1.1 Khi nim v Logistics Logistics l dch v c ci tn cn rt mi m i vi nhiu ngi Vit Nam.

Nhng n c mt vai tr rt quan trng i vi qu trnh sn xut kinh doanh ca mt ngnh v c nn kinh t. Vi doanh s hng t la thu v mi nm, dch v ny ang tr thnh mt hot ng thu ht nhiu cc nh u t trong v ngoi nc, c bit l cc doanh nghip nc ngoi em n mt th trng si ng cho hot ng dch v ny ti Vit Nam. Dch v logistics l mt trong 12 nhm ngnh u tin trong cng ng kinh t ASEAN. Khi nc ta m ca th trng ny theo nh cam kt th vic xy dng mt hnh lang php l y , cht ch, ph hp l mt iu v cng quan trng. N khng ch to iu kin thun li cho cc doanh nghip Vit Nam kinh doanh dch v logistics m cn gip cho nc ta tn dng c c hi t vic hi nhp th trng ny, t thc y s pht trin kinh t. Vic nghin cu cc quy nh ca php lut v dch v logistics Vit Nam c mt ngha rt quan trng, gip cho chng ta c mt ci nhn tng qut v h thng php lut iu chnh loi hnh dch v ny, t c nhng nh hng hon thin php lut hn. 1.1.1 Khi nim S pht trin ca lc lng sn xut cng vi s h tr c lc ca cuc cch mng khoa hc k thut trn th gii, khi lng hng ha c sn xut ra ngy cng nhiu. Khong cch trong cc lnh vc cnh tranh truyn thng nh cht lng hng ha hay gi c ngy cng thu hp, cc nh sn xut phi chuyn sang cnh tranh v qun l hng tn kho, tc giao hng, sp xp hp l qu trnh lu chuyn nguyn nhin vt liu v bn thnh phm, trong c h thng qun l phn phi vt cht ca doanh nghip. Trong qu trnh , logistics c c hi pht trin ngy cng mnh m hn. Lc u, logistics ch n thun c coi l mt phng thc mi, mang li hiu qu cao cho cc doanh nghip. Qua thi gian pht trin, logistics c chuyn mn ha v ngy nay tr thnh mt ngnh dch v ng vai tr rt quan trng trong giao thng quc t. Theo thng k ca cng ty Armstrong & Associates (Hoa K), tng dung lng th trng logistics Bn th 3 (Third Party Logistics) ca Hoa K tng trng vi tc 18%/nm v t 77 t USD trong nm 2003.

Tuy nhin, mt iu kh th v l logistics c pht minh v ng dng ln u tin khng phi trong hot ng thng mi m l trong lnh vc qun s. Logistics c cc quc gia ng dng rt rng ri trong 2 cuc i chin th gii di chuyn lc lng qun i v v kh c khi lng ln, m bo hu cn cho lc lng tham chin. Hiu qu ca hot ng logistics l yu t quyt nh ti thnh bi trn chin trng. Cuc b thnh cng ca qun ng minh vo vng Normandie thng 6/1994 chnh l nh vo s n lc ca khu chun b hu cn v quy m ca cc phng tin hu cn c trin khai. Sau khi chin tranh th gii kt thc, cc chuyn gia logistics trong qun i p dng cc k nng logistics ca h trong hot ng ti thit kinh t thi hu chin. Hot ng logistics trong thng mi ln u tin c ng dng v trin khai sau khi chin tranh th gii ln th 2 kt thc. Di gc doanh nghip, thut ng logistics thng c hiu l hot ng qun l chui cung ng (supply chain management) hay qun l h thng phn phi vt cht (physical distribution management) ca doanh nghip . Tuy trn th gii c rt nhiu khi nim khc nhau v logistics v c xy dng cn c trn ngnh ngh v mc ch nghin cu v dch v logistics, nhng c th nu mt s khi nim ch yu sau: 1.Lin Hp Quc(Kha o to quc t v vn ti a phng thc v qun l logistics, i hc Ngoi Thng, thng 10/2002): Logistics l hot ng qun l qu trnh lu chuyn nguyn vt liu qua cc khu lu kho, sn xut ra sn phm cho ti tay ngi tiu dng theo yu cu ca khch hng 2.y ban Qun l logistics ca Hoa K: Logistics l qu trnh lp k hoch, chn phng n ti u thc hin vic qun l, kim sot vic di chuyn v bo qun, c hiu qu v chi ph v thi gian ngn nht i vi nguyn vt liu, bn thnh phm, cng nh cc thng tin tng ng t giai on tin sn xut cho n khi hng ha n tay ngi tiu dng cui cng p ng yu cu ca khch hng

3.Hi ng qun tr logistics Hoa K-1988: Logistics l qu trnh lin k hoch, thc hin v kim sot hiu qu, tit kim chi ph ca dng lu chuyn v lu tr nguyn vt liu, hng tn, thnh phm v cc thng tin lin quan t im xut x n im tiu th, nhm mc ch tha mn nhng yu cu ca khch hng 4.Trong lnh vc qun s, logistics c nh ngha l khoa hc ca vic lp k hoch v tin hnh di chuyn v tp trung cc lc lng, cc mt trong chin dch qun s lin quan ti vic thit k v pht trin, mua li, lu kho, di chuyn, phn phi, tp trung, sp t v di chuyn kh ti, trang thit b. 5.Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 2005 (iu 233): Trong Lut Thng mi 2005, ln u tin khi nim v dch v logistics c php in ha. Lut quy nh Dch v logistics l hot ng thng mi, theo thng nhn t chc thc hin mt hoc nhiu cng on bao gm nhn hng, vn chuyn, lu kho, lu bi, lm th tc hi quan, cc th tc giy t khc, t vn khch hng, ng gi bao b, ghi k m hiu, giao hng hoc cc dch v khc c lin quan ti hng ha theo tha thun vi khch hng hng th lao. Mc d c nhiu quan im khc nhau nhng cc khi nim v dch v logistics c th tm chia lm hai nhm: Nhm nh ngha hp m tiu biu l nh ngha ca Lut Thng mi 2005, coi logistics gn nh tng t vi hot ng giao nhn hng ha. Tuy nhin cng cn ch l nh ngha trong Lut Thng mi c tnh m, th hin trong on in nghing hoc cc dch v khc c lin quan ti hng ha. Khi nim logistics trong mt s lnh vc chuyn ngnh cng c coi l c ngha hp, ch b hp trong phm vi, i tng ca ngnh (nh v d trn l trong lnh vc qun s). Theo trng phi ny, bn cht ca dch v logistics l vic tp hp cc yu t h tr cho qu trnh vn chuyn sn phm t ni sn xut ti ni tiu th. Theo , dch v logistics mang nhiu yu t vn ti, ngi cung cp dch v logistics theo

khi nim ny khng c nhiu khc bit so vi ngi cung cp dch v vn ti a phng thc (MTO) Nhm nh ngha th 2 v dch v logistics c phm vi rng, c tc ng t giai on tin sn xut cho ti khi hng ha ti tay ca ngi tiu dng cui cng. Theo , dch v logistics gn lin c qu trnh nhp nguyn, nhin vt liu lm u vo cho qu trnh sn xut, sn xut ra hng ha v a vo cc knh lu thng, phn phi n tay ngi tiu dng cui cng. Nhm nh ngha ny ca dch v logistics gp phn phn nh r rng gia cc nh cung cp tng dch v n l nh dch v vn ti, giao nhn, khai thu hi quan, phn phi, dch v h tr sn xut, t vn qun l vi mt nh cung cp dch v logisitcs chuyn nghip, ngi s m nhn ton b cc khu trong qu trnh hnh thnh v a hng ha ti tay ngi tiu dng cui cng. Nh vy, nh cung cp dch v logistics chuyn nghip i hi phi c chuyn mn, nghip v vng vng cung cp dch v mang tnh trn gi cho cc doanh nghip. y l mt cng vic mang tnh chuyn mn cao. V d, khi mt nh cung cp dch v logistics cho mt nh sn xut thp, anh ta s chu trch nhim cn i sn lng ca nh my v lng hng tn kho nhp phi thp, t vn cho doanh nghip v chu trnh sn xut, k nng qun l v lp cc knh phn phi, cc chng trnh makerting, xc tin bn hng a sn phm n vi ngi tiu dng. 1.1.2 Lch s hnh thnh S pht trin ca Logistics bt ngun t s thay i trong sn xut. Ngi bn hng ha khng nht thit phi l nh sn xut v ngi mua cng khng cn thit phi l ngi tiu dng cui cng. V trnh ng vn, cc nh sn xut kinh doanh lun tm cch duy tr mt lng hng d tr nh nht. iu ny i hi cc nh giao nhn va phi m bo giao hng ng lc (Just in time-JIT), va phi tng cng vn chuyn nhng chuyn hng nh nhm gip nhng nh sn xut kinh doanh thc hin mc tiu ti thiu hng tn kho (Minimum stock). Mt khc, cuc cch mng Container ho trong vn ti din ra trong nhng nm 70 ca th k 20 cng vi s ra i ca tu chuyn dng ch container kiu LoLo, Ro-Ro, kiu Flash, cc cng c xp d c nng sut cao gii quyt c

tnh trng n tu ti cc u mi giao thng khc. iu ny gip cc nh vn chuyn tm ra mt phng php vn ti mi a hng ha t ni gi n ni nhn mt cch thng sut, l vn ti a phng thc. Ngi gi hng ch cn k hp ng vn ti vi mt nh kinh doanh vn ti a phng thc (Multimodal Transport Operator MTO) thc hin ton b vic vn chuyn hng ho ca mnh. Tuy nhin, ngi mua vn cn ngi ln k hoch cung ng, mua hng ho v gim st mi di chuyn hng ho m bo ng loi hng, n ng a im, ng thi gian. Mt ngi t chc dch v Logistics s gip cc doanh nghip lm iu , gip h tit kim chi ph, thi gian t nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh. Theo ESCAP (y Ban Kinh T v X Hi Chu v Thi Bnh Dng), Logistics pht trin qua 3 giai on: Giai on 1: Phn phi vt cht Vo nhng nm 60-70 ca th k 20, cc doanh nghip bt u quan tm n vn qun l nh th no m bo qu trnh cung cp sn phm, hng ha cho khch hng mt cch c hiu qu. Nhng hot ng bao gm: vn ti, phn phi, bo qun hng ha, qun l tn kho, ng gi bao b, phn loi. Nhng hot ng nu trn c gi l phn phi/cung ng vt cht hay cn gi l Logistics u vo. Giai on 2: H thng Logistics n nhng nm 80-90, cc cng ty kt hp qun l 2 mt: u vo (cung ng vt t) v u ra (phn phi sn phm), tit kim chi ph v tng thm hiu qu ca qu trnh ny. S kt hp c gi l h thng Logistics. Giai on 3: Qun tr dy chuyn cung ng y l khi nim mang tnh chin lc v qun tr chui ni tip cc hot ng t ngi cung cp - ngi sn xut khch hng tiu dng sn phm, cng vi vic lp chng t c lin quan, h thng theo di, kim tra, lm gia tng thm gi tr sn phm. Khi nim ny coi trng vic pht trin cc quan h vi i tc, kt hp cht ch gia ngi sn xut v ngi cung cp, vi ngi tiu dng v cc bn c lin quan nh: cc cng ty vn ti, kho bi, giao nhn, ngi cung cp thng tin Hin nay, trn th gii hnh thnh rt nhiu tp on Logistics vi phm vi hot ng ton cu nh APL Logistics, Maersk Logistics, DHL, TNT, MOL Logistics, Schenker. H khng ch n thun l ngi cung cp dch v vn ti a phng thc, m cn l ngi t chc cc dch v khc nh: qun l kho hng, bo qun hng trong kho, thc hin cc n t hng, to thm gi tr gia tng cho hng ho bng cch lp rp, kim tra cht lng trc khi gi i, ng gi bao b, ghi k m hiu, dn nhn, phn phi cho cc im tiu th, lm th tc XNK...