Phn mm SPSS c tt c 4 dng mn hnh: - Data view : Mn hnh qun l d liu.

L ni lu tr d liu nghin cu vi mt cu trc c s d liu bao gm ct, hng v cc giao nhau gia ct v hng - Variables view : Mn hnh qun l bin. L ni qun l cc bin cng vi cc thng s lin quan n bin nh: + Name (Tn bin) : L tn i din cho bin, tn bin ny s c hin th trn u mi ct trong mn hnh d liu + Type (Loi bin ): C dng s v dng chui + Label (Nhn ca bin): Tn bin ch c th hin tm tc bng k hiu, nhn ca bin cho php nu r hn v ngha ca bin. + Values (Gi tr trong bin ): Cho php khai bo cc gi tr trong bin vi ngha c th (nhn gi tr) + Missing (Gi tr khuyt): SPSS mc nh gi tr khuyn (system missing) l mt du chm v t ng loi b cc gi tr ny ra khi cc phn tch thng k. + Measures (Dng thang o): Hin th dng thang o ca gi tr trong bin - Mn hnh hin th kt qu (output) : Cc php phn tch thng k s cho ra cc kt qu nh bng biu, i th v cc kt qu kim nghim, cc kt qu ny s c truy xut ra mt mn hnh, v c lu gi di mt tp tin khc (c ui l .SPO). Mn hnh ny cho php ta xem v lu gi cc kt qu phn tch. - Mn hnh c php (syntax) : Mn hnh ny cho php ta xem v lu tr nhng c php ca mt lnh phn tch. Cc c php c lu tr s c s dng li m khng cn thao tc cc lnh phn tch li. To bin v nhp d liu trn SPSS To bin trong mn hnh qun l bin : Nhp vo Variables view Name: G tn bin cn khai bo Type: Kiu bin Variable Label: t tn nhn cho bin mt cch y hn Value lables : nh tn cho cc gi tr trong bin Missing Values: c dng nh ra cc gi tr c th cho cc gi tr m ta mun loi b ra khi cc phn tch v x l thng k Column: nh ra chiu rng ca ct ang khai bo bin Align: Canh l Measurement: Chn loi thang o Nhp d liu Nhp trc tip trn spss hay cng c th nhp liu t cc phn mm khc nh Excel, Fox, v sau chuyn vo trong SPSS thng qua Menu File-open Cng c tnh ton gia cc bin (Compute) Cng c compute c dng tnh ton gia cc gi tr trong cc bin v kt qu s c lu gi trong mt bin mi hoc l mt bin khc sn c hoc bin cha ng gi tr ang tnh ton. thc hin cng c ny ta vo Menu Transform Compute : Xut hin: Mc Target variable : Tn bin s nhn gi tr c tnh Numeric Expressionn: cha cc biu thc s c dng tnh gi tr cho bin mi. Chng ta c th son cc biu thc tnh ton vo thng Numeric Expression, v c th s dng cc cng c c hin th trong hp thoi nh cc phim (+), (-), Function, Cng c if : Dng nh ra nhng iu kin cn thit km theo trong tnh ton nu c X l v phn tch d liu Kim tra d liu (Explore) : SPSS cung cp cho cng c Explore xem xt v kim tra d liu: Pht hin cc sai st Nhn dng d liu tm phng php phn tch thch hp v chun b cho vic kim tra gi thuyt kim tra d liu, chn trn menu Analyze-Descriptive-Statistic- Explore m hp thoi Explore nh hnh sau: Dependent list: a cc bin cn kim tra vo y. Display : Cho php chng ta chn cch hin th kt qu. Statistics : Cho php ta la chn cc thng k hin th nh : Descriptives : Hin th cc gi tr thng k nh gi tr trung bnh, khong tin cy, trung v, trung bnh gin lc, gi tr nh nht, ln nht, khong bin thin, cc bch phn v M-estimators: Hin th cc gi tr trung bnh theo 4 loi trng s Outliers: Hin th cc quan st c 5 gi tr nh nht v 5 gi tr ln nht, gi l Extreme Values Percentiles: Hin th cc gi tr bch v phn Kim nghim Kolmogorov-Smirnov (Lilliefors) Kim nghim Kolmogorov-Smirnov, dng kim nghim tnh chun tc ca mt mu hay hai mu. Kim nghim Levene Kim nghim Levene l php kim nghim tnh ng nht ca phng sai. y ta kim nghim gi thuyt cho rng phng sai ca gia cc mu quan st l bng nhauLp bng phn b tn sut cho bin mt tr li (Frequencies) Kim nh Mi Lin H a. Kim nh mi lin h gia hai bin nh danh-nh danh,nh danh-nh thc (H o : hai bin khng c lin h g vi nhau) Ngi ta dng Kim nh Chi-square kim tra xem liu mt bin ny c quan h hay khng vi mt bin khc, tuy nhin phng php kim nghim ny khng ch ra cng ca mi quan h gia hai bin mnh hay yu gia 2 bin, cc h s trong kim nghim Chi_square nh sau: H s Pearson Chi-square v Likelihood Ratio cho bit c mi lin h gia hai bin nh tnh hay khng (sig rt nh) H s Linear-by-linear association o lng mi lin h tuyn tnh gia hai bin.(hu dng khi hng ct xp theo th t tng dn) Ch s Continuity Correction nh gi mi tng quan gia hai bin (dng 2 x 2)trong bng. Cch thc hin trong SPSS: vo Analyze-Descriptive Statitics- Crosstab. Hin hp thoi, trong ta a hai bin cn kim tra vo 2 : Row v Column sau nhn ok l xong. Ta c th vo trong phn Statistic chn cc thng s thng k: Nornimal: dng cho 2 bin nh danh. Ordinal : dng cho 2 bin dng th bc.

Trong phn Cells: tng t, hy vo m khm ph n. b. Kim nh mi lin h gia hai bin Th Bc - Pht biu gi thuyt Ho : khng c mi lin h no gia cc bin trong tng th - Thc hin trong SPSS : AnalyzeDescriptive Statitics Crosstab, - a bin vo 2 : Row v Column , nhn vo Statistics v chn : Chi square, correlation, gamma, somers , tau_b.. c. Kim nh mu ang xt c l phn phi chun khng - Pht biu gi thuyt Ho : sai lch ca tng th 2 gi bt ng sn l phn phi chun(tc gi tr d bo ng tin cy). - ng dng : Kim nh ny dng kim nh gi thuyt phn phi ca d liu c ph hp vi phn phi l nthuyt .n tin hnh xem xt cc sai lch gia Gi tr c v gi tr mi ca bt ng sn, sai lch tuyt i cng ln ,gi thuyt Ho cng d b bc b. Cch thc hin: - Bc 1: TransformCompute , hin hp thoi: Nhp tn bin mi vo khung : Target Variabel. Khung Numberic Expression : ta nhp : giBS_d Bo Gi BSc. Sau nhn ok. - Bc 2 : AnalyzeNonparametric Test1 _ sample K S xut hin hp thoi sau: a bin mi to bc 1 vao khung Test Variable List. Phn Test Distribution : ta chn loi phn phi chun (Normal) , nhn OK l xong. Tng Quan phn trc chng ta dng mt s cng c o lng mi lin h gia cc bin vi nhau. Tuy nhin k thut ch yu dng cho d liu nh tnh.Cn i vi cc d liu nh lng ta thng dng h s tng quan R., hay biu phn tn Scatter.

a. Xc nh h s tng quan: Cch thc hin trn SPSS : Vo menu Analyze chn CorrelateChn Bivarlate , xut hin hp thoi : Khung Variables : ta a cc bin cn xt mi tng quan vo. Khung Correction Coefficients : chn Person v Spearman Nhn vo Option gii quyt cc trng hp thiu s liu ca bin i khi nh sau: Phn Statisc : khai bo c tnh hay khng tnh Trung bnh_ lch chun v tng tch cc mdun cho_hip phng sai. Phn Misssing Value : khai bo x l cc trng hp thiu ca bin Exclude case pairwise : x l tng cp, loi gi tr thiu ra khi cp so snh,nhng vn dng cho cp khc nu vi cp khc n khng thiu. Exclude case listwise : mu no thiu gi tr s b SPSS loi hn ra khi cuc chi. b. V biu Scater ngha ca biu : Biu ny cng c mc ch gip ta c ci nhn trc quan v mi lin h gia cc bin.Nu nh H s hi quy R cho ta bit gia hai bin c tng quan khng, trng hp cc bin c tng quan th khng ni, nhng nu kt qu R cho thy cc bin khng c lin h vi nhau th lc ny Biu Scatter s cho ta bit "s khng c mi tng quan gia cc bin" l tht s v chng hon ton c lp nhau, hay chng khng c mi lin quan bi v chng khng c mi lin h tuyn tnh m chng s lin h theo mt loi quan h no , phi tuyn chng hn. Cch thc hin : Vo menu Graphs chn Scatter..--> Chn simple Chn Define , xut hin hp thoi. a 2 bin cn v, mt vo Y_axis, mt vo X_axis - Title : dng t tiu , ghi ch cho biu - Option : dng khai bo cch x l nhng gi tr thiu ca bin quan st. Hi Quy Tuyn Tnh ngha : Qua mt lot cc kim tra, nu kt lun c cc bin c lin quan tuyn tnh hay c lin quan phi tuyn vi nhau. Th bc tip theo chng ta tin hnh xy dng hm hi quy. Hm hi quy ny c ngha cho chng ta bit s ng gp ca tng bin trong bin ph thuc hay ni cch khc gi tr ca bin ph thuc ng gp bao nhiu phn trm trong tng gi tr ca bin ph thuc, v n cn cho chng ta bit s thay i mt n v ca n,s ko theo s thay i ca bin ph thuc l bao nhiu.

Cch thc hin : Vo menu Analyze Regression Linear, hin hp thoi: Khung Dependent : a bin m ta mun n lm bin ph thuc vo Khung Independent : a cc bin c lp vo y. Phn method : la chn phng php a bin vo: - Enter : a mt lt cc bin vo mt lc. - Remove: lot tt c cc bin ra khi hm 1 lt, tt nhin u tin phi a cc bin vo trc mi c ci g ra ch. Forward : Phng php a vo dn ,bin 1 c a vo l bin c tng quan ln nht,nu tha tiu chun vo : FIN hay PIN, th bin tip theo c a vo..Qu trnh ny dng li khi khng cn bin no tha tiu chun vo. - Backward : Loi tr dn tng bin ra khi m hnh, u tin bin t lin quan nht s c a ra khi m hnh theo tiu chun "Loi Tr: FOUT hay POUT".Qu trnh ny dng li khi gi tr F ca bin c h s tng quan nh nht > FOUT. - Stepwise : Chn dn tng bc.y l phng php kt hp ca 2 phng php Forward v Backward (iu kin cho cc bin khng b a ra ri a vo lp li th ta chn :FIN>FOUT hay PIN<POUT) Nt Statistics..: chn cc thng s thng k nh sau : - Estimates: cc c lng nh: h s hi quy(B),sai s chun (B), gi tr t v Sig. - Confidence interval : Khong tin cy. - Covariance Matrix : Ma trn hip phng sai. - Mode Fix : Th hin cc thng k nh gi mc ph hp ca m hnh : R, R2, R2 iu chnh,sai s chun.. Descriptives : cc thng k m t nh : tr trung bnh, lch chun, ma trn tng quan. - R squared chance : Xem xt mc tng ca R2 khi a thm 1 bin c lp vo m hnh. - Colinearity diagnostics : Chun an hin tng CNG TUYN Nt Plots.. : Dng v th hi quy tuyn tnh. Khung bn tri cha : bin ph thuc, cc dng bin phn d, cc dng bin d on ngha ca chng : *ZPRED : Gi tr d on chun ha *ZRESID : Phn d chun ha *DRESID : phn d loi b quan st ang xt *ADJPRED:Gi tr d an iu chnh *SRESID : Phn d student ha *SDRESID : phn d loi b quan st ang xt c student - Produce all patial plots : biu phn tn tng phn. - Histogram : biu tn s. - Normal Probability plot: biu xc sut chun. Nt Save : Lu mt bin mi t ng to ra trong phn tch SPSS nh cc phn d, gi tr d on Phn Predicted Value(cc gi tr d on nh) : Gi tr d an khng chun ha,d an chun ha, d an iu chnh, sai s chun ca cc gi tr d on. Phn Distances( khong cch) : Dng nhn din cc quan st c nh hng mnh n kt qu phn tch, n l khong cch t gi tr quan st n gi tr trung bnh. Prediction interval (khong d on) : - Mean : gii hn trn di ca khong d on ca tr trung bnh. - Individual : gii hn trn di khong d on ca tng quan st. - Residual (phn d) : Gm phn d khng chun ha, c chun ha, student ha, (detecd : phn d loi b quan st ang xt)..

- Influence Statistics : cc thng s thng k nh hng - DfBeta(s) : SPSS s tnh li ton b cc h s hi quy,khi loi b 1 quan st. - Standardized DfBeta(s) : Tnh cc DfBeta(s) chun ha. - DfFit : phn nh thay i ca gi tr d on khi loi b 1 quan st. - Standardized DfFit : tnh cc DfFit chun ha. - Covariance ratio : tnh t s gia cc thnh phn ca ma trn hip phng sai sau v trc khi loi b 1 quan st.nu t s 1 ,quan st b khng nh hng nhiu n ma trn hip phng sai. Nt Option : Thit lp mc nh cho SPSS. - Stepping Method Criteria : Tiu chun vo v ra p dng cho cc phng php. - Use probability of F : S dng xc sut vo (PIN) v ra ( POUT). - Use F value : s dng F lm tiu chun vo (FIN), ra (FOUT). - Missing value : La chn cch x l cc quan st b thiu. - Exclude case listwise : ch nhng bin gi tr mi c x l. - Exclude case pairwise Qastno gi tr trong 1 cp ang nghin cu s c x l tnh h s tng quan. - Relace with mean : thay th gi tr thiu bng trung bnh ca bin. - Hp kim Include constant in equation : xy dng m hnh hi quy c cha h s hay khng. ng Dng Ca M Hnh Hi Quy Mt trong cc ng ng ca m hnh hi quy l d an ,chng ta c th d an gi tr trung bnh Y trong trng hp bit c cc gi tr X, hay tin on gi tr Y trong mt trng hp c th ti gi tr Xo no .(c 2 trng hp ny kt qu d on nh nhau, tuy nhin sai s chun khc nhau). Cch thc hin d an trn SPSS : Vo menu Analyze Regression Linear , a cc bin cn xy dng vo m hnh, sau nhn vo nt SAVE ,nh du chn vo co Unstandadized , standadized, Adjust. nhn Continue nhn OK. D Tm S Vi Phm Cc Gi nh Cn Thit Trong Hi Quy Vic chng ta lm t u n gi cng tht s cha thuyt phc lm, do to s tin tng hon ton vo kt qu ca hm, ta ln lt i kim nh, d tm th c gi thuyt no b vi phm trong mu ca chng ta khng. Ta cn kim tra mt s nh : Gi nh tuyn tnh c ph hp khng, gi nh phng sai khng i, gi nh v phn phi chun ca phn d, gi nh v tnh c lp ca sai s( khng c s tng tc gia cc phn d),gi nh khng c s tng quan gia cc bin c lp( o lng a cng tuyn), a. Kim nh Gi Thuyt Lin H Tuyn Tnh: Loi ny Kim tra bng cch v th phn tn gia cc Phn D v Gi tr d on chun ha. - Bc 1 : to 2 bin Phn d (standardized residual) v Gi tr d on (Standardized predicted ) - Bc 2 : V biu Scatter cho 2 bin ny - Bc 3 : kt lun nh sau : Nu gi nh tuyn tnh ng th phn d ri ngu nhin khng theo mt quy lut no, ngc li, gi nh b vi phm. b. Kim nh Gi Thuyt Phng Sai Khng i :c th dng kim nh White,Glesjer, tung quan hng Speaman. Nu phng sai thay i s to ra rt nhiu hu qu tai hi,n lm cho cc c lng ca cc h s hi quy khng

chch,nhng khng hiu qu (tc cha phi l tt nht), dn n c lng ca cc phng sai b chch, nn kim nh cc gi thuyt b mt hiu lc nh gi nhm cht lng m hnh. Thc Bc Bc Bc Bc Bc hin 1 : To 2 bin Phn d v Gi tr d on. 2 : Ly tr tuyt i ca phn d bng lnh compute, t tn l TT 3 : Pht biu gi thuyt Ho: h s tng quan hng ca tng th = 0 4 : Kim nh tng quan hng cho 2 bin TT v Bin Ph thuc 5 : KL nu khng bc b c Ho (sig > >), th Phng sai khng i.

c. Kim nh Gi Thuyt V Phn Phi Chun Ca Phn D Thc hin : (dng history hay Q_Qplots du c) - Bc 1 : thc hin hi quy v lu li bin phn d chun ha - Bc 2 : v biu History : Graph v History a bin phn d vo Variable, nhp chn Display normal curve. - Bc 3 : kt lun, nu Mean= 0,00 v Std.Dov 1 th kt lun l PPC. d. Kim nh Gi Thuyt V Tnh A CNG TUYN Thc hin : - Bc 1 : Chy hm hi quy ,nhng trc khi nhn OK, hy nhn vo Nt Statistics v chn COLLINEARITY DIAGNOSTICS B- c 2 : Kt lun : Nu chp nhn nh hay VIF > 10 th c a cng tuyn. Liu cc Version khc nhau c iu th v g th mi anh em c vt i s cm nhn i t nh ngho n nh giu :rolleyes::rolleyes: