Table of contents

Chapter Chapter 1

Content 1.Introduction 1.1 Introduction to Lab Experiments 1.2 Lab Experiments Summary

Page 2 2

Chapter 2

2.Shear Box Experiment 2.1 Introduction ( Objectives-Apparatus-Procedure) 2.2 Data 2.3 Calculations 2.4 Results & Graphs 2.5 Conclusion

4 5 9 13 17

Chapter 3

3.Oedometer Consolidation Experiment 3.1 Introduction ( Objectives-Apparatus-Procedure) 3.2 Data 3.3 Calculations 3.4 Results & Graphs 3.5 Analysis and Discussion 3.6 Conclusion

18 19 21 30 30 33

Chapter 4

4. Conclusion 4.1 Conclusion to Lab Experiment 5. References 6. Appendixes (Pictures from Lab work & graphs from Microsoft Excel)

34 35 36

Chapter 5 chapter 6

Chapter 1
1. Introduction 1.1 Introduction to Lab Experiments: It is to be considered that the laboratory experiments are one of the most effective methods for the student to understand the practical overview of the given task. LAB EXPERIMENTS However, and with the right theoretical knowledge the student only needs a push while working on the experiments practically in order to prepare for the future aspects. The objectives, apparatus, and the procedure are very important to be noted, understood, and revised by the individual before starting the lab work, in order for the individual to be fully aware of the given task and its steps. The wide understanding of the experiment itself can be determined from the results of the actual lab work, and after summarizing it, the individual hopefully shall have the enough technical, practical, and theoretical knowledge. As a key Shear LAB Consolidation point, theBox experiments can be noted out as one of the most important phases of an engineering course student. We are appreciative and blessed when introducing on such experiments. A direct shear test is a laboratory 1.2 Lab Experiment Summary: Consolidation is a process by which soils test used by in volume. According geotechnical engineers to Experiments shall be decreaseanalyzed and concluded. to Karl In this Lab Report, two find the defined, Terzaghi consolidation is any process shear strength parameters of soil. which involves decrease in water content of The Shear Box Experiment 1) U.S. and U.K. standards a saturated soil without replacement of defining how the test should be water by air. In general it is the process in performed are ASTM D 3080 and 2) Oedometer Consolidation Experiment which reduction in volume takes place by BS 1377-7:1990 respectively. expulsion of have under long full Shear strength is us term used inwith this Lab report we water to have theterm static In order for a to proceed loads. It occurs when stress is applied to a soil mechanics to describe the understanding on the previous two experiments and for that we shall have a brief soil that causes the soil particles to pack magnitude of the shear stress that together more following chapter. a explanation in which The shall expand the information on thetightly, therefore reducing its soil can sustain. we shear bulk volume. When this occurs in a soil that resistance of soil is a result of The and diagram shallofsummarize and saturated with water, waterthe is give a brief explanation on will be friction followinginterlocking squeezed out of the soil. The magnitude of following twoand experiments. Lab particles, possibly consolidation can be predicted by many cementation or bonding at particle different methods. In the Classical Method, contacts.*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_strength _ 2 s il%9 %8 o 2 developed by Karl von Terzaghi, soils are tested with an Oedometer test to determine 2 their compression index. This can be used to predict the amount of consolidation.*
h ://e .w ip d .o /w i/Cn o a n %8 o 2 ttp n ik e ia rg ik o s lid tio _ 2 s il%9

Chapter 2
2. Shear Box Experiment
3

2.1 Introduction: Objectives: To determine the shearing strength of the soil using the direct shear apparatus Apparatus:

Dial gauge
Soil

container

Digital screen

Direct shear box

Load hanger

Loads Procedure: 1. Check the inner dimension of the soil container 2. Put the parts of the soil container together.

Soil sample

3. Calculate the volume of the container. Weigh the container. 4. Place the soil in smooth layers (approximately 10mm thick). If a dense sample is desired tamp the soil. 5. Weigh the soil container, the difference of these two is the weight of the soil. Calculate the density of the soil.
4

6. Make the surface of the soil plane. 7. Put the upper grating on stone and loading block on top of soil. 8. Measure the thickness of soil specimen. 9. Apply the desired normal load. 10. Remove the shear pin. 11. Attach the dial gauge which measures the change of volume. 12. Record the initial reading of the dial gauge and calibration values. 13. Before proceeding to test check all adjustments to see that there is no connection between two parts except sand/soil. 14. Start the motor. Take the reading of the shear force and record the reading. 15. Take volume change readings till failure. 16. Add 10 Kg and continue the experiment till failure. 2.2 Data: Note that the below data in tables are just tables to illustrate the taken data. However, there are no calculations in which the calculations will be shown on the following points. The Data was taken from the Lab Experiments Work and for the Shear Test it shall be introduced as three tables, each table will show a certain load and it is as follows: First table will show the 10Kg load Second table will show the 20Kg load Third table show the 30Kg load

SHEAR BOX TEST- Data Table 10Kg

5

Location operator Soil description sand

light brown fine

Sample number 1 Type of specimen undisturbed Specimen preparation

INITIAL MEASUREMENT

Length L Width B Area A

60 mm 60 mm 3600 mm2 NORMAL STRESS Vertical Load

shearing Machine no. Mean Calibration CR

10 kg 0.0981 kN 27.25

0.936 N/div

Date

Time

DH Divisio n

Load Dial Reading (divs)

Horizontal Displacement (mm)

Horizontal Load N

Shear Stress (k/N/m2) (5) = (4) 1000/ A

Remarks

seconds (1) 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11
4.04.00

(2) 17 24 27 31 35 39 44 46 50 54 57 61 64 67 72 76 80 84 86

(3) = (1) 0.002

(4) = (2) CR

4.04.19 4.04.30 4.04.42 4.04.53 4.05.06 4.05.16 4.05.28 4.05.39 4.05.51 4.06.02 4.06.14 4.06.25 4.06.36 4.06.48 4.06.59 4.07.34 4.07.45 4.08.08

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900

This part is the calculation part and shall be shown in the calculation section of this experiment.

Table shows data collected from the lab Experiment on the 10/2/2011-10 Kg

SHEAR BOX TEST- Data Table 20`Kg Location Sample number 2

7

operator Soil description sand

light brown fine

Type of specimen undisturbed Specimen preparation

INITIAL MEASUREMENT

Length L Width B Area A

60 mm 60 mm 3600 mm2

shearing Machine no. Mean Calibration CR

NORMAL STRESS Vertical Load 0.936 N/div n

20 kg 0.0981 kN

2 27.25= 54.5

Date

Time seconds

DH Division

Load Dial Reading (divs) (2) 25 63 79 90 98 106 113 120 127 131 137 142 146 151 155 157 162 164 165

Horizontal Displacement (mm)

Horizontal Load N

Shear Stress (k/N/m2) (5) = (4) 1000/ A

Remarks

(1)
start time 3.40

(3) = (1) 0.002

(4) = (2) CR

10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11

3.40.00

3.40.23 3.40.34 3.40.45 3.41.06 3.41.18 3.41.29 3.41.41 3.41.52 3.42.03 3.42.15 3.42.27 3.42.38 3.42.50 3.43.04 3.43.14 3.43.25 3.43.36 3.43.48

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900

This part is the calculation part and shall be shown in the calculation section of this experiment.

Table shows data collected from the lab Experiment on the 10/2/2011- 20Kg

SHEAR BOX TEST- Data Table 30Kg Location Sample number 3

9

operator Soil description sand

light brown fine

Type of specimen undisturbed Specimen preparation

INITIAL MEASUREMENT

Length L Width B Area A

60 mm 60 mm 3600 mm2 NORMAL STRESS Vertical Load

shearing Machine no. Mean Calibration CR

30 kg 0.0981 kN

0.936 N/div

3 27.25= 81.75

10

Date

Time seconds

DH Division

Load Dial Reading (divs) (2) 36 93 126 146 160 174 186 198 208 218 229 237 245 253 262 270 278 286 293

Horizontal Displacement (mm)

Horizontal Load N

Shear Stress (k/N/m2) (5) = (4) 1000/ A

Remarks

(1)
start time 3.50

(3) = (1) 0.002

(4) = (2) CR

10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11

22 35 45 56 68 79 91 103 114 125 137 148 160 171 183 194 206 218

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900

This part is the calculation part and shall be shown in the calculation section of this experiment.

Table shows data collected from the lab Experiment on the 10/2/2011- 30 Kg

2.3 Calculations: In this section we shall investigate and analyze the calculations that been produced from the data taken on the Lab Experiment.
11

Note that only one example will be shown before demonstrating the table that will show the calculations along with the data showed previously: 1) To find the Horizontal Displacement (column 3): Horizontal Displacement = DH division 0.002 Example: Data 1 = 1000.002= 0.2 2) To find the Horizontal Load (column 4): Horizontal Load = Load Dial Reading CR (Constant Number Given) Example: Data 1 = 170.936= 15.912 3) To find the Shear Stress (column 5):

Shear Stress =

Example: Data 1 =

= 4.42

Now with all the calculations needed for this Experiment was explained and given one example for each type of calculations, thus the tables that shall be introduced on the following pages shall include all the results for the calculation of the data gathered from the Lab Report. However, the graphs shall be shown in the results section along with further required information.
SHEAR BOX TEST Data and calculation of 10 Kg Location operator Soil description Sample number 1 Type of specimen undisturbed Specimen preparation 60 mm 60 mm 3600 mm2

light brown fine sand Length L Width B Area A

INITIAL MEASUREMENT

12

shearing Machine no. Mean Calibration CR

NORMAL STRESS Vertical Load 0.936 N/div n

10 kg 0.0981 kN 27.25 kN/m2 Shear Stress (k/N/m2) (5) = (4) 1000/ A

Date

Time

DH Division

Load Dial Reading (divs) (2)

Horizontal Displacement (mm)

Horizontal Load N (4) = (2) CR 15.912 22.464 25.272 29.016 32.76 36.504 41.184 43.056 46.8 50.544 53.352 57.096 59.904 62.712 67.392 71.136 74.88 78.624 80.496

Remarks

(1)

(3) = (1) 0.002

10.2.11 4.04.00 100 17 0.2 10.2.11 200 24 0.4 4.04.19 10.2.11 300 27 0.6 4.04.30 10.2.11 400 31 0.8 4.04.42 10.2.11 500 35 1.0 4.04.53 10.2.11 600 39 1.2 4.05.06 10.2.11 700 44 1.4 4.05.16 10.2.11 800 46 1.6 4.05.28 10.2.11 900 50 1.8 4.05.39 10.2.11 1000 54 2.0 4.05.51 10.2.11 1100 57 2.2 4.06.02 10.2.11 1200 61 2.4 4.06.14 10.2.11 1300 64 2.6 4.06.25 10.2.11 1400 67 2.8 4.06.36 10.2.11 1500 72 3.0 4.06.48 10.2.11 1600 76 3.2 4.06.59 10.2.11 1700 80 3.4 4.07.34 10.2.11 1800 84 3.6 4.07.45 10.2.11 1900 86 3.8 4.08.08 SHEAR BOX TEST Data and calculation for 20 Kg Location operator Soil description

4.42 6.24 7.02 8.06 9.1 10.14 11.44 11.96 13 14.04 14.82 15.86 16.64 17.42 18.72 19.76 20.8 21.84 22.36

light brown fine sand Length L Width B Area A

Sample number 2 Type of specimen undisturbed Specimen preparation 60 mm 60 mm 3600 mm2

INITIAL MEASUREMENT

13

shearing Machine no. Mean Calibration CR

NORMAL STRESS Vertical Load 0.936 N/div n

20 kg 0.0981 kN 2 27.25 kN/m2 Shear Stress (k/N/m2) (5) = (4) 1000/ A

Date

Time

DH Division

Load Dial Reading (divs) (2)

Horizontal Displacement (mm)

Horizontal Load N (4) = (2) CR

Remarks

(1)

(3) = (1) 0.002

10.2.11 3.40.00 100 25 0.2 10.2.11 200 3.40.23 63 0.4 10.2.11 300 3.40.34 79 0.6 10.2.11 400 3.40.45 90 0.8 10.2.11 500 3.41.06 98 1 10.2.11 600 3.41.18 100 1.2 10.2.11 700 3.41.29 113 1.4 10.2.11 800 3.41.41 120 1.6 10.2.11 900 3.41.52 127 1.8 10.2.11 1000 3.42.03 131 2 10.2.11 1100 3.42.15 137 2.2 10.2.11 1200 3.42.27 142 2.4 10.2.11 1300 3.42.38 146 2.6 10.2.11 1400 3.42.50 151 2.8 10.2.11 1500 3.43.04 155 3 10.2.11 1600 3.43.14 157 3.2 10.2.11 1700 3.43.25 162 3.4 10.2.11 1800 3.43.36 164 3.6 10.2.11 1900 3.43.48 165 3.8 SHEAR BOX TEST Data and calculation for 30 Kg Location operator Soil description

23.4 58.968 73.944 84.24 91.728 93.6 105.768 112.32 118.872 122.616 128.232 132.912 136.656 141.336 145.08 146.952 151.632 153.504 154.44

6.5 16.38 20.54 23.4 25.48 26 29.38 31.2 33.02 34.06 35.62 36.92 37.96 39.26 40.3 40.82 42.12 42.64 42.9

light brown fine sand Length L Width B Area A

Sample number 3 Type of specimen undisturbed Specimen preparation 60 mm 60 mm 3600 mm2

INITIAL MEASUREMENT

14

shearing Machine no. Mean Calibration CR

NORMAL STRESS Vertical Load 0.936 N/div n

20 kg 0.0981 kN 3 27.25 kN/m2 Shear Stress (k/N/m2) (5) = (4) 1000/ A

Date

Time

DH Division

Load Dial Reading (divs) (2)

Horizontal Displacement (mm)

Horizontal Load N (4) = (2) CR

Remarks

(1) 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 10.2.11 3.50.00 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900

(3) = (1) 0.002

3.50.22 3.50.35 3.50.45 3.50.56 3.51.08 3.51.19 3.51.31 3.51.43 3.51.54 3.52.05 3.52.17 3.52.28 3.52.40 3.52.51 3.53.03 3.53.14 3.53.26 3.53.38

36 93 126 146 160 174 186 198 208 218 229 237 245 253 262 270 278 286 293

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8

33.696 87.048 117.936 136.656 149.76 162.864 174.096 185.328 194.688 204.048 214.344 221.832 229.32 236.808 245.232 252.72 260.208 267.696 274.248

9.36 24.18 32.76 37.96 41.6 45.24 48.36 51.48 54.08 56.68 59.54 61.62 63.7 65.78 68.12 70.2 72.28 74.36 76.18

2.4 Results: In this part of this chapter we shall introduce the results as a Graph and within the same point and after each graph we shall Analyze and discuss them. Graph 1: when the load is 10 Kg

15

Graph 1: when the load is 10 Kg

Analysis & Discussion: As can be shown in the Graph and with a load of 10 Kg the horizontal displacement which is equal to one circle on the gauge (DH division) multiplied by 0.002 which equaled the above Horizontal displacement results, and as can be noticed that the shear stress depending on the movement and the increase of the DH division speed, which as well depending on the normal load (10Kg), those all factors are resulting on the noticeable increase in the Shear Strength. However, the increase was moving normally and slightly towards the maximum Shear Strength for this load which was as shown on the Graph is 22.9 KN/m. The jump from the 0 point and to the 0.5 is very noticeable but also we can notice that after the start jump it was a slight increase going through to the last division point which is the 3.8 Graph 2: when the load is 20 Kg

16

Graph 2: when load is 20 Kg

Analysis & discussion: In this graph and as the huge difference can be noticed from the previous graph which demonstrated the 10 Kg load, we can see that the Shear Stress in this case is higher which means as well that the DH division was also moving faster and producing higher stress on the soil sample. It is normal to find higher Shear Stress because of increasing the Normal Load. The huge jump from 0 and until 0.5 or even 1 is very notable as well as the constant increase throughout the final stages of the experiment in this phase. However, the Maximum Shear Stress was on the previous Graph almost 23 KN/m, now it is very obvious that we will conclude with higher Shear strength in which the maximum stress from the previous Graph was obtained in this graph only at 0.7-0.8 horizontal displacement. The Maximum Shear Strength obtained from this Graph and which is with the 20 Kg load is 44 KN/m.
17

Graph 3: when load is 30 Kg

Graph 3: when load is 30 Kg

Analysis & discussion: This graph which demonstrates the Shear Stress with the normal load of 30 Kg is proving the fact that with higher load we shall conclude with higher shear stress and shown. The main points that should be noticed are the fact of having a Shear Stress of almost 78 KN/m, the huge increase in the Graph slope, and the time which can be noted from the data section. The understanding of shear stress and its effects on the sample of soil will conclude the cohesion and the angle of friction as will be noticed from the following graph which shall illustrate the previous 3 graphs. However, and concentrating on this particular graph we can conclude that when we applied the normal load of 30 Kg we concluded with a maximum shear stress of 78 KN/m and that is the maximum of what we found from the previous 2 graphs. Graph 4: shows the Shear Strength of the previous 3 graphs.
18

Graph 4: shows the shear stress compared to the normal stress

Analysis & discussion: First of all we should note that this, the following, and the previous Graphs were generated using Microsoft Excel and we transferred them to Microsoft Word. While transferring the Graphs we faced a quiet small change within the structure of the graph itself. However, the graphs generated from Microsoft Excel shall be attached also on the Appendix Chapter for further references. From this graph we shall conclude the following: 1. Cohesion. 2. Angel of friction.

19

1) The cohesion is the point that the best fit line will end at and in our case and within the resulted graph we can conclude that the cohesion of this soil sample is 6 KN/m. 2) The angle of friction is the angle generated where the end of the best fit line is in 90 with the horizontal axis and can be found by using the protractor. After using the protractor we found that the angle of friction is 34 from the graph generated using Microsoft Excel as well as the manual Graph while calculating for this lab report. However, and as explained previously the graph is Microsoft Word is not as accurate as the ones in Microsoft Excel, and for that we attached all the Microsoft Excel printed Graphs on the Appendix chapter. 2.5 Conclusion: As a conclusion and to be forthright the Experiment in my own point of view was a successful Experiment. However, we had some few problems at the beginning on adapting towards the procedure of how we can conduct the experiment, and after a while we all were working as we used to work on these equipments for a long time. In addition not only the experiment physical and practical success was taking place, but the theoretical knowledge developed on the understanding of the cohesion of any type of soil in which Cohesion is the measure of the forces that cement particles of soil. Not that only but the understanding of the Frictional Resistance or the Angle of friction also been understood while calculating and analyzing the graphs of this experiment.

Chapter 3
3. Oedometer Consolidation Experiment 3.1 Introduction: Objectives:

20

The main purpose of consolidation tests is to obtain soil data which is used in predicting the rate and amount of settlement of structures founded on clay. A laboratory consolidation test is performed on an undisturbed sample of a cohesive soil to determine its compressibility characteristics. The soil sample is assumed to be representing a soil layer in the ground. Apparatus:

Dial Gauge

Load hanger s

Oedomet er

Procedure: 1. Measure the inner diameter and height of the consolidation cutter/ring and record its mass. 2. Prepare a soil specimen for the test by trimming and placing the soil in the ring.
21

3. Determine the mass of ring + soil. 4. Collect some excess soil for moisture content. 5. Assume Gs=2.72 6. Saturate the lower (larger) porous stone on the base of the

consolidometer. 7. Place the specimen and ring and place the upper stone/disk
8.

Place 1.5 Kg (1st day), 3 Kg (2nd day), 6 Kg (3rd day), 12 Kg (4th day)

3.2 Data: The Given data is the separated as tables into 7 days, each day has its own record and pressure. On the following pages, the given data shall be introduced. Day 1 data:
Time, t(min) 0 1 2 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 Dial gauge reading 0.6020 0.6013 0.6010 0.6006 0.6003 0.6001 0.5999 0.5997 0.5995 0.5994 0.5994 0.5992 0.5991

Day 2 data:
Time, t(min) 0 1/4 1 2 1/4 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 Dial gauge reading 0.5991 0.5990 0.5997 0.5995 0.5994 0.5994 0.5992 0.5992 0.5991 0.5990 0.5989 0.5989 0.5989

Day 3 data:
Time, t(min) 0 1 2 4 Dial gauge reading 0.5989 0.5964 0.5959 0.5950 0.5944

Day 4 data:
Time, t(min) 0 1/4 1 2 1/4 4 Dial gauge reading

0.5921 0.5919 0.5918 0.5918 0.5916

22

9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100

0.5939 0.5933 0.5931 0.5928 0.5926 0.5924 0.5923 0.5921

9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100

0.5861 0.5848 0.5838 0.5829 0.5824 0.582 0.5814 0.581

Day 5 data:
Time, t(min) 0 1 2 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 Dial gauge reading

Day 6 data:
Time, t(min) 0 1/4 1 2 1/4 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 Dial gauge reading

0.502 0.5013 0.501 0.5006 0.5003 0.5001 0.4999 0.4997 0.4995 0.4994 0.4994 0.4992 0.4991

0.6137 0.6131 0.6074 0.6063 0.6053 0.6045 0.6035 0.6027 0.6022 0.6012 0.6005 0.6001 0.5998

Day 7 data:
Time, t(min) 0 1 2 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 Dial gauge reading

0.5892 0.5921 0.5929 0.5942 0.5949 0.5959 0.5968 0.5975 0.5981 0.599 0.5997
23

81 100

0.6003 0.6008

3.3 Calculations: The calculations shall be shown in daily basis such as Day 1, Day 2, Day 3etc. in addition the Graph generated depending on the daily results shall be with the same points. Day 1: Sample diameter Sample height Moisture content load = = = = 1.12 50 20 mm mm % kg

Time t(min) 0 1/4 1 2 1/4 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100

Dial gauge reading (cm) 0.602 0.6013 0.601 0.6006 0.6003 0.6001 0.5999 0.5997 0.5995 0.5994 0.5994 0.5992 0.5991

t min 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

24

Day 2: Time Sample diameter Sample height Moisture content load = = = = 1.88 50 20 mm mm % kg t(min) 0 1/4 1 2 1/4 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 Dial gauge reading (cm) 0.6001 0.5999 0.5997 0.5995 0.5994 0.5994 0.5992 0.5992 0.5991 0.599 0.5989 0.5989 0.5989 t min 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 25

Day 3: Sample diameter Sample height Moisture content load = = = = 3.77 50 20 mm mm % kg Time t(min) 0 1/4 1 2 1/4 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 Dial gauge reading (cm) 0.5989 0.5964 0.5959 0.595 0.5944 0.5939 0.5933 0.5931 0.5928 0.5926 0.5924 0.5923 0.5921 t min 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

26

Day 4: Time Sample diameter Sample height Moisture content load = = = = 7.52 50 20 mm mm % kg t(min) 0 1/4 1 2 1/4 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 Dial gauge reading (cm) 0.5921 0.5919 0.5918 0.5918 0.5916 0.5861 0.5848 0.5838 0.5829 0.5824 0.582 0.5814 0.581 t min 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

27

Day 5: Time Sample diameter Sample height Moisture content load = = = = 15.04 50 20 mm mm % kg t(min) 0 1/4 1 2 1/4 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 Dial gauge reading (cm) 0.502 0.5013 0.501 0.5006 0.5003 0.5001 0.4999 0.4997 0.4995 0.4994 0.4994 0.4992 0.4991 t min 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
28

Day 6: Sample diameter Sample height Moisture content load = = = = 26.32 50 20 mm mm % kg Time t(min) 0 1/4 1 2 1/4 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 Dial gauge reading (cm) 0.6137 0.6131 0.6074 0.6063 0.6053 0.6045 0.6035 0.6027 0.6022 0.6012 0.6005 0.6001 0.5998 t min 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
29

Day 7: Time Sample diameter Sample height Moisture content load = = = = 13.15 50 20 mm mm % kg t(min) 0 1/4 1 2 1/4 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 Dial gauge reading (cm) 0.5892 0.5921 0.5929 0.5942 0.5949 0.5959 0.5968 0.5975 0.5981 0.599 0.5997 0.6003 0.6008 t min 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

30

Pressure and Void Ratio Graph: Pressur e KPA 0 5.7 9.6 19.2 38.3 76.6 134.1 67 Void ratio e 0.408 0.406 0.405 0.403 0.399 0.397 0.393 0.395

31

3.4 Results: The graphs shown previously are to be considered as results but like as explained earlier the graphs shall be attached with the calculation for any further understanding. However, the Analysis & Discussion point shall explain how the calculations and results were obtained. Coefficient of Consolidation: (Cu)
Pressure Initial weight of specimen Deformation of dial gauge reading Thickness of specimen at 90% Half thickness of specimen at 90% Coefficient of consolidation. (Cu)

consolidation consolidation
32

(KN/m)

(CM)

(CM)

(CM)

(CM)

Minute

0 5.7 9.6 19.2 38.3 76.6 134.1 67

Column (1)

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Column (2)

0 0.5991 0.5989 0.5921 0.581 0.4991 0.5998 0.6008

Column (3)

0 1.4009 1.4011 1.4079 1.419 1.5009 1.4002 1.3992

Column (4)

0 0.70045 0.70055 0.70395 0.7095 0.75045 0.7001 0.6996

Column (5)

0 1 2.1 0.7 4.8 0.7 1.4 0.8

Column (6)

0 0.41605 0.198178 0.600318 0.088932 0.682247 0.296885 0.51881

Column (7)

3.5 Analysis & Discussion: The analysis and discussion section will divide into 3 points: 1. Analyzing and discussing the Graphs of the 7 days of the Test 2. Analyzing and discussing the Void ratio and the pressure Graph. (Calculation) 3. Analyzing and discussing the coefficient of Consolidation Table First of all we shall Analyze and discuss the Graphs of the 7 days if the Test: The Graphs shows and translate the data obtained from the first to the seventh day of conducting the experiments. The main point of the graphs shown within that concept is to find the T90 or in other words the fitting time, and from the calculation that can be noticed on the previous seven graphs we can find that we concluded with finding the T90. The founded T90 values can be noted from the Coefficient of Consolidation table or as follows: Day 1 Day 2
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1 2.1

Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day

0.7 4.8 0.7 1.4 0.8

7 The T90 can be found from drawing a line Tangent and horizontally to the Y axis and from that we drop a line until we reach the X axis, we take that value founded from the dropped line and we Multiply it by 1.15 as a constant number for the seven days. The Value concluded then shall be called the T90 Second of all we will analyze and discuss the Void Ratio and pressure Graph: In this Graph we shall find the following:

CC CR

First of all we shall find the CC: We shall use the following formula:

The calculation for the Cc shall be as follows: Found Y1= 0.3952 Y2= 0.3972 X1= 70 X2 =100
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So:

So our Cc is 0.0129 Second of all we shall find the Cr: We shall use the following formula:

The calculation for the Cr shall be as follows: Found Y1= 0.4036 So: Y2= 0.4052 X1= 8 X2 =17

So our Cc is 0.0048 Third of all we shall find the :

This is actually wont need any calculation in which the line drops to its value as its shown in the Graph. So the = 35

Third and last of the three points in the analysis we shall analyze and discuss the coefficient of Consolidation Table (Cu): The coefficient of Consolidation table can be explained on the following points: First of all the Pressure (column 1) and the Initial Weight of specimen (column 2, constant for all) are given data or in other words we already have.
35

The deformation of dial reading (Column 3) is obtained from the graphs and from the experiment itself, and so the last data obtained from each day will be the common number for that particular day and shall be called as the deformation of dial reading.

The thickness of specimen at 90% consolidation (Column 4) is found from the following method: Initial Weight of specimen (column 2) Deformation of dial reading (Column 4).

Column 5 which is the Half thickness of specimen at 90% consolidation is found by the following method:

The T90 (Column 6) is found from the graphs and as explained and shown previously each graph represents each day results and for that we have the T90 of each day.

The last column which is the Coefficient of Consolidation-Cc (Column 7) is found using the following Equation:

3.6 Conclusion: As a conclusion and to be forthright the Experiment in my own point of view was a successful Experiment. However, we didnt have the chance to conduct the experiment physically due to the time problem, but we studied the equipments and the data, not that only, the lecturer actually explained the experiment from every point which made it easier for us to know the Oedometer experiment from all sides and to know how to handle the Data and produce Graphs.

Chapter 4
4. Conclusion
36

4.1 Conclusion to Lab Experiments: Shear box Experiment: There is a variety of soils which differs from each other in its nature, texture, grain size and shape. The soil strength gives a measure of the capacity of a soil mass to withstand stresses without giving way to those stresses by rupturing, failing or becoming deformed. The failure of a soil to withstand gravitational forces can be seen when a structure settles as its weight exceeds the soil's bearing strength. Shear stress is the maximum shear stress the soil can take without failure, under normal stress. In a normal soil profile there is friction between soil individual particles and cohesiveness due to adhesion between the soil particles. Whereas in the shear box test that we conducted there was no friction and none cohesion, the soil was washed before the experiment was conducted. The soil has got some cohesion. In the shear box test, the specimen is not failing along its weakest plane but along a predetermined or induced failure plane, horizontal plane separating the two halves of the shear box which might not occur in a normal soil. Oedometer Consolidation Test: The consolidation characteristics of natural soils vary widely depending on their stress history, void ratio, and structure. The standard method of measuring consolidation properties involves the incremental loading of specimen of soil, but other methods using controlled loading techniques have been useful in improving the understanding of soil compressibility. Total consolidation settlements can be estimated reasonably well from good Oedometer tests, but predictions of the rate settlement are usually quite unreliable in the primary consolidation stage.

Chapter 5 5. References:
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No

Reference

1 2 3 4 5

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidation Soil Testing Manual. Robert. W. Day McGraw hill-2001 Basic soil mechanics. Roy Whitlow Prentice Hall 2001 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_stress
Geo mechanics of Failures By Alexander M. Puzrin, E. E. Alonso, Nria Pinyol 2010

Chapter 6
6. Appendix

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