Lecture3 3966

Phan tch d lieu bang SPSS
CHNG 6: X L V PHN TCH D LIU 1. Kim tra d liu (Explore) Cng vic u tin rt quan trng v cn phi thc hin mt cch cn thn trc khi i vo cc bc m t hay cc phn tch thng k phc tp sau ny l tin hnh xem xt d liu mt cch cn thn. SPSS cung cp cho cng c Explore xem xt v kim tra d liu: -
Pht hin cc sai st
Nhn dng d liu tm phng php phn tch thch hp v chun b cho vic kim tra gi thuyt nhn dng v pht hin sai st trong d liu, ta c ba cch hin th d liu nh sau Biu Histogram S cnh v l Stem-and-leaf plot S hp Boxplot
c lng cc gi nh c dng cho vic kim nghim cc gi thuyt, ta dng cc php kim tra sau: -
Kim tra levene: Kim tra tnh ng u ca phng sai Kim tra K-S Lilliefors: Kim tra tnh chun tc ca tng th, xem d liu c c ly t mt phn b chun hay khng
Chng ta thng dng gi tr trung bnh s hc c lng hi t ca d liu. Tuy nhin v gi tr trung bnh b nh hng bi tt c cc gi tr quan st. gim thiu nhng nh hng ca cc gi tr bt thng (qu ln hoc qu b), ngi ta thng loi b cc gi tr ln nht v cc gi tr nh nht (Outliers) theo cng mt t l no . Khi gi tr trung bnh c gi l gi tr trung bnh gin lc (Timmed-mean). Mt cch lm khc l gn cc trng s khc nhau cho cc gi tr quan st ty theo khong cch ca n n gi tr trung bnh, cng xa trng s cng nh. Cc trong s ny gi l Mestimators. C 4 loi trng s l Huber, Turkey, Hampel, v Andrew. Da vo trng s ny ta c lng li gi tr trung bnh cho d liu.
Bien soan: ao Hoai Nam
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kim tra d liu, chn trn menu Statistic/Summarize/Explore m hp thoi Explore nh Hnh 6-1:
Hnh 6-1 Cc bin trong tp d liu xut hin trong hp bn tri. Chn mt hay nhiu bin a vo Dependent list, cc bin cn quan st s c lit k rong ny. Chng ta cng c th tch cc quan st thnh cc nhm nh ring bit kim tra da vo cc gi tr ca cc bin kim sot s c a vo Factor List. V d nh kim tra bin mc nh gi ni chung da vo bin nhn hiu ang s dng. C th ln ra cc quan st ny bng cch gn nhn cho n bng ga tr ca mt bin no , bin ny s c a vo trong label cases by. V d mun bit nhng gi tr di thng trong bin mc nh gi ni chung theo nhn hiu TV ang dng. Ta gn nhn cho cc quan st ny bng cc gi tr trong bin s bng cu hi. Lc ny nu c cc gi tr d thng ta d dng ln ra n bng s bng cu hi km theo Display, cho php chng ta chn cch hin th kt qu, cc tham s thng k (Statistic), hoc th (Plot), SPSS mc nh l hin th c hai
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S dng cng c Statistics cho php ta la chn cc thng k hin th nh hp thoi Hnh 6-2:
Hnh 6-2
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Descriptives: Cho php ta hin th cc gi tr thng k nh gi tr trung bnh, khong tin cy, trung v, trung bnh gin lc, gi tr nh nht, ln nht, khong bin thin, cc bch phn v M-estimators: Hin th cc gi tr trung bnh theo 4 loi trng s Outliers: Hin th cc quan st c 5 gi tr nh nht v 5 gi tr ln nht, gi l Extreme Values Percentiles: Hin th cc gi tr bch v phn
S dng cng c Plots (Hnh 6-3), la chn hin th dng th (Histogram), biu chnh tc, cc php kim tra v phn phi chun, tnh ng u ca phng sai Hnh 6-3
Boxplots: iu kin hin th ca Boxplots l ta phi ang quan st nhiu hn mt bin ph thuc (hin th trong dependent list).
o
Factor levels together a ra mt hin th ring bit cho mi bin ph thuc. Trong phm vi mt hin th, Boxplots c hin th cho mi mt nhm c phn ra
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theo gi tr ca bin iu khin (factor variable). Dependents together a ra mt hin th ring bit theo mi nhm c phn theo cc gi tr trong bin iu khin. Trong phm vi ca hin th, boxplots c a ra ln lt cho mi bin ph thuc
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Descriptive: Cho php la chn hin th dng th Histogram hay dng cnh l (stem-and-leaf plots) Normality plots with tests. a ra cc dng th v phn phi chun. ng thi cung cp mt kim nghim thng k Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic, vi mc tin cy Lilliefors dng kim nghin tnh chun ca phn phi mu ang quan st. Mt kim nghim khc l thng k Shapiro-Wilk c s dng cho mu c kch c nh hn hoc bng 50 mu. Spread vs. Level with Levene Test. Cho php chng ta kim tra tnh ng u ca phng sai gia cc mu trong d liu gc hay d liu c bin i. thc hin php thng k Levene i hi phi c khai bo bin iu khin trong khun Factor lists, Thng thng ta thng lm vic trn d liu gc do la chn Untransformed trong khung Spread vs Level with Levene test
Kim nghim Kolmogorov-Smirnov (Lilliefors) Kim nghim Lilliefors l mt dng kim nghim KolmogorovSmirnov, dng kim nghim tnh chun tc ca mt mu hay hai mu. Vi gi tr sig. nh hn mc ngha (0.05) l kt qu bc b gi thuyt phn phi mu l phn phi chun. Php kim nghip Shapiro-Wilk ch dng trong nhng trng hp s mu nh hn 40.
Kim nghim Levene Trc khi i vo cc kim nghim trung bnh ta cn phi tham kho mt kim nghim khc m kt qu ca n l rt quan trng cho cc kim nghim trung bnh sau ny. Kim nghim Levene l php kim nghim tnh ng nht ca phng sai. y ta kim nghim gi thuyt cho rng phng sai ca gia cc mu quan st l bng nhau. Kim nghim cho ta kt qu Sig. nh hn mc tin cy (5%) ta kt lun khng chp nhn gi thuyt cho rng phng sai mu th bng nhau. Ch trong mt s kim nghim nh ANOVA, kim nghim t, i hi phi kim nghim thng k Levene trc xc nh tinh cn bng hay khng cn bng ca cc phng sai mu. Kt qu ny s nh hng n vic la chn cc kim nghim trung bnh khc (Kim nghip trung bnh vi phng sai mu bng nhau hoc kim nghim trung bnh vi phng sai mu khng bng nhau)
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Lp bng phn b tn sut cho bin mt tr li (Frequencies) Cng c Frequencies s dng cc tham s thng k m t cho nhiu loi bin, y cng l mt cng c hu ch ta kho st d liu tm li cho d liu. Chng ta c th kho st d liu thng qua cc cng c nh: Tn sut xut hin, phn trm, phn trm tch ly. Ngoi ra n cn cung cp cho ta cc php o lng thng k nh tp trung (central tendency measurement), phn tn (dispersion), t phn v (Quartiles) v cc bch phn v (percentiles), phn phi d liu (distribution). Lp bng ny ngoi vic tm tt d liu, n cn gip ta pht hin nhng sai st trong d liu nh, nhng gi tr bt thng (qu ln hay qu nh) c th lm sai lch kt qu phn tch thng k, nhng gi tr m ha bt thng do sai st vic nhp liu hay m ha tin hnh lp bng n ta chn cng Statistic/sumarize/frequencies ta c hp thoi nh Hnh 6-4: c
Hnh 6-4
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Chuyn bin cn m t sang hp thoi variable(s, ta c th la chn nhiu bin cn quan st cng mt lc. Cng c Charts c dng v th cho d liu, v cng c Format c s dng nh ra kiu hin th ca d liu, theo th t tng dn hoc gim dn. Cng c statistics truy sut hp thoi nh Hnh 6-5. Trong hp thoi statistics ny s bao gm cc cng c o lng cc gi tr thng k ca d liu nh v tr tng i ca cc nhm gi tr hay cn gi l cc phn v, mt tp trung v phn tn ca d liu, nhng c tnh v phn phi ca d liu
(Distribution) Hnh 6-5

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Gi tr bch phn v (percentile values): c dng xc nh cc ranh gii tng i ca cc nhm t mu quan st, iu lu l d liu cn quan st c xp xp thep th t t thp n cao.
o
Ta c cng c phn nhnh d liu thnh 4 phn bng nhau gi l t phn v (quartiles).
o Hoc ta c th chia d liu theo cc phn bng nhau c th bng cch g s phn mun chia vo cng c cuts points for equal groups.
o
Hoc ta c th xem gi tr phn nhnh c th no t cng c percentile(s).
S dng thanh Add xc nhn s th t phn v cn quan st, s dng thanh Remove v Change loi b hoc thay i s xc nhn ban u. V d nh i vi bin cha cc cu tr li trc tip v s tui ca ngi tr li trong mt cuc kho st dn s (tui ngi tr li c ghi trc tip t 18 89 tui) ta c th dng cng c phn v
Bien soan: ao Hoai Nam 38
d liu phn cc tui ny thnh cc nhm nh, v d nh ta phn cc tui ny bng phng php t phn v (quartiles). Lc tui ca ngi tr li s c phn thnh 4 phn sao cho mi nhm tui c phn chim 25% s ln xut hin (tn sut xut hin).
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c tnh phn phi (Distribution): C hai i lng o lng nhng c tnh ca s phn phi d liu l (1) H s i xng Skewness (Cs) cho ta bit dng phn phi ca cc gi tr quan st Standard Error of Skewness c th c s dng kim nghim tnh phn phi chun. Mt phn phi Skewness khng c xem l phn phi chun khi Statndard error ca n nh hn 2 hoc ln hn 2. Mt gi tr dng ln ca Statndard error cho thy nhnh ca phn phi ny di qua bn phi v ngc li mt tr m ch ra nhnh ca phn phi ny di qua bn tri Cs = 0: Cc quan st c phn phi mt cc i xng xung quanh gi tr trung bnh Cs > 0: Cc quan st tp trung ch yu vo cc gi tr nh nht Cs < 0: Cc quan st tp trung ch yu vo cc gi tr ln nht (2) H s tp trung Kurtosis (Cc) dng so snh ng cong quan st vi dng ng cong phn phi chun. Standard Error of Kurtosis c th c s dng kim nghim tnh phn phi chun. Mt phn phi Kurtosis khng c xem l phn phi chun khi Statndard error ca n nh hn 2 hoc ln hn 2. Mt gi tr dng ln ca Statndard error cho ta bit hai nhnh ca phn phi ny di hn nhnh ca phn phi chun v ngc li mt tr m ch ra hai nhnh ca phn phi ngn hn phn phi chun Cc > 0: Cho thy xu hng tp trung mnh ca cc quan st xung quanh gi tr trung bnh Cc < 0: Cho thy ng cong c dng hp hn.
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2.
Lp bng m t (Descriptive)
S dng Statisticts\Summaries\Descriptives m hp thoi m t thng k nh Hnh 6-6:
Hnh 6-6 y l mt dng cng c khc c th c dng tm tc d liu v ch cho php thao tc trn dng d liu nh lng (thang o khong cch v t l). c dng th hin xu hng tp trung ca d liu (central tendency) thng qua gi tr trung bnh ca cc gi tr trong bin (mean), v m t s phn tn ca d liu thng qua phng sai v lch chun. Chuyn cc bin cn tm tc vo hp thoi variables v nhp thanh options la chn cc thng s thng k cn m t, nh gi tr trung bnhmean, gi tr ti thiu, gi tr ti a, phng sai v lch chun, (Hnh 6-7) Hnh 6-7
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Lp
bng nhiu (Crosstabs)
chiu
cho
cc
bin
mt
tr
li
Bng nhiu chiu l dng bng cho th hin tn sut xut hin ca mt bin ny trong mi quan h vi mt hay nhiu bin khc. Bng cho cn cung cp nhiu loi kim nghim thng k v o lng mi quan h v tng quan gia cc bin trong bng. Cu trc ca bng v loi d liu (loi thang ) s quyt nh loi cng c no c s dng o lng. Ngoi vic th hin mi lin h gia cc bin. Bng nhiu chiu cn gip ta pht hin nhng sai st trong d liu t vic pht hin ra nhng mi quan h v l v bt thng gia hai bin. Chn trn menu Statistics/Summaries/Crosstabs m hp thoi nh Hnh
6-8: Hnh 6-8 Cc bin trong tp d liu c hin th bn hp bn tri. Chn cc bin hng a vo hp Row(s) v cc bin ct a vo hp Column(s). Thng thng bin ph thuc hay bin cn quan st thng c a v hng (rows) v bin c lp hay bin kim sot c a v ct (columns). Vic la chn cc phn tch theo cc t l phn trm, %row v %column cng nh %total tu thuc vo yu cu nghin cu. Ngoi ra, chng ta c th a thm vo bng cho cc lp bin iu khin (layer) to ra cc bng bin cho nhiu chiu. Mi bng cho ring bit s c to ra ng vi mi gi tr ca mi bin iu khin. Mi lp iu khin s chia bng cho thnh nhiu nhm nh hn. C th thm ti a 8 bin iu khin, dng cc thanh Next v previous di chuyn gia cc bin iu khin ny. Vic a vo cc bin iu khin ny cho php
ta xem xt cc mi quan h m lc ban u khng th thy ngay. Cc cng c thng k s cho ra cc kt qu ring bit i vi tng gi tr ca bin iu khin. Cng c Cells trong hp thoi cho php ta tnh ton cc h s o lng mi quan h gia cc bin nh % hng, % ct, % Total. Cng c Exact cung cp cho chng ta hai phng php tnh ra mc tin cy cho cc php kim nghim s dng trong bng cho, hoc cc php th phi tham s (nonparametric). Hai phng php ny bao gm phng php Exact v phng php Monte Carlo c s dng nh cng c thu c nhng kt qu chnh xc trong trng hp d liu ca chng ta khng p ng c nhng gi thuyt cn thit cho mt kt qu ng tin cy khi s dng phng php tim cn tiu chun (Standard asymptonic) phng php m km theo n d liu ca chng ta i hi phi tho mn nhng iu kin sau: D liu s dng c phn phi chun, hoc kch c mu phi ln (n>=30) Khng tn ti tn sut mong mun no ca bt k gi tr no trong bng cho nh hn 5. i vi trng hp d liu khng gp c nhng yu cu nh trn. Phng php exact hoc Monte Carlo v tin cy lun lun cho ta kt qu ng tin cy m khng cn quan tm n kch c mu, phn phi ca cc quan st cng nh s cn bng ca d liu (cn bng v s lng cc gi tr khc nhau trong bin). Chn cng c Exact trong hp thoi Crosstabs ta c hp thoi con nh Hnh 6-9.
Hnh 6-9 SPSS mc nh l s dng phng php tim cn thng thng (Asymptotic). Nu ta s dng phng php exact hoc mote carlo xc nh tnh tin cy th cn ch cc im sau:
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Nu ta la chn phng php Monte Carlo, g khong tin cy mong mun vo cng c Confidence level, ng thi cho bit kch c mu c s dng. S dng phng php cho ta kt qu nhanh hn phng php exact Nu la chn phng php Exact, nhp vo thi gian gii hn ti a cho vic tnh ton cho mi php th. Nu mt php kim nghim vt qu thi gian gii hn ti a 30 pht, cch tt hn nn s dng l Moten Carlo
Cng c Statistics cho php ta tnh cc kim nghim gi thuyt v tnh c lp ca cc bin, v mi lin h gia cc cc bin, h s tng quan, cng nh o lng cc mi quan h . (Xem
Hnh 6-10) Hnh 6-10
Cc kim nghim thng k kim nghim mi quan h v tng quan gia cc bin s dng trong bng cho
Kim nghip Chi-square:

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L mt cng c thng k s dng kim nghip gi thuyt cho rng cc bin trong hng v ct th c lp vi nhau (H0). Phng php kim nghim ny ch cho ta bit c liu mt bin ny c quan h hay khng vi mt bin khc, tuy nhin phng php kim nghip ny khng ch ra cng ca mi quan h gia hai bin mnh hay yu (nu c quan h), cng nh khng ch ra hng thun hay nghch ca mi quan h ny (nu c quan h). kim nghip tnh c lp gia hai bin ct v hng, kim nghip Chi-square s cho ra cc kt qu kim nghip nh sau: Pearson chi-square, likelihood-ratio chi-square, and linear-bylinear association chi-square mi ci s c s dng trong nhng trng hp c th
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Theo nh ngha hai bin trong bng l c lp vi nhau nu nh xc sut sao cho mt trng hp quan st (case) ri vo mt trng hp c th (v d nh gii tnh l Nam v ang tht nghip) l c to ra t cc xc sut bin (xc sut ct v xc sut hng). V d ta c xc sut mt i tng quan st l tht nghip l 35/923. V xc sut i tng quan st l Nam gii l 452/923. Do hai bin l c lp, theo l thuyt xc sut mt trng hp quan st va l Nam gii va l Tht nghip th xc sut trong trng hp ny phi l (452/923) x (35/923) v bng 0.018. Xc sut ny s c s dng c lng (estimate) s lng cc trng hp quan st mong i trong tng phn giao nhau gia hai bin trn bng cho di iu kin hai bin l c lp vi nhau. Do tnh ton c s lng quan st mong i l Nam gii v tht nghip ta ch vic nhn xc sut va tm c vi tng s mu quan st (0.018 x 923). (Xem bng pha cho pha di)
Tinh trang cong viec * Gioi tinh nguoi tra loi Crosstabulation Gioi tinh nguoi tra loi Nam Nu 379 308 336.4 350.6 41.1% 33.4% 32 94 61.7 64.3 3.5% 10.2% 8 22 14.7 15.3 .9% 2.4% 25 10 17.1 17.9 2.7% 1.1% 8 37 22.0 23.0 .9% 4.0% 452 471 452.0 471.0 49.0% 51.0%
Tinh trang cong viec
Total
Lam viec toan thoi gian Count Expected Count % of Total Lam viec ban thoi gian Count Expected Count % of Total Tam thoi khong di lam Count Expected Count % of Total That nghiep Count Expected Count % of Total Khac Count Expected Count % of Total Count Expected Count % of Total
Total 687 687.0 74.4% 126 126.0 13.7% 30 30.0 3.3% 35 35.0 3.8% 45 45.0 4.9% 923 923.0 100.0%
kim nghim tnh c lp gia hai bin, ngi ta s dng phn phi ngu nhin Chi bnh phng ( 2) vi tham s thng k Pearson chi bnh phng tin hnh so snh s lng cc trng hp quan st c vi s lng cc trng hp mong i bng cng thc sau:
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X =
2 i =1 j =1
(Oij Eij ) 2 Eij
Khi kt qu thng k Chi bnh phng ( 2) ln (Da vo l thuyt phn phi Chi bnh phng vi tin cy xc nh, kch c mu l n, bt t do-degree of freedom l df=(r-1)(c-1)) ta c th kt lun bc b gi thuyt c lp gia hai bin (H0). Hoc s dng gi tr P (P-value hay Asymtotic Significance) so snh vi mc ngha (Significance level) thng l = 0.05 tng ng vi 95% tin cy, ta c th kt lun bc b H0 khi p-value nh hn hoc bng mc ngha v ngc li chp nhn H0 khi p-value ln hn mc ngha. Tuy nhin vic kim nghim ny l ng tin cy th cc s liu trong bng cho gia hai bin ang kho st phi tha mn mt s iu kin nht nh sau: o Khng tn ti bt k giao nhau gia hai bin c gi tr mong i nh hn 1. o Khng vt qu 20% lng giao nhau gia hai bin ang kho st trong bng cho c gi tr nh hn 5 (i vi bng 2x2-bng m mi bin trong bng cho ch c hai gi tr, phn trm gii hn ny l 0%)
Nu khng tha mn cc iu kin trn ta phi tin hnh loi b bt cc gi tr trong mt bin m d liu giao nhau ca n l khng ng k (qu nh) kim nghim tnh c lp gia hai bin ct v hng trong bng cho, kim nghip Chi-square s cho ra cc kt qu kim nghip khc nhau nh sau: Pearson chisquare, likelihood-ratio chi-square, v linear-bylinear association chi-square. Thng thng xc nh mi quan h gia hai bin trong bng cho, vic s dng ch s no kim nghim tch c lp gia hai bin ph thuc vo s lng ct v hng trong bng, s mu nghin cu, tn sut xut hin mong mun ca mt gi tr trong bin trong iu kin ca bin khc, dng o lng ca cc bin trong bng (dng thang o). Ta c:
o Da
vo cc h s Pearson Chi-square v Likelihood Ratio ta c th kim nghip mi lin h
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gia hai bin m khng cn quan tm n s lng hng v ct trong bng.

o Hoc
ta c th dng ch s Linear-by-linear association khi m cc bin trong bng l bin nh lng. tables) mi bin trong bng ch c hai gi tr, ta dng cc ch s Yates corrected chi-square hay cn gi l Continuity Correction nh gi mi tng quan gia hai bin trong bng.
o i vi dng bng cho c hai ct v hai dng (2X2
o S dng ch s Fishers exact test khi m s mu
nghin cu v cc gi tr mong i nh, thng thng ta s s dng ch s ny khi mu trong bng nh hn hoc bng 20 hoc tn sut xut hin mong mun trong mt phn giao nhau gia hai bin trong bng (cell) nh hn 5.
kt lun mi lin h gia hai bin l c lp hay ph thuc vo nhau (c hay khng c tng quan) ngi ta da vo Asymptotic Significance vi s mu ln hoc phn phi l phn phi chun. y l ch s thng k o lng vi mc ngha (thng l 5%) nhm a ra kt lun phn bt hay chp nhn gi thuyt ban u (Hai bin l c lp vi nhau). Ta c th kt lun gia hai bin tn ti mt mi quan h vi nhau khi m Asym. Sig. nh hn mc ngha v ngc li. i vi kim nghim Chi-square ta ch c th xc nh gia hai bin c hay khng tn ti mt mi quan h. Tuy nhin o lng cng ca cc mi quan h ny i hi cc cng c thng k khc s c cp sau y. Dng o lng mi tng quan gia hai bin th t hoc khong cch. Vic o lng mi tng quan gia hai bin th t ny ch yu d vo hai h s Spearmans correlation coefficient rho v Pearson correlation coefficient. Trong :
o
Correlation:
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Spearmans rho c dng o lng mi quan h gia hai bin th t (cc bin ny hu ht u c xp xp t thp nht n cao nht). Khi cc bin trong bng l cc bin nh lng ta s dng h s Pearson correlation coefficient o lng mi quan h tuyn tnh gia cc bin ny.
Cc gi tr ca h s tng quan bin thin t 1 n 1, du cng hoc tr ch ra hng tng quan gia cc bin (thun hay
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nghch), gi tr tuyt i ca ch s ny cho bit cng tng quan gia hai bin, gi tr ny cng ln mi tng quan cng mnh. Mt s o lng mi tng quan khc gia hai bin Gia hai bin nh danh:
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o lng mi quan h gia hai bin biu danh. S dng cc h s Phi (coefficient) v Crmrs V, Contingency coefficient o lng nu da vo kt qu kim nghim Chi-bnh phng. y cc h s ny s bng 0 nu v ch nu h s Pearson chi bnh phng bng 0. Do ngi ta s dng cc thng s ny kim nghim gi thuyt cho rng cc h s ny u bng 0 - iu ny tng ng vi gi thuyt c lp gia hai bin, hay hai bin khng c m quan h vi nhau. Ta s t chi gi thuyt ny Phi: Ch dng cho dng bng 2x2 tables, h s phi coefficient ny bin thin t -1 n +1. Do h s ny ngoi kh nng ch ra mi quan h v cng ca mi quan h n cn ch ra hng ca mi quan h Cramer's V v Contingency coefficient (h s ngu hin): c s dng cho bng m s ct v hng l bt k, gi tr kim nghim bin thin t 0 n 1, vi gi tr 0 ch ra khng c mi quan h gia cc bin Ngoi ra cn c cc h s o lng trc tip nh Lambda (symmetric and asymmetric lambdas and Goodman and Kruskals tau), v Uncertainty coefficient. L cc o lng khng da vo gi tr Chisquare tnh ton, v khng quan tm n tnh i xng ca phn phi chun. Cc gi tr ca h s ny cng bin thin t 0 1 v c dng o lng kh nng d bo ca mt bin (bin c lp) i vi mt bin khc (bin ph thuc). Vi gi tr 0 nhn c c ngha rng nhng kin thc v bin c lp khng gip ch g cho vic d bo nhng kh nng xy ra ca bin ph thuc, v gi tr 1 cho bit khi ta bit c nhng thng tin v bin c lp th n s gip ta xc nh c mt cch hon ho cc kh nng xy ra cho bin ph thuc. Vic la chn bin no l bin c lp v bin no l bin ph thuc ty thuc vo vn c th m ta ang kho st
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H s Asymptotic Std. Error c th c dng nh ra khong tin cy (95%) cho cc tham s o lng (Value +(-) 2*Asymptotic std. Error) o lng mi tng quan gia hai bin cho loi bng ny ngi ta c th s dng cc kt qu thng k Yates corrected chi bnh phng v Fishers exact test. Cc kt qu ny c dng kim nghim gi thuyt cho rng cc t l gia cc gi tr trong hai bin ny l ngang bng nhau (v d nh t l ngi nam i bo tng th ngang bng vi t l ngi n i bo tng), tng t vi cc kt qu thng k chi bnh phng khc ta s t chi gi thuyt H0 khi p-value nh hn mc tin cy. Ngoi phng php trn ta cn c th s dng phng php odds ratio v relative risk o lng mi lin h gia hai c tnh. Thng thng mt trong hai c tnh xut hin trc (v d nh bin cha c tnh c ht thuc hay khng) v sau l s dn n mt c tnh khc xut hin theo sau (v d bin cha c tnh c b bnh lao phi hay khng). Ta gi bin cha c tnh xut hin trc l bin nhn t (factor) v bin theo sau l bin s kin (event). Ta c hai phng php tnh nh sau:
(1)
S dng Odds Ratio cho bng hai ct hai hng (2x2 tables)
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Relative risk: Bin s kin Yes No T l ri ro risk T l ri ro tng i Relative risk a(c+d) c(a+b)
Yes No
a Bin nhn t b c d
a/(a+b) c/(c+d)
Phng php ny bt u vi bin nhn t v theo sau ta m s mi s kin xut hin trong mi nhm nhn t. T l ri ro c tnh ring bit cho tng nhm nhn t v t l ri ro tng ng l t s gia hai t l ri ro ca tng nhm nhn t (2) Odds ratio: Bin nhn t Yes Yes No
No d
odds a/b c/d
T l odds ad cb
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a Bin s kinb c
Phng php ny bt u vi bin s kin. Vi mt s kin (v d b bnh lao phi) th t l gia ngi ht thuc i vi ngi khng ht thuc l bao nhiu, gi l odd. Sau ta lp t l cc odds ny.
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C hai phng php ny u c cch kim nghip kt qu ging nhau. C T l Odds v relative risk u nhn gi tr 1 khi cc t l ny l ging nhau. V kim nghim gi thuyt ban u cho rng cc t s ny l nh nhau (H0) - t chi hay chp nhn ta da vo khong tin cy (95%) xem xem gi tr 1 c nm trong khong tin cy hay khng. Nu gi tr 1 khng nm trong khong tin cy 95% ta t chi gi thuyt H0, v c th xem gi tr trong (value) l t s din gii. Nu gi tr 1 nm trong khong tin cy 95%, khng cn quan tm n cc gi tr trong ct value, bi v kim nghim cho ta kt qu chp nhn gi thuyt hai t l odds hoc relative ca hai gi tr l nh nhau Ch phng php Odds ratio lun lun ly t s odd hng th nht chia cho hng th hai, v s kin cn quan tm lun lun nm ct th nht. Cn i vi phng php Relative risk bt c ct no cng c th i din cho s kin cn quan tm (SPSS s a ra cc kt qu khc nhau c lng cho mi ci
Dng Kappa o lng s ng gia hai bin trong mt bng c cng s lng hng v ct
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Kappa dng o lng mc ng gia nhng o lng ca hai nhm nh gi i vi cng mt tiu ch no . Gi tr 1 ch ra s hon ton ng gia hai nhm, gi tr 0 ch ra s ng ch l mt s ngu hin.Hoc ta dng p-value kim nghim gi thuyt ban u H0 cho rng cc gi tr o lng ny l bng khng. Kappa ch thch ng vi nhng bng m cc bin c s dng trong bng c cng s gi tr trong bin.
o lng mi tng quan gia cc bin th t v bin nh lng

(1)
Nominal by Interval: Dng o lng mi tng quan gia bin biu danh v bin nh lng trong bng cho. S dng h s Eta. Correlation: Dng o lng mi tng quan gia hai bin th t hoc khong cch. Vic o lng mi tng quan gia hai bin th t ny ch yu d vo hai h s Spearmans correlation coefficient rho v Pearson correlation coefficient. Trong Spearmans rho c dng o
49
(2)
lng mi quan h gia hai bin th t (cc bin ny hu ht u c xp xp t thp nht n cao nht). Khi cc bin trong bng l cc bin nh lng ta s dng h s Pearson correlation coefficient o lng mi quan h tuyn tnh gia cc bin ny. Cc gi tr ca h s tng quan bin thin t 1 n 1, du cng hoc tr ch ra hng tng quan gia cc bin (thun hay nghch), gi tr tuyt i ca ch s ny cho bit cng tng quan gia hai bin, gi tr ny cng ln mi tng quan cng mnh.
(3)
Ordinal: Dng o lng mi tng quan gia cc bin trong bng cho trong cc bin ct v dng l cc bin th t, bao gm cc h s sau: Somers' d: o lng mi tng quan phi i xng gia hai bin th t, gi tr bin thin t 1 n 1.
(1) (2) (3)
Gamma: o lng mi tng quan i xng gia hai bin th t, gi tr bin thin t 1 n 1. Kendall's tau-b v Kendall's tau-c: o lng cc mi quan h phi tham s gia hai bin th t, bin thin t 1 1 Phn ny c th xem thm v d trong phn ph lc
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3. Lp bng cho bin nhiu tr li: 5.1. nh ngha nhm bin nhiu tr li (define multi response sets) Trong cu hi nhiu tr li s bao gm nhiu bin cha ng cc tr li c th c, nhng bin ny gi l bin s cp. Do x l, chng ta phi gp cc bin s cp ny thnh mt bin gp cha cc bin s cp. Sau trong cc phn tch thng k lin quan n cu hi nhiu tr li, chng ta s dng bin gp ny thay th cho tt c cc bin s cp. Bin gp cha ng ton b cc gi tr trong cc bin s cp ca mt cu hi nhiu tr li. V d nh cu hi v nhn bit sn phm, ngi tra li c th lit k ra nhiu nhn hiu m h bit, do ta phi khai bo lng bin cha ng cc nhn hiu c lit k t ngi tr li, y l cc bin s cp. Tuy nhin khi x l ta khng th x l ring bit cc bin ny, v n khng i din y cho tt c cc nhn hiu c nhn bit. Do khi tin hnh phn tch cu hi nhn bit sn phm ny ta phi tin hnh gp cc bin s cp thnh mt bin gp cha ng tt c cc nhn hiu c lit k. tin hnh gp cc bin s cp ny ta chn menu Statistics/Multiple Response/Define sets m hp thoi Define Multiple Response Sets nhu Hnh 6-11:
Hnh 6-11
51
Chn tt c nhng bin s cp lin quan n mt cu hi nhiu tr li hp thoi Set Definition bn tri chuyn sang hp thoi Variables in Set bn phi, v d ta c 10 bin n cha ng cc nhn hiu c nhn bit, ta phi chn tt c 10 bin ny t hp thoi Set Definition v chuyn sang hp thoi Variable in Set. Sau ch nh cch m ha cc bin (dichotomy hay category); dy gi tr m ha (Range Through) xc nh khong bin thin cho cc gi tr trong bin gp; xc nh tn v gn nhn cho bin gp. Sau n thanh Add a tn nhm va xc nh vo hp Multi Response Sets. Sau khi tin hnh khai bo bin gp xong mi s l phn tch cc bin nhiu tr li s c tin hnh trn cc bin gp c khai bo trong Multi Response Sets. Trong khung Variable Are Code As, chng ta c th chn mt hay hai mc sau y ty theo phng php m ha: Dichotomies: y l trng thi mc nh, v chng ta nhp gi tr cn m vo hp Counted Value. Kt qu ch hin th duy nht gi tr m va khai bo
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Category: Mi bin s cp c nhiu hn hai gi tr, v chng ta nhp cc gi tr nh nht v ln nht ca dy gi tr m ha vo cc Range v thourgh (nn khai bo mt khong cch cng rng cng tt)
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Chng ta t tn cho nhm a bin (ti a 7 k t) v nhn (ti a 40 k t) vo cc hp Name v Label. Lu l tn ca cc nhm a bin ch c s dng trong cc th tc x l bin nhiu tr li m thi. loi b v sa i vic nh ngha mt nhm bin a tr li no ta di chuyn vt sng n tn nhm v nhn thanh remove loi b v thanh Change thay i. 5.2. Lp bng cho bin nhiu tr li tin hnh lp bng cho cc bin nhiu tr li, ta s dng cc tn nhm a bin c nh ngha bng cng c Define Multi Response Sets c cp phn trn sau vo Statistics\Multiple response v chn Frequencies hoc Crosstabs ty theo nhu cu lp bng mt chiu hay a chiu. Tuy nhin trong cc cng c Frequencies v Crosstabs s dng cho bin nhiu tr li ch m t tn sut xut hin ca cc gi tr trong bin gp v cc t l % nhng khng c cc phng php kim nghim thng k km theo. 4. Custom Table Ngoi ra khi chng ta tin hnh lp bng m t thng k cho kt qu cui cng ca vn nghin cu c th dng cc cng c trong statistics\custom table to ra cc bng biu, c th l bng mt
52
chiu, bng nhiu chiu hoc cc bng biu m t thng k ty theo yu cu ca vn nghin cu. Cc loi bng ny cho php ta to ra cc bng biu p hn. Tuy nhin ngoi vic truy sut cc gi tr m, t l phn trm th n khng cung cp thm cho ta phng php kim nghim thng k no khc km theo
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Bng biu th hin tn s xut hin (Tables of frequencies): Cho php chng ta to ra nhng bng biu th hin tn s xut hin ca mt hay nhiu bin n Dng bng biu c bn (Basic tables): Th hin cc d liu nghin cu theo dng bng cho (cross-tabulation) gia hai bin hoc gia mt bin v mt nhm cc bin.
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Dng bng a bin (Multiple response tables): Ging nh basic tables th hin tn sut xut hin v bng cho, tuy nhin dng bng biu ny cho php ta xy dng bng biu cho cc cu tr li a bin
-
Dng bng biu tng hp (General tables): Ging nh bng biu c bn v a tr li. Cc d liu c th hin di dng bng cho, tuy nhin dng bng biu ny cho php ngi phn tch th hin mi lin h gia mt bin vi nhiu bin khc trn cng mt bng.
-
7. So snh cc gi tr trung bnh C nhiu php kim nghip c s dng trong SPSS:
-
Nu so snh gi tr trung bnh ca mu vi mt gi tr c nh no ta s dng php kim nghim t mt mu (Onesample t test). Nu so snh gi tr trung bnh ca mt nhm cc trng hp quan st vi mt nhm quan st khc, ta s dng kim nghim t mu c lp (Independent-sapmles t test). so snh gi tr trung bnh ca hai bin c kho st t cng mt mu ta s dng kim nghip t theo tng cp mu (Paired-samples t test). Hoc vi trng hp ta c nhiu hn hai mu c lp cn kim nghim trung bnh, ta c th dng ANOVA mt chiu (One-way ANOVA).
Vi cc trng hp trn, hoc cc bin c kim nghim trung bnh i hi phi l cc bin nh lng v phn phi phi l phn phi ngu nhin hay mu nghin cu phi ln. Tuy nhin vi nhng trng hp bin quan st l bin nh lng
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(nhng l bin thang th t) hoc s lng mu khng ln hoc khng tha mn iu kin phn phi chun ta c th tin hnh kim nghip bng cng c Wilcoxon signed rank test trong kim nghim phi tham s 7.1. Means Cng c Means dng tnh ton cc gi tr trung bnh v a cc tham s thng k lin quan cho mt bin ph thuc trong phm vi cc nhm ca mt hay nhiu bin c lp. Ta c th la chn cc cng c km theo nh phn tch ANOVA mt chiu, eta, v cc kim nghim tuyn tnh. V d ta c th o lng mc nh gi trung bnh v mt show qung co ca ba nhm tiu dng khc nhau, cng nhn, sinh vin v cng chc. Cng c ny s cho ta mt bng cho th hin s nh gi ca ba nhm ngi ny v show qung co c xem. Cc bin ph thuc trong bng Means phi l bin nh lng v cc bin c lp thng l cc bin nh danh. Cc i lng thng k c s dng ty thuc vo dng d liu. Nh mean v stadard deviation th da trn l thuyt phn phi chun v thch hp cho cc bin nh lng vi phn phi i xng. Cc i lng khc nh Media, v range th thch hp cho cc bin nh lng m ta khng bit liu n c tho mn cc iu kin v phn phi chun hay khng. Ta c th la chn ANOVA v eta thc hin vic phn tch s bin thin mt chiu cho mi bin c lp. Eta v eta bnh phng cho php o lng cc mi tng quan. thc hin cng cu ny ta chn Compare Means/Means. T Menus, ta c hp thoi nh hnh 6-12.
Hnh 6-12
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C th chn mt hay nhiu bin ph thuc. Di chuyn vt en n bin cha ng cc gi tr nh lng m ta cn quan st gi tr trung trong phm vi cc nhm trong bin c lp, s dng mi tn chuyn bin chn vo hp thoi dependent list. C hai cch la chn bin c lp, l bin m da vo cc gi tr trong n m ta phn chia cc gia tri trung bnh ca bin ph thuc thnh nhng nhm nh. La chn mt hoc nhiu bin c lp. Lc ny cc kt qu cng nh cc i lng thng k km theo s c th hin trn cc bn ring bit cho mi bin c lp La chn bin c lp theo lp, mi bin c lp trong mt lp, lc ny cc kt qu v i lng thng k c th hin trn chung mt bng
Cng c Options (Hnh 6-13). Cho php ta la chn cc i lng thng k cn kho st v ANOVA, Eta, v Eta bnh phng (s c cp chi tic v ngha phn sau)
Hnh 6-13
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7.2. Kim nghip t-mt mu Phng php kim nghip mt mu c dng kim nh c hay khng s khc bit ca gi tr trung bnh ca mt bin n vi mt gi tr c th, vi gi thuyt ban u cho rng gi tr trung bnh cn kim nghim th bng vi mt con s c th no . V d mt nh nghin cu c th kim nh c hay khng s khc bit gia ch s IQ trung bnh ca mt nhm sinh vin vi ch s c th l 100 tinh cy l 95%. Phng php kim nghim ny dng cho bin dng thang o khong cch hay t l. Ta s loi b gi thuyt ban u khi kim nghim ch ta ch s Sig. nh hn mc tinh cy (0.05). T Menus ta chn Compare Mean\One-Sample T Test ta c hp thoi nh hnh 6-14
Hnh 6-14 La chn bin cn so snh bng cch di chuyn vt en v chuyn n vo hp thoi Test Variable(s), nhp gi tr cn so snh vo hp thoi Test Value. Chn cng c Options (hnh 6-15) xc nh tin cy cho kim nghim, mc nh l 95% v cch x l i vi cc gi tr khuyt, Khi kim nghip cc bin ta s gp mt vi gi tr khuyt trong cc bin , vn y l ta loi b cc gi tr khuyt trong kim nghim hay bao hm lun tt c. Exclude cases analysis by analysis. Mi kim nghim T s dng ton b cc trng hp (cases) cha ng gi tr c ngha i vi bin c kim nghim. c im l kch thng mu lun thay i.
-
Exclude cases listwise. Mi kim nghim T s dng ch nhng trng hp c gi tr i vi ton b tt c cc bin c
-
56
s dng trong bt k kim nghim T test no. Kch thc mu lun khng i Hnh 6-15 iu kin tin hnh mt kim nghim t mt mu i hi d liu phi p ng gi nh sau: d liu phi l phn phi chun, hoc kch thc mu phi ln c xem l xp x phn phi chun. 7.3. Kim nghip t hai mu c lp Kim nghip ny dng cho hai mu c lp, dng d liu l dng thang o khong cch hoc t l i vi dng kim nghim ny, cc ch th cn kim nghim phi c n nh mt cch ngu nhin cho hai nhm d liu cn nghin cu sao cho bt k mt khc bit no t kt qu nghin cu l do s tc ng ca chnh nhm th , ch khng phi do cc yu t khc. V d nh ta khng th dng phng php ny so snh thu nhp ca nam v n bi v thu nhp cn b nh hng ln bi trnh hc vn v ngh nghip. Hoc nh gi tc ng ca mt chng trnh qung co ta la chn ra hai nhm khch hng c lp, nhm xem qua chng trnh qung co v nhm cha xem qua chng trnh qung co nh gi mc a thch ca sn phm c qung co. y ngoi cng c th l vic xem qung co hoc khng xem, nh nghin cu phi bo m khng tn ti yu t no ng k tc ng n s nh gi v sn phm, nh gii tnh, s tiu dng, trnh , Tm li nh gi gi tr trung bnh (v nh gi s a thch, thu nhp, chi tiu, ) ca hai nhm c lp ngha l cc phn ng thu c ca nhm ny khng b nh hng bi nhm kia v ngoi cc tc nhn cn nh gi cn phi ch n cc tc ng khc c th lm thay i s phn ng thu nhn c gia hai nhm. Cc d liu cn so snh nm trong cng mt bin nh lng. so snh ta tin hnh nhm cc gi tr thnh hai nhm tin hnh so snh. Gi thuyt ban u cn kim nghim l gi tr trung bnh ca mt bin no th bng nhau gia hai nhm mu v chng ta s t chi gi thuyt ny khi m ch s Sig. nh hn mc ngha (thng l 0.05)
57
thc hin vic so snh ny ta vo Compare means\Independent sample t-test. T Menus ta c hp thoi nh hnh 6-16:
Hnh 6-16 Di chuyn vt ti vo bin nh lng m ta cn so snh gi tr trung bnh, chn bng cch nhn nt mi tn chuyn bin nh lng vo hp thoi Test variable(s). Ta c th chn nhiu bin nh lng so snh. Di chuyn vt ti n bin dng nh ra cc nhm cn so snh vi nhau (thng l bin nh danh) di chuyn vo hp thoi Gouping variable. Cng c Define Groups cho php ta nh ra hai nhm cn so snh vi nhau, nh hnh 6-17.
Hnh 6-17
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C hai cnh nh nhm so snh: S dng con s c th, nhp hai gi tr i din cho hai nhm cn so snh trong bin vo group 1 v group 2, v d so snh thi gian t hc ca hai nhm sinh vin nm nht v sinh vin nm cui nm trong bin loi sinh vin vi 4 nhm sinh vin c m ha nh sau sinh vin nm nht: 1, sinh vin nm hai: 2, sinh vin nm ba: 3, sinh vin nm cui: 4. Ta nhp gi tr 1 vo Group 1 v nhn gi tr 4 vo group 2. Lc thi gian t hc trung bnh s c so snh gia hai nhm sinh vin nm nht v sinh vin nm cui.
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Cch th hai l s dng Cut point, nhp gi tri phn cch cc gi tr trong bin thnh hai nhm. Ton b cc trng hp c gi tr (con s m ha) nh hn gi tr c nhp vo trong cut point s nh ra mt nhm, v ton b cc trng hp c gi tr m ha ln hn hoc bng gi tr trong Cut point s to ra mt nhm khc. V d ta mun so snh thi gian t hc ca sinh vin hai nm u v sinh vin hai nm cui, ta nhp gi tr 3 (l gi tr m ha ca nhm sinh vin nm th ba) v cut point lc ta to c hai nhm sinh vin bao gm, sinh vin hai nm u (sinh vin nm th nht v sinh vin nm th hai) v nhm sinh vin hai nm cui (sinh vin nm ba v sinh vin nm cui) v s tin hnh so snh s thi gian t hc trung bnh trn hai nhm sinh vin ny.
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i vi cng c Options c thao tc v ngha ging cng c Options cp trong phn Kim nghip t mt mu cp phn trc. Cc gi nh phi c tha mn khi dng kim nghim t cho hai mu c lp: i vi kim nghim t cho hai mu c phng sai bng nhau (c th kim nh gi nh ny bng thng k Levene), cc quan st phi c lp, c ly ngu nhin t tng th c phn phi chun vi phng sai m ng bng nhau
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i vi kim nghim t cho hai mu c phng sai khng bng nhau, cc quan st phi c lp, c ly ngu nhin t tng th c phn phi chun.
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Cng thc tnh t: Vi phng sai hp nht

t= x1 x 2 1 2 1 Sp + n 1 n2
Vi phng sai ring bit x1 x 2 t= S12 S 22 + n n 2 1
Vi:
2 (n1 1) S 12 + ( n 2 1) S 2 2 SP = n1 + n 2 2
Vi
xi: Gi tr trung bnh ca nhm i ni: S cc quan st trong nhm i Si: Phng sai mu trong nhm i df= (n1 + n2 2)
Bt t do trong kimnghim phng sai hp nht bng Bt t do trong kimnghim phng sai ring bit bng:
df =
S12
n1
2 S2
n2
)2
( S12
n1 ) 2 n2 ) 2 + n1 1 n2 1
2 (S 2
7.4. Kim nghim t theo tng cp mu y l dng kim nghip dng cho hai bin trong cng mt mu c lin h vi nhau, d liu dng thang khong cch hoc t l. N tnh ton s khc bit gia cc gi tr ca hai bin cho mi trng hp v kim nghim xem gi tr trung bnh cc khc bit c khc 0 hay khng. Gi thuyt ban u c a ra l gi tr trung bnh ca cc khc bit l bng 0. V ta s loi b gi thuyt ny trong trng hp kim nghim cho kt qu Sig. nh hn mc ngha (0.05) Li im ca vic s dng kim nghim T theo tng cp l ta loi tr c nhng yu t tc ng bn ngoi vo nhm th. V d ta kho st s a thch ca hai loi nc hoa chun b tung ra th trng. Kt qu kim nghip trn cng mt nhm mu s cho nhng thng tin xc thc hn v s a thch ca mi v hai loi nc hoa ny, ng thi tp trung vo s khc bit t nhin
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ca hai loi nc hoa ny. Nu ta tin hnh so snh gia hai nhm mu c lp vi nhau s cho ra nhng kt qu khc bit do nhng tc nhn khc vi bn thn s khc bit ca hai loi nc hoa ny nh s khc bit v con ngi, v nhn thc, v kinh nghim cng nh cc yu t bn ngoi khc. Phng php ny thch ng cho vic kim nghim sn phm. Phng php ny kim nghim gi thuyt cho rng s khc bit gia hai trung bnh mu l bng khng. Ta t chi gi thuyt ny khi mc ngha ca ta (significante) l nh hn mc ngha (thng l 5%). iu kin yu cu cho loi kim nghim ny l kch c hai mu so snh phi bng nhau. Cc quang st cho mi bn so snh phi c thc hin trong cng nhng iu kin ging nhau. Cc khc bit t gi tr trung bnh ca hai mu phi l phn phi chun hoc s lng mu ln xp x l phn phi chun. Phng sai ca mi bin l ngang bng hoc khng ngang bng (c th kim nghim qua php kim nghim phng sai Levene). thc hin vic so snh ny ta vo Compare means\Paired-samples t-test. T Menus ta c hp thoi nh hnh 6-17:
Hnh 6-17 Chn hai bin ta cn so snh bng cch di chuyn vt en n ln lc hai bin cn quan st, di chuyn bin cn quan st vo hp thoi Paired Variables bng nt mi tn. Paired-samples t test cn cho ta kt qu v mi tng quan gia hai bin ang quan st. Cho bit liu hai bin ny c tng quan vi nhau hay khng, tng quan v chiu tng quan (th hin bng Paired samples correlation). Cc gi nh phi c tha mn khi dng kim nghim cp mu l cc quan st mi cp phi c thc hin trong cng mt iu kin.
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Nhng khc bit gi tr trung bnh phi c phn phi chun. Phng sai ca mi bin c th ngang bng hoc khng. i vi kim nghim t cc cp mu, SPSS s tnh ton gi tr khc bit gia hai bn trong tng quan st v tin hnh kim nghim gi tr trung bnh cc khc bit c bng 0 hay khng Trong kim nghim hai mu c lp cp phn trc SPSS chia cc gi tr ca mt bin n thnh hai nhm da trn mt bin kim sot v sau tin hnh so snh trung bnh trong bin n gia hai nhm vi nhau. i vi kim nghim cp, gi tr trung bnh cc gi tr trong hai bin c so snh vi nhau. Kim nghim loi ny c s dng kim nghim xem trung bnh ca hai o lng l khc bit hay ngang bng nhau, hay ni cch khc kim nghim xem c hay khng trung bnh ca cc gi tr khc bit gia hai bin trn mi trng hp quan st l khc 0 tin hnh kim nghim t theo cp i hi hai bin trong kim nghim phi bng nhau v s lng mu quan st v c cng kiu o lng v n v o lng Cng thc tin gi tr kim nghim t theo cp c tnh nh sau: Trung bnh cc sai bit gia hai bin kim nghim t =
SD n
Vi SD: lch tiu chun ca cc sai bit n : S lng cc quan st (mu) 8.5. Phn tch phng sai mt chiu (One way ANOVA) Cc php so snh cp phn trn ch cho php ta so snh trung bnh hai tng th da trn mu tng cp phi hp hoc hai mu c lp. Trong phn ny phng php kim nh s m rng cho trng hp so snh trung bnh ca nhiu tng th c xy dng trn vic xem xt cc bin thin (phng sai) ca cc gi tr quan st trong ni b tng nhm (mu) v gia cc nhm (mu) vi nhau. y ta cp n phn tch phng sai mt yu t l trng hp ch c mt yu t (bin kim sot) c xem xt nhm xc nh nh hng ca n n mt yu t khc. Yu t c xem xt nh hng c dng phn loi cc quan st thnh cc nhm nh khc nhau. Mt cch tng qut, gi s ta c k nhm (mu) n1, n2, , nk quan st c chn ngu nhin c lo t k tng th (n1, n2, , nk c th khc nhau v kch thc). Gi 1, 2, , k l cc trung bnh ca k tng th, xij l quan st th j ca nhm th i. Ta c th m t cc quan st ca k nhm nh sau:
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Nhm 1 X11 X12 X1n1 2 X21 X22 X2n2 K XK1 XK2 XKnK
Vi gi nh cc tng th c phn phi chun, c phng sai bng nhau, cc sai s l c lp vi nhau, phn tch phng sai mt yu t kim nghim gi thuyt ban u nh sau: H 0: 1 = 2 = = k. Ta thy y l vic so snh gia cc gi tr trung bnh, vy phn tch phng sai nghe nh l mt sai st. Tuy nhin vic phn tch phng sai y da trn thng s thng k F, vi F l t s gia bin thin gia trung bnh cc nhm trn bin thin gia cc quan st trong ni b nhm: Bin thin gia trung bnh cc nhm F= Bin thin gia cc gi tr quan st trong ni b nhm Nu cc gi tr trung bnh ca cc nhm khc bit nhau nhiu, c bit trong mi quan h vi s bin thin ca ni b tng nhm, gi tr F thu c s ln v khi gi thuyt H0: 1 = 2 = = k. s b t chi. V nu ta quan st vic phn tch phng sai mt yu t cho hai nhm th kt qu thng k F tnh c s chnh bng bnh phng kt qu thng k t trong kim nghim t cho hai mu c lp
Cc bc phn tch phng sai mt yu t kim nghim s ngang bng gia cc gi tr trung bnh ca k tng th Phn tch phng sai mt yu t kim nghim gi thuyt H0: 1 = 2 = = k c tin hnh thng qua cc bc sau: Bc 1: Tnh gi tr trung bnh xi cho tng nhm v x chung cho tt c cc nhm
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Hoc
xi =
x
i =1
ni
ij
ni
k ni
(i = 1,2,..., k )
x=
x
i =1 j =1
ij
n
k
Bc 2: Tnh cc i lng th hin s bin thin trong ni b
x=
n x
i =1 i
( n = ni )
i =1
tng nhm (SSW) v gia cc nhm (SSG) Gi SS l i lng th hin s bin thin trong ni b tng nhm, ta c:
SS i = ( xij xi ) 2
j =1 ni
Ta co tng cng cc bin thin trong ni b tng nhm l: Ni mt cch n gin SSW l tng bnh phng cc chnh lch gia tng quan st vi trung bnh ca nhm m quan st
SSW = SS1 + SS 2 + ... + SS k = ( xij xi ) 2
i =1 j =1 k ni
thuc v (within-groups sum of squares). SSW l nhng bin thin khng do yu t kim sot (yu t dng phn chia cc nhm) gy ra. i lng th hin s bin thin gia cc nhm (betweengroups sum of squares) c tnh bng cng thc:
SSG = ni ( xi x ) 2
i =1 ni
SSG th hin s bin thin do s khc nhau gia cc nhm, tc l bin thin do yu t kim sot gy ra Gi STT l tng bnh phng cc chnh lch gia tng quan st vi trung bnh ca tt c cc quan st ta c:
SST = ( xij x ) 2
i =1 j =1 k ni
chng mnh c rng SST = SSW + SSG v cng thc ny chnh l c s ca phng php phn tch phng sai mt yu
64
t vi bin thin ca cc quan st so vi gi tr trung bnh l tng cng ca bin thin c gii thch bi yu t kim sot (SSG) v bin thin do cc yu t khc ngoi yu t kim sot l SSW Bc 3: Tnh cc c lng cho phng sai chung ca k tng th, MSW v MSG, bng cch cia SSW v SSG cho s bt t do tng ng, ta c: SSW MSW= n-k SSG MSG= k-1 T s ny c dng kim nghim gi thuyt H0. Nu H0 ng, ngha l trung bnh ca k tng th bng nhau th t s MSG/MSW s gn vi gi tr 1. Ngc li, khi cc trung bnh ca k tng th khng bng nhau, th MSG ln hn MSW, do vy t s MSG/MSW s ln hn 1. Mc ln hn bao nhiu th c xem l ln (tu thuc vo tin cy) ta c th bc b H 0. Bc 4 vi vic tnh ra gia tr kim nh F s l gii iu ny (Between-groups mean square) (Within-groups mean square)
65
Bc 4: Tnh gi tr kim nh F: MSG F= MSW Ta s bc b H0 mc ngha (thng l 0.05), nu gi tr pvalue nh hn mc ngha, tng ng vi t s F=MSG/MSW ln hn Fk-1, n-k, , vi Fk-1, n-k, c phn phi F vi k-1 v n-k bt t do tng ng t v mu s. Kt qu phn tch phng sai mt yu t thng c th hin di dng bng sau: Bin thin (Variance) Tng cc chnh lch bnh phng (Sum of squares) Gia cc nhm (Between Groups) Trong ni b nhm (Within Groups) Tng cng (Total) So snh tng cp trung bnh tng th Mt khi quyt nh c s khc bit tn ti gia cc gi tr trung bnh-bc b H0, hin nhin ny sinh cu hi tip theo l trung bnh nhng tng th no l khc nhau, tng th no c trung bnh ln hn hoc nh hn. tr li cc cu hi ny SPSS cung cp cc kim nghim post hoc range v pairwise multiple comparisons c th quyt nh c nhng gi tr trung bnh no l khc bit. Range tests xc nh ra nhng SST n-1 SSW n-k MSW=SSW/n -k SSG k-1 Bt t do (df) Trung bnh cc chnh lch bnh phngPhng sai (Mean square) MSG=SSG/k1 F=MSG/ MSW Gi tr kim nh Pvalue Sig.
66
nhm gi tr trung bnh ng nht khng tn ti s khc bit gia cc gi tr trung bnh ny. Kim nghim Pairwise multiple comparisons kim nghim s khc bit gia cc cp gi tr trung bnh v a ra mt ma trn nh du hoa th ch nhng nhm gi tr trung bnh c khc bit ng k mc tin cy l 5% i vi gi thuyt cn bng v phng sai c chp nhn (thng qua kim nghim Levene) ta c cc phng php kim nghim thng k sau so snh cc trung bnh mu:
- The
least significant difference (LSD) l php kim nghim tng ng vi vic s dng phng php kim nghim t ring bit cho ton b cc cp trong bin. Yu im ca phng php ny l n khng chnh l tin cy cho tng thich vi vic kim nghim cho nhiu so snh cng mt lc. Do dn n tin cy khng cao. Cc kim nghim khc s c tham kho sau y loi b c yu im ny bng cch iu chnh tin cy cho mt so snh nhiu thnh phn.
- Phng
php kim nghip Bonferroni v Tukeys honestly significant difference th c s dng cho hu ht cc kim nghim so snh a bi. Kim nghim Sidaks t test cng c s dng tng t nh phng php Bonferroni tuy nhin n cung cp nhng gii hn cht ch hn. Khi tin hnh kim nghim mt s lng ln cc cp trung bnh Tukeys honestly significant difference test s c tc ng mnh hn l Bonferroni test. V ngc li Bonferroni th thch hp hn cho cc kim nghim c s lng cp so snh t.
- Hochbergs
GT2 th ging nh Tukeys honestly significant difference test nhng thng thng Tukeys test c tc dng tt hn. Gabriels pairwise comparisons test th ging nh Hochbergs GT2 nhng n thng c s dng hn khi kch c gia cc mu kim nghim c s sai bit ln
- Phng
php kim nghim Dunnetts pairwise th c dng so snh cc gi tr trung bnh ca cc mu vi mt ga tr trung bnh c th c ly t trong tp cc mu so snh. Thng thng mc nh nhm mu cui cng lm nhm kin sot, hoc ta c th la chn nhm u tiu lm nhm kim sot, lc cc gi tr trung bnh ca cc nhm tong bin c lp s c so snh vi gi tr trung bnh ca nhm u tin hoc nhm sau cng ca bin c lp
- Ryan,
Einot, Gabriel, and Welsch (R-E-G-W) a ra hai bc kim nghim. u tin tin hnh kim nghim c hay khng ton b cc gi tr trung bnh l ngang bng nhau hay khng. Nu ton b cc gi tr trung bnh l khng ngang bng nhau sau bc th hai s kim nghim s khc bit gia cc nhm nh vi nhau, tm ra nhng nhm no tht s khc bit v khng khc bit v gi tr trung bnh. Tuy nhin vic kim nghim ny khng nn thc hin i vi trng hp kch c mu trong cc nhm khng ngang bng nhau
- Thng
thng khi kch thc mu khng ngang bng gia cc nhm. Bonferroni v Scheff l hai phng php kim nghim c la chn hn l phng php Tukey
-
Duncans multiple range test, Student-Newman-Keuls (S-N-K), and Tukeys b cng tng t tuy nhin n t khi c s dng nh cc phng php trn. Kim nghim Waller-Duncan t c s dng khi kch thc mu l khng bng nhau Phng php kim nghim Scheff cho php s kt hp tuyn tnh ca nhng gi tr trung bnh s c kim nghim, khng ch l so snh gia cc cp. Chnh v vy kt qu ca kim nghim Scheff th thng thn trng hn cc phng php kim nghim khc , n i hi mt s khc bit ln gia cc gi tr trung bnh quan st c bo m tnh tht s khc bit ca php kim nghim
i vi trng hp gi thuyt v s cn bng phng sai gia cc mu khng c chp nhn ta s s dng cc phng php kim nghim sau tin hnh so snh gi tr trung bnh gia cc nhm:Tamhanes T2, Dunnetts T3, Games-Howell, Dunnetts C V d nh trong nng nghip ngi ta mun bit ng cc s pht trin nh th no khi s dng cc loi phn bn khc nhau. Nh nghin cu mun bit liu tt c cc loi phn bn trn th c nh hng ngang bng n s pht trin ca ngu cc hay mt vi loi phn bn s c tc dng tt hn mt vi loi khc. kim nghim iu ny ngi ta dng ANOVA kim nghim tc pht trin trung bnh (c th l trong lng ng cc thu hoch, chiu cao ca cy, s lng tri trung bnh thu hoch c, ) y chnh l cc gi tr trung bnh c s dng trong thng k. ANOVA thng thng kim nghim trn mt s lng mu ln hn hai, nu s lng mu bng 2 ta c th dng mt phng php tng i n gin hn l kim nghim t hai mu nh cp phn trn. ANOVA c s dng rng ri trong thc t bi v ta s gp rt nhiu trng hp i hi ta phi kim nghim nhiu mu trong cng mt lc. Ch nu ta kim nghip theo tng cp ln lt bng phng php kim nghim t hai mu mi ln kim nghim sai lch s l 5% (tu thuc vo mc tin cy m ta mong mun). Do khi kim nghim tt c cc cp mu ln lt t l sai st s tng ln theo mi ln. Do ANOVA s cho phep1 ta kim nghim tt c cc mu trong cng mt mc sai st l 5% v kim nghim trong mt ln
thc hin kim nghim ANOVA, d liu mn mt s gi thuyt sau:
i hi phi tha
Cc mu kim nghim phi c lp v mang tnh ngu nhin Cc mu s dng trong kim nghim phi c phn phi chun hoc kch thc mu ln c xem l gn nh phn phi chun. Phng sai ca cc mu th phi ngang bng nhau (c th kim nghip iu ny bng php kim nghim phng sai Levene. Nu nh cc mu nghin cu ca ta khng tha mn iu kin trn ta c th dng php kim nghin phi tham s (nonparametric) nh nh php kim nghim Kruskal-Wallis V d minh ha: Cc nh ch bin v phn ph Coffee th trng Hoa K ang i mt vi mt tnh hnh bt n v gi ca ht Coffee. Trong mt nm gi ca ht coffee tri xt t $1.40 mt pound (0.373 kg) ln $2.50/pound ri sau li tt xung $2.03/pound. Ngi ta xc nh s bt n v gi coffee ny l do tnh hnh hot ng ca bn thn cc nh ch bin v phn phi coffee v mt yu t khc rt quan trng l vn hn hn Brazil, bi v Brazil sn xut ra 30% sn lng coffee trn th gii, do th trng coffee rt nhy cm vi nhng bin chuyn v thi tit (nguy c hn hn) Brazil. to ra mt s n nh cho hot ng ca mnh mt nh phn phi Coffee mun loi b mt hng Coffee Brazil ra khi c cu hng ha ca mnh. Tuy hin trc khi thc hin quyt nh ny cn c mt cn nhc l liu loi b mt hng Coffee Brazil th c lm gim doanh s ca cng ty hay khng. V vy cng ty thu mt cng ty nghin cu Marketing tin hnh kim nghim thng k v s a thch mi v coffee ca khch hnh tiu dng Coffee trn th trng. Cng ty tin hnh kho st da trn ba nhm khch hng c la chn ngu nhin bao gm nhm khch hng chuyn tiu dng Coffee Brazil, Nhm khch hng chuyn tiu dng Coffee Colombia v nhm khch hng tiu dng Coffee Chu Phi (y l 3 loi Coffee c tiu dng ch yu ca cng ty). Ch cng ty loi tr nhng nhm khch hnh va tiu dng nhiu loi coffee khc nhau, bo m tnh c lp ca cc mu c chn, v do nghin cu v mi v nn i hi chn nhng khch hng c gu tiu dng ring bit. y cng ty mun xc nh xem liu c s khc bit v s mc
69
a thch i vi ba loi coffee (S cho khch hnh th ba loi coffee v kho st s nh gi v mc a thch ca ba loi Coffee) hay c s khc nhau v khc nhau ny nh th no bao loi Coffe v ba nhm khch hng. Da vo kt qu phn tch ANOVA s cho ta bit liu mc a thch trung bnh ca ba nhm khch hng trn l ging nhau hay khc nhau i vi tng loi coffee. Sau dng phng php kim nghip Post Hoc xc nh nhng khc bit ca tng nhm khch hng v loi coffee th. Sau khi dng ANOVA kho st s khc bit gia cc mu. Nu ta c c s kt lun l khng c s khc bit gia cc mu. Ta c th kt thc cng vic (vic loi b coffee brazil khng gy nh hng n doanh s, ngi tiu dng c th chuyn sang coffee comlobia hoc chu Phi mt cch d dng). Tuy nhin khi ta loi b gi thuyt v s ngang bng gia cc nhm. Ta phi xc nh tip s khc bit nh th no gia cc mu kim nghim. Chng ta cn phi xc nh hng v ln ca cc khc bit ny bng cch ln lt so snh s khc bit gia cc mu vi nhau (ngi tiu dng coffee brazil c th thch coffee comlombia hn coffe chu Phi, hoc ngi tiu dng coffee brazil nh gi coffee brazil ngang bng vi coffee colombia, trong khi mc a thch coffee chu Phi th thp hn do gim thiu s mt doanh s bn coffee brazil khi loi b mt hng cng ty nn tng lng coffee comlombia tiu th trn th trng) cc cng c thng k trong kim nghip Post Hoc cho php ta thc hin cng vic ny. Phn tch phng sai mt chiu l tin trnh phn tch phng sai mt chiu cho mt bin nh lng ph thuc vi mt yu t n l hay cn gi l bin c lp. Phn tch phng sai (ANOVA) c dng kim nghim gi thuyt cho rng tt c cc gi tr trung bnh u ngang bng nhau. K thut ny l mt dng m rng ca kim nghim T hai mu. xc nh s khc bit gia cc gi tr trung bnh chng ta c th mun bit nhng gi tr trung bnh no l khc bit. Mt khi quyt nh c s khc bit tn ti gia cc gi tr trung bnh, cc kim nghim post hoc range v pairwise multiple comparisons c th quyt nh c nhng gi tr trung bnh no l khc bit. Range tests xc nh ra nhng nhm gi tr trung bnh ng nht khng tn ti s khc bit gia cc gi tr trung bnh ny. Kim nghim Pairwise multiple comparisons kim nghim s khc bit gia cc cp gi tr trung bnh v a ra mt ma trn nh du hoa th ch nhng nhm gi tr trung bnh c khc bit ng k mc tin cy l 5%
70
i vi gi thuyt cn bng v phng sai c chp nhn (thng qua kim nghim Levene) ta c cc phng php kim nghim thng k sau so snh cc trung bnh mu:
-
The least significant difference (LSD) l php kim nghim tng ng vi vic s dng phng php kim nghim t ring bit cho ton b cc cp trong bin. Yu im ca phng php ny l n khng chnh l tin cy cho tng thich vi vic kim nghim cho nhiu so snh cng mt lc. Do dn n tin cy khng cao. Cc kim nghim khc s c tham kho sau y loi b c yu im ny bng cch iu chnh tin cy cho mt so snh nhiu thnh phn. Phng php kim nghip Bonferroni v Tukeys honestly significant difference th c s dng cho hu ht cc kim nghim so snh a bi. Kim nghim Sidaks t test cng c s dng tng t nh phng php Bonferroni tuy nhin n cung cp nhng gii hn cht ch hn. Khi tin hnh kim nghim mt s lng ln cc cp trung bnh Tukeys honestly significant difference test s c tc ng mnh hn l Bonferroni test. V ngc li Bonferroni th thch hp hn cho cc kim nghim c s lng cp so snh t. Hochbergs GT2 th ging nh Tukeys honestly significant difference test nhng thng thng Tukeys test c tc dng tt hn. Gabriels pairwise comparisons test th ging nh Hochbergs GT2 nhng n thng c s dng hn khi kch c gia cc mu kim nghim c s sai bit ln Phng php kim nghim Dunnetts pairwise th c dng so snh cc gi tr trung bnh ca cc mu vi mt ga tr trung bnh c th c ly t trong tp cc mu so snh. Thng thng mc nh nhm mu cui cng lm nhm kin sot, hoc ta c th la chn nhm u tiu lm nhm kim sot, lc cc gi tr trung bnh ca cc nhm tong bin c lp s c so snh vi gi tr trung bnh ca nhm u tin hoc nhm sau cng ca bin c lp Ryan, Einot, Gabriel, and Welsch (R-E-G-W) a ra hai bc kim nghim. u tin tin hnh kim nghim c hay khng ton b cc gi tr trung bnh l ngang bng nhau hay khng. Nu ton b cc gi tr trung bnh l khng ngang bng nhau sau bc th hai s kim nghim s khc bit gia cc nhm nh vi nhau, tm ra nhng nhm no tht s khc bit v khng khc bit v gi tr trung bnh. Tuy nhin vic kim nghim ny khng nn thc hin i vi trng hp kch c mu trong cc nhm khng ngang bng nhau
71
Thng thng khi kch thc mu khng ngang bng gia cc nhm. Bonferroni v Scheff l hai phng php kim nghim c la chn hn l phng php Tukey Duncans multiple range test, Student-Newman-Keuls (S-N-K), and Tukeys b cng tng t tuy nhin n t khi c s dng nh cc phng php trn. Kim nghim Waller-Duncan t c s dng khi kch thc mu l khng bng nhau Phng php kim nghim Scheff cho php s kt hp tuyn tnh ca nhng gi tr trung bnh s c kim nghim, khng ch l so snh gia cc cp. Chnh v vy kt qu ca kim nghim Scheff th thng thn trng hn cc phng php kim nghim khc , n i hi mt s khc bit ln gia cc gi tr trung bnh quan st c bo m tnh tht s khc bit ca php kim nghim
i vi trng hp gi thuyt v s cn bng phng sai gia cc mu khng c chp nhn ta s s dng cc phng php kim nghim sau tin hnh so snh gi tr trung bnh gia cc nhm:Tamhanes T2, Dunnetts T3, Games-Howell, Dunnetts C
72
thc hin php kim nghim ANOVA ta vo Comapre means\OneWay ANOVA t thanh menus truy xut ra hp thoi nh hnh 6-18. Di chuyn vt ti n cc bin nh lng cn so snh, chuyn sang hp thoi Dependent List. La bin kim sot tc l bin c lp (yu cu phi c ba gi tr tr ln trong bin kim sot ny) chuyn bin kim sot vo hp thoi Factor, Bin kim sot ny cho php ta phn cc gi tr trung bnh theo tng nhm kim nghim. Thao tc n y cho php ta a ra kt lun liu cc trung bnh ca cc nhm c bng nhau hay khng. Hnh 6-18
tin hnh kim nghip so snh s khc bit gia cc nhm vi nhau ta la chn cng c Post Hoc ta c c hp thoi nh hnh 6-19 v la chn cc phng php kim nghim thch hp Hinh 6-19 La chn cng c Options cho ta hp thoi nh hnh 6-20. xc nh loi loi thng k m t (Descriptive) v tnh ng nht ca phng sai, cng c tnh h s thng k Levene kim nghim s ngang bng v phng sai gia cc nhm (vic tnh ton ny quyt nh n s la chon phng php kim nghip trong phn Post Hoc. Cng c Means
73
Plot dng hin th th v gi tri trung bnh ca cc nhm. Cng c Missing Values dng kim sot gi tr khuyt. Hnh 6-20 Exclude cases analysis by analysis: Nhng trng hp c gi tr khuyt trong bin ph thuc v c bin kim sot s khng c a vo trong kim nghim. Ngoi ra nhng trng hp c gi tr quan st nm bn ngoi chui xc nh cho bin kim sot cng khng c s dng
-
Exclude cases listwise. Nhng trng hp c gi tr khuyt Cases trong bin iu khin hoc bt k bin ph thuc no c a ra hoc khng a ra kim nghim u b loi tr ra khi qu trnh kim nghim phn tch .
-
Cc gi nh phi c tha mn khi dng phn tch ANOVA mt chiu Cc mu d liu phi c lp, ngu nhin v c ly ra t mt tng th phn phi chun Trong tng th cc phng sai ca cc mu d liu phi bng nhau (iu ny s c kim nghim qua thng k Levenes homogeneity-of-variance.
-
Xem thm v d trong phn phu lc
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Phan tch d lieu bang SPSS

Pht hin cc sai st

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(Distribution) Hnh 6-5

Hoc ta c th xem gi tr phn nhnh c th no t cng c percentile(s).

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S dng Statisticts\Summaries\Descriptives m hp thoi m t thng k nh Hnh 6-6:

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bng nhiu (Crosstabs)

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Hnh 6-10) Hnh 6-10

Kim nghip Chi-square:

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Tinh trang cong viec

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(Oij Eij ) 2 Eij

vo cc h s Pearson Chi-square v Likelihood Ratio ta c th kim nghip mi lin h

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gia hai bin m khng cn quan tm n s lng hng v ct trong bng.

o i vi dng bng cho c hai ct v hai dng (2X2

o S dng ch s Fishers exact test khi m s mu

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odds a/b c/d

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o lng mi tng quan gia cc bin th t v bin nh lng

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