443*10
-3
N.s/m
2
= 0.443cP
Suy ra w w
.
= 1.58*0.443 = 0.7
Tra ti liu tham kho [4(tp 2) trang 171] W

= 0.54
* Ti v tr mm nh:
x
W
= 0.9985 ta tra th cn bng ca h: y
*
D
= 0.999
T
D
= 100.0235
o
C
+
9985 . 0
9985 . 0 1
.
999 . 0 1
999 . 0 1
.
1
*
*

D
D
D
D
D
x
y
y
y

= 1.5
+ t
D
= 100.0235
o
C, a

= 0.46*10
-3
N.s/m
2
, n

= 0.284*10
-3
N.s/m
2
A

= 0.443*10
-3
N.s/m
2
= 0.443 cP
Suy ra:
D D
.
= 1.58*0.443 = 0.67
Tra ti liu tham kho [4(tp 2) trang 171]
D

= 0.56
Suy ra hiu sut trung bnh ca a:

3
56 . 0 54 . 0 58 . 0
3
+ +

+ +

D W F
tb

= 0.56
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 26
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
S mm a thc t ca thp N
tt
:
N
tt
=
56 . 0
23
= 41 mm

CHNG III: TNH TON V THIT K
THP CHNG CT
3.1. NG KNH THP (D
t
)
D
t
=
tb
tb
V
. 3600 .
4
(m) [4(tp 2) trang 181]
V
tb
: Lng hi trung bnh i trong thp (m
3
/h).
tb

: Tc hi trung bnh i trong thp (m/s).


g
tb
: Lng hi trung bnh i trong thp (kg/h).
Lng hi trung bnh i trong on chng v on ct khc nhau. Do ,
ng knh on chng v on ct cng khc nhau.
3.1.1. ng knh on ct
+ Lng hi trung bnh i trong thp:

2
1
g g
g
d
tb
+
(kg/h)
g
d
: Lng hi ra khi a trn cng ca thp (kg/h).
g
1
: Lng hi i vo a di cng ca on ct (kg/h).
Xc nh g
d
: g
d
= D.(R + 1) = 509.1237*(4.4 + 1) = 2749.268 (kg/h)
Xc nh g
1
: T h phng trnh
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 27
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng

'

+
+
d d
D
r g r g
x D x G y g
D G g
. .
. . .
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
(III.1)
Vi: G
1
: Lng lng a th nht ca on ct.
r
1
: n nhit ho hi ca hn hp hi i vo a th nht ca on ct.
r
d
: n nhit ho hi ca hn hp hi i ra nh thp.
* Tnh r
1
: t
1
= t
F
= 100.1727
o
C, tra ti liu tham kho (3(tp 1) ta c:
n nhit ho hi ca nc: r
Nd
= 2256.5573 (kJ/kg).
n nhit ho hi ca acid axetic: r
Rd
= 38.9795 (kJ/kg).
Vi x
D
= 0.9985 tra th ta c: y
D
= 0.995
Suy ra: r
d
= r
Nd
.y
D
+ (1-y
D
).r
Ad

= 2256.5573*0.995 + (1-0.995 + (1-0.995).38.9795
= 2245.4694 ( kJ/kg).
* x
1
= x
F
= 0,9607
Gii h (III.1), ta c:

'

) / ( 7 6 4 1 . 2 8 0 8
8 9 9 1 . 0
) / ( 0 5 2 5 . 2 3 4 1
1
1
1
h k g g
y
h k g G
(phn khi lng nc)=> y
1
= 0.9641
Vy:
) / ( 2031 . 2667
2
7641 . 2808 6421 . 2525
h kg g
tb

+

+ Tc hi trung bnh i trong thp


Tc ca hi i trong thp m:
Y = 1,2.e
-4.x
Y =
16 . 0
3
2

,
_

N
x
xtb
ytb d s
g p v
p


X =
8 / 1
4 / 1

,
_

,
_

xtb
ytb
y
x
p
p
G
G
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 28
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
2
16 . 0
3
8 / 1 4 / 1
2
) 4 .( 2 , 1 1
s s
A
N
ytb d
xtb
xtb
ytb
T
x
s
p
g p v
p
p
G
G
g

'

,
_

'

,
_

,
_


Vi: p xtb : Khi lng ring trung bnh ca pha lng (kg/m
3
).
P ytb : Khi lng ring trung bnh ca pha hi (kg/m
3
).
Tc sc (m/s)
k

: Tc lm vic thch hp (m/s)


d

: B mt ring ca m (m
2
/m
3
)
v
d
: Th tch t do ca m (m
3
/m
3
)

A

: nht ca pha lng theo nhit trung bnh (N.s/m


2
)
N

: nht ca nc 20
o
C (N.s/m
2
)
G
x
: Lng long trung bnh qua thp (kg/s)
G
y
: Lng hi trung bnh qua thp (kg/s)
g: Gia tc trng trng (m/s)
Gii phng trnh trn ta tm c tc sc:
Tc lm vic thch hp:
s k
) 9 . 0 8 . 0 (
* Xc nh p
ytb
:
[ ]
) 273 .( 4 . 22
273 . 60 ). 1 ( 18 .
+
+

tb
tb tb
ytb
t
y y
p
Vi: + Nng phn mol trung bnh.
+ Nhit trung bnh on ct.
C
t t
t
o D F
t
0614 . 100
2
0235 . 100 1727 . 100
2

+

Suy ra:
6113 . 0
ytb
p
(kg/m
3
)
* Xc nh p
xtb
:
Nng phn mol trung bnh: 9796 . 0
2
9985 . 0 9607 . 0
2

+

D F
tb
x x
x
Suy ra:
% 9351 . 0
60 ). 1 ( . 18
. 18

tb tb
tb
tb
x x
x
x
t
tb
= 100.0614
o
C, tra ti liu tham kho (3 tp 1) trang 9), ta c:
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 29
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
p
xtb
= 1000.02341 (kg/m
3
)
nht trung bnh ca pha lng
cP
x x
cP
cP
x
A tb N tbl X
N
A
2866 . 0
2498 . 1 2837 . 0 lg . 0204 . 0 4596 . 0 lg . 9796 . 0 lg ) 1 ( lg lg
4596 . 0
2837 . 0

+ +

Chn m vng s c kch thc: 50x50x5 vi:


d

= 95(m
2
/m
3
)
v
d
=0.79(m
3
)
d
d
=0,05(m)
p
d
= 500 (kg/ m
3
)
N
d
= 5800( vin)
Suy ra:
.
16 , 0
3
8 / 1 4 / 1
) 2866 . 0 ( 6613 . 0 . 95
79 . 0 . 0231 . 1000 . 81 . 9
0231 . 1000
6113 . 0
.
741 . 0
611 . 0
. 75 . 1 ) 125 , 0 ( lg

'

,
_

,
_

,
_


) / ( 8072 . 6 s m
s

Tc lm vic thch hp ca thp:
) / ( 4457 . 5 8072 . 6 * 8 . 0 . 8 , 0 s m
gh h

Vy ng knh on ct:
D
ct
=
) ( 5325 . 0
4457 . 5 * 6113 . 0 * 785 . 0 * 3600
7409 . 0 * 4
. . 785 . 0 * 3600
. 4
. m
p
G
k ytb
y

3.1.2. ng knh on chng


+ Lng hi trung bnh i trong thp

2
1
' '
'
g g
g
n
tb
+
(kg/h)
`
n
g Lng hi ra khi on chng (kg/h).
1
'
g Lng hi i vo on chng (kg/h).
Xc nh
`
n
g
`
n
g = g
1
= 2808.7641 (kg/h)
Xc nh 1
'
g T h phng trnh
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 30
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng

'


+
+
1 1
, ,
1
,
1
,
1 1
,
1
,
1
,
1
,
. . .
. . .
r g r g r g
x w y g x G
w g G
n n
w w
s
(III.2)
Vi:
`
1
g Lng lng a th nht ca on chng.
r
,
1
n nhit ho hi ca hn hp hi i vo a th nht ca on chng.
* Tnh
1
,
r
: x
w
= 0,8861 tra th cn bng ca h ta c: y
w
= 0,9227.
Suy ra:
7817 . 0
60 ). 9227 . 0 1 ( 9227 . 0 . 18
9227 . 0 * 18
60 ). 1 ( . 18
. 18

w w
w
w
y y
y
y
Y
1
= y
w
= 0.7817
Suy ra: M
tbg`
= 18.y
w
+(1-y
w
).60 = 21.2466 (kg/mol).
C t t
o
w
6266 . 100 1
,
tra ti liu tham kho (3 ( tp 1)), ta c:
n nhit ho hi ca nc: r`
N1
= 2200.5516 (kJ/kg).
n nhit ho hi ca axit axetic: r`
A1
= 390.7528 (kJ/kg).
Suy ra: r`
1
= r`
A1
.y
w
+ (1-y
w
).r`
N1
= 1805.4838 (kJ/kg)
* Tnh r
1
:
r
1
= 390.7385 + 1811.0483.y
1
= 390.7385 + 1811.0483*0.7817
= 2019.1419 (kJ/kmol).
* W = 14.321 (kmol/h)
Gii h (III.2) ta c:

'

) / ( 8 1 5 7 . 2 9 8
) / ( 9 6 4 5 . 3 4 3 9
7 7 4 6 . 0
1
,
1
,
1
,
h k g g
h k g G
X
Vy: g`
tb
=
) / ( 9565 . 2974
2
1488 . 3141 7641 . 2808
h kg
+
+Tc hi trung bnh i trong thp
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 31
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
Tc ca hi i trong thp m:
Y = 1,2.e
-4.x
Y =
16 . 0
3
2
.

,
_

N
x
ytb d
s
g p v
p
xtb


X =
8 / 1
4 / 1

,
_

,
_

xtb
ytb
y
p
p
G
G
X

'

,
_

'

,
_

,
_


16 . 0
3
8 / 1 4 / 1
2
) 4 .( 2 , 1 lg
A
N
ytb d
xtb
xtb
ytb
t
X
s
p
g p v
p
p
G
G


2
s s

Vi: p
xtb
: Khi lng ring trung bnh ca pha lng (kg/m
3
)
P
ytb
: Khi lng ring trung bnh ca pha hi (kg/m
3
).
Tc sc (m/s)
k

: Tc lm vic thch hp (m/s)


d

: B mt ring ca m (m
2
/m
3
)
V
d
: Th tch t do ca m (m
3
/m
3
)
A

: nht ca pha lng theo nhit trung bnh (N.s/m


2
)
N

: nht ca nc 20
o
C (N.s/m
2
)
G
x
: Lng lng trung bnh qua thp (kg/s)
G
y
: Lng hi trung bnh qua thp (kg/s)
G: Gia tc trng trng (m/s)
Gii phng trnh trn ta tm c tc sc:
Tc lm vic thch hp:
s k
) 9 . 0 8 . 0 (
* Xc nh p`
ytb
:
[ ]
273 .( 4 . 22
273 . 60 ). 1 ( 18 .
,
,
,
,
+
+

tb
tb
tb
ytb
t
y y
p
Vi:
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 32
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
+ Nng phn mol trung bnh:
9434 . 0
2
9641 . 0 9227 . 0
2
1 ,

w
tb
y y
y
+ Nhit trung bnh on chng:
t`
tb
C
t t
o w F
3993 . 100
2
6266 . 100 1727 . 100
2

+

Suy ra:
p`
ytb
= 0.6883 (kg/m
3
)
* Xc nh p`
xtb
:
Nng khi lng trung bnh:
x`
tb
= 79 . 0
2
88 . 0 7 . 0
2

+

+
w F
x x
Suy ra:
x`
tb
= 0.79 =79%
t`
tb
= 100.3996
o
C, tra ti liu tham kho(3(tp 1)- trang 9), ta c:
Khi lng ring ca nc: p`
N
= 958.2231 (kg/m
3
)
Khi lng ring ca axit axetic: p`
A
= 957.6891 (kg/m
3
)
Suy ra:
P`
xtb
= ) / ( 9493 . 957
1
3
1
,
,
,
,
m Kg
p
x
p
x
N
tb
A
tb

,
_

nht trung bnh ca pha lng:


cP
x x
cP
cP
x
A tb N tbl x
N
A
2944 . 0
2228 . 1 2829 . 0 lg . 0766 . 0 4582 . 0 lg . 9234 . 0 lg ) 1 ( lg lg
4582 . 0
2829 . 0

+ +

Chn m vng s c kch thc 50x50x5 vi:


) ( 5800
) / ( 500
) ( 05 . 0
) ( 79 . 0
) / ( 95
3
3
3 2
vin N
m Kg p
m d
m v
m m
d
d
d
d
d


Suy ra:
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 33
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
.
16 , 0
3
8 / 1 4 / 1
) 2944 . 0 ( 883 . 0 * 95
79 . 949380 . 957 * 81 . 9
9493 . 957
6883 . 0
.
8264 . 0
5842 . 0
. 75 . 1 ) 125 . 0 ( lg

'

,
_

,
_

,
_


s m
s
/ ( 303 . 6
)
Tc lm vic thch hp ca thp:
) / ( 0424 , 5 303 , 6 . 8 , 0 . 8 , 0 s m
gh h

Vy: ng knh on ct:
D
ct
=
) ( 5507 . 0
0424 . 5 * 6883 . 0 * 785 . 0 * 3600
8264 . 0 * 4
. . 785 . 0 * 36000
. 4
. m
p
G
k ytb
y

Kt lun: Hai ng knh on ct v on chng khng chnh lch nhau qu ln


nn ta chn ng knh ca ton thp l:
D
t
= 0.542(m)
Khi tc lm vic thc :
) / ( 2634 . 5
785 . 0 * 3600 * 6113 . 0 * 5416 . 0
741 . 0 * 4
785 . 0 * 3600 . .
. 4
2 2
s m
p D
G
ybt
t
y
k

+ Phn ct:
% 5 % 4 . 3 034 . 0
2634 . 5
2634 . 5 4457 . 5
<

,
_

,
_


h
h
k


+ Phn chng:
% 5 % 3 . 3 033 . 0
2141 . 5
2141 . 5 4457 . 5
) / ( 214 . 5
785 . 0 * 3600 * 6883 . 0 * 5416 . 0
8264 . 0 * 4
785 . 0 * 3600 . .
. 4
2 2
<

,
_

,
_



h
h
ytb
t
k
k
y
s m
p D
G

3.2. CHIU CAO THP


3.2.1. Chiu cao phn ct
) ( 3239 . 0
4457 . 5
1
.
95
79 . 0
. 200
1
. . 200
) 1 8 . 0 ( .
4 , 0
2 / 1
4 . 0
2 / 1
1
m
v
h
h N H
y
d
d
td
td

,
_

,
_

h
td
: Chiu cao tng ng ca mt bc thay i nng (m)
k y

Tc ca pha khi i trong thp
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 34
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
N: S a l thuyt
) ( 2792 . 7 8 . 0 3239 . 0 * 20 ) 1 8 . 0 ( .
1
m h N H
td
+ +
3.2.2. Chiu cao phn chng
) 1 8 . 0 ( .
2
+
td
h N H
) ( 3341 . 0
0424 . 5
1
.
95
79 . 0
. 200
1
. . 200
4 , 0
2 / 1
4 , 0
m
v
h
y
d
d
td

,
_

,
_

h
td
: chiu cao tng ng ca mt bc thay i thay i nng (m)
k y

tc ca pha kh i trong thp.

) ( 8023 . 1 8 . 0 3341 . 0 * 3 ) 1 8 . 0 ( .
2
m h N H
td
+ +
Chiu cao ca thp m:
H = H
1
+ H
2
= 7.2792 + 1.8023 = 9.1m
3.2.3. Cc s liu khc ca thp chng
Mt bch l b phn quan trng dng ni cc phn ca thit b cng nh ni
cc thit b. Chn bch c ghp thn, y v np lm bng thp X18H10T. C b
dy 3mm.
ng knh l trn a: 3mm. B dy a: 2mm. Khong cch gia 2 a:
250mm. ng dn cht lng: 50mm. ng dn hi: 100mm. Knh quan st: 150mm.
Bch ghp thn np y: 3mm
KT LUN
Sau hn 1 thng thc hin ti NGHIN CU THIT K, TNH
TON H THNG THP CHNG CT. Em thit k c thp chng ct
h hn hp 2 cu t nc-axit axetic tng i hon chnh khi bit trc nng sut,
nng nhp liu v nng ca sn phm nh sn phm y. Tnh ton tng
i chi tit qu trnh lm vic ca thit b, cng nh iu kin vn hnh ca thit b.
c tnh k thut ca thit b chng ct ng vi cc thng s cho ban u:
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 35
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
T s hi lu thch hp: R = 4.4.
S mm a l thuyt: 23 mm.
S mm a thc t: 41 mm.
ng knh thp: 0.542m = 542mm.
ng knh l trn a: 3mm.
B dy a: 2mm.
Khong cch gia 2 a: 250mm.
B dy y np thn: 3mm.
ng dn cht lng: 50mm.
ng dn hi: 100mm.
Bch nghp thn np y: 3mm.
Knh quan st: 150mm
LI CM N
Trong sut qu trnh hc tp ti trng Cao ng Ngh K Thut
Cng Ngh Dung Qut, em c cc thy c trong khoa v nh trng
cung cp, truyn t v ch bo nhit tnh nhng kin thc, n tng qu gi
trong sut thi gian hc. Ngoi ra, em cn c rn luyn mt k nng hc
tp, lm vic rt cao. Nhng yu t c bn ny gip em ha nhp nhanh vo
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 36
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
mi trng lm vic sau khi em ra trng v l nhng nn tng vng chc
gip em thnh cng trong s nghip sau ny.
n mn hc ny l tng hp nhng kin thc em hc, ng thi
rt ra nhng kinh nghim thc t trong sut thi gian thc hin ti.
u tin em xin chn thnh cm n thy Trng Quc Hng l gio
vin hng dn trc tip cho n ca em v l ngi gip em hon thnh
n mt cch thun li. Thy lun bn cnh ng gp sa cha
nhng thiu xt, sai st v khuyt im m em mc phi a ra nhng
hng gii quyt tt nht t khi em nhn ti n khi hon thnh.
Em cng xin chn thnh cm n s gip ca bn b, ngi thn
ng h, ng vin em trong sut qu trnh thc hin n.
Xin knh chc thy c trng Cao ng Ngh K Thut Cng Ngh
Dung Qut mnh khe, hnh phc, vng bc trn con ng Mi nm
trng cy, trm nm trng ngi.
Qung ngi, ngy 26 thng 7 nm 2011.
Nhm sinh vin:
ng Cng Ba
Hong Ngc i
L Quc Hng
Nguyn Hoi Nam
Nguyn Hng Quang
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 37
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang
n ho cng GVHD: Ths. Trng Quc Hng
SVTH: Nguyn Hoi Nam, L Quc Hng Trang 38
ng Cng Ba, Hong Ngc i, Nguyn Hng Quang

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