AI HOC TON C THANG

KHOA IEN IEN T

BO MON IEN T VIEN THONG

O AN mon hoc 1

MACH KHUECH AI CONG

SUAT AM TAN

GVHD
SVTH
Lp
MSSV

: TS PHM HNG LIN

:
:
:

TP Ho Ch Minh 12/2007.

LI M AU

Ngay nay, cung vi s phat trien cua ky thuat cong nghe,

cac bo tang am cung c cai tien en mc hoan hao nh he
thong hifi stereo, am thanh trung thc, hieu suat cao la cac ch
tieu ma cac nha thiet ke luon co gang e at c mot cach
tot nhat.
Mach khuech ai cong suat am tan noi chung cung n gian,
nhng e lam c mach khuech am co chat lng cao khong
phai la chuyen de dang . Bi v ban than bo khuech ai co kha
nang tieu tan mot lng ln cong suat, nen no phai c thiet
ke sao cho nhiet o ma no tao ra khi hoat ong mc ien ap
cao, dong ien ln se c tan ra moi trng xung quanh vi toc
o cao e tranh b pha huy nhiet. Do o kho tranh khoi s anh
hng cua meo, nhieu, dan en tn hieu ra khong trung thc.
Vay nen ac trng cua cac bo khuech ai cong suat la
thng co khoi tan nhiet ln , kong kenh, nham tang dien tch
tiep xuc , trao oi nhiet tot hn vi moi trng.
Ngay nay, cac bo khuech ai cong suat c s dung rong
rai trong cac may thu radio, may nghe bang va cac he thong
stereo chat lng cao, trong cac thiet b phong thu, san khau, he
thong phong thanh cong cong.
Sau ay em xin trnh bay mot loai mach khuech ai cong suat,
ay co the c xem la mach tng oi n gian trong kho tang
mach khuech am. o la mach khuech ai cong suat OTL.
Du c s hng dan tan tnh cua giao vien hng dan,
du rat co gang e hoan thanh o an nay. Nhng ay la o an
mon hoc au tien nen chac chan con nhieu thieu sot. Rat mong
nhan c s ong gop y kien cua quy thay co va cac ban .
Xin chan thanh cam n.

YU CU TI

*S liu ban u.
_ Cng sut ng ra PL: 20 W
_ Tr khng ti RL: 8
_ in p vo Vin: 0,5 Vp-p
_ Di tn fmin fmax: 300 Hz 15 KHz
_ Hiu sut: >65%

*Nhim v thit k.
_ Nghin cu l thuyt mch khuch i cng sut m tn.
_ Tnh ton thit k da trn mch mu cho km theo. Kt
qu tnh ton phi p ng c cc yu cu ban u v linh
kin phi ph hp vi linh kin chun.
_ V mch trn giy A4 v in y gi tr - tn linh kin.
_ Trnh by n trn giy A4 bng ch nh my.

Ging vin hng dn

PHN 1:

L THUYT

I. TONG QUAN VE MACH KHUECH AI:

A. CAC KHAI NIEM TRONG MACH KHUECH AI:
A.1/ nh ngha mach khuech ai:
Mach khuech ai cong suat la mach c thiet
ke sao cho cung cap mot lng cong suat ln cho
tai tc la mach khuech ai cong suat se tao ra
ien ap cao va dong ien ln e lai tai cn
cong suat ln.Mach khuech ai cong suat c
ng dung rat nhieu trong nganh ien ien t.
Chung ta ch xet mach khuech ai cong suat dung
trong lnh vc am thanh ( con goi la mach khuech
ai cong suat am tan).
Mach khuech ai cong suat am tan dung e
tao ra mot lng cong suat e cung cap cho
tai(tai thng la loa do chung oi hoi mot lng
cong suat ln e bien oi tn hieu ien thanh
song am).Mach khuech ai cong suat thng c
s dung rong rai trong cac may:radio, may thu
hnh, may nghe bang, may tang am, cac he
thong stereo, loa phat thanh
A.2/ ap ng tan so :

ap ng tan so (hay day tan hoat ong cua

mach) c nh ngha la mot khoang tan so ma
khi tan so tn hieu ngo vao nam trong khoang tan
so nay th o khuech ai cua mach se la cc ai .
Khoang tan so nay c gii han bi :
fH :tan so cat cao
fL:tan so cat thap.
Hieu so gia fH va fL c goi la bang thong
cua mach :B = fH - fL.

|A|

Tan so thap

Am

Am
2
Tan so gia

Tan

so cao

Neu tn hieu ngo vao nam ngoai bang thong

cua mach th o khuech ai cua mach se thay oi
theo tan so.
Neu tn hieu ngo vao tan so fH hay fL th o
khuech ai cua mach tan so o se giam i 2
lan hay suy giam 3 dB so vi o li cc ai.
Day tan so hoat ong ly tng cua mach
khuech ai am tan nam trong khoang t 20Hz en
20KHz.
A.3/ He so khuech ai :
He so khuech ai la kha nang khuech ai cua
1 mach c ac trng bang mot thong so goi la
o li hay o li khuech ai. Gom nhieu loai nh:

VO
.
VI
IO
o li dong ien (AI) : AI = .
II
PO
o li cong suat (AP) : AP = .
PI

o li ien ap (AV) : AV =

A.4/ Hieu suat cua mach khuech ai ( ) :


Hieu suat cua bo khuech ai cong suat c nh
ngha la t so gia cong suat tn hieu tung bnh c
phan phoi tren tai vi cong suat trung bnh c keo
t nguon DC:
(%) =

PL
.100%
PCC

Vi : PL la cong suat tn hieu tung bnh

c phan phoi tren tai.
PCC la cong suat trung bnh c keo t
nguon dc.
A.5/ o meo:
Bieu th cho s thay oi hnh dang cua tn hieu ra so
vi tn hieu vao cua mach . o meo phan thanh
nhieu loai:
Meo tan so : la dang meo xuat hien do
he so khuech ai thay oi khi tan so tn
hieu thay oi gay nen s bien oi am
sac . Nguyen nhan la do L,C t mach
khuech ai.

Meo pha: la do s dch goc pha ban au

cua tn hieu ra so vi tn hieu vao .Meo
pha co khong gay anh hng xau en
chat lng am thanh .
Meo xuyen tam : chu yeu xay ra mach hoat ong
lp B

B.PHAN LOAI CAC CHE

CUA MACH KHUECH AI:

HOAT

ONG

Ty theo ch lm vic ca Transistor, ngi ta thng phn

mch khuch i cng sut ra thnh cc loi chnh nh sau:
B.1/ Khuch i cng sut loi A :

Tn hiu c khuch i gn nh tuyn tnh, ngha l tn

hiu ng ra thay i tuyn tnh trong ton b chu k 360o ca
tn hiu ng vo (Transistor hot ng c 2 bn k ca tn
hiu ng vo).
a) u iem:
* Khuch i c 2 bn k ca tn hiu.
* Tn hiu t b mo dng.
b) Khuyt im:
* Hiu sut thp: 25% nu dng ti l R v 50%
nu dng ti l bin p.
* Cong suat tieu hao ln.
B.2/ Khuch i cng sut loi B :
Transistor c phn cc ti VBE = 0 (vng ngng). Ch mt
na chu k m hoc dng ca tn hiu ng vo c
khuch i.
a) u im:
* Hiu sut cao 78,54%.
* ch tnh khng c tiu th in p nn khng c
hao tn trn Transistor.
b) Khuyt im:
* Tn hiu ch tn ti trong na chu k.
* Mo phi tuyn ln .
B.3/ Khuch i cng sut loi AB :
Transistor c phn cc gn vng ngng. Tn hiu ng
ra thay i hn mt na chu k ca tn
hiu vo
(Transistor hot ng hn mt na chu k dng hoc m
ca tn hiu ng vo).
* c im:
* Kt hp c hai c tnh ca ch loi A & B nn
khc phc c nhc im ca ch loi A ln loi B.

* Hiu sut kh cao 70%.

B.4/ Khuch i cng sut loi C:
Transistor c phn cc trong vng ngng ch mt phn
nh hn na chu k ca tn hiu ng vo c khuch i.
Mch ny thng c dng khuch i cng sut tn s cao
vi ti cng hng .
a) u im:
* Hiu sut rt cao 90 %.
b) Khuyt im:
* Mo phi tuyn ln (70%). hn ch mo, ti phi l
khung cng hng ghp LC.

Hnh 9.1 m t vic phn loi cc mch khuch i

cng sut.

C.CAC LOAI MACH KHUECH AI CONG SUAT

AM TAN :
C.1/ OTL (Output Transformer Less) :
1.

ac iem :
c cap nguon n +Vcc va mass (0V).
Tang khuech ai cong suat ay keo dung
transistor bo phu oi xng nen ien the iem
gia ra loa bang na nguon .
Ngo ra loa phai ghep vi mot tu ien Co.

2.

u iem :

 Am thanh at chat lng cao hn do ap tuyen

tan so rong ,
Khong b suy giam tn hieu tan so cao do tu k
sinh cua bien ap .
Hieu suat cao v khong ton hao tren bien the .
Gia thanh re, kch thc nho so vi khi dung
bien ap ngo ra.
3.

Cout

Khuyet iem :
Phai chnh ien the DC cua iem gia ra loa
bang na nguon cung cap th tn hieu ngo ra mi
khong b meo .
Cap transistor cong suat neu khong phai la cap
transistor bo phu th de gay meo phi tuyen.
Tn hiu ra b mo tn s thp do t Cout gy ra (do t
khng th tin ti v cng).

C.2/ OCL (Output Capicitor Less ) :

1. ac iem :
c cap nguon oi xng +Vcc & Vcc nen ien
the iem gia bang 0 .
Tn hieu vao mach khuech ai trc tiep khong
can qua tu .
Khong co tu Co ngo ra loa.
2. u iem:
Kha nang chong nhieu tot do dung kieu
khuyech ai vi sai ngo vao .
ap tuyen tan so rong do khong dung tu va
bien the ngo ra.
3. Khuyet iem :
Can dung 2 nguon.

 Tn hieu ra loa trc tiep nen ien the DC iem

gia ngo ra khac 0V se gay chay loa v vay can
phai co mach bao ve loa.
C.3/ BTL (Bridge Transistor Line Out) :
1. ac iem :BTL co hai loai :
Dung nguon n
khuech ai cong
Dung nguon n
khuech ai cong

la mach ampli ghep t hai mach

suat OTL.
la mach ampli ghep t hai mach
suat OCL.

2. u iem :
Cho ra cong suat ln(gap 4 lan so vi OTL hay
OCL) khi s dung vi nguon ien ap thap hoac
dung cho cac Ampli co cong suat rat ln t
500W en vai nghn Walt.
3. Khuyet iem :
Gia thanh cao.
Tn hieu ra de b meo hai mach khuech ai khong
giong nhau .De b chay neu ien the iem
gia khong bang 0.
II. CHI TIT MCH KCS LOI B & MCH OTL:
A. MACH HOAT ONG LP B:
Trong mch khuch i cng sut loi B, ngi ta phn cc
vi VB = 0V nn bnh thng Transistor khng dn in v ch dn
in khi c tn hiu ln a vo. Do phn cc nh th nn
Transistor ch dn in c 1 bn k ca tn hiu (bn k dng
hay m ty thuc vo Transistor NPN hay PNP). Do mun nhn
c c chu k ca tn hiu ngo ra ngi ta phi dng 2
Transistor, mi Transistor dn in mt na chu k ca tn
hiu. Mch ny gi l mch cng sut y ko (push-pull).

Cng sut cung cp:

PCC = VCC . ICC
Trong ICC l dng in trung bnh cung cp
cho mch. Do dng ti c c hai bn k nn
nu gi IP l dng nh qua ti, ta c:
CC =

2
P

CC = VCC P

Cng sut ra:

Cng sut ra ly trn ti RL c th c tnh:

L =

1
2
R L .I cm
4

Hieu suat:
% =

PL
100 %
PCC

* u im:

Hiu sut cao ( 78,5% so vi loi A c 25%)

 ch tnh khng c tiu th in p nn khng c tn

hao trn BJT (Transistor).

* Khuyt im:

Mo xuyn tm (cross-over). Nguyn nhn gy mo

xuyn tm: khi bt u mt bn k, Transistor khng dn
in ngay m phi ch khi bin vt qua p ngng VBE
( khc phc, ngi ta mi cho cc chn B mt in th
dng nh i vi BJT NPN v am nh i vi PNP).

B. MACH OTL (Output Transfomer Less)

S o khoi mach OTL:

Tng Nhp (Input Stage):

L tng u tin tn hiu i vo, c nhim v bin tn hiu c

mc in th thp thnh tn hiu cng cao hn ghp
vo tng khuych i in th (y l mch khuch i bin
in th thnh cng ). Do tn hiu phi trung thc,
ngun cp in phi c lc k khi nh hng ti tn
hiu ti tng ny.

Trong mch OTL , ngi ta dng hi tip m gim mo

dng (tuy nhin cht lng khng tot bng dng vi sai
trong OCL).
Tng khuch i in ap (Voltage Stage):

Tng ny c chc nng nhn tn hiu t tng nhp vo,

chuyn i tn hiu t ng ra tng nhp thnh tn hiu c
mc in th cao hn cung cp cho tng khuch i cng
sut.
Tng khuch i cng suat (Output Stage):

Nhan tn hiu c in p cao t Voltage Stage ri khuch

i v cung cp dng m tn c cng ln cho loa.

c im:

Cp ngun n + VCC
Tng khuch i cng sut y ko dng Transistor b
ph, tng cng sut ca mch ngi ta dng cc cp
Darlington.
in th im gia bng na ngun.
Ng ra loa ghp t Co.

u im:
Tit kim do ch dng mt ngun cung cp.
Cho cht lng m thanh trung thc (Hifi) do p tuyn
tn s rng.

Khng b suy gim tn hiu tn s cao do t k sinh

ca bin p

Hiu sut cao

Gi thnh r, gn nh hn so vi dng bin p ng ra.

Khuyt im:

Mo phi tuyn ln do khng i xng (in th ca im

gia khng phi lc no cng ng bng VCC/2).
Mo tng so thp do t Co gy ra.
Cp BJT cng sut nu khng phi l cp BJT b ph th
d gy mo phi tuyn (Cp BJT b ph l 2 BJT khc cc
tnh dn in NPN & PNP nhng c cc tham s ging
nhau).

Chc nng ca cc linh kin ti tng tng khuch i cng

sut :

R11: n nh nhit cho Q3.

R12: n nh nhit cho Q4.

R13: n nh nhit cho Q5.

R14: n nh nhit cho Q6.

R8, R9: Phn cc cho cc B ca Q4, Q5.

VR: Dng iu chnh in p phn cc cho Q4, Q5

trnh mo xuyn tm.

D1, D2 l diode nh thin, gim tiu tn cng sut

trn Q4, Q5.

C4: La tu tng cng , to hi tip dng, cn bng

tn hiu ng ra na chu k dng.

C6, R15: bo v mch chng li tr khng ni ca loa,

to thnh mch lc loi b nhiu tn s cao.

C5: Ngan DC ra loa, co gia tr ln m bo

mch hot ng c hai chu ky.

Q3,Q4: :l cp transistor b ph cng sut nh, ghp

Darlington vi Q5 v Q6 nhm tng h s khuch i dng
in.

Q5,Q6: L cp Transistor b ph cng sut ln

Chc nng linh kin ca tng sau:

T Co c ch nng lc mc p ngun DC, ng p ngun cp

cho tng tin khuch i.

T C1 dng lm t lin lc ,t ny khng nn ly qu ln v

nh hng n mch tin khuch i.

in tr Ro dng lm gim bin tn hiu ng vo lm

gim mo phi tuyn.

R1,R2 l cu chia p phn cc cho Q1 hot ng.

R7 kt hp vi t lc Co h thp mc p ngun cp cho

mch tin khuch i.

R6,R5 lp thnh cu chia p,n ly mt phn in p tn hiu

ng ra cho hi tip nghch tr li ng vo xc nh li
ton phn ca mch tng m.

T C2 dng lm bo ton mc p phn cc DC trn chn E

ca Q1.

R3 n nh nhit cho Q2,ly p phn cc cho Q2 hot ng.

C21 dng to ng hi tip nghch ,vi tr s nh n ch tc

dng i vi cc tn hiu nm tng s cao.ng hi tip
ny dng dp hin tng t kch trong mch khuch i.

Q2 dng lm tng thc.

R4 nh nhit cho Q2.

C3 dng loi b tn hiu xut ngang in tr R4 , gia tng

li ca mch.

R15,C6 mch lc Zobel c tnh dung khng cn bng ti l

loa ,c tnh cm khng nhm mc ch cn bng ti vi mi
tn s tn hiu.

Phan II:

THIET KE

R
2
C

. 4

4
4

0
2

. 0

V
Q

1
6

8
5

. 6

2
2

C
1
1

. 6

V
1

Q
C

u1

. 5

. 6

. 2

F
P
Q

. 2

2
2

i n
=
=

0
1

. 4

u R

91

03

. 0

R
0

0
V

0
k

V6

. 2

S
1

V
3

R
k

C
. 9

4
5

. 1

. 1

N
6

1
0

5
1

. 2

2
C

. 8

Q
1

6 QV 2

. 1

0
4

1
8

4
Q

L
8

R
Q

. 1

6
0

V
3

1.\Tng khuch i cng sut:

Cng sut ra loa l: =20W

6
C

. 5

u
V

D
8

. 7

.9 7 . 39

. 3

C
1

5
k

0V

5
8

9
4

2
4

. 5

R
2

F
M
E

. 0

R 5
1 0 1
5 . 1

O
A
R

V
V
F

a.Tnh ngun cung cp:

Ta c:

=
bo

cng

sut

ra

loa

yu

cu

thi

17.89(V)
V

Chn

=18(V).
Q

Chn h s s dng ngun =0.9

= 40(V).

chn ngun

1
1

=27.88W

2 N

1
1

b.Tnh

PL
=
PCC

Cc in tr
c tc dng n nh nhit cho transistor
,dng qua ti cng chnh l dng qua cc in tr ny mi bn
k . khng nh hng n cng sut trn ti ta c :

PRtb=R13

=0.22

= 0.11(W)

Cng sut tiu tn (nh) trn tr R13&R14 l:

/ 2

Cng sut tiu tn trung bnh trn tr R13&R14 l:

: (y l tng khuch i cng sut ln)

chn R13=R14=0.22

1 4
1

4
Q

=69%

1 3
1

V o u t

Cng sut hu ch trn ti:

Hiu sut ca mch: :

/ 2

= 40(V).
R

Cng sut ngun:

d c

0
Q

1 3

PRtb=R13

= 0.22

= 1.1(W)

Vy ta chn R13&R14 l: R13=R14=0.22/Pmax=5W.

Cng sut tiu tn cc i trn hai con Q5&Q6 phi chi:
2 PCmax =
=

cng sut tiu tn cc i trn mt con =

=5.1(W)

Dng cc i trung bnh chy qua Q5&Q6:

ICmax(Q5)=

=0.77(A)

Chn Q5&Q6b ph c cc thng s nh sau :

Chn Q3 , Q4 b ph nh sau:

Tn

PCmax

VCEmax

ICmax

hfe

Q5

2SD781

80W

120V

8A

Q6

2SB688

80W

120V

8A

55(150o
C)
55(150o
C)

c.Tnh R11&R12, Q3&Q4: (y l tng khuch i cng sut nh)

Ta chn dng phn cc Q5 sao cho l:IcQ5

ICmax(Q5)

Chn IcQ5=35mA
Chn h s khuch i ca con Q5 l: Hfe(Q5)= 35

R11&R12y l hai in tr n nh nhit cho Q3&Q4, ngoi ra n

cn chia dng DC cho cc B ca Q5&Q6.Do n c chn
tha iu kin sau:

AC(Q5)

<R11=R12 < R

DC(Q5)

+ RAC(Q5) <R11=R12
+ R11=R12 < RDC(Q5)
R

AC(Q5)

Khng nh hng li ca tng sau n.

m bo cho phn cc ca Q5.

=hie5+hfe5(R13+RL)=

+35

(0.22+8) =322.7

RDC(Q5)
=
VbeQ5
hfe5
IcQ5+hfe5
35mA+35*0.22=707.7
322.7<R11=R12 <707.7 ()
V R11(DC)= VbeQ5+VR13DC=0.7+0.22*35mA=0.7V
Chn dng qua in tr IR11=1.5*IBQ5=1.5*
R11=

R13=0.7*35

=1.5*

=1.5mA.

=0.7/1.5mA =466.67

= R11*
=560*1.5mA=0.84W
So vi iu kin trn ta chn R11=R12=560/1.5W
Tm Q3&Q4:
Ta

dng

IR11+IBQ5=1.5mA+

=1.5mA+1mA=2.5mA.
Chn
=20*
=20*2.5mA=50mA
=

=( *Vcc*

- *RAC*

=0.5*40*2.5mA=0.05W
Chn

=20*

=1W

Chn Q3&Q4b ph nh sau:

*Vcc*

 Chn Q3 , Q4 b ph nh sau:

Tn
Q5 2SC2
383
Q7 2SA1
013

PCmax

VCEmax ICmax

hfe

900
mW
900
mW

160V 1A

70

160V 1A

70

k
R

8
5

. 6

2.\Tng tin khuch i:

C

Chn h s khuch i ca Q3,Q4 l:=70

=0.035mA

uR

Ta c: IBQ3 =

4
1

5
5

. 1

k
R

a.Tm R10:

2
2

y l in tr dng iu chnh cho

mi transistor hotng lp AB(trnh mo
xuyn tm)

=
10*
=0.35mA

IBQ3

=10*0.035mA

Dng
qua
IR9=
=0.35+0.035=0.385mA
C:

VR10=
R10= VR10

=
-

+V

+V

R11

)-1.4=1.4V
=1.4V/0.35mA=4K

chn R10=5.6k

R12

IBQ3
=2.8V

u
D

3
D

p
D
Q

Chn

4
D

4
5

. 1

C
k

3
1

b.Tm R8,R9,D1,D2:
y l hai in tr phn cc cho Q3,Q4 dng gi li ln cho
mch.Ngoi ra ta thy v mt xoay chiu R8//RL
R8 RL
khng
lm
nh
hng
n

li
ca
mch.
D1,D2:dng phn cc cho mi ni BE ca
, Q3,Q4 v trnh
mo xuyn tm.
ID 10*I10 = 3.5 (mA)
PD1 = PD2 = VD1. ID1 = 0.7*3.5*10-3 = 2.45 (mW)
Vy chn 2 diode l:D1N4531.
Ta c:R8+R9=
R8 RL

=47.8K

R8 50 RL=50*8=400

R9=47.8k-0.56k=47.24k

chn R8=560.

chn R9=47k.

c.Tm C4:
ay la tu tang cng, ngan mach AC, h mach DC
tan so thap. Khi mac them C4 vao th Q3, Q4, Q5, Q6 tr
thanh mac E chung, do o Av >1.
C4 >>

= 0.1 (uF)

Chn C4 =100uF

R7:l in tr kt hp vi t lc ngun h thp mc p ca

ng ngun Vcc,ly ra in p cp cho tng vo Q1
Chn R7=47k
d.Tm Q2,C3,R4,C21:
C :

= 0.35mA-0.035mA=0.315mA

Chn VR4=1/10*Vcc/2=40/2*0.1=2V

R4=VR4/

=2/0.315mA=6.3k

chn R4=5.1k

T ny dng chng hi tip nghch AC, tng li AC(t bybass

R4)
C3>>

= 0.1 (uF)

Chn C3 =10uF

20-0.7-0.7-2=16.6V
=5.2mW
C

Chn Q2 tha diu kin sau:

0
2

1
6

Q
C

R
1

0
k

T C21 l t dng chng dao ng t kch

ca Q2 tn s cao
Chn C21=18pF

V
V
F

O
A
R

F
M
E

F
P
Q

i n

0
=

0
3

. 5
0 0

2
4

3.\Tng nhp:
Chn

=80

2
R

Chn
Chn

=0.25*Vcc=10V
=10*

=10*0.315mA/80=0.04mA
=10*0.04mA=0.4mW

Chn Q1 tha nhng iu kin sau:

k
3

Chn

=90
=0.7+2=2.7V

R3=VR3/

=2.7

=2.7/(0.04mA-0.315mA/80)=68.2k

chn R3=68k

*Tm din tr hi tip R5,R6,C2:

20-10-2.7=7.3V
R6=VR6/
C:

=7.3/0.04mA=182.5k

Chn R6=180k

= =18/05=36
=5.14k

Chn R5=5.1k

T C2 l t dng dm bo mc p phn cc DC cho chn E cua Q1

ZC2=0.1R5=510
C2>>

= 1 (uF)

Chn C2 =100uF

*Mch lc Zobel(R15,C6) ta thy thng chn R15=RL v ta chn

C6 sao cho ngn mch tn s cao.Thng chon 0.1uF.

HNH M PHNG NG RA VI NG VO 0.5V

HNH M PHNG NG RA Q1:

HNH M PHNG NG RA Q2:

Ta thy cng tn hiu ng vo

NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN.

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Ngy___ thng___ nm 2007

K tn