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Question & Answers

Gopala Krishna Palepu Assistant Divisional Engineer 400KV / APTRANSCO / Hyderabad S.No QUESTIONS ANSWERS

1. What are the Protections adopted in 400KV Lines 1. Main-1 Protection : Distance Protection (21M1/L1) 2. Main-2 Protection : Distance/ Differential (21M2/L2 or 87M2/L2) 3. Over Voltage Stage-1 Prot (59-1) 4. Over Voltage Stage-2 Prot (59-2) 5. Auto reclosure with check synchronization (79 + 25) 6. Sensitive IDMT Directional E/F Relay (67N) 2. What are the Protections adopted for 400/220KV ICT 1. Main Protection: Differential Protection (87T) 2. Backup Protection: IDMT Directional Over Current & Earth Fault Protection on HV side (67HV) 3. Backup Protection: IDMT Directional Over Current & Earth Fault Protection on LV side (67LV) 4. Over Flux Protection on HV side (99T HV) 5. Over Flux Protection on LV side (99T LV) 6. Additional Protection: REF Protection or High Impedance Differential Protection (64T/87T) 7. Additional Protection: Neutral Displacement Protection (151N) 8. Additional Protection: Under Impedance/ Distance Protection (21T) 9. Additional Protection: Neutral Current Protection(51) 10. Over Load Alarm Protection (51 O/L) 3.

What are the Protections adopted for 400KV Shunt Reactor. 1. Main Protection: Differential Protection (87R) 2. Backup Protection: Under Impedance/ Distance Protection or Definite Time Over Current & Earth Fault Protection(21R/51) 3. REF Protection (64R) 4. What are the inbuilt Protections available for 400KV ICT / Shunt Reactor? 1. Gas Detector or Oil Surge detector or Say Buchholz Relay or Oil Surge relay 2. Similarly for OLTC Buchholz Relay or Oil Surge relay 3. Oil Temperature 4. Winding Temperature

5. Oil Level 6. Pressure Relief. 5. Meaning of LBB/BFR Local Breaker Backup Protection / Breaker Failure Relay 6. What are the requirements for LBB operation 1. Any protective relay operates will initiate LBB. 2. After initiation, timer starts & waits for 200ms. 3. After elapse of stipulated time still initiation is there and currents are available in LBB then it will Operate and give trip signal to adjacent Breakers connected to the Bus. 7. on? To Provide High Speed Sensitive Clearance of Bus bar Faults by tripping all the Circuit Breakers connected to faulty Bus. 8. Why line protection need duplicate Distance protection? For redundancy and Reliability. 9. How many zones are required in Distance Protection Minimum 3 Zones and some manufacturers are giving more than 3 zones.

10. on which principle the differential relay operates Merz-Price Principle 11. Why 2nd harmonic restraint required for Differential Relay When a Power Transformer with its secondary circuit open, is switched on, it acts as a simple Inductance and a magnetizing in rush current which will be several times, Transformer full load current will flow. As the inrush current flows in the Primary of the Transformer only, it appears to the Differential relay as an internal fault. A Harmonic analysis of typical magnetic inrush current wave is shown below 2nd : 63.0 % 3rd : 26.8 % 4th : 5.1 % 5th : 4.1 % 6th : 3.7 % 7th : 2.4 % as seen from the above, the second harmonic component is predominant in the Magnetizing Inrush Current. A Differential Relay which Extracts the 2nd Harmonic Current and fed to the restraint coil to make the relay inoperative due to Magnetic inrush current. 12. Name at Least 2 types of Characteristics for distance 1. Quadrilateral 2. Mho

schemes.

3. Optical/Lens 4. Bullet 5. Triangular 13. Differentiate switched Distance scheme and non switched distance scheme. In an Ideal Non switched scheme, there will be 6 starters, 3 for Phase Faults and 3 for ground faults. There will be independent Measuring units for both Phase faults and earth faults for each phase, for all 3 zones, totaling 18 units. This scheme is faster and more accurate but is costly. In the switched scheme, only one measuring unit will be used for all types of faults. This single measuring unit is switched to the correct fault loop impedance by switching-in the respective voltages and currents by the starter. Switched scheme is relatively slow in operation and has the risk of total scheme failure in the event of failure of the only one measuring unit is available. 14. What is the accuracy limit of Zone-1 reach < 5% 15. Why Fuse Failure Protection is required as an inbuilt feature in Distance Protection. The distance relays being voltage restraint O/C relays, loss of Voltage due to main PT fuse failure or inadvertent removal of Fuse in one or more phases will cause the relay operation. The fuse failure relay will sense such condition by the presence of residual voltage with out residual current and blocks the relay. 16. What types of unit protections are available for Line? 1. Phase Comparison Protection 2. Phase segregated Line Differential Relay 17. Need of Over Voltage Protection for Transmission Lines. Normally 400KV transmission lines are meant for Transmission of Bulk Power to Long Distances to Load center area. If the

line is idle charged condition or lightly loaded condition the sending end voltage is more than the receiving end voltage due to line mutual capacitance. This is called Ferranti effect. This may cause the failure of equipment. To safe guard the equipment, over voltage protection is adopted. 18. Necessity of Over Flux Protection for Transformers. If Flux increases causes on increase of the iron losses and disproportionately large increase in magnetizing current. This leads to a rapid temperature rise in the bolts and destroying their insulation and damaging coil