Annotated Bibliography Primary Resources "The RNA World and other origin-of-life theories. by Brig Klyce.

" COSMIC ANCESTRY: The modern version of panspermia. by Brig Klyce. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. <http://www.panspermia.org/rnaworld.htm>.

This website was incredibly useful for providing a primary source on the role that DNA plays in the industrial world. This is a primary source because it draws data straight from the original data source. The source describes the use of the program in the industrial world, and how DNA can be manipulated to provide new results and effective procedure. This source was used to supplement the information on the historical implications of DNA use.

"DNA History." College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment | The College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. <http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/extreme2004/genomics/dnahistory.html>.

This primary resource draws upon the personal accounts of both Watson and Crick in order to present an informative timeline on the course of events that led to the modeling of the DNA molecule. This primary resource is especially important because it presents the other conflicting models of DNA and how Watson and Cricks model of the DNA poses solutions to modeling genetic information.

"DNA from the Beginning - An animated primer of 75 experiments that made modern genetics.." DNA from the Beginning - An animated primer of 75 experiments that made modern genetics.. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. <http://www.dnaftb.org/? gclid=CPemvsbnsa4CFUHktgod8zxBOQ>.

This is a primary resource because it draws on evidence and quotations directly from the time period and compiles them through an animated demonstration of the problem in question. This resource demonstrates many different modern experiments that help prove the viability of the genetic structure of the deoxyribonucleic acid molecule, and was incredibly useful to understanding the historical implications that it has had in the modern day as well as some of the contemporary application.

"Human Genome Project Information." Oak Ridge National Laboratory. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2012. <http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml>.

Due to the contemporary nature of our topic, this primary resource presents a lot of relevant and present information on the human genome project. This website is the official resource center for the Human Genome Project, and this makes it incredibly useful understanding the relationship with the structure of DNA and how we have applied it to be useful in the modern day.

Lagerkvist, Ulf. DNA pioneers and their legacy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press,

1998. Print.

This is a great account of the origins of modern molecular biology, that was incited due to the discovery of DNA. He says that he understands that the only way to understand modern medicine is to understand it in the context of the discovery of DNA. He shows modern problems in a new light and shows the thought process required to understand the chemistry of biological materials. He describes the research of Albrecht Kossel and many other scientists that played an integral role in defining biological studies in the modern day. This is a great primary resource because it provides information in the present day about modern molecular biology.

"Long-Lost Letters From DNA Pioneers Reveal Conflicts and Tensions | 80beats | Discover Magazine." Discover Blogs | Discover Magazine. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. <http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/2010/09/30/long-lostletters-from-dna-pioneers-reveal-conflicts-and-tensions/>.

This resource is incredibly useful because it provides primary resources about the discovery of DNA. The letters that are provided in this article give insight to the process of discovering the DNA molecule and also some of the initial thoughts that went through the minds of the different scientists in order to reach that point. This makes it an incredible resource in understanding the discovery of the DNA molecule in the context of the molecule. "James Watson Interview -- Academy of Achievement." Academy of Achievement Main

Menu. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. <http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/wat0int-1>.

This is a great resource because it provides the words directly from the mouth of the creator of the molecule of DNA. This resource provides direct information from when the molecule was created and how that creation evolved from some of the initial ideas that he had. This primary source provides information on how Watson used Paulings theories changed, and any problems that the original models had. This resource provides how the molecule of DNA evolved from the start to the end.

Milmo, Cahal. "Fury at DNA pioneer's theory: Africans are less intelligent than Westerners - Science - News - The Independent." The Independent | News | UK and Worldwide News | Newspaper . N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. <http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/fury-at-dna-pioneers-theoryafricans-are-less-intelligent-than-westerners-394898.html>.

This primary resource is incredibly useful to understanding how the model of the DNA and some of the modern applications of it are controversial in the modern day. This type of research is useful due to the controversial nature of the topic in the past, and how this can change our understanding on how we can apply the discovery of the DNA structure in a specialized way. "Narrative - 1. Introduction - Linus Pauling and the Race for DNA: A Documentary

History." OSU Libraries | Oregon State University. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. <http://osulibrary.orst.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/dna/narrative/page1.ht ml>.

This resource is an incredible way to understand the race that James Watson had with Linus Pauling for the Race for DNA. This history provides a chronological understanding of the form of DNA and how it eventually led to the discovery of the different parts of DNA.

Watson, James D.. The double helix; a personal account of the discovery of the structure of DNA,. [1st ed. New York: Atheneum, 1968. Print.

This book is phenomenal because it provides direct information from the creation of the DNA molecule and how he envisions it to play an integral role in the modern field of science. This book provides some of the more interesting features of the discovery of the DNA molecule and how the molecule changed. This text provides unique information on the change of the DNA molecule over time.

Secondary Resources "James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin | Chemical Heritage Foundation." Homepage of the Chemical Heritage Foundation | Chemical Heritage Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. <http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-

history/themes/biomolecules/dna/watson-crick-wilkins-franklin.aspx>.

This section of the research was extremely useful because it presented a great overview of the topics that we wanted to research. It gave an overview on how the molecule could be used on the basis of heredity. This basis is incredibly important, and this whole website gave a great holistic viewpoint of the entire paper as a whole. The paper as a whole was important to get a comprehensive overview of the entire project. It is a secondary resource because it presents information that is a compilation of several different primary sources.

"Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)" Biology Animation Library :: DNA Learning Center." DNA Learning Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2012. <http://www.dnalc.org/resources/animations/pcr.html>.

This website was important because it gave a very comprehensive overview on the process of the Polymerase Chain Reaction. This website provided an animation that was used on the website as well as provided many of the imagery used for the actual project. The flash integration was especially important because it gave a comprehensive idea of the whole website in the context of the actual program. This source is a secondary resource, as it pulls information from several different places.

1987. "DNA Timeline." RootsWeb: Freepages. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. <http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~gkbopp/DNA/DNAtimeline

.htm>.

This website was a great secondary resource that helped to provide some of the information that was included in the comprehensive overview of the formation of the current model of the DNA. This information was directly applied into the website where the outline of the entire course of the history was included. This was important to give readers of the website a comprehensive overview of what the project had to offer, and so that readers can understand the competing forces that led to the rise of the current model and structure of DNA.

Arnold, Paul. "Linus Pauling Information: How Did Linus Pauling Miss the Discovery of DNA?." Find Science & Technology Articles, Education Lesson Plans, Tech Tips, Computer Hardware & Software Reviews, News and More at Bright Hub. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. <http://www.brighthub.com/science/genetics/articles/21382.aspx>.

This is a great secondary resource that provides insight on how the model changed between the model that was provided by Linus Pauling and how this model was changed and adjusted. One of the interesting faults of Paulings model and the reason that this model changed over to the one that was published by Watson and Crick, was that Pauling overlooked one of the basic concepts of chemistry when he created the model. In fact, Pauling had known about this fault, but had not presented it as part of the research that he had provided in the discovery of DNA.

"BBC NEWS | Science/Nature | Stunning creativity of DNA pioneers." BBC News Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2906695.stm>.

This secondary resource provides reasons and a rationale to why the discovery of the DNA was so spectacular and so significant. This article talks about the process with which the model was created and was incredibly useful in understanding the course of events that led up to the formation of the current model. This article also presents insight on the significance of the discovery.

"DNA . Timeline | PBS." PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/wnet/dna/timeline/index.html>.

This is a comprehensive overview of the timeline feature that was used in the website. It directly provided the information that could be used in the website, and was extremely useful in the design and the implementation of the actual web design of the website. This is a secondary resource because it compiles the information from primary resources and compiles them there.

"DNA Interactive: Discovering the DNA Structure and beyond." DNA Interactive: Discovering the DNA Structure and beyond. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. <http://www.dnai.org/>.

This resource was useful to gaining a better understanding of the structure of DNA and how this structure can be manipulated between the nucleic acid, phosphate, and other parts of its backbone structures. This makes it an incredible resource to manipulate and understand the importance of the resource. The unique manipulation of the DNA molecule gives it the unique properties that allow us to understand and apply it through several new technologies. It was the understanding of these structures that allowed us to understand and apply it in several scenarios.

"DNA.gov: History of Forensic DNA Analysis." The DNA Initiative. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. <http://www.dna.gov/basics/analysishistory>.

This is a great secondary resource because it provides comprehensive information on forensic analysis, one of the big historical implicaitons of the discovery of the DNA molecule. This document describes how the specific structure of the DNA molecule allows for the manipulation and replication of itself. This leads to unique properties that may be exploited for the use of forensics detection.

"Explore other theories on DNA replication :: DNA from the Beginning." DNA from the Beginning - An animated primer of 75 experiments that made modern genetics.. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. <http://www.dnaftb.org/20/problem.html>.

The resources that this website provides is that it provides a comprehensive

overview of the different competing forces that led up to the discovery of the DNA molecule. The website aims to give readers a comprehensive overview of the different experiments that formed the modern study of genetics, and it also provides evidence from these experiments. It points out the faults within each source and how that eventually leads to success for the program.

"History." SMC Homepage. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. <http://homepage.smc.edu/hgp/history.htm>.

This website provides a timeline that can be used to show the chronological representation of the DNA molecule. It is a secondary resource because it just provides a comprehensive overview of the material presented. The information provided by this website is extremely useful.

"History of DNA Research." ThinkQuest : Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. <http://library.thinkquest.org/20830/Textbook/HistoryofDNAResearch.htm>.

This secondary source pulls resources to provide an overview of the different events that led up to the discovery of the DNA. It starts with Mendels work and eventually goes on to describe the work done later on in the field. It was useful in getting a comprehensive overview of the work.

Portugal, Franklin H., and Jack S. Cohen. A century of DNA: a history of the discovery of

the structure and function of the genetic substance. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1977. Print.

This book was incredibly useful because it provided useful and modern information on the application of DNA and the controvery provided by it. It is a secondary resource since it is an analysis that was compiled by a professor in Cambridge.

Rigoutsos, Isidore. Genomics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print. Siegel, Vivian . "The promise of peer review." Dis Model Mech 17.22 (2008): 7377. Print.

One of the interesting parts of the DNA publication that Watson and Crick published was that it was not peer reviewed. The nature of the publication was so selfevident that the publication did not need to be checked by other scientists in the same field. This article references Watson and Cricks publication to understand the role that peer-review played in it.

"Thomas Hunt Morgan: Biography from Answers.com." Answers.com: Wiki Q&A combined with free online dictionary, thesaurus, and encyclopedias. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. <http://www.answers.com/topic/thomas-hunt-morgan>.

The description of Thomas Hunt Morgan was useful in studying the role that he played in the discovery of the DNA molecule, and the developments that he made in the

field before the official publication later on.

"Timeline of Genetics History." Biology @ Davidson. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. <http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kahales/301Genetics/timeline.html>.

This is a comprehensive overview of the timeline feature that was used in the website. It directly provided the information that could be used in the website, and was extremely useful in the design and the implementation of the actual web design of the website. This is a secondary resource because it compiles the information from primary resources and compiles them there.

Watson, James D., and John Tooze. The DNA story: a documentary history of gene cloning. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Co., 1981. Print.

This resource is incredible because it provides insight on the modern implications of the DNA molecule. This documentary history provides modern information on the role that the DNA molecule has in the modern day.

"What is DNA? - Genetics Home Reference." Genetics Home Reference - Your guide to understanding genetic conditions. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. <http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/basics/dna>.

One of the interesting parts of the DNA publication that Watson and Crick

published was that it was not peer reviewed. The nature of the publication was so selfevident that the publication did not need to be checked by other scientists in the same field. This article references Watson and Cricks publication to understand the role that peer-review played in it.

Picture Resources "Cell Cycles: Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis | SchoolWorkHelper." School Work Helper. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. <http://schoolworkhelper.net/2010/11/cellcycles-interphase-mitosis-cytokinesis/>.

This article presents a picture of the different phases of mitosis and was used in the paper to understand and demonstrate the different phases of mitosis. The discovery of mitosis played an integral role in modeling DNA, and hence was included as a part of the timeline in the bibliography. This image represented the phases of mitosis extremely well.

"DNA History." College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment | The College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. <http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/extreme2004/genomics/dnahistory.html>.

This primary resource draws upon the personal accounts of both Watson and Crick in order to present an informative timeline on the course of events that led to the modeling of the DNA molecule. It was also used specifically for a few images on the

model of the DNA, and was included in the website to better convey this sense of structure and rigidity. This primary resource is especially important because it presents the other conflicting models of DNA and how Watson and Cricks model of the DNA poses solutions to modeling genetic information.

"DNA from the Beginning - An animated primer of 75 experiments that made modern genetics.." DNA from the Beginning - An animated primer of 75 experiments that made modern genetics.. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. <http://www.dnaftb.org/? gclid=CPemvsbnsa4CFUHktgod8zxBOQ>.

This is a primary resource because it draws on evidence and quotations directly from the time period and compiles them through an animated demonstration of the problem in question. This resource demonstrates many different modern experiments that help prove the viability of the genetic structure of the deoxyribonucleic acid molecule, and was incredibly useful to understanding the historical implications that it has had in the modern day as well as some of the contemporary application. Several different images from these experiments were used on the final website.

"Human Genome Project Information." Oak Ridge National Laboratory. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2012. <http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml>.

Due to the contemporary nature of our topic, this primary resource presents a lot of

relevant and present information on the human genome project. This website is the official resource center for the Human Genome Project, and this makes it incredibly useful understanding the relationship with the structure of DNA and how we have applied it to be useful in the modern day. This website presents several different diagrams and publications that were a product of the Human Genome project.

"Narrative - 1. Introduction - Linus Pauling and the Race for DNA: A Documentary History." OSU Libraries | Oregon State University. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. <http://osulibrary.orst.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/dna/narrative/page1.ht ml>.

This resource is an incredible way to understand the race that James Watson had with Linus Pauling for the Race for DNA. This history provides a chronological understanding of the form of DNA and how it eventually led to the discovery of the different parts of DNA. This resource is also useful because it provides many different images that can be used to better understand the different models of the DNA structure.

Portugal, Franklin H., and Jack S. Cohen. A century of DNA: a history of the discovery of the structure and function of the genetic substance. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1977. Print.

This book was incredibly useful because it provided useful and modern information on the application of DNA and the controvery provided by it. It is a

secondary resource since it is an analysis that was compiled by a professor in Cambridge. The images provided in this text were incredibly useful to understanding the structure of the DNA molecule.

Silverstein, Alvin, Virginia B. Silverstein, and Laura Silverstein Nunn. DNA. Brookfield, Conn.: Twenty-First Century, 2002. Print.

This publication was useful for many of the images that were used in the timeline side of this website.