Professional Documents
Culture Documents
For several years, he has been courageously and persistently involved with the preservation of European values and freedom. The plastics engineer lives in Graz, Austria. Thomas Pototschnik, born 1977, studied art history and German studies in Graz. Since then, his research was mainly focused on socio-political developments in Central Europe and was based on extensive insight into the occidental history of mind. He is the founder of the upcoming science magazine Causality, which aims to go beyond the limits of existing magazines that stop, wherever it finally begins to be really interesting. What unites the two brothers from Austria is their technical and pragmatic approach. Their general aim is to explore how things really work. A common quest, which made them discover the hidden blueprint that lies beneath the development of free societies.
Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet ber http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar.
First Edition: October 2011 2011 by Thomas Pototschnik Cover design: Anton Pototschnik Translation from German: Andreas Kllensperger Printed and published by Books on Demand GmbH, Norderstedt ISBN: 9783839126776 All rights reserved!
Acknowledgment
This book would not have been possible without many helping hands. We want to thank especially: Brigitte for her invaluable help on many levels, Stefan, who thanks to his academic studies in history provided the historical background, Renate for helping us with the cover and layout and adding the female touch in general, Hannes our computer expert, Andreas, Karin, Eva, Bea and Oliver for the creating most of the graphics, Othmar for his support during the first steps of this project, Daniel, Dylan, Jen, Claudia, Johanna and Nina for the English translation, and all supporters and members of teamfreedom for the inspiration and energy.
Dedication
This book is dedicated to those who understand that free societies do not appear out of the blue, but that freedom cannot be achieved without actively fighting for it freedom is not for free. May those people with their critical minds verify the assumptions described with logic and build on historical facts on their own. This book is dedicated to all free, self-determined and independent people. And to the ones who want to achieve those qualities.
TaBle of ConTenTs
Foreword Different ways to see the world Our current situation The hidden blueprint of freedom The nature of the problem What is a value anyway? Short explaination of the basic European Values Explanation of the individual values Step 1 Humanistic thinking Step 2 Rationality Step 3 Secularity Step 4 Rule of law Step 5 Democracy Step 6 Human rights A gradual buildup History repeats itself Ancient democracy and the Middle Ages? 8 9 12 23 24 24 26 29 29 34 38 42 45 49 54 61 67 How can a change in world-view occur? Developmental steps from the Middle Ages until today Findings Relevant historical facts From Mythos to Logos From Logos back to Mythos Living conditions before the 6 fundamental European Values were re-established? From Mythos to Logos the long way back Security mechanisms of our contemporary free societies Europe at the crossroads The boxer The solution of the problem Citations Bibliography 70 72 76 81 82 90 94 96 113 125 129 135 141 148
Foreword
History teaches mankind that history does not teach mankind anything Mahatma Gandhi Already in school I liked the subject history and as a child I was thinking: People go through the same experience again and again, because they make the same mistakes again and again. Throughout the history of humankind a system of repression was established and this system was always built on the same structure. This understanding is actually nothing special. However, what is special here is the perception that systems of freedom are always designed in the same way as well. In the course of the centuries the manual for building up and establishing a system of repression was passed on exclusively amongst the royals as a so called rulers knowledge. The manual for building up and establishing a system for freedom is presented to you in this book for the first time.
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Chaos: It is coincidence!
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Our world is constantly changing! The transformation of summer into autumn is noticed by us only in small stages. Fear-mongering is not useful but, the same way a captain checks his ship for leaks and damages, we ourselves have to check our societies for its weak points. Comparing the levels of development of high cultures with the different seasons, the peak of a society with a variety of individual rights and freedom represents
the shiny summer in our analogy. In this zenith, human growth, arts, culture, education, technology, philosophy, justice, democracy, and freedom are highly developed, society is blossoming. The start of the decay can be compared to autumn, where freedom gets lost in the same way the leaves lose their colour and eventually fall down to the ground. Winter is the time of repression, ice-cold without any human growth a time that is highly uncomfortable. 13
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How many periods of summer have there been during the history of humankind?
The homo sapiens, todays modern human, has existed for approximately 200,000 years. Only during 0.1 % of these 200,000 years have there been periods of summer, i.e., about 200 years. The first summer of humankind occurred in the ancient world, namely, democracy in Athens (462-322 BC). The second summer of humankind exists in western democracies from the 1960s until today.
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Different ways to see the world How can summer force back autumn?
Summer in turn can fend off autumn by repairing security mechanisms that have become brittle. The easiest way would be to not repeat the mistakes that were made in the first autumn of mankind in antiquity. The mistakes made then (as you can read in the chapter: Relevant historical facts) as well as today were these: 1. People do not know their history! They no longer know their own values that these free societies are built upon!
Antiquity
Today
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Antiquity Today 3. Political disenchantment. Those entitled to vote no longer go to the elections! People give politicians a free pass to do whatever they want!
Antiquity 18
Today
Today: Terrorists
5. The call for a strong man who is expected to solve the problems for the people.
Today
We know the end of the Roman Republic: Caesar ends the threat to Rome by the Germans, but doesnt return his special powers and proclaims himself ruler for life. So he becomes the first in a long line of Caesars to come. Later emperors form an alliance with Christianity and together they create the social, religious and political model of the Middle Ages.
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and relies on the foundation of certain well-defined values. If the knowledge about our values and their significance is lost, we will simultaneously lose the foundation of our free, modern and democratic European society.
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figure: These six european values together add up to a fully developed humanistic world-view
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man. This world-view therefore puts man in the center of everything. The well-being of individual people increasingly becomes the focus of thought and action.
figure from the theocentric world-view of the middle ages to the anthropocentric world-view of today.
Some examples to illustrate the impact of this new way of thinking The view of the world changes: Before: Theocentric view of the world; that means God is the focus of thought and action. Afterward: Anthropocentric view of the world; that means the human being is the focus of 29
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conclusions. Rationality denotes an attitude, which considers rational thinking, i.e. thinking determined by reason, as the sole source of insight. Rationality means that a statement can be judged by its value and not on the basis of the authority of the person or institution who made the statement, or on how many others agree with this statement, or on the fact that the statement is attributed to any kind of god. Rationality includes the ability to unmask arguments as being false even when they are said to be God-given. Linked with the Greek tradition of logical debate, the rationalistic principle is applied in many contexts and also forms the core of scientific work. In the Age of Enlightenment, Descartes and other philosophers and scientists based their thinking on 34
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figure: Coronation of the emperor by the pope. secularity is the divorce of the marriage between secular and religious power.
Some examples to illustrate the impact of this new way of thinking Influence of religious rules: Before: Religious rules and regulations affect both the public and the private sphere of peoples lives. Afterward: Religious rules and regulations affect only the private sphere of peoples lives. Influence of religious thinking: Before: Political and religious thinking are the same, i.e. they pull in the same direction. Afterward: Political and religious thinking are separated. 40
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Basic rights: Rule of law is synonymous with freedom of state. Every individual possesses basic, freedom, and human rights. An independent authority watches over these exact rights and also over possible denials or violation. This also means that the individual can appeal to this legal authority to enforce his/her own rights. Rule of law does not discriminate or differentiate, and every citizen is equally entitled to make use of it. (Equality before the law) 42
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What changes concerning state and religion has thinking in accordance with the rule of law brought about? Changes in thinking about the state: Rule of law based on rational and secular laws naturally concludes that every human has to be treated equally before the law. Changes in thinking about religion: Laws made by humans overrule laws written by the hand of a Prophet: worldly laws take precedence over religious laws. How is the concept of rule by law misused? It is misused by public institutions: A police state is based on rule of law No, since also the executive body being one of the three governmental powers is connected to the two other powers based on checks and balance.
It is misused by religious institutions: Non secular rule of law is also rule of law! No, since when it comes to constitutional principles, it is certainly not enough to declare or execute arbitrary or religious laws having no comprehensible legal basis. Comprehensible laws and regulations based on rationality are an essential basis for the rule of law, and mere religious-based laws do not correspond to that.
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people.
Democracy is the term for a political system where sovereignty is based and relies on the will of the people and where the government is accountable to the people. What basic standards does a democracy have to meet? A democracy is only a democracy if: the actual sovereignty lies in the hands of the people the rulers (the representatives elected by the people) are elected by the people during free elections.
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Our modern humanistic world-view evolved over six steps, which at the same time represent the main values from which all the other European values can be derived. It is important to understand that the 54
All European values have their roots within the idea of the humanistic world-view coming from Greek and Roman antiquity. Humanistic thinking was the beginning of the countermovement against the theocentric world-view (all from one God, all for one God) during the Middle Ages. Part of this theocentric view was the nothingness of every human when compared to Gods perfection, since apparently it focused more on human inadequacy. Also, human abilities, such as critical thinking, were considered inadequate and arrogant in contrast to Gods omniscience.
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figure: This diagram illustrates the rise and fall of humanistic and/or european values on the basis of the existence or nonexistence of the 6 steps to a humanistic society.
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The fall of the Roman Empire and thus the fall of the ancient civilization led to the following developments: (1): The first feeble attempts at human rights disintegrate with the Roman Republic.
(2): The former Republic turns into the Roman Empire and becomes a dictatorship. (3): Rule of law loses ground as the Republic gets cut down piece by piece. The laws become more arbitrary. (4): 380 C.E.: The Roman Empire and Christianity
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Antiquity Human Rights Democracy Roots of the Human Rights in Athenia Democracy and in Roman Law [1] First democracies of the Antiquity: Athenian Democracy 461 322 B.C.E. Roman Republic 509 27 B.C.E. [3] First rule of law led to Athenian Democracy and then was further developed into Roman Law, from 450 B.C.E. [5]
Modern Era Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 [2] First democracies of the Modern Era: U.S.A. 1787 Poland, France 1791 [4]
Rule of law
Secularity
Rationality
Starting from 1689 (Bill Of Rights,) rule of law remained the principal demand of the French Revolution and led to the first constitutions: U.S.A. 1787, Poland 1791 [6] In Europe, secularization began with the The 5th and 4th centuries B.C.E. of ancient Enlightenment and became one of the Greece are considered as the classical period principal demands of the French Revolution[8] of first secularization (to 380 C.E) [7] Starting from 600 B.C.E. on: Thales of Miletus was Starting from 1640 on: classical rationalism is usually considered to have begun with considered as the first philosopher and as the Ren Descartes. [10] founder of philosophy and science in general. [9] Ancient humanism (Greeks, Romans) starting from 600 B.C.E. 500 C.E. The transition from theocentrism to anthropocentrism took place for the first time already in the Antiuity and was introduced by the Greek philospher Thales of Miletus in 600 B.C.E. [11] Renaissance-Humanism starting from 1450 until today. [12]
Humanistic thinking
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The hidden blueprint of freedom What one should know about ancient democracy and the Middle Ages?
What one should know about ancient democracy? The idea of democracy has its origin in ancient Greece. The first realization of a democracy in human history was the ancient Athenian Democracy. In Greek antiquity, democracy was defined as the direct participation of the people in the politics of their city states (polis.) Contrary systems were ruling systems like oligarchy (the ruling of a few), monarchy (ruling of single individual) and aristocracy (ruling of the elite.) There is still one important difference to how we see democracy today: In ancient times, people was understood as a very narrowly defined term, giving the right of political participation only to a certain group of citizens: only free male citizen were allowed to participate within a decision-making process; the majority of the inhabitants women, semislaves and slaves etc. where excluded from participation within these processes. This form of democracy, allowing only some adult male citizen to directly participate in politics, was considered the only possible form of democracy for a long time. Also the Roman republic implemented a political system with rudimentary democratic elements based on the idea of equality of the free during elections for republican positions. Even though the oligarchic principle was all-dominant (since the power was held by the aristocratic members of the Roman senate) there was still some sort of co-determination when it came to ruling, like the peoples tribunes defending the simple people within the senate. The implementation of an early form of a constitutional state by applying Roman law was of great historical significance. These laws where administered on the basis of a proceeding in written form and not by the powerful positions of the involved parties.
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Christian order
The end of the Middle Ages was ushered by the Renaissance the rebirth of the antiquity; thus by the reconsideration of the values of the antiquity. 69
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God is crucial! Humanistic thinking The well-being of God is at the center of human action and tought. Faith is the ultimate source of Rationality decision. Church and king reign together. Arbitrary laws by the king and inhumane laws by the terrestrial representatives of God Dictatorship by Pope and King The holy teachings of Catholicism must be valid for all humans. Secularity Rule of law
The human being is crucial! The well-being of humans is at the center of human action and thought. Reason becomes the ultimate source of decision. Separating the powers of everything divine (for the hereafter) from everything human (for the here and now) Justice through human-made, secular basic law and constitution Representatives of the people periodically elected by the people! One universal law by people for people! 73
Democracy
Human rights
figure: state and religion with their limiting dogmas and totalitarian demands are the burden of the unfree subject.
figure: freedom describes a citizen being freed of governmental and religious institutions.
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Emancipation in relation to the state Questioning the ruling system Separation of state and religion By secular constitution and basic law, the subject becomes a citizen Democracy replaces dictatorship Human rights become the ideal law for the state
Emancipation in relation to religion Questioning religious dogmas Religion becomes a private matter Secular laws prevail over divine laws The respective religions within a state become equal before the law Religious activities may not contradict human rights
Human rights
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Findings
The history of Europe is shaped by constant change between two totally antithetic conceptions of the world: the theocentric conception of the world with a God as the focal point and the humanistic conception of the world with the human being as the focal point.
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The hidden blueprint of freedom Two utterly incompatible views of the world
figure: from the theocentric world-view of the middle ages to the humanistic worldview of today.
Theocentric world-view Exponents: Christian-theocentric conception of the world during the Middle Ages and Islamic-theocentric conception of the world of today (example: Iran) A God determined everything! He also determined who rules the community of believers and how he rules!
Humanistic world-view Exponents: conception of the world of western civilization and of Japan
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Rationality
Secularity
Rule of law
Democracy
The hidden blueprint of freedom What distinguishes a European of today and a supporter of European values?
Todays Europeans and supporters of European values accept and appreciate the following in their thoughts and actions: The universal human rights. Democratic principles. Principles of the rule of law. The separation of politics and religion. Judgment based on reason. The human being as a measure of all things.
Todays Europeans think and act in a humanistic manner, rationally, secularly, by observing the rule of law, democratically & respectfully protecting the Human Rights.
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institutions and by turning towards rationalism and reason. According to todays sources human rights were not legally anchored. The following excerpts will therefore show that it was at least considered to place human right above regular laws.
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power spread. The publics weariness with politics seriously undermined the Republic, which resulted in the emergence of the Principate. However, since structures and controls for de facto political power in the imperial period no longer existed, it was only a matter of time until the first among equals became an absolute ruler and the citizens became subjects. Rule of law structures based on extensive public participation did not survive the end of Roman Republic in 27 B.C. and the last remains had been finally removed under Diocletian. [55] At the same time, moral decay which expressed itself as greed and ambition, was rampant among the ruling classes. In an ideal state it is not about offices and titles, but about the deeds of those who hold them. [56] This was replaced with the striving for personal power and the egotistical quest for fame during the crisis of the Republic. As a result, in the first century B.C., the floodgates for dictators were opened and these developments resulted in the complete erosion of the Res Publica under Augustus. The offices and the Senate remained untouched, but in reality had lost all their relevance. [57]
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People had to suffer which conditions before the 6 fundamental European Values were re-established?
Here are some examples of the conditions under which people in different eras lived before the advent of democratic constitutional states: The majority of people in the Middle Ages were serf peasants! Farmers, meaning almost the entire population until the emergence of the working class during the Industrial Revolution, were serfs of their landlords until 1800. Subject to his jurisdiction, the landlord dictated all aspects of their lives including who could marry and it was his right to bring the farmers back with physical violence in case of escape. During the revolution in 1848 was serfdom finally abolished. From the Middle Ages until modern times, people lived in a corporate state system. It was impossible to escape the Estate into which one was born. If you were born into a peasant family, you remained a 94
peasant for your entire life - basically with no rights and at the mercy of those who ruled by the grace of God. As the peasants in early modern times fought for more rights and justice and rebelled against authority, the course taken by these Peasants Wars looked entirely similar. Through negotiations, the sovereign bought himself enough time to set up a mercenary army, against which the farmers barely stood a chance. Survivors often had their noses, ears or tongues cut off, or were hung by the dozens on trees, where they often had to roll the dice one against one. The one with the higher score was allowed to go home, while the one with the lower score was hung. Around 1848, when people gathered on the streets to demand more freedom and more rights, soldiers marched against them, guns were fired and fatalities ensued. Today it is a constitutionally stipulated basic right to be able to assemble and to demonstrate. Landless peasants become homeless workers. In the 19th century, before the stipulation of social human rights in the constitutions of European countries, the emerging working class without
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The epicenter of this development from the medieval theocentric to a modern anthropocentric conception was in the Italian city-states. [71] Since the 15th century the access to antique scriptures was considerably broadened when the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople caused an influx of educated refugees from the Byzantine empire to Italy. Some brought with them entire libraries and together with several discoveries of ancient scriptures in other parts of Europe, the foundation was built for a new humanistic culture in Europe. [72] Centres of this development were the new Universities which were founded all over the continent and particularly in the free Italian city-states, with Florence as the most important. It was considered the new Athens and there the Platonic Academy opened its doors again in 1452. [73] Thus, the church lost its monopoly on education, which it had desperately tried to maintain in the previous centuries. It was in their interest that the majority of the people remain uneducated thereby pacified. Without education, the poor majority had to suffer their destiny as sinners, living by the hand of God and the God-given ruling class consisting of clerics and nobility. There was no possibility to
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Conclusion
The aim of this paper is to show the historically unique conditions of the European population living in democratic constitutional states based upon human rights codified by a constitution and enforceable by law. This freedom is based on six central achievements and values. Each of these values had to be theoretically conceived and practically established under preconditions, which made their realization seem improbable. Over centuries these values were to be established through violence and war. Each of them is based on the one that preceded, thus they presuppose each other. Without the turning towards the individual in humanism, the individual would not have been able to use his rationality to explore the world in a scientific way, or to theoretically conceive of new political systems and to effect their realization. As a result, science and politics were freed of religious domination and tyranny. The newly established nation-state was to guarantee freedom and legal security to the individual. Thus, power had to be divided and controlled reciprocally. It therefore needed to be legitimated by understandable scientific
theories based upon human intellect. Irrational religious ideas were no longer used as the legitimation of governance, since they are not ruled by intellect. Religion had to withdraw to the private sphere, with its right to practice freely protected by human rights. Secular constitutional states were established, becoming democracies by the victories in the enduring fight for the participation of the people. These democracies guaranteed and were based upon the general, equal and secret right to vote for all women and men of age. Human rights were made part of the basic constitutions of these constitutional states and finally were supranationally and universally declared in 1948 by the European Human Rights Convention. They guarantee the all-embracing protection of freedom and equality for all and goes against any form of intolerance, especially that against human rights itself.
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Security mechanisms of our contemporary free societies How the current security mechanisms were created?
The authorities (worldly, religious and economic leaders) caused one crisis after another for the commoners. Countless scandals made it clear that they are total opportunists. Before: medieval pyramid of power
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Security mechanism: As long as people act responsibly and independently from authorities, our free humanist societies will be preserved.
Security mechanism: As long as people critically question the authorities, they will continue to act responsibly.
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Security mechanism: As long as religion and politics are separated, living in a rational and humanist way will be allowed without retribution.
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Security mechanisms: Separation of powers and mutual checks and balances, constitution and law books, etc. There are countless built-in security mechanisms that ensure that there are equitable laws instead of arbitrary ones.
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Security mechanism: Periodic elections, where people can vote the existing rulers out of office by electing the opposition. There are countless security mechanisms to ensure that the rulers are held accountable for their deeds.
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SIxTH STEP: Human rights: Total enforcement of all of our present rights against the authorities
Women, children and minorities have the same rights! Security mechanisms: Article 30 of the Declaration of Human Rights states that no human right must be used to restrict another. As long as this security mechanism is enforced, there will be no more subclasses other than the subclasses of rulers 119
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They are divided between a Christian world view which was instilled during childhood, and a scientific world view, which they discovered by themselves in their adolescence. 126
At this moment, development clearly points in the direction of myth. Myth stands for the trust in authorities to solve our problems. It is the belief in a positive force of fate paired with the hope of being delivered by others.
Europe at the crossroads Which indicators are there, showing that myth is playing an ever greater role in our thinking?
1. The worse the economic circumstances, the greater the hope for deliverance. Strong political leaders or religious saviors promise to solve all problems. 2. Politics start to rely on obedience to and belief in authority. Politicians are pleased by the voters accepting guidance from above without taking any regulative actions. 3. Along with the rapid demographic growth of Islam in our countries everything culminates in the cultural confrontation: Who are you? Are you Muslim or Christian? This will result in the fact that even moderately religious people are increasingly turning to their religious roots. 4. The strongest resistance at nearly every stage of development towards a free society in Europe came from the Christian Churches. Despite this, our children are taught by the Clergy that they have been the origin of our modern day humanist society! These institution are taking advantage of the ignorance of children to explain to them during religious education, that the church itself is actually the origin of todays humanistic society. No one who has ever read a history book about the Middle Ages and Modern Times could possibly agree, but this belief is nonetheless widespread in our society. 5. Vatican and Islam are fighting side by side against their main enemy secularism. (The more secular a society is, the less power can be claimed by religious leaders).
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8. A prominent example for the weakening of constitutional legality are the courts of Sharia in Britain, where suddenly in some fields of jurisdiction, there are two measures for justice. Alongside our modern jurisdiction there is a medieval, religious Muslim law, which on no account corresponds to modern European law. Britain, which in history has always been a pioneer for constitutional legality, as shown by the Magna Carta 1215 and the Bill of Rights 1689, is now 128
The boxer who did not follow the advice of his coach anymore, although he helped him to become world champion
In the following chapter we will show how it came to be that Europe is today at a crucial point of development by pointing at the actions of individuals. To simplify this complex procedure we decided to use a boxer as a metaphor. In our example Europe still represents the boxing world champion. Europe is still a symbol for free societies except that its defence is predictable and its offence barely has any punch left. However, the next title bout was fixed and the weakening of his previously successful boxing style was known to every challenger. High-cultures cant come to a fall Unfortunately, every high culture has proclaimed this; however all of them, without exception, came to a fall. So, why do even high-cultures fall? High-cultures do not come to a fall because of pressure from the outside, they are much too developed as to be threatened by outer influences.
Instead they are always weakened from within. Only after some sort of inner debilitation do they succumb to pressure from the outside. What causes this inner debilitation? Actions which are contradictory to those that the free high-culture were built upon are logically a cause for such inner-debilitation. Just imagine, many years ago a wise man installed a grid on top of a water-spring in order to prevent children from falling into the deep hole. Fetching water might be a bit more difficult but it is working well and all the children are well protected. Generations later the people have forgotten why this grid was installed and put it away for the simplicity of fetching water. On that day no children fell into the spring but what will happen in the near future? Why do we do such things? The main cause is always ignorance. Just like those people at the spring, we are not aware of the functions of our security mechanisms and without knowing or realizing it; we took these mechanisms out of action.
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So what would our old and wise trainer of free societies tell us?
1.) You didnt fight with your original boxing style, the one that made you the champion in the first place. You mixed different styles which actually weakened you. We became champion with the boxing style
3.) Know the security mechanisms of your free society! Humans have always lived in groups and collectives. In every group there are always leaders. This means that there are rulers and the ruled! Even in a democracy we have them; we call the rulers political, religious and economic leaders and the ruled are referred to as citizens, believers and employees.
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The solution of the problem The solution: Back to reason and selfresponsibility!
Philosophical, humanist ideal: the Logos The aim would be this: This book would like to encourage our readers to emphasise rational connections and to awaken something that everyone has to develop for themselves: self-responsibility. Responsibility towards oneself, towards society, towards the future, and towards coming generations.
The pendulum moves as long as it stabilizes itself in the golden middle and then stops. If one tries to explain things with the law of cause and effect, one will discover causal principles behind everything usually attributed to the will of God or simple coincidence. 136
Prospect
The prospect of Europes near future is bleak because of the disabling of multiple security mechanisms. An end to the economical debt and Euro crisis is not in sight. The voters faith in politics decreases more and more. The unenlightened, theocentric Islam is rapidly 138
All thats necessary for the forces of evil to win in the world is for enough good men to do nothing. Edmund Burke If this book succeeds in intensifying opposing wind, winning new members and subsidiary associations and strengthening our network of partner associations, it has totally served its purpose! This book began with a quote from Gandhi and so it ends with his quote: Be the change you want to see in the world. Mahatma Gandhi We would like to thank all people who take a stand for freedom!
If you would like to speak up for the preservation of our free humanist societies, get informed on our webpage: www.teamfreiheit.info If you have any questions or would like to contact the authors, please send an e-mail to: contact@teamfreiheit.info
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Citations
GERMAN HISTORY BOOKS:
1 Oestreich, Gerhard. Geschichte der Menschenrechte und Grundfreiheiten im Umriss. Berlin: Duncker & Hublot 1968. 16. 2 Der groe Ploetz. Gttingen. Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht 2008. 1379. 3 dtv-Atlas Weltgeschichte. Mnchen: Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag 2006. 55, 59, 69.. 4 dtv-Atlas Weltgeschichte. Mnchen: Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag 2006. 293, 299. 5 dtv-Atlas Weltgeschichte. Mnchen: Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag 2006. 54/55, 77, 86. 6 dtv-Atlas Weltgeschichte. Mnchen: Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag 2006. 293, 296. 7 Schupp, Franz. Geschichte der Philosophie im berblick - Antike. Hamburg: Meiner 2003. 35. 8 dtv-Atlas Weltgeschichte. Mnchen: Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag 2006. 293, 297. 9 dtv-Atlas Weltgeschichte. Mnchen: Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag 2006. 51. 10 dtv-Atlas Weltgeschichte. Mnchen: Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag 2006. 256/257. 11 Der groe Ploetz. Gttingen. Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht 2008. 248. 12 dtv-Atlas Weltgeschichte. Mnchen: Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag 2006. 212/213. 13 dtv-Atlas Weltgeschichte. Mnchen: Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag 2006. 103. 14 Schupp, Franz. Geschichte der Philosophie im berblick Antike. Hamburg: Meiner 2003. 18. 15 Schupp, Franz. Geschichte der Philosophie im berblick Antike. Hamburg: Meiner 2003. 24. 16 Schupp, Franz. Geschichte der Philosophie im berblick Antike. Hamburg: Meiner 2003. 23. 141
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Bibliography
GERMAN HISTORY BOOKS:
148 Bacon, Francis. Neues Organon. Meiner Verlag. Hamburg. 1990 Der groe Ploetz. Gttingen Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. Gttingen. 2008. dtv-Atlas Weltgeschichte. Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag. Mnchen. 2006. Kant, Immanuel. Werke VI. Weichert. Berlin. 1904. Machiavelli, Niccol. Der Frst und kleinere Schriften. Verlag von Reimar Hobbing; Berlin.1923. Maugras, Gaston. Philosophenzwist: Voltaire und Rousseau. Frick. Wien. 1895. More, Thomas. Utopia. Yale University Press. New Haven.1966 Oestreich, Gerhard. Die Idee der Menschenrechte in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung. 1963. Colloquium. Berlin. 1963. Oestreich, Gerhard. Geschichte der Menschenrechte und Grundfreiheiten im Umriss. Berlin: Duncker & Hublot. 1968. Rosen, Klaus. Geschichte der politischen Ideen. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer. 1996. Roth, Klaus. Genealogie des Staates. Duncker & Humblot. Berlin. 2003. Schubert, Klaus/Klein, Martina: Das Politlexikon. Dietz. Bonn. 2006. Schupp, Franz. Geschichte der Philosophie im berblick Antike. Hamburg: Meiner 2003. Schupp, Franz. Geschichte der Philosophie im berblick. Neuzeit. Hamburg. Meiner. 2003. Vorlnder, Hans. Demokratie. Beck. Mnchen. 2003.