Paper Presentation on the concept

:Authors
A.SUPRAJA II B.Tech Contact no: 8099602384 Email:itaswini@gmail.com itvissu@gmail.com A.ASWINI 8099083976

Moula Ali College of Engg & Tech (Affiliated to J.N.T.U) Anantapur.

SCIENTIFIC DEFINITION: Spintronics (a neologism for "spinbased electronics"), is also an known as magnetoelectronics, emerging

focused on semiconductor spintronics. Spin is not conserved whereas charge is. Thus, efforts in semiconductor spintronic research are focused on basic problems, such as: coherent manipulation of electron spin at a given location, transporting spins between different locations within conventional all-electrical semiconductor environment,

technology which exploits the quantum spin states of electrons as well as making use . The electron spin itself is manifested as a two state magnetic energy system. ABOUT SPINTRONICS: Spintronics is new emerging field of basic and applied research in physics and engineering where "neglected" magnetic degree of freedom of an electronits spin is envisaged to be exploited for classical an quantum information processing. While metallic spintronics has already delivered functional devices (GMR read heads in large capacity hard disk drives), and magnetic RAM of insulator spintronics (magnetic tunnel junctions) is expected to hit the market soon, current basic physics research is mostly

spin control via spin-orbit interactions, diluted magnetic semiconductors, and fixed or mobile spin qubits for quantum computing.

GMR Valves

Magnetic Semiconductor Tunnel Spintronic Junctions Devices

Spin Qubits

1) Information is stored (written) into spins as a particular spin orientation (up or down), (2) The spins, being attached to mobile electrons, carry the information along a terminal. Spin orientation of conduction electrons survives for a relatively long time (nanoseconds, femtoseconds compared during to which tens of electron

WORKING PRINCIPLE : Spintronics, involves the transfer of light electromagnetic energy into a tiny volume, thus creating intense electric fields a phenomenon that has many scientists rethinking the laws of electromagnetics on a nanoscale. The plasmonics field has many wide-ranging applications, from guiding light through metal wires, to bio-sensing, to making objects invisible to the eye. Spintronics is a new branch of electronics in which electron spin, in addition to charge, is manipulated to yield a desired electronic outcome. All spintronic devices act according to the simple scheme:

momentum and energy decay), which makes spintronic devices particularly attractive for memory computing storage where and magnetic spin sensors would applications, and, potentially for quantum electron represent a bit (called qubit) of information. The discovery of giant

magnetoresistance in 1988 by Albert Fert et al. and Peter Gruenberg et al. independently is considered as the birth of spintronics. The Worldwide Universities Network provides the opportunities of coordinated research in rapidly developing areas of global significance through an international alliance of UK, US, Chinese and other European Universities. Spintronics has been recognized as one of the demanding area of researches which could provide a major break through in

technologies electronics.

involving

conventional

Spintronics has a wide variety of applications in today's emerging technology. Let us discuss about its applications. SPINTRONIX APPLICATIONS: 'Spintronics' promises better computer performance, memory. A magnified view of a MRAM chip: Unlike conventional random-access memory chips, MRAMs do not lose stored information once .the electrical power is turned off

Currently the spintronics research effort in our group focuses on the following directions Creation of spin polarization through Spin polarized Transport through Spin relaxation in metals and optical or magnetic injection semiconductor/superconductor interfaces semiconductors Spin-based devices such as p-n Spin-based quantum computation and junctions and amplifiers electron entanglement in semiconductors A BRIEF THEORY: Electrons exhibit the basic properties of spin, charge, and mass. When the intrinsic spin of an electron is measured, it is found in one of two spin states, which we denote as spin up and spin down. Since the Pauli Exclusion Principle dictates that the quantum-mechanical wave-function of two paired fermions must be anti-symmetric, no two electrons can occupy the same quantum state, implying that an entangled pair of electrons cannot have the same spin. There is generally a splitting of the spin-up and spindown energy levels via the Zeeman effect, so electrons with their spins aligned with an external field are less energetic than electrons with their spins anti-aligned.

A similar, near-future spintronics application is MRAM, a magnetic version of the random access memory used in computers. In contrast with charge-based silicon RAM, these spin memory chips can hold onto their magnetically encoded information even after the computer is turned off and charge-encoded information disappears. This could eliminate boot-up time for computers. Commercial MRAM devices should be available within the next two to three years, making a profound impact

on the multibillion-dollar computer memory industry At IBM's Almaden Research Center, Stanford student Roger Wang, left, and IBM fellow Stuart Parkin look into the heart of a new $5 million apparatus used to make and analyze nanoscale "spintronic" structures.

This giant magnetoresistance can be as much 100 times stronger than ordinary magnetoresistance, making these materials more sensitive to small changes in magnetic fields. Today, these highly sensitive GMR materials are incorporated into the read heads of almost all computer hard drives, allowing a huge leap in their data storage capacity. "SpinAps researchers will work to create breakthroughs that could revolutionize the electronics industry, just as the transistor did 50 years ago". "The SpinAps scientists will dramatically hasten progress from theoretical concept to experimental verification and from new-device ideas to product prototypes".

Making its mark, spin has already made its mark on computer hard drives, thanks to the first big breakthrough in spintronics called giant magnetoresistance, or GMR. The most basic GMR device consists of a sandwich of magnetic materials around a nonmagnetic filling. When spins in the magnetic layers are the same, currents can pass though the material easily. When two layers contain opposing spin, the electrical resistance of the material rises and makes it harder for current to travel through the device. An outside magnetic field is used to switch the spin orientation in one of the magnetic layers to produce this resistance on demand.

Electron spin is a quantum property that has two possible states, either "up" or "down" Aligning spins in a material creates magnetism. Moreover, magnetic fields affect the passage of "up" and "down" electrons differently. Understanding and controlling this property is central to creating a whole new breed of electronic properties. In fact, IBM has already demonstrated the promise of this technology. The first mass-produced spintronic device already has revolutionized the hard-disk drive industry. Introduced in 1997, the giant magnetoresistive (GMR) head, developed at the IBM Almaden lab, is a super-sensitive magnetic-field sensor that enabled a 40-fold

increase in data density over the past seven years. Another multilayered spintronic structure is at the heart of the high-speed, nonvolatile magnetic random access memory (MRAM) currently being developed by a handful of companies.

Science Foundation. The center will begin operation immediately. Concrete applications of spintronics are hard disk reading heads, non-volatile magnetic memory elements and magnetic sensors, such as those recently marketed or that are currently in the industrial development phase worldwide. This latter is particularly the case for magnetic 'randomaccess' memory elements (MRAM) that are not volatile, in other words they retain the information stored when switched off. Such non-volatile memories have a considerable potential application in embedded systems and systems-on-a-chip as well as universal memories, where it is a serious candidate for replacing existing semiconductor technology such as Flash, SRAM and even DRAM. The market for non-volatile memories is developing rapidly, thanks in part to the applications in mobile equipment (organisers, mobile phones, etc.). Most of the important industrial buyers of this technology are in the information technology sector (within the Netherlands this includes Philips and Alcatel) and the car industry (Philips). However, there is also a growing interest, for example, in the biotechnology and medical technology sectors (biosensors). Future application areas will arise as a result of the injection and manipulation of spins in semiconductors and the use of new materials and nano-lithografic structured switches. Therefore the interest in

SpinAps scientists envision creating new materials and devices with entirely new capabilities -- such as reconfigurable logic devices, room-temperature superconductors and quantum computers -- that would create dramatically new computational paradigms. Commercial products from SpinAps research are not expected for at least five years. Research at the SpinAps Center will involve about a a half-dozen number Stanford of IBM professors, similar

scientists, up to 10 graduate students working at both IBM Almaden and Stanford, three or more postdoctoral researchers and two or more visiting faculty. Initial funding for the center is from IBM and Stanford. Participating scientists' research projects are also funded by agencies such as the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the U.S. Department of Energy and the National

spintronics is being fed by a broad range of potential applications in the short term (memory elements, sensors, rapidly modulatable optico-electronic components) and by anticipated developments in the longer term (spin-amplifiers, logic switches, quantum computers). The proposed research program contains important components that will help the national industry consolidate its current market positions and to acquire a favourable position in new application areas in the immediate future (e.g. MRAM). It will also act as a good basis for a leading role in developing a number of new concepts and applications for spintronics in the longer term. spin Spintronics researchers have also demonstrated a spin light-emitting diode, and transistors and spin-based optical switches for communications networks are probably another safe bet for the future. These will be extremely capable devices batteries will last much longer, recharge worries will disappear, and devices like laptops will have instant on. These are things that people will very quickly take for granted.

The future of spin is one of the more intriguing futures envisioned for the field is the possibility of quantum computing based on spin. In the quantum world, data can exist as both a 0 and a 1. Some researchers have already experimented with techniques to manipulate electron spins, using ultrafast laser pulses to affect the up or down state of spin. Your home computer, your car stereo, and your workplace copy machine electronics all operate using the movement of charge-carrying electrons. Although weve done quite well exploiting the electrons charge, scientists are working on harnessing another, more obscure property of the tiny particle its spin. In Fridays issue of the

journal Science, researchers discuss the state of the art in spintronics, and the challenges that must be met before this new breed of electronics can power a variety of future devices. Spin is a convenient term for a property of the electron (and other subatomic particles) thats tricky to describe outside the quantum realm. In general, spin refers to the angular momentum the rotational momentum of a particle that creates its own tiny magnetic field. Spin comes in two flavors: spin-up and spin-down. When a collection of electrons are all spinning the same way, either up or down, the tiny magnetic fields associated with each electron can add up to one large magnetic moment. Magnetism in some materials such as iron, for instance, comes in part from the cumulative orientation of spin in all the electrons in the material. Just like the positive/negative duo of charge, the 0s and 1s of current information technology, this up/down pairing makes spin an attractive possibility for encoding and carrying information electronically. The additional information pathway represented by spin will boost the performance of electronic products, leading to smaller and faster devices that dont consume as much power as traditional electronics. Applications for spintronics include computer memory, sensors and disk drives. above

Some scientists believe that with further development, spintronics holds the key to quantum computers.

LIMITATIONS:
Concerned to all the above

applications, Spintronics is facing some of the limitations in implementing its trend in present technological field of science. Spintronics is a multi disciplinary area of research and requires a coordinated effort from all related fields in order to pursue for research with challenging themes. utilization of Nanofabrication

techniques integration with microelectronics integration with quantum

computation.

CONCLUSION:
Taking into consideration all the wide variety of technological applications and if spintroics over comes the above limitations, definitely "In the future, Spintronics may bring great change to daily life", and hence if it succeeds then the branch of "Electronics" may emerge into "Spintronics", thus creating revolution technology. in the field of Emerging