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GPS the global positioning system A.

L THUYT V GPS:
I- Gii

thiu v GPS:

1.1 Tng quan v GPS (Global Postioning System):


Thng thng GPS bao gm mt chm sao 24 v tinh.Chm sao ny c hon thnh vo thng 7,1993,c xem nh l nng lc hot ng ban u(initial operational capability (IOC)).Tuy nhin cng b chnh thc l vo ngy 8,thng 12,1993. m bo h thng v tinh ny bao ph khp ton b tri t mt cch lin t c,nhng v tinh ny c sp xp sao cho mi 4 v tinh c t trong mi 6 mt phng qu o(Hnh1).Vi s b tr ny,khong t 4 n 10 v tinh s lun hin hu ti bt c ni no trn th nh v. gii,nu gc ngng (elevation angle) l 10 . Ta ch cn duy nht 4 v tinh cung cp s khong 0.01),vi mt nghing khong 55 so vi xch o.Na trc ln ca qu o Qu o v tinh GPS th gn nh l hnh trn(mt hnh elipse vi tm sai cc i GPS l khong 26560 km( cao v tinh khong 20200 km bn trn b mt tri t).Chu k qu o v tinh tng ng khong 12 gi thin vn (sidereal hour;23:56:4.1).H thng GPS c tuyn b chnh thc l t c mt kh nng hot ng y (full operational capability (FOC)) vo ngy 17,thng 7,n m 1995,m bo kh nng hot ng thc t ca ti thiu 24 v tinh GPS ,khng dng vo th nghi m.Thc t ,khi m GPS t c FOC ca n,chm sao v tinh thng ln hn 24 v tinh.

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Hnh 1: Chm sao GPS S-band(10cm-radar short-band):1.55 -5.2 Ghz. L-band (20cm-radar long-band):950Mhz 1450 Mhz

1.2 Nhng phn on GPS:


GPS bao gm 3 phn on: phn on khng gian,phn on iu khin ,phn on ngi s dng(Hnh 2). Phn on khng gian chnh l chm sao 24 v tinh. Mi v tinh GPS pht i tn hiu, bao gm nhng thnh phn sau: hai sng sin ( thnh ph n sng mang), hai chu i d liu s,v mt thng ip iu hng. D liu s v thng ip iu hng kt hp vi sng mang bng cch iu ch nh phn biphase( Hnh 3). Sng mang v chui d liu s ch yu c s dng xc nh khong cch t my thu ca ngui s dng n nhng v tinh GPS. Thng ip iu hng bao gm ta ca v tinh,ta ny biu din di dng hm bin i theo thi gian v mt s thng tin cn thit khc.Tn hiu pht c iu khin bi nhng ng h nguyn t( atomic clocks) c chnh xc cao onboard trn nh ng v tinh.

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Hnh 2: Nhng phn on GPS

Hnh 3: m ha tn hi u dng phng php biphase Phn on iu khin ca h thng GPS bao gm mt mng li rng khp nhng trm theo di (tracking station), vi mt trm iu khin chnh (MCS-master control station) nh v Colorado Springs, Colorado, the United States. Nhim v ban u ca phn on iu khin l theo di du vt ca nhng v tinh GPS m nh v v tin

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on v tr v tinh, tnh trng h thng, hot ng ca ng h nguyn t, d liu kh quyn, nin gim v tinh (the satellite almanac) (tn hiu ny cha nhng thng tin v v tr ca v tinh trn qu o v c lu vo b nh ca my thu,khi v tinh di chuyn th cc thng tin ny c ng lin tc c cp nht vo my thu cng v i qua cc tn hiu m n gi i),v mt s s quan tm khc.Thng tin sau c ng gi v upload ln nhng v tinh GPS thng qua ng link bng S. Phn on ngi s dng bao gm dn thng v qun i.Vi mt b thu GPS kt ni vi mt antenna GPS, mt ngi s dng c th thu c tn hiu GPS, tn hi u ny sau c s dng xc inh v tr ca anh y hoc c y d ang sng bt c ni no trn th gii. Hin ti, GPS sn dng vi tt c ngi s dng khp ni trn th gii vi mc chi ph khng tr c tip (no direct charge).

1.3 Nhng th h v tinh GPS:

Hnh 4: Nhng th h v tinh GPS hi n hnh Ban u, chm sao v tinh GPS c xy dng vi mt chui 11 v tinh, gi l nhng v tinh Khi I. V tinh u tin trong chui ny (v trong h thng GPS) bt u hot ng vo ngy 22 thng 2 nm 1978, ci cui cng bt u hot ng vo ngy 9 thng 10 nm 1985. Nhng v tinh Khi I c xy dng ch yu dng vo th nghim.

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Gc nghing mt phng qu o ca nhng v tinh ny, so vi ng xch o, l 63 , sau c sa i trong nhng th h v tinh theo sau. Mc d thi gian sng trong hn 10 nm. V tinh Khi I cui cng c rt ra khi h thng dch v vo ngy 18 thit k ca nhng v tinh Khi I l 4.5 nm, mt vi ci duy tr trong dch v nhiu

thng 11 nm 1995. Th h v tinh th hai gi l nhng v tinh Khi II/IIA. Khi IIA l mt phin bn cao hn Khi II, vi s tng ln trong kh nng lu tr d liu thng ip iu hng t 14 ngy i vi Khi II n 180 ngy i vi khi IIA. iu ny c ngha rng nhng v tinh Khi II v Khi IIA c th thc hin chc nng mt cch lin t c ,m khng cn c s h tr t mt t, trong nhng khong thi gian t 14 n 180 ngy, tng ng ln lt vi hai h thng. Tng cng 28 v tinh Khi II/IIA c thi hnh trong khong thi gian t thng hai, 1989 n thng 11 nm 1997.Trong s nhng v tinh ny, 23 ci vn cn ang trong dch v. Khng ging nh v tinh Khi I, mt phng qu o ca nhng v tinh Khi II/IIA c gc nghing l 55 so vi mt phng xch o. Thi gian sng

thit k cho nhng v tinh Khi II/IIA l 7.5 nm, nhng thc t thng vt qu con s ny. m bo an ninh quc gia,mt vi tnh nng bo mt bao gm: kh nng c th la chn(SA-selective availability) v chng la o(antispoofing) c thm vo cu trc tn hi u ca nhng v tinh Khi II/IIA. Th h mi ca nhng v tinh GPS, c bit nh l Khi IIR, hin ti ang c thi hnh. Nhng v tinh b sung ny c kh nng tng thch tr li i vi nhng v tinh Khi II/IIA, iu ny c ngha l ngi s dng hon ton c th nm bt c nhng thay i trong Khi IIR. Khi IIR bao gm 21 v tinh vi thi gian sng c thit k l 10 nm. Thm vo , nh vo chnh xc cao hn nh mong i, nhng v tinh Khi IIR c kh nng hot ng mt cch c lp trong khong thi gian t nht l 180 ngy m khng cn s iu chnh t mt t hoc l xy ra thoi ha chnh xc. Kh nng nh v t tr ca th h v tinh ny t c mt phn nh vo cc v tinh ny c kh nng sp xp ln nhau (mutual satellite ranging capabilities.). V i s h tr ca

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ephemeris v d liu clock c upload ln nh k trong khong thi gian 210 ngy bi phn on iu khin mt t nhm h tr nh v t tr. Hu ht nhng tnh nng ny c thm vo 12 v tinh cui cng ca Khi IIR, nm trong chng trnh hin i ha GPS, c tin hnh vo u nm 2003. Vo thng 7 nm 2001, su v tinh Khi IIR hot ng thnh cng. Theo sau Khi IIR l khi IIF (flow-on), bao gm 33 v tinh. Khong thi gian sng ca mi v tinh l 15 nm. Nhng v tinh khi IIF c nhng kh nng mi nh vo chng trnh hin i ha GPS, ci thin mt cch n tng tnh chnh xc trong ch nh v GPS t tr.

1.4 Chm sao GPS hin hnh:


Chm sao GPS hin hnh cha 5 v tinh Khi II, 18 v tinh Khi IIA, v su v tinh Khi IIR. Nh vy, tng s v tinh GPS trong chm sao hin hnh l 29, vt qu chm sao-24 v tinh thng thng 5 v tinh.Tt c nhng v tinh Khi I khng cn hot ng na. Nhng v tinh GPS c t trong su mt phng qu o, nhng mt phng qu o ny c dn nhn t A n F. Khi m hin ti, h thng c nhiu v tinh hn chm sao 24-v tinh thng thng, mt mt phng qu o c th cha 4 hoc l 5 v tinh. Tt c mt phng qu o u c 5 v tinh, ngoi tr mt phng qu o C- ch c 4 v tinh. Nhng v tinh c th c nhn dng bi nhiu h thng khc nhau. H thng nhn dng v tinh ph bin nht trong cng ng ngi s dng GPS l SVN (Space V ehicle Number) v PRN (Pseudo Random Noise) (vd: SVN-48/PRN-07 l v tinh th su ca Khi IIR-M gm 31 v tinh). Khi v tinh II/IIA c trang b vi bn ng h nguyn t onboard: hai cesium (Cs) v hai rubidium (Rb). ng h cesium c s dng lm ng h thi gian s cp iu khin tn hiu GPS. Tuy nhin, nhng v tinh khi IIR ch s dng ng h rubidium.

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Chm sao v tinh GPS 7/2001:

1.5 Nhng v tr iu khin (control sites):


Phn on iu khin ca GPS bao gm mt trm iu khin chnh (MCS), mng rng khp nhng trm gim st, v nhng trm iu khin mt t(Hnh 5)

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Hnh 5: Nhng v tr iu khin C 5 trm gim st, nh v ti Colorado Springs(vi MSC), Hawaii, Kwajalein, Diego Garcia, v o Ascension. V tr ( hoc ta ) ca nhng trm gim st ny c xc nh chnh xc. Mi trm gim st c trang b vi nhng b thu GPS cht lng cao v mt b dao ng cesium nhm mc ch theo du vt lin tc tt c nhng v tinh GPS trong tm nhn. Ngoi ra, ba trm gim st (Kwajalein, Diego Garcia, v Ascension Island) cn c trang b vi nhng antenna mt t upload thng tin ti nhng v tinh GPS. Tt c nhng trm gim st v nh ng trm iu khin mt t khng c duy tr hot ng lin tc,v c MCS iu khin t xa.

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Nhng quan st GPS thu thp c t nhng trm gim st c pht ti MCS x l. Kt qu x l bao gm d liu iu hng v tinh, v tr v tinh nh l mt hm ca thi gian, tham s ng h v tinh, d liu kh quyn, nin gim v tinh (satellite almanac), v nhng thng tin c n thit khc. D liu iu hng ti mi ny c gi ti mt trong nhng trm iu khin mt t upload ln nhng v tinh GPS thng qua ng link bng S. Ngoi ra, gim st tnh ton v n ca h thng GPS l mt trong nhng nhim v ca MCS. Trng thi ca v tinh c thit lp vi iu kin khng tt (unhealthy) bi MCS sut qu trnh ho t ng hoc ngng hot ng ca v tinh. Tnh trng v tinh xut hin nh mt phn ca thng ip iu hng v tinh, xc nh trn mt nn gn vi thi gian thc (near real-time basis). Trng thi cn hot ng hoc l ngng hot ng ca v tinh c lit k trong danh m c, sau , trng thi ny c tng thut trong mt thng ip gi l bn tin bo trc vi ngi s dng Navstar (Notice Advisory to Navstar Users (NANU)), bn tin ny sn dng vi cng chng thng qua, v d, Trung tm iu hng bo v bi bin M (the U.S. Coast Guard Navigation Center).

1.6 GPS - mt vi khi nim c bn:


Khi nim pha sau GPS kh l n gin. Nu nh khong cch t mt im trn Tri t (mt b thu GPS ) ti ba v tinh c xc nh cng vi thng tin v v tr v tinh, vy th v tr ca im (hoc b thu) c th c m t bng cch p dng mt cch n gin nhng khi nim ca s ct b(resection). Tt c ch c vy. Nhng chng ta xc nh khong cch t v tnh ti im quan st cng nh v tr ca v tinh nh th no? Nh cp trc , mi v tinh GPS pht lin t c mt tn hiu v tuyn to thnh tng th t hai sng mang, hai m v mt thng ip iu hng. Khi b thu GPS v tr ON, n s thu ly tn hiu thng qua antenna b thu. Mt khi b thu nhn c tn

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hiu GPS, n s x l nh vo nhng phn mm tch hp bn trong. Kt qu x l bao gm cc khong cch ti nhng v tinh GPS (cn gi l tm gi -the pseudoranges) v ta v tinh c xc nh thng qua thng ip iu hng. Theo l thuyt ch duy nht cn 3 khong cch n 3 v tinh m c theo du vt mt cch ng thi. Trong trng hp ny, b thu s c nh v ti ch giao nhau ca ba hnh cu, mi hnh cu ny c mt bn knh tng ng vi khong cch v tinh-b thu v tm l v tinh (Hnh 6). Tuy nhin, thc t phi cn n 4 v tinh m t lch gia ng h b thu v ng h v tinh.

Hnh 6: Nguyn tc c bn nh v GPS Cho n tn gn y, chnh xc khi miu t vi phng thc ny, c gii hn 100 m theo tiu chun chnh xc ngang, 156m theo tiu chu n chnh xc dc, v 340 ns i vi thnh phn thi gian, kh nng xy ra l 95%. Mc chnh xc thp ny lin quan ti nh hng ca SA (Selective Availability), mt k thut c s dng lm suy gim mt cch c ch tm tnh chnh xc trong ch nh v thi gian thc t tr (the autonomous real-time positioning accuracy) v i nhng ngi s dng khng c cp php. Vi quyt nh ca Tng thng M v vic loi b k thut ny, chnh xc theo tiu chun ngang c trng i ci thin khong 22m (kh nng c th xy ra l 95 %). Xa hn na, ci thin tnh chnh xc trong nh v GPS, mt k thut gi l phng

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php vi sai c s dng, trong s dng hai b thu theo du vt ng thi cng mt v tinh. Trong trng hp ny, c th t c mc chnh xc nh v t di mt centimet ti vi met. Li ch khc ca GPS l kh nng m t vn tc ca ngi s dng, m c th c xc nh bi vi phng php. Phng php c s dng rng ri nht l nh gi tn s Doppler ca tn hiu GPS thu c. Bit rng dch Doppler c xem nh l chuyn ng tng i gia b thu v v tinh. Ngoi ra, GPS cn c th c s dng m t thuc tnh ca nhng b phn cng (body), nh l my bay hoc l tu bin. T thuc tnh y c ngha l s nh hng hoc phng hng ca mt thn th cng, m c th c miu t bi ba gc xoay ca ba trc ca mt thn th cng cng vi s lu tm n h thng tham chiu (reference system). Thuc tnh ny c miu t bng cch trang b phn thn ti thiu l 3 b thu GPS (hoc mt b thu c bit) kt ni vi ba antenna, m c sp xp thnh mt ng khng thng. D liu c tp hp ti b thu sau c x l thu c thuc tnh ca phn thn cng ny.

1.7 Dch v nh v GPS:


Nh ni trc y, GPS ban u c pht trin nh mt h thng qun i, nhng sau sn dng i vi tt c mi ngi dn. Tuy nhin gi li th ca qun i, U.S.DoD cung cp hai ch nh v v o thi gian (timing) GPS: dch v nh v chnh xc (the Precise Positioning Service (PPS)) v dch v nh v tiu chun (the Standard Positioning Service (SPS)). PPS l dch v nh v v o thi gian t tr chnh xc nht. N s dng mt trong nhng m pht GPS gi l m P(Y), m ch c th c truy nhp bi nhng ngi c cp php. Nhng ngi ny bao gm lc lng qun i M. Tnh chnh xc c mong ch trong ch nh v ny l 16m theo tiu chun chnh xc ngang v 23m theo tiu chun chnh xc dc (95 % kh nng c th xy ra).

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Tuy nhin, SPSth t chnh xc h n PPS. N s dng m pht th hai gi l m C/A, cung cp min ph cho tt c mi ngi trn ton th gii, c ngi c cp php v ngi khng c cp php. Ban u SPS cung cp mc chnh xc nh v l 100m theo tiu chun chnh xc n gang v 156m theo tiu chun chnh xc dc (kh nng c th xy ra l 95%). iu ny t c trong iu kin c SA. Sau khi loi b SA, tnh chnh xc nh v t tr SPS trong hin ti c th so snh c vi PPS.

II - Nguyn l hot ng c bn ca GPS:


2.1 Hot ng c bn:
Cc v tinh GPS bay vng quanh Tri t hai ln trong mt ngy theo mt qu o rt chnh xc v pht tn hi u mang thng tin xu ng Tri t. Cc my thu GPS nhn thng tin ny v bng php tnh l ng gic tnh c chnh xc v tr ca ngi dng. V bn cht, my thu GPS so snh th i gian tn hi u c pht i t v tinh vi thi gian nhn c tn hi u ti b thu. Sai l ch v thi gian cho bit my thu GPS cch v tinh bao xa. Ri vi cc khong cch o c t b thu n v tinh, my thu c th tnh c v tr ca ngi dng v hin th ln bn in t ca my. My thu GPS phi kha c vi tn hi u ca t nht ba qu v tinh tnh ra v tr hai chiu (kinh v v ) v theo di c chuyn ng ca v tinh. Vi bn hay nhiu hn s lng v tinh hi n din trong tm nhn, my thu c th tnh c v tr ba chiu (kinh , v v cao). Mt khi v tr ngi dng tnh c th my thu GPS c th tnh thm cc thng tin khc, nh tc , hng chuyn ng, bm st di chuyn, khong hnh trnh, kho ng cch ti im n, thi gian Mt Tri mc, ln v nhi u thng tin khc na.

2.2 Hot ng ca GPS c th b nh hng bi cc yu t sau:

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- Khi cc v tinh qu gn nhau, chng s khin vic xc nh v tr chnh xc tr nn kh khn hn. - V tn hi u radio i t v tinh xuyn qua tng in ly v tng i lu, tc cn thit tn hiu truyn ti thit b nhn s b chm i. H thng GPS c d phng iu bng cch tnh thm kho ng thi gian chm tr trung bnh, nh ng cng khng c hon ton chnh xc. - Chng ngi ln nh cc dy ni hay cc to nh cao tng cng lm cho thng tin b sai lch. - Gia thit b nhn (nht l ca ngi dng c nhn) v i v tinh (c th khng hon ton trng khp v mt thi gian, v cc v tinh i khi chy lch khi qu o.

III - chnh xc ca GPS:


Cc my thu GPS ngy nay cc k chnh xc, nh vo thit k nhiu knh hot ng song song ca chng. Cc my thu 12 knh song song (c a Garmin) nhanh chng bm st cc qu v tinh khi v a mi c bt in ln v chng duy tr ch c chn lin h ny, thm ch trong tn l r m rp hoc trong thnh ph vi cc to nh cao tng. Tnh trng nht nh ca kh quyn v cc ngun gy sai s khc c th nh hng ti chnh xc ca my thu GPS. Cc my thu GPS c chnh xc trung bnh trong vng 15 mt. Cc my thu mi hn vi kh nng W AAS (Wide Area Augmentation System) c th tng chnh xc trung bnh t i di 3 mt. Khng cn thm thi t b hay mt ph c c li im ca W AAS. Ngi dng cng c th c chnh xc t t hn vi GPS Vi sai (Differential GPS, DGPS) sa li cc tn hiu GPS c chnh xc trong khong 3 n 5 mt. Cc Phng v B bin M vn hnh d ch v sa li ny. H thng bao gm mt mng cc i thu tn hi u GPS v pht tn hi u sa li bng cc my pht hiu chnh. thu c tn hi u sa li, ngi dng phi c my thu tn hi u vi sai bao gm c n-ten dng cng vi my thu GPS ca h

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IV - Tn hiu GPS:
Cc v tinh GPS pht hai tn hi u v tuyn cng sut thp di L1 v L2. (di L l phn sng cc ngn ca ph in t tri rng t 0,39 ti 1,55 GHz). GPS dn s dng tn s L1= 1575.42MHz trong di UHF. Tn hiu truyn trc th, c ngha l chng s xuyn qua my, thu tinh v nh a nhng khng qua phn ln cc i tng cng nh ni v nh. L1 cha hai m "gi ngu nhin" (pseudo random), l m Protected (P) v m Coarse/Acquisition (C/A). Mi mt v tinh c mt m truyn dn nht nh, cho php my thu GPS nhn dng c v tinh thng qua tn hi u. Mc ch ca cc m tn hi u ny l tnh ton kho ng cch t v tinh n my thu GPS. Tn hi u GPS cha ba thnh phn thng tin khc nhau m gi ngu nhin, d liu thin vn v d liu lch. M gi ngu nhin n gin ch l m nh danh xc nh c qu v tinh no v ang pht thng tin no. C th nhn s hiu ca cc qu v tinh trn trang v tinh ca my thu Garmin bit n nhn c tn hiu ca qu no. D liu thin vn cho my thu GPS bit qu v tinh u trn qu o mi thi im trong ngy. Mi qu v tinh pht d liu thin vn ch ra thng tin qu o ca v tinh v cc v tinh khc trong h thng. D liu lch c pht u n bi mi qu v tinh, cha thng tin quan tr ng v trng thi ca v tinh (tt hay khng tt), ngy gi hin ti. Phn ny ca tn hi u l ct li c th tin hnh nh v.

V - Chi tit v GPS:


c th nh v hoc tm v tr ca ngi s dng vi GPS th i hi cn phi hiu v cu trc tn hi u GPS v phng php o c c thc hin. Hn th na, khi

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tn hiu GPS c thu thng qua b thu GPS, hi u v kh nng v nhng gii hn ca cc dng b thu GPS khc nhau l iu cn thit. Ngoi ra, khi o lng GPS, ging nh tt c nhng s o lng khc, u c li, m c th c loi b hoc gim thiu bng cch kt hp nhiu s quan st GPS khc nhau.

5.1 Cu trc tn hiu GPS:


Mi v tinh GPS u pht i tn hi u v tuyn c to thnh t hai tn s sng mang (hoc l sng sin); hai thnh ph n sng mang ny dng iu ch hai b m v mt thng ip iu hng (Hnh 7). Hai tn s sng mang c pht ti 1,575.42 Mhz (L1) v 1,227.60 Mhz (L2). Bc sng tng ng ln lt l ~ 19 cm v ~24.4 cm, xc nh c kt qu ny l t mi quan h gia tn s sng mang v tc ca nh sng trong khng gian. L i ch t hai tn s sng mang cho php iu chnh mt li GPS nghim trng, gi l tr hon t ng in ly. Tt c nhng v tinh GPS u pht cng m t cp tn s sng mang L1 v L2. Tuy nhin, iu ch m th khc nhau i vi tng v tinh, do ti thiu ha mt cch ng k can nhiu v tinh. o L1 = 154 10.23 = 1575.42 Mhz o L2 = 120 10.23 = 1227.60 Mhz

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Hnh 7: (a) sng sin (b) m s Hai b m GPS c gi l Coarse Acquisition (hoc l m C/A) v Precision (hoc l m P). Mi m bao gm mt chui nhng bit nh phn, 0 v 1. Thng th ng nhng m ny gi l m PRN bi v b ngoi chng trng nh l nhng tn hi u ngu nhin. Nh ng s tht, nhng m ny c pht ra da vo cng thc ton hc. Hin ti m C/A c iu ch ch duy nht trn sng mang L1, trong khi m P c iu ch trn c sng mang L1 v L2. S iu ch ny c gi l iu ch Biphase v pha sng mang b dch i 180 khi m gi tr m thay i t 0 sang 1 hoc t 1 sang 0.

M C/A l mt chui bao gm 1,023 bit nh phn m l p li chnh n trong m i

millisecond.iu ny c ngha rng tc bit ca m C/A l 1.023 Mbps.Nh vy khong thi gian ca mt bit xp x khong 1ms.Mi v tinh c gn vi ch mt m C/A duy nht ,iu ny lm cho b thu GPS c th nhn dng c v tinh d dng.o lng m C/A t chnh xc h n khi so snh m t cch tng i vi s o lng m P .Tuy nhin ,n th t ph c tp hn v sn dng vi tt c mi ngi. M P l mt chui rt di bao gm nhiu bit nh phn m l p li chnh n sau 266 ngy. Ngoi ra, tc ca n th nhanh h n 10 ln so vi m C/A (tc ca n l 10.23 Mbps). Thc hin php nhn th i gian m m P cn lp li chnh n, 266 ngy, vi tc ca n l 10.23Mbps, cho ra kt qu: chiu di ca chui m P l 2.35 10 bit. Mdi-266-ngy ny c chia thnh 38 on; m mi on di 1 tun. Trong , 32 on c gn n nhng v tinh GPS khc nhau. l, mi v tinh pht i ch duy nht mt on-di-1-tun ca m P , m c khi pht vo thi im giao nhau gia th by v ch nht. Su on cn li c d tr dng trong nhng vic khc. Mt v tinh GPS c nhn dng bi mt phn on-1-tun duy nht c gn cho n trong m P. V d: v tinh GPS vi ID l PRN 20 c xc nh l v tinh GPS c gn phn on1-tun th 20 ca m P . Ban u, m P c thit k v nhng mc ch qun s. N lun

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GPS the global positioning system


sn dng vi tt c mi ngi s dng cho n ngy 31 thng 1 n m 1994. Ti thi im , m P c vit li bng cch kt hp vi m W. Kt qu l s ra i ca m Y; m ny c cng tc bit vi m P . M mi ny cn c gi l m AS (AntiSpoofing). o Chipping rate for C/A is 1.023 Mhz o Chipping rate for P(Y) is 10.23 Mhz

Tn hiu iu hng GPS l mt chui d liu c thm vo c hai sng mang L1 v L2 bng phng php iu ch biphase nh phn vi tc pht l 50Kbps. N bao gm 25 frame, mi frame gm 1,500 bit, tng cng l 37,500 bit. Do , truyn dn hon ton thng ip iu hng phi mt ht 750 giy hoc l 12.5 pht. Thng ip iu hng bao gm nhng thng tin nh : ta ca v tinh GPS di dng hm ca thi gian, tnh trng v tinh, thng tin hi u chnh ng h v tinh, nin gim v tinh v d liu kh quyn. Mi v tinh truyn dn thng ip iu hng ca chnh n cng v i thng tin ca nhng v tinh khc, bao g m v tr gn chnh xc c a v tinh v tnh tr ng hot ng. Biu m ca GPS v pha ca sng mang l:

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GPS the global positioning system

Hot ng khi phc modul ca m GPS:

Di tn ph tn hiu ca GPS: Ch rng m C/A c cho bn di vi mc nhiu thp, tn hi u a m trong b thu bi on m c tnh ton bn trong c p cho cc k t.

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GPS the global positioning system


Vic tnh ton ph cng sut c xut pht t s bin i Fourier ca mt sng vung vi rng l 2pi v bin bng 1. Hm trong DSP l Sinc:

sin(x) 1 sin c(x) = = x 2


Power = P(t) = y2(t)

ix

5.2 Hin i ha GPS:


Cu trc tn hi u GPS hin hnh c thit k vo nm 1970, cch y khong 39 nm. Trong nhng nm sp ti, Hy vng chm sao GPS c thm s kt hp ca nhng v tinh Khi IIR, Khi IIF v c kh nng l nhng v tinh Kh i III. p ng nhng i hi

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GPS the global positioning system


tng lai, cc nh ch to GPS nghin cu mt vi phng n iu chnh c th nhm sa i mt cch thch h p cu trc tn hi u v kin trc h thng ca chm sao GPS tng lai. Chng trnh i mi ny nhm n vic cung cp d tha tn hi u (signal redundancy) v ci thin tnh chnh xc nh v, tn hi u lun sn dng v tch h p h thng. Chng trnh hi n i ha bao gm: B sung m C/A trn sng mang L2 v m qun s mi (m M) trn c hai sng mang L1 v L2. iu ch m C/A trn c hai tn s sng mang L1 v L2 cho php ngi s dng vi ch duy nht mt b thu GPS c th thu c tn hiu chnh xc mc d vn chu nh hng ca tng in ly. Sau khi loi b SA v s lng v tinh y cng vi nhng tnh n ng mi, hy vng rng chnh xc theo tiu chun ngang ca h thng GPS s t c khong 8.5m (95% th i gian) hoc tt hn. iu ch m C/A vo sng mang L2, mc d ci thin chnh xc ca h thng GPS, nhng vn cha chc chn s dng trong nh ng ng dng hng khng dn d ng v nhng ng dng ny i hi m bo an ton tuyt i. Nguyn nhn ch yu l do ngun gy can nhiu rt ln t nhng rada mt t hot ng gn di L2. Nh vy, p ng nhng yu cu ca ngi s dng hng khng, tn hi u dn dng th ba c tn s 1,176.45 Mhz (gi l L5) s c thm vo 12 v tinh u tin ca khi IIRF cng vi m C/A trn L2 v m M trn L1 v L2. So v i L1 v L2, L5 c nng lng cao hn. Ngoi ra, L5 c mt bng thng qung b rng (ti thiu l 20Mhz), tc bit cao hn (10.23Mhz), do cung cp chnh xc cao hn trong iu kin nhi u v a ng. M mi s di hn m C/A hin ti, do gim c s t can nhiu h thng thng qua vic ci thin nhng c tnh tng quan cho v t ng (auto- and cross-correlation). Cui cng, xt n thng ip iu hng qung b ca L5, d mang d liu nhiu hn hoc t hn so vi nhng knh L1 v L2, s c mt cu trc hon ton khc bi t v hiu qu hn. B sung nhng kh nng ny s ci thin mt cch ng k tnh chnh xc trong nh v ca h thng GPS t tr.Tng t, nhng ngi s dng ch nh v RTK

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GPS the global positioning system


(Real-Time Kinematic) c th phn tch c ngay lp tc nhng tham s nguyn ambiguity lc u. Hin i ha GPS bao gm lun c vic nghin cu nhng v tinh th h Khi III k tip, d kin hon thnh vo n m 2030. Cui cng, nhng phng tin iu khin ti mt t ca h thng GPS cng s c nng cp ln nh mt phn ca chng trnh hi n i ha GPS. Cng vi s nng cp ny, chnh xc theo tiu chu n ngang ca h thng GPS c ch i s l 6 m (95% th i gian) hoc tt hn.

5.3 Nhng dng b thu GPS:


Vo nm 1980, ch duy nht mt b thu GPS thng mi sn dng trn th trng vi mc gi vi trm ngn $ U.S. Tuy nhin iu ny thay i mt cch ng k, khi m trn th trng ngy ny, c hn 500 b thu GPS khc nhau. Ga tr nhng b thu hi n hnh thay i t $100 cho nhng b thu cm tay n gin v khong $15,000 i vi nhng b thu phc tp, cht lng cao dng trong tr c a hc. Ga s tip tc gim trong tng lai khi m cng ngh sn xut b thu tr nn tin ti n hn. Mt b thu GPS i hi mt anten gn km vi n, gn bn trong hoc bn ngoi. Anten nhn tn hi u v tinh n, chuyn i nng lng ca tn hi u thnh dng in, v sau , b thu s x l tn hiu thu c. Nhng b thu GPS thng mi c th c chia thnh 4 lo i, xt n kh nng thu ca tng loi. l: single-frequency code receivers; single-frequency carrier-smoothed code receivers; single-frequency code and carrier receivers; dual-frequency receiver. Nhng b thu n tn ch duy nht truy cp tn s L1, trong khi nh ng b thu song tn truy cp c tn s L1 v L2 (chn hnh b thu). Ngoi ra, cc b thu GPS cn c xp loi da vo s lng knh m n c th thu c, thay i t 1 n 12 knh. Mt b thu GPS tt s c chc nng a knh, vi mi knh dnh quan st lin t c ring mt v

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GPS the global positioning system


tinh. Hin ti, hu ht nhng b thu GPS u c t 9 n 12 knh c lp (hoc song song). Cc c im khc nh:gi c, d s dng, tiu th nng lng, kch thc v trng lng,kh nng lu tr d liu bn trong v m rng bn ngoi, kh nng giao tip s c xem xt khi la chn mua mt b thu GPS. Dng b thu GPS u tin, singlefrequency code receivers, khi tin hnh o c tm gi (pseudoranges) ch s dng duy nht m C/A. Khng m t o c no khc sn dng. y l dng b thu r nht v ng thi cng t chnh xc nh t, hu nh c s dng v mc ch gii tr. Dng b thu th hai, single-frequency carrier-smoothed code receivers, cng ch dng duy nht m C/A o c tm gi nhng kt hp thm tn s sng mang c phn tch cao hn bn trong my x l s liu o c c, do tm gi m my o s c chnh xc cao hn. Nhng s liu m dng b thu th ba o c c bao gm: tm gi dng m C/A di dng th, kt qu o c pha-sng mang L1, v thng ip iu hng. Ngoi ra, dng b thu ny cng c kh nng thc hin cc chc nng ging vi nhng dng b thu kia. B thu song tn l dng b thu t tin nht v tinh vi nh t. Trc khi kch hot AS, b thu ny c kh nng xut ra tt c nhng thnh ph n tn hi u GPS (sng mang L1 v L2, m C/A, m P trn c L1 v L2, v thng ip iu hng). Tuy nhin, sau khi kch hot AS, m P c m ha thnh m Y . Do , b thu khng th xut ra ngoi m P hoc l sng mang L2 s dng k thut thu tn hi u truyn thng. gii quyt vn ny, nhng nh s n xut b thu GPS pht minh ra nh ng k thut khng i hi thng tin ca m Y . Hin ti, hu ht nhng b thu s dng hai k thut ph bin bao gm k thut theo di du vt Z (Z-tracking) v k thut tng quan cho (cross-correlation). C hai k thut ny khi phc li c sng mang L2 mt cch y nht nhng cng tn hiu b suy gim nhiu. suy gim ny trong k thut tng quan cao hn so vi k thut Z.

5.4 Nhng h thng thi gian:

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GPS the global positioning system


Thi gian th c hin mt vai tr quan trng trong nh v vi GPS. Tn hiu GPS c iu khin bi nhng thit b o thi gian chnh xc - ng h nguyn t. Ngoi ra, o lng khong cch v tinh - b thu u da trn c ng h v tinh v ng h b thu.Ngoi ra, GPS cng l mt h thng o lng thi gian, c s dng ng b ha thi gian. Nhiu h thng thi gian c s dng trn ton th gii vi nhiu mc ch khc nhau. Trong s , Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) v GPS Time l hai h thng thi gian quan tr ng nht i vi ngi s dng GPS. UTC l mt h thng da trn International Atomic Time(TAI). TAI l thang o thi gian (time scale) chnh th c, c tnh ton da trn nhng thang o thi gian (time scale) c lp m c pht ra bi nhng ng h nguyn t t ti cc phng th nghi m thi gian khc nhau trn ton th gii. Tuy nhin, cng vic trc a v iu hng i hi mt h thng thi gian c mi lin h vi hot ng xoay trn ca Tri t (khng phi l ng h nguyn t). Phng php gii quyt: iu chnh thng xuyn thang o thi gian (time scale) UTC bng cch tng ln 1s, gi l giy nhun (leap seconds), gi n sai lch ch 0.9 giy i vi mt thang o thi gian (time scale) khc g i l Universal Time 1(UT1), vi UT1 l thang o thi gian quc t c mi lin h vi hot ng xoay trn ca tri t. Nhng leap-second thnh thong c a vo ngy 30/6 hoc l vo ngy 31/12. K t thng 7 nm 2001, leap second c a vo ln cui vo ngy 1, thng 1 n m 1999, to ra sai s gia TAI v UTC chnh xc n 32 giy (TAI gi tr cao hn UTC). GPS Time l thang o thi gian (time scale) c s dng tham kho, hoc l gn km thi gian vi tn hi u GPS. Thang o ny c tnh ton da trn nhng thang o thi gian m c pht ra bi nhng ng h nguyn t ti nhng trm gim st v trn nhng v tinh GPS onboard. Khng c leap second no c a vo GPS Time, do GPS Time l mt thang o thi gian (time scale) lin t c. GPS Time c thit lp trng vi UTC vo ngy 6/1/1980. Tuy nhin, lin quan n nhng leap second c a UTC, GPS Time nhanh hn UTC 13 giy vo ngy 1/1/1999. Thng tin sai s gia UTC

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GPS the global positioning system


v GPS Time gn km trong thng ip iu hng GPS. C ng h b thu v ng h v tinh GPS u sai lch so vi GPS Time, nguyn nhn t li ca c ng h b thu v ng h v tinh.

5.5 o c tm gi:

Hnh 8: o lng tm gi Tm gi (pseudorange) l khong cch gia b thu GPS v v tinh GPS (chnh xc hn l gia anten ca b thu v anten ca v tinh). Khong cch t b thu n v tinh l mt thng s cn thit tnh ton v tr. M P hoc m C/A c th c s dng o lng tm gi(Hnh 8). Th tc xc nh tm gi GPS c th c m t nh sau. Chng ta hy t m thi tha nhn rng ng h b thu v ng h v tinh hon ton ng b vi nhau. Khi m m PRN c pht ra t v tinh, b thu cng s pht ra m t bn sao ging ht m . Sau mt khong thi gian, t ng ng vi khong thi gian tin hi u truyn i trong khng gian, m pht s c thu bi b thu. Bng cch so snh m pht v b n sao ca n, b thu c th tnh ton c thi gian m tn hi u truyn i tnh t lc pht. Thc hin php nhn tn hi u vi tc ca nh sng (299,729,458 m/s) cho ra k t qu l khong cch t v tinh n b thu.

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GPS the global positioning system


Tuy nhin, gia ng h b thu v ng h v tinh khng h ng b. Trong thc t, khong cch gia b thu v b pht o c b sai lch bi li ng b gia ng h b thu v v tinh, cng v i nhng li khc na. V vy thng s o c gi l tm gi (pseudorange) ch khng phi l mt tm thc s. GPS c thit k m tm o bi m dn dng C/A phi km chnh xc h n khi dng m qun s P . Bi v phn gii ca m C/A l 300m, nh hn 10 ln so vi m P . Nhng vi s ci tin trong cng ngh thu, chnh xc t c gn nh l tng t i vi c hai m.

5.6 o c pha-sng mang:


Mt cch khc o c khong cch v tinh-b thu l s dng k thut o lng pha-sng mang. B thu v v tinh pht ra cng m t tn hi u sng mang trong cng th i im. B thu so snh tn hiu sng mang b tr hon do v tinh pht v i sng mang ca chnh b thu pht ra. Khong cch c tnh bng cch cng s bc sng y ca sng mang vi dch pha (o c ti b thu,

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GPS the global positioning system


khong ~1% chiu di bc sng) (Hnh 10). Kt qu o c chnh xc h n khi o c dng m. Nguyn nhn b i v bc sng ca sng mang-i vi L1 l 12 cm, cn L2 l 24 cm - nh hn rt nhiu so vi rng bit ca m. Hnh 9: o c pha sng mang

Tuy nhin, c mt vn . Nhng sng mang ny u l nhng sng sin thun ty, v vy tt c chu k u ging nhau. Do , b thu GPS khng c cch no c th phn bit chu k ny vi chu k kia. Ni cch khc, b thu khng th no xc nh c s lng bc sng truyn gia v tinh v b thu. V vy, s lng bc sng y cn phi xc nh gi l tham s ambiguity. May mn l b thu c kh nng pht hi n nhng s thay i pha. Do tham s ambiguity duy tr khng i ton thi gian,mi n l khng xy ra mt mt tn hiu.

Hnh 10: full: s bc sng y ca song mang; final portion: dch pha

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GPS the global positioning system


R rng rng, nu vn tham s ambiguity c gii quyt, khong cch chnh xc c th o c, kt qu l s nh v chnh xc. nh v chnh xc c th t c thng qua nhng k thut nh v tng i trong thi gian th c hoc trong ch postprocessing. Khng may l, t c iu ny, i hi phi c hai b thu GPS theo di lin tc cng mt v tinh hi n hu trong tm nhn.

5.7 Trt chu k (cycle slip):


Trt chu k l s gin on hoc mt c nhy no bn trong o lng phasng mang, gy ra bi s mt mt tn hi u tm thi (Hnh 11). Mt mt tn hi u lin quan n nhng chng ngi vt m cn tr tn hiu v tinh GPS nh l: nhng ta nh, cy, cu v nhiu i tng khc. Ch yu l do tn hi u GPS yu v s can nhi u tn hi u. Can nhi u tn hiu radio, tnh tr ng ri lon tng in ly mnh li t, v tr khng cao ca b thu cng gy ra s mt mt tn hi u. Trt chu k cng c th b gy ra bi nhng trc trc ca chnh b thu. Trt chu k c th xy ra trong mt thi gian ngn hoc c th duy tr trong vi pht, thm ch c th hn. Trt chu k c th nh hng n mt tn hi u v tinh hoc nhiu hn. Trt tn hi u phi c nhn dng hoc c iu chnh m trnh gy l i ln n nhng ta nh v c tnh ton. C vi ph ng php thc hin iu ny. Kim tra quan st sai phn b ba (triple difference observable), phng php ny c th c nh hnh b ng cch kt hp nhng quan st GPS khc nhau theo m t cch no , y l phng php ph bin nht trong thc t. Mt trt tn hi u (cycle slip) s ch duy nht nh hng n mt sai phn b ba (triple difference) v do n s ch xut hin nh mt gai trong chui d liu sai phn b ba. Trong mt vi trng hp, nh l xy ra nhng hot ng mnh lit trong tng in ly, tht kh d ra v sa cha mt cch chnh xc tr t tn hi u (cycle slip) s dng phng php quan st sai phn b ba (triple

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GPS the global positioning system


difference observable). Kim tra li d tha iu chnh (adjustment residuals) c th c ch trong vic d ra bt k trt chu k cn li no.

Hnh 11: Trt chu k GPS Mt phng php gi l kim tra baseline mc khng (zero baseline test) c s dng d ra trt tn hi u m nguyn nhn gy ra l do tr c trc b thu. i vi phng php ny, hai b thu c kt ni n mt anten thng qua m t b chia tch tn hi u (splitter). Trt chu k c th c d bng cch kim tra d tha iu chnh (adjustment residuals).

5.8 Kt hp tuyn tnh nhng s quan st GPS:

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GPS the global positioning system


o lng GPS b lm cho sai lch i bi nhng li (errors and biases), m th t kh c th a ra mt m hnh y v chnh xc. Nh ng li ny gii hn tnh chnh xc nh v ca nhng b thu GPS c lp. May mn l nhng b thu gn ging nhau c cng dng li. Nh vy, i vi nhng b thu ny, mt s lng ln li GPS c th b loi b mt cch n gin, bng cch kt hp nhng thng tin m cc b thu ny quan st c. V nguyn tc, c ba nhm li tn hi u GPS: li lin quan n b thu, li lin quan n v tinh, l i kh quyn. S liu o c c t hai b thu GPS theo du vt ng thi cng mt v tinh s c cng dng li: li lin quan n v tinh v li lin quan n kh quyn. Thu hp khong cch gia hai b thu li th nhng li ny cng tng ng nhau hn. Do , nu chng ta tm ki m nhng thng s khc nhau t s liu o c c ca hai b thu,nhng dng li ny s c gim thiu mt cch ng k. Thc t l, li xung ng h v tinh b loi b mt cch ng k khi p dng phng php kt hp tuyn tnh ny. Phng php kt hp tuyn tnh ny cn c gi l s sai bit n gia nhng b thu (between-receiver single difference) (Hnh 12).

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GPS the global positioning system


Hnh 12: Mt vi phng php kt hp tuyn tnh GPS Tng t, khi ti n hnh o c hai ln s dng cng mt b thu GPS quan st hai v tinh khc nhau, s liu o c c s c cng li ng h b thu. Do , tm kim s sai bit gia hai thng s o c ny s c th loi b c li ng h b thu. S sai bit ny gi l s sai bit n gia nhng v tinh (between-satellite single difference). Khi hai b thu quan st hai v tinh mt cch ng thi, kt qu thu c s l hai sai bit n gia nhng b thu (between-receiver single difference). Ly hai s liu ny tr cho nhau, kt qu thu c gi l s sai bit i (double difference). Phng php ny loi b gn nh hon ton li ng h ca b thu v v tinh.Nhng li khc cng c gim thiu mt cch ng k.Ngoi ra, phng php ny gip duy tr bn cht s nguyn ca cc tham s ambiguity Do , n c s dng trong ch nh v GPS chnh xc da trn pha-sng mang. Mt phng php kt hp tuyn tnh quan tr ng khc gi l sai phn b ba (triple difference), y l kt qu t vic tnh hi u s gia hai quan st sai bi t i (double-difference) qua hai khong thi gian. Tham s ambiguity duy tr khng i min l khng c mt trt chu k no xy ra (cycle slips). Nh vy, khi s dng phng php sai phn b ba (triple difference), tham s ambiguity s b trit tiu. Tuy nhin, nu c mt trt tn hi u (cycle slip) trong d liu, n s nh hng ch duy nht n mt s quan st sai phn b ba (triple-difference), v do s xut hin nh l mt gai trong chui d liu sai phn b ba (triple -difference). V l do ny m phng php kt hp tuyn tnh hai sai phn b ba (triple -difference) c s dng d ra nhng trt tn hiu (cycle slip). Tt c cc phng php kt hp tuyn tnh ny c th c s dng ch vi d liu n tn, c th l d liu quan st pha-sng mang ho c d liu quan st tm gi (pseudoranges). Nu d liu song tn sn dng,ta c th s dng nhng phng php kt hp tuyn tnh khc. M t trong nhng phng php kt hp tuyn tnh l ph ng php

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GPS the global positioning system


kt hp tuyn tnh t do-tng in ly (ionosphere-free linear combination). Kt hp nhng quan st t do-tng in ly (ionosphere-free) vi nhng thng s L1 v L2 c th kh c hiu ng ca tng in ly. Ngoi ra, nhng s liu thu c t o c pha ca sng mang L1 v L2 c th kt hp vi mt tham s gi l quan st ng rng (widelane), y l tn hiu nhn t o vi bc sng khong 86 cm. Tn hi u vi bc sng di ny c s dng trong phn tch nh ng tham s ambiguity.

5.9 Nhng dng li ca GPS:


C tm gi GPS v nhng o c pha-sng mang u b nh hng bi cc li (errors and biases). Nhng li ny c th c phn lp da vo ngun gc pht sinh t i v tinh, t i b thu, ngun gc pht sinh lin quan n qu trnh truy n tn hi u (nh l khc x ca kh quyn) (figure). Nhng li ngun gc t v tinh bao gm ephermeris hoc cn gi l li qu o (v v tinh c th i chch qu o cht t nn trm iu khin mt t s lu gi cc thng tin v qu o , cao, v tr v tc ca v tinh. Nhng thng tin ny t v tinh pht xung trung tm iu khin, y n s c x l v gi ln v tinh hiu chnh, thng tin chnh xc sau khi c x l thng theo tn xut 4-6 h mt ln - c gi l ephermeris s c gi theo tn hi u v tinh n my thu), nhng li ng h v tinh, v nh hng ca li nhn t o SA. SA c c tnh a vo bi U.S, DoD nhm lm suy gim tnh chnh xc c a h thng GPS t tr v nhng l do bo mt. Tuy nhin, SA b loi b vo ngy 1/5/2000. Nhng li c ngun gc ti b thu bao gm: li ng h b thu, li a ng, nhi u b thu, v nhng thay i pha trung tm c a anten. Li truyn tn hiu bao gm tr hon tn hi u GPS khi i qua tng in ly v tng i lu ca bu kh quyn. Thc t, ch duy nht trong mi trng chn khng (khng gian t do), tn hiu GPS mi di chuyn hoc truyn dn c vi tc nh sng.

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GPS the global positioning system


Ngoi ra, chnh xc nh v ca GPS khi tnh ton cn b nh hng bi v tr hnh hc ca nhng v tinh GPS c quan st bi b thu. Nhng v tinh GPS cng tr i rng ra trn b u tri th chnh xc t c cng cao. Mt vi li ny c th c lm gim i hoc b kh b bng cch thng qua phng php kt hp tuyn tnh nh ng quan st GPS. V d nh, kt hp nhng quan st L1 v L2 s loi b c gn nh hon ton nh hng ca tng in ly. M hnh ton hc ca nhng li ny hon ton c th xc nh c.

5.9.1 Li ephermeris GPS:


V tr ca v tinh l m t hm theo th i gian, hin din trong thng ip iu hng v tinh qung b, c th c d on trc t nhng s quan st GPS trc ti nhng trm iu khin mt t. in hnh, d liu GPS xp chng trong m i khong thi

gian 4h c s dng bi nhng h thng iu khin chc nng d bo trc nhng thnh phn qu o v tinh mi trong mi

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GPS the global positioning system


Hnh 13: Nhng dng li GPS chu k l 1 gi. Ni chung, m hnh cc l c tc ng ln v tinh thng l khng hon ho, gy ra mt vi li i vi nhng v tr v tinh c xc nh, gi l li ephermeris. Thng thng, nhng li ephemeris vo khong t 2m n 5m, v c th l 50m di nh hng ca SA. Nhng li khong cch t s kt hp ca li ephemeris v li ng h v tinh c gi tr l 2.3m [mc 1: vi l lch tiu chun] (Hnh 13). Li ephemeris ca mt v tinh l l i in hnh i vi tt c mi ngi s dng GPS trn ton th gii. Tuy nhin, nhng ngi s dng khc nhau th y cng mt v tinh di nhng gc nhn khc nhau, nh hng ca li ephemeris i vi o lng khong cch v v tr tnh ton th khc nhau. Do , kt hp (ly sai phn) nhng o c khc nhau ca hai b thu theo du vt ng thi ng thi cng mt v tinh khng th no loi b hon ton li ephemeris. Tuy nhin, vi nhng ngi s dng h thng GPS gn nhau v khng gian,hu nh chc chn s c mt li khong cch in hnh, lin quan n li ephemeris,m c th c loi b d dng thng qua vi c ly sai phn nhng quan st.

5.9.2 Selective availability:


Ban u, GPS c thit k m nh v v iu hng t tr, thi gian thc vi nhng b thu m C/A s t chnh xc h n i vi nhng b thu m qun s -m P . Nhng xt trn thc t, c hai b thu u chnh xc nh nhau. m bo an ninh qu c gia U.S.DoD kch hot SA trn nhng v tinh GPS Khi II nhm loi b chnh xc trong nh v t tr thi gian thc. SA chnh thc hot ng vo ngy 25/3/1990 (Hnh 14). SA to ra hai dng li. Dng u tin gi l li delta, nguyn nhn xu t pht t nhng tc ng i vi ng h v tinh, y l li ph bin i vi tt c ngi s dng trn ton th gii. Dng th hai gi l li epsilon, hay cn gi l li qu o thay i chm. Vi SA, nhng li ngang v dc c th ln ti 100m v 156m, vi 95 % kh nng

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c th xy ra. Tng t nh li khong cch lin quan n li ephemeris, li khong cch lin quan n li epsilon hu nh l in hnh i vi nhng ngi s dng GPS c khong cch gn nhau v khng gian. Do , s dng h thng GPS sai phn (DGPS) s loi b c nh hng ca li epsilon. Xt trong th c t DPGS cung cp chnh xc tt hn b thu m P c lp, lin quan n kh nng loi tr hoc gim thiu nhng li thng thng, bao gm c SA. Chnh ph M loi b SA vo ngy 1/5/2000, kt qu l chnh xc ca h thng GPS c ci thin nhiu. chnh xc theo tiu chu n ngang v d c ln lt l 22m v 33m (95 % kh nng c th xy ra) (Hnh 15).

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Hnh14: Nhng thay i v tr nh v khi c SA

Hnh 14: Nhng thay i v tr nh v khi c SA

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GPS the global positioning system


Hnh 14: Nhng thay i v tr nh v khi c SA

Hnh 14: Nhng thay i v tr nh v khi c SA

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Hnh 15:nhng thay i v tr nh v sau khi loi b SA Mc d s kin loi b SA khng nh hng nhiu n chnh xc ca DGPS, nhng cng gip ch trong vi c gim chi ph ci t v iu hnh h thng DGPS. Nguyn nhn ch yu bi s suy gim i vi tc truyn dn theo yu cu.

5.9.3 Li ng h b thu v ng h v tinh:


Mi v tinh GPS Khi II v Khi IIA u c 4 ng h nguyn t: 2 ng h cesium v 2 ng h rubidium. Nhng th h v tinh m i hn, Khi IIR, ch c duy nht ng h loi rubidium. Mt trong nhng ng h ny, ban u l ng h cesium i vi c Khi II v Khi IIA, c la chn cung cp tn s v nhng yu cu v thi gian nhm pht ra tn hi u GPS. Nhng ci cn li ch l d phng. Nhng ng h v tinh GPS, mc d c chnh xc cao, nh ng li khng hon ho. n nh trong kho ng t hoc qua mi chu k mt ngy. Do , li ng

h v tinh vo khong 8.64 n 17.28ns mi ngy. Li khong cch tng ng vo khong 2.59 m n 5.18 m, ta c th d dng tnh ton b ng cch thc hin php nhn l i ng h vi tc nh sang (~299,729,458m/s). So snh v i ng h rubidium, nh ng ng h cesium c khuynh hng hot ng tt hn qua mi chu k thi gian di hn. Trong thc t, n nh ca ng h cesium qua mi chu k 10 ngy hoc hn tng ln nhiu. Hot ng ca ng h v tinh c gim st bi trm iu khin mt t. Ga tr sai lch c tnh ton, r i pht i nh mt phn ca thng ip iu hng di dng ba h s ca mt a thc bc hai. Li ng h v tinh khi n cho o c GPS sai s li cng sai s hn. Nhng li ny ph bin i vi tt c ngi s dng GPS ang quan st cng m t v tinh v c th c loi b thng qua phng php ly sai phn nhng quan st b thu. iu chnh li gi tr ng h v tinh trong thng ip iu hng cng chnh l iu chnh li li ng h v tinh. Tuy nhin, bin php iu chnh ny gy ra sai s khong vi nano giy,

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tng ng vi li tm trong khong vi met (li mt nano giy tng ng vi li tm khong 30 cm). Tri li, nhng b thu GPS ch s dng ng h thch anh,c chnh xc th p hn nhiu so vi ng h nguyn t. Nh vy, li ng h b thu s ln hn nhi u so vi li ng h v tinh. Tuy nhin, c th loi b li ny thng qua tnh sai phn gi a nhng v tinh khc nhau, ho c c th xem y nh l mt tham s v danh no trong tin trnh nh gi. Nh ng ng h ngoi chnh xc h n (thng l cesium hoc l rubidium) c s dng trong m t vi ng dng thay th cho nhng ng h thch anh n i. Mc d ng h nguyn t ngoi c kh nng hot ng chnh xc h n nhiu, nhng chng li rt mc tin, tr gi n vi ngn dollar cho ng h loi rubidium, $20,000 i vi ng h cesium.

5.9.4 Li a ng:

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Hnh 16: Hiu ng a ng Li a ng l ngun li c bn cho c o c pha-sng mang v o c tm gi. Li a ng xy ra khi tn hi u GPS n ti anten my thu thng qua nhi u ng khc nhau. Nhng ng ny c th l ng trc tip ca tn hi u ti hoc ng tn hi u phn x t nhng vt th xung quanh anten (Hnh 16).L i a ng lm mo dng tn hiu GPS gc t can nhiu ca nhng tn hi u phn x ti anten thu. L i a ng nh hng i vi c pha-sng mang v t m gi; tuy nhin, nh hng trong o lng tm gi ln hn trong o lng pha-sng mang. nh hng ca li a ng i vi o lng phasng mang c th t n gi tr cc i l mt phn t chu k (khong 4.8cm i vi sng mang L1). Li a ng nh hng n tm gi, v mt l thuyt, c th t n vi chc met i vi m C/A. Tuy nhin, vi nhng k thut mi, tin tin trong

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GPS the global positioning system


cng ngh b thu, li a ng nh hng n tm gi c gim i mt cch ng k. V d nh l cng ngh Strobe corrector (Ashtech,Inc) v MEDLL (NovAtel,Inc). Vi nhng k thut ny, nh hng ca li a ng trong o c tm gi gim ti vi met, ngay c trong mi trng c mt phn x cao. Trong cng iu kin,s hin din ca li a ng c th c xc nhn bng cch s dng php tnh t ng quan ngy-ngy nh ng d tha nh gi. Nguyn nhn bi v khi hnh h c gm v tinh-i tng phn x-anten lp li mi mt ngy thin vn (sidereal day). Tuy nhin, li a ng trong o c tm gi v nh hnh c th c nhn dng nu hin din nhng quan st song tn. Ni chung, mt m hnh l i a ng tt vn cha sn dng, nguyn nhn ch yu bi v khi hnh h c v tinh-i tng phn x-anten lun thay i. Tuy nhin, c vi phng php gim bt nh hng ca li a ng. Mt phng n n gin l la chn mt v tr quan st m khng c i tng phn x trong nhng vng ph cn xung quanh anten thu. M t phng n khc l s dng anten chock ring (m t thit b chock ring l mt mt phng t, trn c vi vnh ai kim loi ng tm, c tc dng lm suy hao tn hi u phn x). Khi m tn hi u GPS c phn cc trn theo cnh tay phi, trong khi ,tn hiu phn x th phn cc trn theo cnh tay tri, t c th gim thiu hiu ng ca li a ng bng cch s dng mt anten c phn c c thch hp vi tn hi u GPS (phn cc trn theo cnh tay phi). Tuy nhin, k thut ny c iu bt tin l khi tn hi u phn x hai ln, do tn hiu phn x chuyn t phn cc cnh tay tri sang phn c c cnh tay phi.

5.9.5 Li pha trung tm ca anten:


Mt anten GPS thu tn hi u v tinh n v sau chuyn i nng lng ca tn hiu thnh dng in. im m ti tn hiu GPS c thu gi l trung tm pha anten. Ni chung, trung tm pha anten khng trng v i trung tm hnh h c ca anten. Trung tm pha ca anten thay i ph thuc vo gc nng (elevation ) v gc phng v (azimuth) ca v tinh GPS cng nh l cng ca tn hi u thu (Hnh 17).

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Hnh 17: Gc phng v ln ca li ph thuc vo dng anten, in hnh th ng vo khong vi centimet. Tuy nhin, tht kh c th m hnh ha nh ng thay i trung tm pha c a anten, do ch c th lu tm n vic chn la dng anten. i vi nhng baseline ngn, cng mt dng anten t i mi u cui, li pha trung tm c th loi b nu nhng anten ny hng theo cng mt hng. S dng nhng anten khc nhau ho c l s dng nhng nh hng khc nhau s khng loi b c li ny. a s l li ny b b qua trong hu ht nhng ng dng GPS. Nhng li pha trung tm pha c th khc nhau i vi nhng s quan st pha-sng mang L1 v L2. iu ny nh hng n chnh xc trong ph ng php kt hp tuyn tnh t do tng in ly,c bit khi quan st nh ng baseline ngn. i vi baseline ngn, nhng li ny c tnh tng quan cao vi nhau qua kho ng cch v s b loi b thng qua sai phn. Do , s dng mt tn s duy nht l thch h p hn c i vi nhng baseline ngn trong ch tnh.

5.9.6 Tr hon tng in ly:


Ti phn cao nht ca bu kh quyn Tri t, bc x tia cc tm v tia X n t mt tri tng tc vi nhng phn t v nguyn t khng kh .Kt qu l s ion ha

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GPS the global positioning system


khng kh: hnh thnh m t s lng ln nhng electron mang in tch m t do v nhng nguyn t, phn t mang in tich dng t do. Mt vng nh vy gi l tng in ly. Tng in ly m rng t mt cao xp x khong 50km n khong 1,000km hoc hn. Ni chung, gi i hn bn trn ca tng in ly khng c xc nh r rng. Mt electron bn trong tng in ly khng phi l hng s, n thay i theo cao. Do , tng in ly c chia ra thnh nhi u tng con, da vo mt electron. Nhng tng ny c t tn ln lt l D (50-90 km), E (90-140 km), F1 (140-210 km), v F2 (210-1,000 km), vi F2 l tng c mt electron cc i. cao v dy ca nhng tng ny thay i theo thi gian, ph thuc vo bc x ca mt tri v vng t trng ca Tri t. V d nh: Tng F1 bin mt sut m, v d nhn thy vo ma h hn l vo ma ng. Cu hi t ra: Tng in ly nh hng nh th no n nhng s o lng GPS. Tng in ly l mi trng phn tn, n b cong tn hi u GPS v thay i tc ca tn hi u GPS khi tn hi u GPS i xuyn qua nhng tng in ly khc nhau tin n b thu GPS. B cong ng dn tn hi u GPS gy ra li khng ng k, c bit l trong tr ng hp dn, t gy ra nhng li khong cch th cn phi xem xt n. Tng in ly s tng tc truyn dn ca pha sng mang vt qua tc nh sng, ng thi n s lm chm li m PRN (cng nh l thng ip iu hng) vi cng mt lng. Nh vy, khong cch gia b thu v v tinh s l qu ngn nu o bng pha-sng mang, ho c l qu di nu o bng m PRN, khi so snh v i khong cch thc s. Tr hon tng in ly tng ng vi mt s lng electron t do nm dc theo ng truyn ca tn hi u GPS, s lng electron ny gi l TEC (total electron content). Tuy nhin, TEC ph thuc vo mt vi thng s sau: 1) thi gian trong ngy (m t electron t mc cc i vo khong u bui tra v t mc cc tiu vo khong na m tnh theo gi a phng) ; gc ngng ca v tinh ln hn 5 . Nhng nu tng in ly nh hng n tc truyn

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GPS the global positioning system


2) thi gian trong nm (mt electron vo ma ng cao hn ma h); 3) chu k mt tri mi 11 nm (mt electron t n gi tr cc i mi 11 nm,thi im ny tng ng vi mt nh trong ho t ng le sng ca mt tri gi l nh chu k mt tri-solar cycle peak ); 4) v tr a l (mt electron t mc cc tiu ti nhng vng midlatitude (vng ny nm trong khong v v Bc; 23 2622" Nam v 66 3339" Nam ) v khng theo m t quy lut no ti vng xch o v vng a cc tri t). 23 2622" Bc 66 3339"

Tng in ly l mi trng phn tn, m c tr hon m n gy ra ph thuc vo tn s ca tn hi u. Tn s cng thp th tr hon cng l n; v vy nn tr hon t ng in ly i vi sng mang L2 cao hn i vi sng mang L1. Ni chung, tr hon t ng in ly thng vo khong t 5m n 15m, nhng c th vt qu con s 150m trong iu kin mt tri hot ng tch cc, vo gia ngy v gn vi a tng (horizon). Mt electron thay i theo thi gian v v tr. Tuy nhin, mt electron c tnh tng quan cao xt trong nh ng khong cch ngn, do , ly sai phn nhng quan st GPS gia nhng ngi s dng gn nhau v khng gian c th loi b phn ln tr hon tng in ly. Da vo tnh cht phn tn c a tng in ly, tr hon tng in ly c th c m t vi chnh xc cao bng cch kt hp o c tm gi s dng m P trn c L1 v L2. Nhng khng may, m P ch c th c truy nhp duy nht bi ngi dng c cp php. Cng vi s b sung m C/A th hai trn L2, gi i hn ny b loi b. Kt hp o lng pha-sng mang trn c L1 v L2 m t nhng thay i trong tr hon tng in ly. Nhng ngi s dng b thu GPS song tn c th kt hp vi o lng phasng mang L1 v L2, t to ra tn hi u kt hp tuyn tnh t do tng in ly (ionosphere-free linear combination ) nhm loi b tr hon tng in ly. Tuy nhin, phng php ny c nhc im: 1) nhiu quan st cao hn;

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2) khng duy tr bn cht s nguyn ca nhng tham s ambiguity. Do , phng php ny khng c ngh i vi nhng baseline ngn. Nhng ngi s dng b thu n tn s khng tn dng c u im nh vo bn cht phn tn ca tng in ly. Tuy nhin, h c th s dng mt trong nhng m hnh t ng in ly c sn, c th gim thiu ti 60% tr hon. M hnh c s dng rng ri nh t l m hnh Klobuchar, nhng h s ca n c pht i nh mt phn ca thng ip iu hng. Mt cch gii quyt khc i vi nhng ngi s dng b thu n tn l s dng nhng thng tin iu chnh t mng thng tin a phng. Nhng thng tin iu chnh nh vy c th c thu vo thi gian thc thng qua nhng ng lin kt thng tin cng ng.

5.10 Gc ta (datum), h thng ta v php chiu bn :


Bn c bao gi nhn trn b n v hi rng mnh ang u trn .Hoc mun bit hng i, ng i n ti nhng im nh ni cm tri, bn lngNgi ta dng m t cng c gi l ta xc nh v tr ca chng ta trn b n . Ta l im giao nhau ca hai ng kinh tuyn (longtitude) v v tuyn (latitude). C nhi u phng thc xc nh kinh v v , my thu GPS l mt trong nhng cng c hin i nht.

5.10.1 nh hng:
im (waypoints):mc tiu ca GPS l tm ng i t im A n im B.Cc im A,B ny gi l waypoint nh nh ,bi gi xe,sui,ni cm triNu c thng s ta ca nhng im ny, bn c th d dng nhp n vo my thu GPS v tm ng i, hng i ti , d c th bn cha bao gi ti . GPS ch ra cho bn khong cch theo ng chim bay n , hng i ti cc im .

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Tuyn ng (route): i khi chng ta cn nhng hng i phc tp hn l ch ni gia im A v B. v d nh i t A n B, chng ta cn i qua nhng im 2,3,4Nh vy, ni cc im ny li 1-2-3-4-5 ta c mt khi ni m mi gi l tuyn ng. C th to ra tuyn ng trn GPS bng cch ni cc im li (Hnh 18).

Hnh 18:route Track log: Bn s dng GPS ghi li chng ng i qua, chng ng ny gi l track log.Track log l t p hp cc im m GPS t ng ghi li (c th t theo ch bao nhiu giy ghi li mt ln) v bn c th s dng tracklog quay li con ng c (track back), khi GPS s da trn tracklog to ra mt route mi quay li im xut pht . Hng bc:c ba loi hng bc: Bc t : Hng bc ca a bn do t trng to nn. Bc tht: Hng bc l im cc bc ni cc kinh tuyn ct nhau. Bc theo bn : Hng bc theo li bn . C nhiu nh dng khc nhau c a ta :

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Lat/lon (latitude-longtitude): l nh dng ph thng, nh dng ca n l , pht,
.

thng s ny th rt kh tnh ton b ng tay trn bn v phi quy i ra h thp phn ri tnh l i.

giy. 1 = 111

,1 =

= 1.85

,1 =

= 30.83 . Nhng nu nhn

5.10.2 Gc ta ca bn (Map Datum):


Bn v biu thng c cc li to ra t im gc gi l gc ta (datum). C nhiu bn m chng ta dng ngy nay c o v t hng chc nm trc. Cng ngh ngy nay cho php chng ta o v c nhng bn cc k chnh xc, tuy vy, GPS cng phi phi hp c vi nhng bn giy c v t xa. Hu nh cc my thu GPS c ti hng chc, thm ch hng tr m gc ta khc nhau. N u khng chn ng gc ta th bn c th c mt thng s hon ton sai l ch. V d: theo h ta 1 th im A c thng s l A (6,9) nhng theo h ta 2 th A(8,14). Nh vy khi ni bn ang h ta x, y no th phi ni chnh xc im gc ca n l theo h no, h 1 hay h 2 (Hnh 19) Cc h (datum) thng dng hin nay l : Hnh 19 VN2000 WGS84 VN2000 c xy dng trn n n ca WGS 84, do vy, vi cc yu cu ph thng vi sai s ti 10-20m, ta c th tm coi hai h ny trng nhau. Ngoi ra cc bn c hn, c th thy cc h ta nh India Thailan, India 1960... khi , nu mun dng thng s ny phi ci t GPS cho ng vi h ta .

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Trn thc t, b mt a hnh ca Tri t khng ng u khin cho vic tnh ton trc a hcv d nh m t v tr ca ngi s dngtr nn kh khn. khc phc vn ny, nhng nh tr c a hc tha nhn mt b mt ton hc phng, gi l b mt tham kho, c lng gn chnh xc hnh d ng khng ng u ca Tri t (ni chnh xc h n l c lng mc nc bin trung bnh c a Tri t). Mt b mt ton hc nh vy gi l mt cu, c s dng rng khp trong ch nh v chnh xc m c thp. i vi nh v chnh xc m c cao nh nh v GPS, b mt ton hc tt nht xp x Tri t v ti cng thi im gip cho vic tnh ton n gin nh c th, l mt hnh

elip gi l biaxial ellipsoid (Hnh 20). M t biaxial ellipsoid tham kh o, hay ni ngn gn l hnh ellipsoid tham kh o, c c bng cch xoay mt hinh elip xung quanh tr c b ca n, trc b. Tng t nh i vi hnh elip, biaxial ellipsoid c th c xc nh bi na trc ln v na trc b (a,b) hoc l (a,f) vi f=1-(b/a). Hnh 20: (a)mi lin h gia b mt vt l ca tri t, geoid v ellipsoid (b) nhng tham s ellipsoidal. Mt hnh ellipsoid tham kh o thch hp gi l geodetic datum. Geodetic datum l b mt ton hc, l hnh ellipsoid tham kh o, vi gc ta v nh hng r rng.

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V d: xt geocentric geodetic datum. y l geodetic datum vi gc ta trng vi tm ca Tri t. R rng rng c v s nhng geocentric geodetic datum nh vy vi nhng nh hng khc nhau. Do , mt geodetic datum ch duy nht c xc nh thng qua tm thng s : hai tham s xc nh kch thc ca hnh ellipsoid tham kh o; ba tham s xc nh v tr ca gc; v ba tham s xc nh nh hng ca ba trc c xt n Tri t. Bng di y lit k ba h thng tham kho ph bin v nhng hnh ellipsoid i km tng ng.

Thm mt v d b sung vo h thng geodetic datum, mt h thng gi l vertical datum c s dng trong th c t nhm xc nh cao ca im. Bi v cao ca mt im nh v trc tip trn vertical datum c gi tr l zeros, do h thng vertical datum cn gi l b mt vi cao zeros. Mt vertical datum thng c la chn nh l mt th a cu; b mt ny xp x tt nht vi mc nc bin trung bnh trn ton c u. Trong qu kh, nhng v tr lin quan n nhng datum ngang v d c thng c m t tch ri ln nhau. V i s ra i ca h thng nh v trc a khng gian GPS, c th m t nhng v tr 3-D s dng h thng tham kho 3-D.

5.10.3 Php chiu bn :


Php chiu bn l php chuyn i t nhng c im vt l trn b mt cong ca Tri t thnh m t b mt phng, b mt phng ny gi l bn .

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Hnh 21: Khi ni m v php chiu bn Tuy nhin, theo quan im ton hc, php chuyn i t nhng ta trc a t c t GPS chng hn, thnh nh ng ta li hnh ch nht gi l hng ng (easting) v hng bc (northing). Php bi n i ny gi l php chiu bn trc tip. Php chiu ngc li, t nhng ta li sang ta trc a. Nhng ta li hnh ch nht c s dng rng ri trong th c t, c bit trong nhng cng vic lin quan n Geomatics. Nguyn nhn ch yu bi v vic tnh ton th c hin trn mt phng bn thng d dng hn l thc hin trn b mt tham kho. Khng may, do s khc bit gia b mt ellipsoid ca Tri t so vi b mt phng ca php chiu, kt qu gy ra s mo dng. iu ny tng t vi vic lm phng v ca mt na qu cam; chng ta s c nhng phn cng ra v nh ng phn co rt li, dn n kt qu lm mo dng v ca qu cam. C nhiu php chiu bn c s dng ti thiu ha mo dng.Trong hu ht nhng ng dng GPS, conformal l php chiu hay c s dng. Vi php chiu conformal, nhng gc trn b mt hnh elip c duy tr sau khi c chiu trn b mt chiu phng. Tuy nhin, c din tch v t l u b mo dng; nh rng din tch hoc l b cng ra hoc l b nn li. Php chiu bn

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conformal ph bin nht l Mercator ngang, UTM, php chi u hnh nn conformal Lambert. Nh rng nhng php chiu bn ny khng ch h tr nhng ta li ca mt im m cn l c h thng tham chi u. Bi v nhng ta trc a ca mt im s thay i t h thng tham kho ny sang h thng tham kho kia UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator): l php chiu bn dng h MET m chng ta thng thy trong cc bn gn y. Mi: rng 6 hay 666Km, theo kinh , c nh s t 1 n 60, bt u t kinh tuyn T v 80 Nam n 80 Bc, Tri t c chia thnh 60 mi (d c) v 20 di (ngang). H thng vung U.T.M (Hnh 22):

180 i v ng. Di rng 8 hay 888Km, theo v , c

t tn bng mt mu t theo th t t Nam n Bc, bt u t C n X (b qua cc mu t A,B,I,O,Y). Mi v di ct nhau thnh nh ng vng li vung mang tn bng s v mu t: s l tn ca mi, mu t l tn ca di.

V d: nc Vit Nam nm trong li vung mang ch s


ngang l 6 v chiu dc l 8 (Hnh 23) Hnh 22:h thng vung UTM 47Q-48Q-49Q-48P-49P . Mi vung ca hnh bn c chiu

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GPS the global positioning system

Hnh 23: Vit Nam xt trong h t a UTM

5.10.4 H thng ta dc:


cao ca mt im c xc nh l khong cch dc t vertical datum n im . Geoid thng c la chn tr thnh vertical datum. Chi u cao ca mt im bn trn geoid gi l chiu cao orthometric. N c th mang gi tr dng hoc m tuy thuc vo v tr ca im c nh v bn trn hay bn di geoid. Nh c nhiu ngha vt l, chiu cao orthometric thng rt cn thit trong thc t v thng c s dng trong nhng bn a hnh (Hnh 24-25).

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Hnh 24: chiu cao orthometric

Hnh 25: chiu cao orthometric xt trong mi tng quan vi 3 h thng mt phng Trong mt vi trng hp, v d nh l GPS, chiu cao ca i tng s c tham chiu n hnh ellipsoid tham kh o, ch khng phi l geoid. Do nhng cao ny gi l chiu cao ellipsoidal. Chiu cao ellipsoidal c th mang gi tr dng hay m ty thuc vo v tr ca im nm bn trn hay bn di b mt ca hnh ellipsoidal tham kho. Khng may l nhng chiu cao ellipsoidal ch n thun mang tnh ch t hnh h c ch khng c ngha vt l no. Do , nhng dng c Geomatic khc nhau s khng s dng thng s chiu cao ny trc tip. Khong tch ri gia geoid-ellipsoid gi l chiu cao geoid undulation. Khong cch ny c th t n 100m, gi tr ca n c th dng hoc m, ph thuc vo geoid nm bn trn hoc bn di hnh elip tham kh o ti im kho st. Thng tin chnh xc v chiu cao geoid undulation dng m t cao orthometric thng qua cao ellipsoidal v ngc li. Nhng m hnh Geoid s dng m t chiu cao geoid undulation c pht trin trn khp th gii. Khng may, nhng m hnh ny khng c chnh xc ph h p v khng ng u trn khp mi ni, ch yu bi v thiu d liu trng lc a phng (local gravity) v thng tin cao i km ti mt s ni trn th gii. Nhiu b thu GPS v gi phn mm c nhng m hnh geoid xy dng bn

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trong nhm chuyn i mt cch t ng gia cao orthometric v cao ellipsoidal. Tuy nhin cn phi ht sc cn thn khi m y ch l nhng m hnh c chnh xc thp. Bng d liu trng lc a phng mt s khu vc trn th gii:

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5.10.5 H thng ta trc a:


H thng ta l tp hp nhng quy tc ch nh nhng v tr (hay gi l ta ) ca im. H thng thng bao gm mt gc ta , tp hp cc trc theo mt hng xc nh. Hnh bn d i ch ra h trc ta 3-D, s dng 3 trc(x,y,z), im giao nhau ti 3 trc l gc ta C (Hnh 26).

Hnh 26: H thng ta 3-D H thng ta c th c phn loi theo 1-D, 2-D v 3-D, lin quan n s lng ta cn thit xc nh v tr ca mt im. V d: H thng ta 1-D c dng xc nh cao ca im so vi mt nc bin. C th phn loi h thng ta da vo dng ca b mt tham kho, hng ca trc v gc ta . Trong trng hp i vi h ta trc a 3-D, b mt tham kho l hnh ellipsoid. Hng ca trc v gc c xc nh bi hai mt phng: mt phng kinh tuyn i qua im cc hoc l trc z ( kinh tuyn l mt phng ko di t cc bc xung cc nam ca Tri t ) v mt phng xch o ca hnh ellipsoid.
Formatted: Indent: First line: 0.5"

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i vi nhng ngi s dng GPS, h ta trc a 3-D l quan tr ng nht. Trong h thng ny, ta ca mt im c xc inh bi v trc a ( ), kinh chuyn i sang h ta Cartesian (x,y,z). thc hin c php chuyn i, phi trc a () v cao so vi b mt tham kho(h). Nhng ta trc a ( , ,h) c th

xem xt n tham s (a,f) ca hnh ellipsoid. Ngoi ra hon ton c th chuyn i ta trc a sang ta li hnh ch nht dng trn bn .

5.10.6 H thng ta CTRS (Conventional Terrestrial Reference System):


CTRS l h thng ta 3-D dng geocentric, c gc ta trng vi tm Tri t. CTRS c nh vi Tri t, xoay cng vi Tri t.Ngoi ra CTRS cn gi l h thng ta ECEF (Earth-centered,Earth-fixed). Phng v chiu ca nhng trc trong CTRS c xc nh nh sau:trc z tr v pha CTP (Conventional Terrestrial Point), l v tr trung bnh c a cc. Trc x c xc nh bng giao nhau gia mt phng xch o mt t v mt phng kinh tuyn, trn l v tr trung bnh c a i quan st Greenwich (London-England). R rng r ng, t nh ngha trc x v trc z, mt phng xz s i qua kinh tuy n Greenwich. Trc y c la chn hnh thnh h thng ta cnh tay phi. Ba trc giao nhau ti trung tm c a Tri t.

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Hnh 27: (a) khi ni m v h thng ta trc a (b)h thng ta trc a v Cartesian Khi nh v CTRS phi xt n Tri t khi ng dng kt qu nh v trong thc t.S dng phng php gn gi tr ta v mt con s c la chn trong nh ng trm tham kho phn b ri rc khp ni. Mt trong nh ng h thng CTRS quan trng nht l ITRS (International Terrestrial Reference System), cn gi l ITRF(International Terrestrial Reference Frame). ITRF da trn nhng s liu o c t nhng trm tham kho phn phi trn khp ton cu s dng GPS v nhng h thng trc a khng gian khc. Do , y c tha nhn l h thng ta chnh xc nh t. ITRF c cp nht trong mi khong t 1 n 3 nm t c chnh xc c th cao nht.

5.10.7 H thng WGS 84 v NAD 83:


WGS 84 (World Geodetic System of 1984 ) l mt h thng tham kho 3-D,ly Tri t lm trung tm, c pht trin bi U.S Defense Mapping Agency trc y, by gi l NIMA (National Imagery and Mapping Agency). y l h thng tham kho GPS chnh thc. Ni cch khc, mt ngi s dng GPS s dng nhng ephemeris qung b trong tin trnh s dng, kt qu t c l ta trong h thng WGS 84. WGS 84 s dng CTRS kt hp vi mt hnh ellipsoid ng nht, cng vi ellipsoid ca GRS 80 (Geodetic Reference System of 1980). Ellipsoid ca GRS80 c ngh bi International Association of Geodesy s dng trong nh ng ng dng trc a. Ban u, WGS84 c thit lp, s dng rt nhiu trm Doppler. Sau , h thng c cp nht vi ln c th gn ging nht vi h thng ITRF. Vi bn cp nht gn y, WGS 84 gn nh tng ng vi ITRF vi chnh xc di decimet. Ngoi ra, Bc M cn hin din mt geocentric datum khc,NAD 83 (North American Datum of 1983), c s dng nh mt datum chnh th c nh v khng

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gian. NAD 83 s dng ellipsoid ca GRS 80, do c NAD 83 v WGS 84 gn nh l tng ng nhau c v hnh dng v kch thc.

5.10.8 Php chuyn i datum:


nh v vi nhng datum ngang v datum d c c m t mt cch c lp vi nhau.Ngoi ra, nh ng datum ngang khng ph i l dng geocentric v c s dng thit lp ti mt s khu vc trn th gii. Do , nhng datum ny gi l datum cc b (local datum). Hn 150 datum cc b c s dng trn khp th gii (Hnh 28). Mt v d ca datum cc b l NAD 27 (North American Datum of 1927 ). Vi s ra i ca h thng nh v geodetic nh l GPS, by gi ta c th m t nhng datum geocentric 3-D ton cc.

Hnh 28: nhng datum geocentric v datum cc b

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Nhng bn c c sn xut vi datum cc b, trong khi ,hu ht nhng bn mi c sn xut vi datum geocentric. Do , m bo tnh chc chn,cn thit phi xy dng mi lin h gia datum cc b v datum geocentric,nh l WGS 84. Mi lin h nh vy gi l php chuyn i datum (Hnh 29). NIMA (National Imagery and Mapping Agency) xut bn nhng tham s chuyn i gia WGS 84 v nhiu datum cc b c s dng trn nhi u nc. Hin ti, nhiu nh sn xut GPS ang s dng nhng tham s ny bn trong nhng gi phn mm x l ca h.Tuy nhin, r rng r ng, nhng tham s chuyn i ny ch gn chnh xc v khng nn c s dng trong nhng ng dng GPS chnh xc. V d nh Toronto, s dng nhng tham s NIMA (WGS 84 n NAD 27) to ra s sai bit n vi met i vi nhng ta ngang (kinh v v ) khi so snh vi phn mm NTv2 (National Transformation) c sn xut bi Geomatics Canada. Thm ch, s sai bit c th ln hn trong nhng vng khc. Phng php tt nht c c nhng tham s chuyn i l so snh nh ng ta hay dng c nh sn trong c hai h thng ta .

Hnh 29: Php chuyn i datum

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6. Nhng ch nh v GPS:
nh v GPS c tin hnh theo m t trong hai cch: nh v im hoc l nh v tng i. nh v im GPS s dng mt b thu GPS -b thu ny c s dng o lng tm gi s dng m (code pseudorange)-nhm m t v tr ca ngi s dng ngay tc thi, min l b thu c th nhn th y t bn n nm v tinh. chnh xc nh v theo tiu chun ngang t b thu m dn d ng C/A gim xung khong 100 m khi SA cn tn ti,v gim i khong 22 m khi SA b loi b. nh v im GPS c s dng khi khng i hi chnh xc cao. Bao gm nhng ng dng gii tr v iu hng chnh xc thp. Tuy nhin,nh v tng i GPS s dng hai b thu quan st ng thi cng mt v tinh.Nu c hai b thu theo du vt t nht bn v tinh, ta c th t c mc nh v chnh xc cao t di centimet n vi mt. Nhng s liu o c pha-sng mang hoc/v tm gi c th c s dng trong ch nh v tng i GPS, ph thuc vo yu cu v chnh xc. i vi hai phng php o c ny, s dng o c pha-sng mang cho chnh xc cao hn. nh v tng i GPS c th c thc hin trong ch thi gian thc hoc ch post-mission. nh v tng i GPS c s dng trong nhng ng dng i hi chnh xc cao nh l trc a hoc v bn , GIS, v iu hng chnh xc.

6.1 nh v im GPS:
nh v im GPS cn gi l nh v t tr bao gm ch duy nht mt b thu GPS. Trong b thu GPS theo du vt ng thi 4 v tinh GPS hoc hn m t ta ca n so vi gc ta l trung tm c a Tri t (Hnh 30). Hu nh tt c nhng b thu GPS c mt trn th trng u c kh nng hin th ta nh v im.

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Hnh 30: nguyn tc nh v im GPS Bt c lc no, m t v tr im ca b thu, i hi phi c ta ca nhng v tinh cng nh l khong cch t b thu n bn v tinh . B thu c c ta ca v tinh thng qua thng ip iu hng, cn khong cch th c c t m C/A hoc l m P , ph thuc vo dng ca b thu (dn dng hay qun s). Nh cp trc , o lng tm gi b lm sai lch i bi li ng b gia ng h b thu v ng h v tinh. iu chnh li ng h v tinh c th c thc hin trong thng ip iu hng; li ng h b thu c xem l mt tham s ph no trong tin trnh nh gi. Nh vy, c tng cng 4 tham s : ba tham s l ta ca b thu v tham s cn li l li ng b ng h b thu.y l l do ti sao ta cn ti thiu n bn v tinh. N u nh c nhiu hn bn v tinh th k thut lc Kalman c s dng. Khi m t a v tinh thu c v h thng WGS 84 th ta b thu cng tng t. Tuy nhin, hu ht nhng b thu GPS u cung cp tham s chuyn i gia WGS 84 v nhiu datum cc b trn khp th gii.

6.2 nh v tng i GPS:

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nh v tng i GPS cn c gi l nh v sai phn, s dng hai b thu GPS theo du vt cng mt v tinh nh m m t nhng ta tng i ca n. Mt trong hai b thu ny gi l b thu nn, n duy tr v tr c nh vi mt ta c xc nh trc. K thut nh v th rt a dng, chng c s dng nh v thi gian thc hoc l nh v postprocessing (postmission). nh v tng i GPS c chnh xc cao hn nh v t tr GPS. Ph thuc vo s o c no c s dng trong nh v, o lng pha-sng mang hoc o lng tm gi, ch nh v ny s c mt chnh xc t di 1 cm n vi met. Nguy n nhn ch yu l do nhng thng s o c c ca hai b thu c cng dng li, ch l nhiu hn hoc t hn thi.Khong cch gia hai b thu cng ngn th tnh t ng ng ca hai b thu cng cao.Do ,nu ta ly sai phn nhng thng s o c c t hai b thu th nh ng li tng t s b loi b hoc b suy gim.

Hnh 31:nguyn tc nh v tng i GPS

6.3 Quan st GPS tnh (static GPS surveying):

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Quan st GPS tnh l mt k thut nh v tng i ,s dng phng php o c sng mang-pha.Phng php ny s dng hai b thu tnh (hoc nhiu hn) quan st cng mt v tinh (Hnh 32).

Hnh 32:quan st GPS t nh

B thu nn c thit lp ti mt im vi ta chnh xc xc nh.Cn b thu kia l b thu ng cng c t ti mt im nhng ta th khng bit trc v ang c xc nh.B thu tnh c th h tr bao nhiu b thu ng cng c min l c t nht 4 v tinh hi n hu i vi c hai loi b thu. V nguyn tc ,phng php ny da trn vic tp hp nhng kt qu o c tc thi t c hai b thu trong m t khong thi gian no ; sau khi x l s liu s c c ta ca im.Thi gian quan st thay i t khong 20 pht n vi gi ph thuc vo khong cch gia b thu nn v b thu ng (baseline length),s lng v tinh hi n hu,v khi hnh h c v tinh.o c c thc hin trong kho ng thi gian m i 15giy hoc 20 giy hoc l o c mu mi 15 giy hoc 20 giy.

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Sau khi hon thnh o c,d liu s c download t b thu xung my tnh x l.Nhng ty chn x l sai phn c la chn ty thuc vo nhng yu cu ca ngi s dng ,chiu di baseline,v nhng h s khc.V d nh,trong trng hp chiu di baseline ngn,gii quyt nhng tham s ambiguity s l vn then cht m bo ch nh v chnh xc cao.i vi nhng baseline di, khong 1,000 km,ng i ta ngh rng ngi s dng x l d liu vi mt trong nhng gi phn mm khoa hc sn dng,nh l phn mm BERENSE,phn mm ny c pht trin bi i hc Bern,ng hn y l gi phn mm thng mi.Ngoi ra,nhng ephemeris chnh xc nn c s dng trong trng hp ny,khi m nh hng ca nhng li qu o thc s khc bit ti hai u cui ca baseline. Trc a GPS tnh kt hp vi phng php o c pha-sng mang l k thut nh v chnh xc nh t.K thut ny lin quan ch yu n s thay i ng k trong khi hnh hc v tinh qua m t khong thi gian quan st di.M c d c hai b thu n tn v song tn c th c s dng trong ch nh v tnh ,b thu song tn thng c s dng hn,c bit i vi nhng baseline c chiu di ln hn 20 km . chnh xc mong i t mt b thu GPS cht lng tt in hnh l 5 mm + 1ppm (rms);ppm (parts per million) v rms (root-mean-square).L y v d,i vi mt baseline di 10 km,tnh chnh xc mong i t h thng trc a GPS tnh l 1.5 cm(rms). chnh xc cao hn c th t c bng cch p dng,v d nh nhng ephemeris chnh xc .

6.4 GPS sai phn, thi gian thc (real-time DGPS):


DGPS l mt k thut nh v tng i da trn m,s dng hai b thu hoc nhiu hn theo di ng thi cng mt v tinh (Hnh 33).DGPS c s dng khi ch cn chnh xc cp mt,thi gian th c.Phng php da trn mt thc t : nhng

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li GPS hin hu trong nhng tm gi ,v c bn l ging nhau trn c b thu nn v b thu ch ,min l chiu di baseline gii hn trong tm vi trm kilomet.

Hnh 33:hot ng GPS sai phn th i gian th c B thu nn duy tr v tr tnh ti mt im xc nh. Phn mm build-in ca b thu nn s dng nhng ta nn c xc nh mt cch chnh xc v t a v tinh, dn xut t thng ip iu hng, tnh ton kho ng cch n mi v tinh. Ngoi ra, phn mm cn c kh nng ly s khc bit gia khong cch c tnh ton v t m gi o c c t xc nh c li tm gi (hoc l thng tin iu chnh DGPS). Nhng thng tin ny c pht theo mt nh dng gi l RTCM (Technical Commission for Maritime Service) n ch thng qua mt ng lin kt thng tin. ch n s s dng thng tin iu chnh DGPS ny iu chnh li tm gi m b thu ch o c. Cui cng, nhng tm gi ny s c s dng tnh ton t a ca ch.

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chnh xc t c vi phng php ny thay i trong khong t di mt mt n khong 5m, ph thuc vo khong cch gia nn - ch, tc truyn dn ca thng tin iu chnh RTCM DGPS,v kh nng thc thi ca nhng b thu m C/A. chnh xc cao hn t c vi khong cch nn-ch ngn, tc truyn dn cao. Khi m SA b loi b, tc d liu c th gim xung 10 giy hoc thp hn m khng lm suy gim chnh xc. Ngoi ra, chnh xc c th c ci thin nu b thu c kh nng lu tr nhng s liu tm gi th, nhng s liu ny sau c s dng trong ch postprocessing.

6.5 Tuyn lin kt thng tin (radio):


Hot ng ca DGPS thi gian thc cn mt tuyn lin kt truyn thng tin t b thu nn n b thu ch. in hnh, thng tin iu chnh DGPS c pht ti 200 Kbps. C nhiu tuyn lin kt v tuyn khc nhau, s dng nhng thnh ph n khc nhau ca ph in t trng, lun sn dng h tr hot ng lin kt thng tin. Trong th c t, nhng di thng c s dng ph bin l di tn s trung bnh/th p (LF/MF) (30Khz n 3Mhz), di tn s rt cao v cc cao (VHF/UHF) (30Mhz n 3 Ghz).Thng th ng, ngi s dng GPS tn dng nhng tuyn lin kt thng tin v tuyn chuyn dng ca ring h truyn pht thng tin c a my thu nn. a s nhng tuyn lin kt v tuyn GPS chuyn dng, t ti mt t c thit lp s dng di VHF/UHF. Nhng tuyn lin kt v tuyn trong di ny cung cp mt bao ph thng theo tm nhn do n c kh nng xuyn qua ta nh v nhi u i tng cn tr khc. Mt v d v mt tuyn lin kt v tuyn nh vy l RFM96W, c s dng bi Pacific Crest Corporation m sn dng trong nh ng m hnh khc nhau d a trn tn s c h tr trong di VHF/UHF. Dng lin kt v tuyn ny i hi mt s cp php hot ng. Mt tuyn lin kt v tuyn khc cng c sn xut bi Pacific Crest Corporation gi l PDL (Position Data Link). PDL cho php tc baud l 19,200 v c trng ha bi kh nng tiu th in nng thp v tng cng giao din ngi s dng.

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Mt v d khc l b thu v tuyn tri ph, khng cn cp php; hot ng trong khu vc 902-928Mhz trong di UHF. Tuyn lin kt ny c bao ph t 1-5 km v 3-15 km tng ng trong nh ng khu vc thnh th v nng thn. Gn y hn, cc nh sn xut GPS s dng cng ngh t bo, PCS s (Personal Communication Services) nh mt tuyn lin kt thng tin thay th . Trong tng lai gn, ngi ta hy vng rng nhng mng s bng thng rng 3-G (third generation) s c s dng rng ri nh l mt tuyn lin kt thng tin GPS. Cng ngh 3-G s dng nhng tiu chun ton cu ph bin gip gim chi ph dch v .Ngoi ra, cng ngh ny cn cho php cc thit b lun v tr ON sut thi gian truyn hoc thu d liu, trong khi chi ph ch tnh i vi nhng gi d liu c pht i hoc thu v. Trong thc t, nhng vt cn dc theo ng truyn tn hi u, nh l ta nh v a hnh a vt, s lm suy hao tn hi u c pht i, t dn n gii hn bao ph. Ngoi ra, tn hi u pht cn b suy hao bi phn x mt t (a ng), anten pht v m t vi thng s khc. tng bao ph ca mt tuyn lin kt v tuyn, ngi s dng c th s dng mt mch khuch i cng sut hoc cp ng trc cht lng cao, hoc c th tng chiu cao ca anten v tuyn pht/thu. N u s dng mch khuch i cng sut, ngi s dng nn cn thn vi qu ti tn hi u (against overload signal) thng xy ra khi sng v tuyn pht v thu th c s gn vi nhau. Ngi s dng c th tng bao ph tn hi u bng cch s dng mt trm repeater. Trong trng hp ny, tt hn ht l s dng mt anten n hng, nh l anten Yagi, ti trm nn v anten v hng ti trm repeater (Hnh 34).

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Hnh 34: s dng nhng b lp (repeater) tng bao ph tn hi u v tuyn

6.6 GPS RTK:


Quan st RTK l mt k thut nh v tng i da trn pha-sng mang, gi ng nh nhng phng php trc , n s dng hai b thu (hoc nhiu hn ) quan st ng thi cng mt v tinh (Hnh 35). Ph ng php ny thch h p khi: 1) vic quan st c nhi u im cha xc nh nh ng c v tr gn mt im xc nh no (trong vng bn knh kho ng 10-15 km). 2) ta nhng im cha xc nh c yu cu trong thi gian thc.

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3) tm nhn, ng truyn khng c chng ngi vt. Nh vo tnh d s dng cng nh kh nng m t ta trong thi gian th c,y l phng php hon h o i vi ngi s dng

Hnh 35:quan st GPS RTK Trong phng php ny, b thu base duy tr v tr tnh vi mt im xc nh v i km vi mt b pht sng v tuyn. B thu ch thng c mang vc trn vai v i km vi mt b thu sng v tuyn. Tc truyn d liu l 1Hz (1 mu/giy). S liu o c t b thu nn v ta c truyn n b thu ch thng qua tuyn lin kt thng tin v tuyn. Phn mm built-in trong b thu ch kt hp nhng s liu GPS o c c t b thu nn v b thu ch v x l, kt qu l ta ca b thu ch.

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S dng k thut gi l phn tch ambiguity OTF (on-the-fly) phn tch tham s ambiguity. Mt khi m nh ng tham s ambiguity xc nh vi gi tr nguyn, b thu (hoc thit b iu khin my tnh cm tay ca b thu) s hin th nhng ta ca my thu ch ngay ti v tr . V vy khng cn s dng ch nh v postprocessing. chnh xc nh v theo nh mong i trong khong t 2 n 5cm (rms). C th ci thin chnh xc nh v bng cch duy tr v tr ti mt im ch trong mt khong thi gian ngn, v d nh khong 30s, c th ly trung bnh v tr nh v. Nhng ta ch tnh ton c th c lu tr li v download vo phn mm CAD ti mt khong thi gian sau phn tch k cng hn. Phng php ny c s dng ch yu i vi b thu song tn,tuy nhin thi t k khng phi ch dnh ring cho n. Trong cng iu kin, chnh xc nh v ca phng php nh v RTK ch b suy gim khng ng k khi so snh vi phng php nh v GPS truyn thng. Nguyn nhn ch yu bi v thi gian trong ph ng php nh v GPS truyn thng t c b thu nn v b thu ch ph hp ln nhau m t cch hon ho trong tin trnh x l. Tuy nhin, vi RTK, d liu b thu nn sau mt khong thi gian tr hon m i tin n b thu ch. Tr hon d liu bao gm: nh dng, ng gi, pht, v m ha d liu nn. tha thi gian vi b thu ch, d liu nn phi c ngoi suy, do lm suy bin chnh xc nh v.

VI. Nhng nh dng tiu chun GPS:


Khi m cc nh s n xut GPS c lp c nhng nh dng c quyn ca chnh h trong vic lu tr nhng s liu o c GPS, tht kh kt hp d liu t nhng b thu khc nhau. V n tng t khi s dng cc thit b khc nhau, bao g m h thng GPS. khc phc nhng gii hn ny, cc nhm nghin cu pht tri n nhng nh dng tiu chun i vi nhiu nhu cu ngi s dng khc nhau, bao g m: RINEX, NGS-SP3, RTCM SC-104, v NMEA 0183.

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6.1 nh dng RINEX:
tit kim khng gian l u tr, nhng nh dng c quyn pht tri n bi cc nh sn xut b thu GPS hu ht l nh phn, do khng th no c trc tip khi hin th. T to ra vn khi kt hp d liu t nhng b thu GPS khc nhau. khc phc vn ny, mt nhm cc nh nghin c u pht tri n mt nh dng trao i d liu c chp nhn trn ton th gii. nh dng ny gi l nh dng RINEX, ngun gc t nh dng ASCII tiu chun (vn bn c th c). Mc d mt file trong nh dng ASCII chim nhiu khng gian b nh hn trong nh dng nh phn, tuy nhin, file trong nh dng RINEX c kh nng phn ph i linh hot hn. Mt file RINEX l kt qu chuyn i file t nhng file nh phn nn c a chnh b thu . Phin bn phc tho ca nh dng RINEX c gii thiu vo nm 1989, sau phin bn c cp nht nhiu ln c th h tr nhiu dng d liu hn (vd:d liu GLONASS) v nhiu mc ch khc.Phin b n RINEX 2.10 hin hnh nh ngha su file RINEX khc nhau, mi file bao gm khu vc header v nhng khu vc d liu: 1) file d liu quan st, 2) file thng ip iu hng, 3) file kh tng , 4) file thng ip iu hng GLONASS, 5) file d liu v tinh a tnh 6) file d liu ng b gia ng h b thu v ng h v tinh. Phin bn 2.20 cung cp d liu t nhng v tinh LEO (Low Earth Orbit) trang b trong nhng b thu GPS hoc b thu GPS/ GLONASS. i vi ngi s dng, ba file

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RINEX c lit k u tin trn kia l quan tr ng nht. Chiu di mi dng ca tt c nhng dng file RINEX gii hn khong 80 k t. Quy tc t tn theo ngh i vi nhng file RINEX l ssssdddf.yyt. Trong : ssss : trnh by tn trm. ddd : trnh by s th t ngy trong nm ca bn ghi u tin. f : file sequence number(vd: f=0,file mang tt c d liu c trong ngy). yy v t: ln lt trnh by hai k s cui cng ca nm hin ti v dng file.Dng file bao gm nhng k t sau:O l file quan st;N l file iu hng;M l file d liu kh tng,Gl file iu hng GLONASS v H l file thng ip iu hng payload GPS tnh.(V d,vi file c tn abcd032.01o,file ny c quan st bi trm abcd, quan st vo ngy 1,thng hai,nm 2001). File quan st c cha thng tin tiu m t ni dung ca file nh l tn trm, thng tin anten, t a trm gn ng,s lng v dng quan st, kho ng thi gian quan st tnh theo giy, thi gian ca bn ghi quan st u tin, v nhi u thng tin khc. Nh ng dng quan st c xc nh bi L1 v L2, v s liu o c pha thc hin trn L1 v L2 (s chu k), C1 trnh by tm gi s dng m C/A trn L1 (mt); P1 v P2 trnh by t m gi s dng m P trn c L1 v L2 (mt); D1 v D2 trnh by t n s Doppler trn L1 v L2 (Hz). Khung thi gian GPS s dng i vi nhng file GPS trong khi khung th i gian UTC s dng i vi nhng file GLONASS.Khu vc header c th c mt vi bn ghi ty chn. Hai mi k t cui ca mi bn ghi (v d nh t ct 61 n ct 80) m t theo ng nguyn vn ca bn ghi . Bn ghi cui cng trong khu v c header phi l END OF HEADER. (Hnh 36)

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Hnh 36: v d v file quan st nh dng RINEX i vi d liu n tn Khu vc d liu chia thnh hai giai on; mi giai on u c gn th thi gian quan st (thi gian b thu thu tn hi u, theo khung th i gian GPS i vi nhng file GPS), s lng v danh sch cc v tinh, nh ng dng o c khc nhau m t trong cng mt chui hin din trong header, v chiu di tn hi u. Ngoi ra khu vc ny cn bao gm gi tr suy hao ca tn hi u ch th s tc nghn. sai lch ng h b thu tnh theo giy c th hin din hoc khng trong khu vc d liu. (Hnh 37 )

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Hnh 37: V d v file iu hng GPS Thng ip iu hng mang thng tin v v tinh. Trong phn tiu , mang nhng thng tin bao g m ngy to file, tn c quan qun l, v cc thng tin c lin quan khc. Ging nh file quan st, bn ghi cui cng trong khu vc header ca file iu hng phi l END OF HEADER. Ngoi ra, khu vc header c th mang nhng thng tin thm vo nh l nhng thng s ca m hnh t ng in ly i vi ngi s dng n tn. Tng t, nhng tham s almanac lin quan n thi gian GPS hoc thi gian UTM v leap second c th c ty chn bao hm lun trong khu v c header ca thng ip iu hng. Bn ghi u tin trong khu v c d liu mang thng tin v s PRN v tinh,th thi gian,v nhng tham s ng h v tinh (phn c c, tri git v tc tri git). Nhng bn ghi ph mang thng tin v qu o qung b ca v tinh, tnh tr ng v tinh,tun v tinh (GPS week), v cc thng tin c lin quan khc .

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Bng thng tin GPS Week:

File kh tng mang thng tin c g n km thi gian nh l nhit (theo Celsius), p sut khng kh (theo milibar) v m (theo phn trm) ti cnh quan st. File kh tng bt u vi khu vc header mang nh ng dng thng tin quan st khc nhau (v d nh p sut), thng tin c lin quan n cm bin, v tr chnh xc c a cm bin kh tng, v mt vi thng tin c lin quan khc, b n ghi cui cng trong khu vc header phi l END OF HEADER. Khu vc d liu mang nhng th thi gian (theo thi gian GPS), theo sau l d liu kh tng c sp xp trong cng mt chui c trng nh trong khu vc header (Hnh 38).

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Hnh 38:v d v file kh tng RINEX Hu ht cc nh sn xut b thu GPS pht tri n nhng gi phn mm postprocessing c kh nng chp nhn d liu GPS theo nh dng RINEX. Ngoi ra, a s nhng gi ny u c kh nng chuyn d liu GPS theo nh dng c quyn ca nh sn xut sang nh dng RINEX.Tuy nhin, cc nh sn xut nn bit rng, mt vi gi phn mm thay i lun nhng quan st th ban u bn trong tin trnh chuy n i (v d: iu chnh li nhng gi tr o c tm gi th).

6.2 nh dng NGS-SP3:


Vi t chc ang to ra d liu qu o chnh xc (ephemeris) h tr nhng ng dng i hi s nh v chnh xc cao. c th trao i mt cch thun tin nhng thng tin d liu qu o chnh xc nh vy, U.S.NGC pht tri n nh dng SP3, sau tr thnh tiu chu n quc t.SP3 l ch vit tt ca Standard Product #3, c gii thiu ln u tin vo 1985 nh l SP1. File SP3 l mt file ASCII, mang nhng thng tin d liu qu o chnh xc (trong khung tham chi u ITRF) v thng tin iu chnh ng

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h v tinh gn km. Chiu di mi dng ca nhng file SP3 gii hn trong 60 k t. Tiu chun d liu SP3 s dng h thng thi gian GPS. File ephemeris chnh xc trong nh dng SP3 bao gm hai khu vc: tiu v d liu.Khu vc tiu c 22 dng(Hnh 39). Hng u tin bt u vi biu tng c bit (#a) v mang thng tin nh l ngy Gregorian, th i gian xt trong ngy ca giai on qu o u tin v s lng cc giai on trong file ephemeris. Hng th hai bt u vi nhng biu tng (##) v ch ra tun GPS,ngy th hai ca tun, khong thi gian ca tng giai on v ngy Julian sa i. Hng 3-7 bt u vi biu tng (+), ch ra s lng v tinh t ng cng (trn hng th ba) cng nh l danh sch cc v tinh cng vi nhng nhn dng tng ng ca ring chng (s PRN). Dng 8-12 bt u vi biu tng (++) v ch ra nhng ae (accuracy exponent) chnh xc ca cc v tinh trn cc hng 3-7. ngha ca ae c gii thch nh sau: sai lch tiu chun ca mt li qu qu o c lch tiu chun l 2 = 64 mm hoc 6.4cm. Dng 13-19 trn tiu SP3 dnh cho nhng li bnh lun. o i vi mt v tinh =2 mm. V d: v tinh PRN1 c mt ae l 16, c ngha rng li c d tr dnh cho nh ng sa i tng lai, trong khi dng 19-22 c s dng t do

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Hnh 39: v d v khu vc tiu ca mt file SP3 Khu vc d liu ca nhng ephemeris chnh xc trong nh dng SP3 bt u ti dng 23, bao gm d liu v thi gian ca bn ghi u tin.Thc t,bn ghi ny cng th i im vi dng u tin ca khu vc header.Nhng dng sau mang thng tin t a v tinh v d liu ng h v tinh ca giai on hin hnh.M i dng gn vi mt v tinh no v bt u vi k t p,c ngha l hng v tr.Theo sau k t P l mt con s PRN v tinh ,t a x,y,z ca v tinh theo kilomet,v thng ip iu chnh ng h v tinh theo micro giy (Hnh 40).Trong vi trng hp, tc lc v tinh v t c ca thng ip iu chnh ng h c ghp hp li vi nhau cng vi thng tin ny.Bn ghi v tr v bn ghi iu chnh ng h s nm trn mt dng ,theo sau l mt dng khc mang gi tr tc lc v bn ghi iu chnh tc ca ng h ca cng mt v tinh. Dng mang b n ghi

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tc lc bt u vi ch ci V(V elocity).Nhng giai on theo sau s c cng cu trc ,v file kt thc vi biu tng EOF

Hnh 40: v d v khu vc tiu ca mt file SP3

6.3 Tiu chun RTCM SC-104 i vi dch v DGPS:


Hot ng DGPS thi gian thc i hi mt s nh gi i vi thng tin iu chnh tm gi ti b thu tham kh o, thng tin sau c pht n b thu ch thng qua

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GPS the global positioning system


mt tuyn lin kt thng tin. m bo hot ng hiu qu,thng tin iu chnh tm gi c gi trong mt nh dng tiu chun cng nghip gi l RTCM SC-104. Dch v ny c xut bi RTCM (Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services),y l mt t chc c vn c thnh lp vo nm 1947 khm ph nh ng vn lin quan n vin thng hng h i.y ban c bit No.104(SC-104) c thnh lp vo nm 1983 nhm pht tri n nhng khuyn co trong hot ng pht i nhng thng tin iu chnh sai phn i vi ngi s dng.Phin bn khuyn co phc tho c xut bn vo thng 10/1985,theo sau l nh ng phin bn cp nht khc.Ban u,nh dng RTCM SC-104 c thit k h tr vic qung b thng tin iu chnh DGPS trong ng dng dn ng hng h i cng cng. Tuy nhin, sau tr thnh m t nh dng tiu chun cng nghip pht i thng tin iu chnh DGPS thi gian th c. nh dng RTCM SC-104 bao gm 64 dng thng ip.Nhng thng ip ny bao gm cc thng tin nh l thng tin iu chnh tm gi PRC (Pseudorange correction) i vi mi v tinh trong t m nhn ca b thu tham kh o, tc thay i thng tin iu chnh RRC (Rate of change of the pseudorange correction), v ta ca trm thao kho. Thng ip m a s nhng ngi s dng DGPS thi gian thc a chung l thng ip dng 1 v thng ip dng 9. V c hai dng ny u mang thng tin iu chnh PRC, RRC. Tuy nhin, thng ip dng 1 mang thng tin iu chnh ca tt c v tinh trong tm nhn ca trm tham kho, trong khi , i vi thng ip dng 9, nhng thng tin iu chnh li c ng gi thnh nhm,m i nhm bao gm 3 thng ip. S dng thng ip dng 9 gy ra iu bt tin l: trm tham kho i hi mt ng h n nh hn. Mt vi thng ip thm d (tentative message) c a vo phin bn 2.2 h tr hot ng RTK v GLONASS sai phn.

Bng :nhng dng thng ip RTCM hin hnh

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Thng ip nh dng RTCM SC-104 khng th no c trc tip c; y l nhng chui s nh phn, 0 v 1. M i thng ip hoc khung RTCM SC-104 mang N +2 t, vi mi t di 30 bit; trong , N t trnh by s lng t mang d liu thc s bn trong thng ip v hai t cn li trnh by mt tiu hai t bt u ti mi thng ip. Kch thc ca N thay i, ph thuc vo dng thng ip v ni dung thng ip (v d khi m s lng v tinh thay i trong tm nhn ca trm tham kho). Kch thc t v thut ton kim tra chn tng t trong thng ip iu hng GPS.

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6.4 nh dng NMEA 0183:
NMEA l vit tt ca National Marine Electronics Association,c thnh l p vo 1957 bi mt nhm nhng ngi bun bn thit b in t nhm tng cng mi quan h ca h i vi cc nh sn xut thit b in t. Vo nm 1983, vi u vo t cc nh sn xut,t chc t nhn, chnh ph , hip hi tha nhn NMEA 0183 l nh dng giao tip vi nhng thit b in t hng hi.N c cp nht vi ln. Tiu chun NMEA 0183 l mt chui d liu trong nh dng ASCII, pht vi tc 4,800bps, t bn ni n bn nghe, trong , bn ni l thit b gi d liu n nhng thit b khc (v d nh: b thu GPS) v bn nghe l thi t b nhn d liu t thit b kia (v d nh laptop giao tip vi b thu GPS). Chui d liu NMEA 0183 bao gm thng tin v v tr, gc ta , su ca nc, v nhng thng s khc. D liu c gi di dng cu; mi cu bt u vi k hiu dollar $ v kt thc vi <CR><LF> (carriage return line feed). Theo sau k hi u dollar $ l vng a ch nm k t, hai k t u tin nhn dng bn ni, ba k t cui nhn dng kiu d liu v nh dng chui ca nhng vng k tip. Vng cui cng trong bt c cu no u l vng checksum, vng ny theo sau mt k t phn cch checksum *. S lng k t ti a trong mt cu l 82; trong , ti a c 79 k t gia du phn cch bt u $ v du kt thc <CR><LF>. Mt s cu c h thng GPS v GLONASS s dng, trong khi nh ng cu cn li c tc dng h tr nhng thit b khc nh l my pht m thanh echo v nhi u thit b khc. Chng ta s ch tho lun v mt cu duy nht, GGA: Global Positioning System fix data. Cu ny trnh by th i gian, v tr v thng tin c lin quan n gii php. Hnh 41 ch ra cu trc chung chung c a cu GGA v gii thch nh ng thut ng ca cu.

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Hnh 41:cu trc chung ca cu GGA Bng: Gii thch nh ng thut ng v k hiu trong cu GGA

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Hu ht cc b thu c mt trn th trng u h tr tiu chun NMEA 0183. Tuy nhin khng ph i tt c b thu vi port NMEA 0183 u xut ra mt thng ip GPS c th no. Ngoi ra, m t s nh sn xut b thu GPS c th thay i mt cht nh dng

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tiu chun ny. Tuy nhin, thng thng, h cung cp phn mm gii thch cu d liu.

7. K thut ambiguity- resolution:


chnh xc nh v cp centimet c th t c vi nhng quan st phasng mang trong ch nh v tng i. Tuy nhin, vi iu kin tin quyt l phi xc nh thnh cng nh ng tham s ambiguity nguyn ban u. Tin trnh ny g i l ambiguity resolution. Phn tch nh ng tham s ambiguity mt cch chnh xc t ng ng vi hot ng xc nh tm thc s, chnh xc t b thu n v tinh, kt qu l nh v chnh xc. Ban u, nhng tham s ambiguity c xc nh bi phng php lc Kalman v phng php least - squared. Khng may, nh ng phng php ny khng th xc nh c nhng s nguyn ca tham s ambiguity. Chng ta t c g vi nhng con s thc i km ch duy nht vi nhng tham s khng xc nh. Trong thc t, nhng tham s thc ny kh m c phn tch dng ph ng php baseline. Nh vy, khi m chng ta bit c rng, tham s ambiguity l s nguyn, phng php phn tch c th c xc nh r rng. Thng thng, nh v tng i GPS chnh xc cao cng vi nhng quan st phasng mang c tin hnh trong m t khong thi gian quan st di (trong kho ng vi gi). iu ny khin cho khi hnh h c v tinh-b thu thay i mt cch ng k, do gip ch trong hot ng tch ri nhng tham s ambiguity t php phn tch baseline. Nh vy, mc d phng php least-square cn mang nh ng gi tr thc ca nhng tham s ambiguity, chng thc s gn vi gi tr integer. Do , nhng gi tr nguyn chnh xc c th t c mt cch n gin bng cch lm trn nh ng con s gi tr thc tr thnh gi tr nguyn gn nht. Sau tin hnh iu chnh least-square, th a nhn rng nhng tham s ambiguity gi tr nguyn l nhng gi tr c xc nh trong khi

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nhng thnh ph n baseline th cha. R rng rng, mc d phng php ny c kh nng xc nh gi tr nguyn chnh xc ca nhng tham s ambiguity, tuy nhin li mt thi gian. Nh vy, hin ti phng php ny ch gii hn p dng i vi nhng baseline di trong ch tnh. Nhiu phng php khc nhau c pht trin vt qua gii hn ca phng php trc (s dng nhng khong thi gian quan st di). i vi nhng phng php nh vy, s dng mt baseline c xc nh (ta nhng im u cui ca n c xc nh), sn dng trong t m khu vc d n. Nhng tham s ambiguity c xc nh bng cch chim lnh mt cch n gin hai im u cui ca mt baseline xc nh vi nhng b thu base v b thu ch trong mt khong thi gian ngn. Tin trnh ny th ng gi l khi pht b thu. Sau khi ti n trnh kh i pht kt thc, b thu ch c th di chuyn n nhng im c quan st.Vi phng php ny, b thu s dng nhng tham s ambiguity c xc nh sut s khi pht xc nh ta ca nhng im mi. Mt s nguyn chu k duy tr khng i sut thi gian, ngay c khi b thu ang chuyn ng, min l khng c trt chu k no xy ra. Ni cch khc, cn thit phi gi b thu lun lun on sut thi gian v c t nht bn v tinh c theo du vt ti bt c thi im no. Mt phng php khi pht khc g i l antenna swap, ph ng php ny c th c s dng khi m khng c baseline no c xc nh sn dng trong khu vc d n. Dr.Ben Remondi pht minh ph ng php ny n m 1986, da trn hot ng trao i anten gi a b thu nn v b thu ch trong khi ang quan st t i thiu 4 v tinh. C hai phng thc: dng baseline c xc nh v phng thc anten swap u thch hp dng trong ch postprocessing. Nhng phng php ny thch h p i vi nhng ng dng phi th i gian thc, trong phng php ny, d liu c tp hp li trong vng v c x l vo mt thi gian khc. Tuy nhin, nh v RTK i hi nhng tham s ambiguity nguyn c xc nh trong khi b thu ang chuyn ng hoc on the fly. Phn tch tham s ambiguity on the fly thng c gi l on-the-fly ambiguity resolution; khc bit so vi nhng k

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thut ambiguity-resolution c cp trc vi mt s nhn thc rng hot ng khi pht gi tr ban u c thc hin trong vng, s dng nhng khong thi gian quan st ngn. Lin quan n cao ca nhng v tinh GPS, khi hnh h c b thu-v tinh thay i rt chm chp theo thi gian. Do , d liu quan st trong m t khong thi gian ngn c th gy ra vi kh khn khi gii quyt nhng tham s ambiguity. May mn, c mt vi k thut tin tin c pht trin nhm khc phc gii hn ny.

7.1 Phng php antenna swap:


Antenna swap l phng php c s dng xc nh nhanh v ng tin cy nhng tham s ambiguity ban u trong ch postprocessing. Phng php ny c s dng ch yu trong nhng b thu n tn, mc d cng c th s dng trong nh ng b thu song tn. Th tc khi pht vi phng php antenna swap b t u bng vic thit lp b thu nn ti mt im xc nh trong khi thi t lp b thu ch trong vng vi mt xung quanh (Hnh 42). Sau khong thi gian 1 pht, d liu GPS tc thi c tp hp li t c hai b thu. Thng thng, tc d liu cao vo khong t 1 n 2 giy. Sau khi d liu c tp hp, hai anten (k t ni vi hai b thu GPS) trao i vi nhau. Thc hin iu ny m khng cn thay i chiu cao anten gc. iu cn quan tm l ph i lin tc quan st bn, tt nht l nm v tinh. Vi thit lp mi ny, trong khong thi gian 1 pht khc, d liu tc thi GPS, cng vi tc nh trc, c tp hp li t c hai b thu.Sau , hai b thu c tr li thit lp ban u, kt thc bng nhng th tc khi pht ban u.

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Hnh 42: Phng php antenna swap Mt khi hot ng khi pht xong, b thu nn phi c gi nguyn trng thi tnh ti mt im c xc nh trong khi b thu ch di chuyn qua li gia nhng im c quan st. Sau khi hon thnh xong nh ng cng vic ny, d liu c download vo trong phn mm x l ca my tnh, m tr c tin l s dng d liu khi pht ban u xc nh nhng tham s ambiguity ban u.Mt khi c xc nh, phn mm s s dng nhng tham s ny nhm xc nh nh ng ta ca cc im quan st vi chnh xc l centimet. Nh n thy rng, mt khong thi gian quan st ng n hn s l khi pht gi tr ban u cho b thu.

7.2 On-the-fly ambiguity resolution:


OTF ambiguity resolution l mt k thut tin tin mi c pht tri n gn y nhm m t nhng tham s ambiguity nguyn ban u cng vi s khi pht ng (khi pht trong khi b thu ch ang di chuyn). K thut ny c th p dng i vi d liu n tn hoc song tn. Tuy nhin, phn tch ambiguity v i d liu song tn th nhanh v ng tin cy hn so vi d liu n tn. Ch yu, phng php ny c s dng trong nhng hot ng thi gian th c, nhng khng ch l gii hn trong hot ng ny m cn p dng trong nhi u hot ng khc na.

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Trong vi nm qua, mt s k thut OTF c pht trin. Nhng s liu o c t b thu c kt hp dng phng php sai phn b i; sau thc hin iu chnh ban u, v d nh l least square hoc k thut lc Kalman. Kt qu t hot ng iu chnh ban u l v tr b thu ch lc ban u cng vi nhng tham s ambiguity (gi tr thc) v nhng gi tr khng xc nh ca tham s, hoc gi l ma trn covariance. Ma trn covariance c trnh by v phng din hnh h c nh hnh m t vng,gi l vng tin cy (confidence region), xung quanh l nhng tham s ambiguity gi tr thc c xc nh. Kch thc ca mt vng tin cy ph thuc vo kch thc ca nhng tham s khng xc nh ca nhng tham ambiguity cng nh l kh nng c th xy ra c s dng.Ga tr khng xc nh v/hoc mc kh nng c th xy ra cng ln, kch thc ca mt vng tin cy s cng ln. Vng tin cy c hnh dng l hnh ellipse nu s lng nhng tham s xc nh l hai v l m t hnh ellipsoid n u s lng nhng tham s xc nh l ba. Nu s lng nhng tham s c xc nh nhiu hn ba, xt trong tr ng hp nu s lng cc v tinh nhi u hn bn,vng tin cy s l mt hnh hyperellipsoid (hnh bn d i).

Ni chung, vng tin cy vi hnh dng l hyperellipsoid c nh hnh xung quanh nhng tham s ambiguity gi tr thc c xc nh. Mt hnh hyperellipsoid nh vy mang nhng tham s nguyn ambiguity ph hp vi mt kh nng no . V d, vi kh nng c th xy ra l 99%, gi tr ny c s dng v hyperellipsoid, ngha l c n 99% kh nng rng nhng tham s ambiguity nguyn thc s c nh v bn trong hnh hyperellipsoid ny. Khi m chng ta c thu n li l bit c rng

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nhng tham s ambiguity phi l s nguyn,chng ta c th v nhng gridline (v mt ton hc) m giao nhau t i nhng gi tr nguyn bn trong hyperellipsoid. Nu nh khong khng gian l i c la chn bng vi mt chu k sng mang, vy th nhng tham s nguyn ambiguity thch hp s c xc nh bi mt trong nhng im giao nhau. ( Hnh 43)

Hnh 43:k thut OTF ambiguity resolution Sau , s dng hyperellipsoid tm kim nhng gi tr nguyn thch hp ca nhng tham s ambiguity ( l tt c nhng im bn trong vng tin c y vi nhng gi tr nguyn). Da trn kt qu nh gi thng qua th ng k, ch c duy nht mt im c la chn l im c kh nng nht tr thnh tham s ambiguity nguyn. Mt khi nhng ambiguity c phn tch m t cch chnh xc, th c hin iu chnh cui cng t c nhng ta ch vi chnh xc l centimet. V i k thut OTF, mc d c thit k ch yu phn tch nh ng tham s ambiguity trong thi gian thc,ngoi ra n cn c th c s dng trong ch thi gian phi th c.

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GPS the global positioning system B. H Thng Thng Tin a L GIS:

I. Gii thiu v GIS:


H thng thng tin a l (Geographic Information System - gi tt l GIS) l mt nhnh ca cng ngh thng tin c hnh thnh vo nhng nm 1960 v pht trin rt rng ri trong 10 nm li y. GIS ngy nay l cng c tr gip quyt nh trong nhiu hot ng kinh t - x hi, quc phng ca nhiu quc gia trn th gii. GIS c kh nng tr gip cc c quan chnh ph, cc nh qun l, cc doanh nghip, cc c nhn... nh gi c hin trng ca cc qu trnh, cc thc th t nhin, kinh t - x hi thng qua cc chc nng thu thp, qun l, truy vn, phn tch v tch hp cc thng tin c gn vi mt nn hnh hc (bn ) nht qun trn c s to ca cc d liu u vo. Xt di gc h thng, th GIS c th c hiu nh mt h thng gm cc thnh phn: con ngi, phn cng, phn mm, c s d liu v quy trnh-kin thc chuyn gia, ni tp hp cc quy nh, quy phm, tiu chun, nh hng, ch trng ng dng ca nh qun l, cc kin thc chuyn ngnh v cc ki n thc v cng ngh thng tin. Khi xy dng mt h thng GIS ta phi quyt nh xem GIS s c xy dng theo m hnh ng dng no, l trnh v phng thc t chc thc hin no. Da trn c s ngi ta mi quyt nh xem GIS nh xy dng s phi m ng cc chc nng tr gip quyt nh g v cng t mi c th c cc quyt nh v ni dung, cu trc cc hp phn cn li ca h thng cng nh c cu ti chnh cn u t cho vic hnh thnh v pht trin h thng GIS. Vi mt x hi c s tham gia ca ngi dn v qu trnh qun l th s ng gp tri thc t pha cng ng ang ngy cng tr nn quan trng v cng ngy cng c vai tr.

II. ng dng
Theo cch tip cn truyn thng, GIS l mt cng c my tnh lp bn v phn tch cc s vt, hin tng thc trn Tri t. Cng ngh GIS kt hp cc thao tc c s d liu thng thng (nh cu trc hi p) v cc php phn tch thng k, phn tch khng gian. Nhng kh nng ny phn bit GIS vi cc h thng thng tin khc v khin cho GIS c phm vi ng dng rng trong nhiu lnh

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vc khc nhau Vi c p dng cng ngh thng tin trong lnh vc d liu khng gian tin nhng bc di: t h tr lp bn sang h thng thng tin a l (GIS). Cho n nay cng vi vic tch hp cc khi nim ca cng ngh thng tin nh hng i tng, GIS ang c bc chuyn t cch tip cn c s d liu sang hng tri thc .H thng thng tin a l l h thng qun l, phn tch v hin th tri thc a l, tri thc ny c th hin qua cc tp thng tin:

Cc bn : giao din trc tuyn vi d liu a l tra cu, trnh by kt qu v s dng nh l mt nn thao tc vi th gii thc. Cc tp thng tin a l: thng tin a l dng file v dng c s d liu gm cc yu t, mng li, topology, a hnh, thuc tnh nh thi tit ,thin tai Cc m hnh x l: tp hp cc quy trnh x l phn tch t ng. Cc m hnh d liu: GIS cung cp cng c mnh hn l mt c s d liu thng thng bao gm quy tc v s ton vn ging nh cc h thng tin khc. Lc , quy tc v s ton vn ca d liu a l ng vai tr quan trng. Metadata: hay ti liu miu t d liu, cho php ngi s dng t chc, tm hiu v truy nhp c ti tri thc v a l a l.
Tip cn h thng GIS di hnh thc:

1. C s d liu a l (Geodatabase - theo cch gi caESRI): GIS l mt c s d liu khng gian chuyn ti thng tin a l theo m hnh d liu GIS (yu t, topology, mng li, raster,...) 2. Hnh tng ho (Geovisualization ): GIS l tp cc bn thng minh th hin cc yu t v quan h gia cc yu t trn mt t. Da trn thng tin a l c th to nhiu loi bn v s dng chng nh l mt ca s vo trong c s d liu h tr tra cu, phn tch v bin tp thng tin. 3. X l (Geoprocessing): GIS l cc cng c x l thng tin cho php to ra cc thng tin mi t thng tin c. Cc chc nng x l thng tin a l ly thng tin t cc tp d liu c, p dng cc chc nng phn tch v ghi kt qu vo mt tp mi. Tu thuc vo nhu cu ca cc ngi s dng m h thng c th phi tch hp thng tin nhiu mc khc nhau, ni ng hn, l cc t l khc

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nhau, ni cch khc l tu thuc vo cc nh hng do c s tri thc a ra. III.

M hnh h thng GIS:


v c th khi qut h thng GIS nh sau:
D liu vo X l d liu

Qun l d liu

Phn tch v m hnh

D lieu

D liu vo: d liu c nhp t cc ngun khc nhau nh chuyn i gia cc cch biu din d liu, my qut, hnh nh t v tinh, nh chp Qun l d liu: sau khi d liu c thu thp v tng hp, GIS cn cung cp cc thit b c th lu v bo tr d liu nhm m bo: bo mt s liu, tch hp s liu, lc v nh gi s liu, kh nng duy tr. GIS lu thng tin th gii thc thnh cc tng d liu ring bit, cc tng ny t trong cng mt h trc to v chng c kh nng lin kt vi nhau. X l d liu: cc thao tc x l d liu c thc hin to ra thng tin. N gip cho ngi s dng quyt nh cn lm tip cng vic g. Kt qu ca x l d liu l to ra cc nh, bo co v bn . Phn tch v m hnh: s liu tng hp v chuyn i ch l mt phn ca GIS. Nhng yu cu tip theo l kh nng gii m v phn tch v mt nh tnh v nh lng thng tin thu thp. D liu ra: mt trong cc phng din cng ngh GIS l s thay i ca cc phng php khc nhau trong thng tin c th hin th khi n c x l bng GIS. Cc phng php truyn thng l bng v th c th cung cp bng cc bn v nh 3 chiu.

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III.1.Cc thnh phn GIS
GIS bao gm 5 thnh phn:

hnh iii.1: cc thnh ph n ca GIS: Con ngi D lieu Phng php phn tch Phn mm Phn cng

Cc thnh phn ny kt hp vi nhau nhm t ng qun l v phn phi thng tin thng qua biu din a l. III.1.1. Con ngi Con ngi l thnh phn quan trng nht, l nhn t thc hin cc thao tc iu hnh s hot ng ca h thng GIS. Ngi dng GIS l nhng ngi s dng cc phn mm GIS gii quyt cc bi ton khng gian theo mc ch ca h. H thng l nhng ngi c o to tt v lnh vc GIS hay l cc chuyn gia. Ngi xy dng bn : s dng cc lp bn c ly t nhiu ngun khc nhau, chnh sa d liu to ra cc bn theo yu cu. Ngi xut bn: s dng phn mm GIS kt xut ra bn di nhiu nh dng xut khc nhau. Ngi phn tch: gii quyt cc vn nh tm kim, xc nh v tr Ngi xy dng d liu: l nhng ngi chuyn nhp d liu bn bng cc cch khc nhau: v, chuyn i t nh dng khc, truy nhp CSDL Ngi qun tr CSDL: qun l CSDL GIS v m bo h thng vn hnh tt.

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Ngi thit k CSDL: xy dng cc m hnh d liu lgic v vt l. Ngi pht trin: xy dng hoc ci to cc phn mm GIS p ng cc nhu cu c th. III.1.2 D liu Mt cch tng qut, ngi ta chia d liu trong GIS thnh 2 loi:

D liu khng gian (spatial) cho ta bit kch thc vt l v v tr a l ca cc i tng trn b mt tri t. D liu thuc tnh (non-spatial) l cc d liu dng vn bn cho ta bit thm thng tin thuc tnh ca i tng.

III.1.3. Phn cng L cc my tnh in t: PC, mini Computer, MainFrame l cc thit b mng cn thit khi trin khai GIS trn mi trng mng. GIS cng i hi cc thit b ngoi vi c bit cho vic nhp v xut d liu nh: my s ho (digitizer), my v (plotter), my qut (scanner) III.1.4. Phn mm H thng phn mm GIS rt a dng. Mi cng ty xy dng GIS u c h phn mm ring ca mnh. Tuy nhin, c mt dng phn mm m cc cng ty phi xy dng l h qun tr CSDL a l. Dng phn mm ny nhm mc ch nng cao kh nng cho cc phn mm CSDL thng mi trong vic: sao lu d liu, nh ngha bng, qun l cc giao dch do ta c th lu cc d liu a l di dng cc i tng hnh hc trc tip trong cc ct ca bng quan h v nhiu cng vic khc.

III.2.Chc nng GIS Mt h GIS phi m bo c 6 chc nng c bn sau:


Capture: thu thp d liu. D liu c th ly t rt nhiu ngun, c th l bn giy, nh chp, bn s Store: lu tr. D liu c th c lu di dng vector hay raster. Query: truy vn (tm kim). Ngi dng c th truy vn thng tin ho hin th trn bn . Analyze: phn tch. y l chc nng h tr vic ra quyt nh ca ngi dng. Xc nh nhng tnh hung c th xy ra khi bn c s thay i. Display: hin th. Hin th bn . Output: xut d liu. H tr vic kt xut d liu bn di nhiu nh dng: giy in, W eb, nh, file

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III.2.1. Thu thp d liu: Thu thp d liu l qu trnh thu nhn d liu theo khun mu c p dng cho GIS. Mc n gin nht ca thu thp d liu l chuyn i khun dng mu c sn t bn ngoi. Trong trng hp ny, GIS phi c cc tin ch hiu c cc khun dng mu d liu chun khc nhau trao i. GIS cn phi c kh nng nhp cc nh bn . Trong thc t, nhiu k thut trc a c p dng thu thp d liu th, bao gm thu thp d liu v b mt tri t nh a hnh, a cht hc v thm thc vt nh trc a o c hay nh chp t v tinh, my bay. Cc d liu nh kinh t - x hi thu thp t iu tra phng vn hay chuyn i t cc bi t liu vit. Bn v bng tay trn giy phi c s ho sang dng raster. Vic s dng nh v tinh hay nh chp t my bay c xem l ngun d liu quan trng khi nghin cu ti nguyn thin nhin v o v bn a hnh. a s ngun gc thng tin khng gian l cc bn in hay bn di khun mu tng t. cc d liu ny c s dng trong GIS th chng cn c s ho. mc th cng th ch c th s ho cc c trng bn v nhp thuc tnh m t cc c trng . Cn mc t ng ho cao hn l s ho bn bng my qut nh pht sinh nh s bn y . u ra ca my qut l ma trn ca cc gi tr im nh 2D, c th c s dng cho cng vic vector ho to ra bn m

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ho d liu, kim chng v sa li c c d liu ph hp. Ni chung, cng vic thu thp d liu hay lm d liu bn l nhim v kh khn v l quan trng nht khi xy dng cc ng dng GIS. Qu trnh thu thp d liu lun gn lin vi qu trnh x l d liu. Chng ta c ba m hnh quan nim ca thng tin khng gian l: m hnh h ng i tng, mng v b mt. Qu trnh phn tch trn c s cc cch nhn khc nhaui hi d liu phi c biu din v t chc cho ph hp. V vy cn cung cp phng tin cho ngi s dng GIS thay i cu trc d liu thch nghi vi cc yu cu khc nhau. iu ny i hi cn phi c cc chc nng thay i cch biu din, thay i phn lp, lm n gin ho hay tng qut ho d liu, bin i gia h thng trc to khc nhau v bin i cc php chiu bn . Cc thao tc ny c xem l tin phn tch khng gian. Mc x l d liu th khc nhau ph thuc vo mc ch ca ng dng GIS. Mt s cng c phn tch ca GIS ph thuc cht ch vo cc m hnh d liu raster, do n i hi qu trnh bin i m hnh d liu vector sang d liu raster, qu trnh ny c gi l raster ho. Mt s cng c phn tch khc li lm vic ch yu vi m hnh vector, nn i hi qu trnh bin i ngc t raster sang vector, hay cn g l vector ho. Raster ho l qu trnh phn tch ng i (line) hay min (polygon) thnh cc im nh (pixel). Ngc li, vector ho l qu trnh tp hp cc im nh to thnh ng hay min. D liu ban u ca ta thng thng l di dng raster nn nu d liu khng c cu trc tt th vic nhn dng mu s rt phc tp. Khi so snh d liu t cc ngun khc nhau, vn thng ny sinh l s dng hai hay nhiu phn lp m ho cho cng hin tng. nhn ra cc kha cnh khc nhau ca hin tng vi mc chi tit khc nhau, cn phi c tin trnh xp x ho bin i v cng mt phn lp. Trong vic tch hp d liu bn , vn ny sinh l h thng to ca chng c o, v trn c s nhiu php chiu bn khc nhau. Cc d liu ny khng th tch hp trn cng bn nu khng bin i chng v cng mt h trc to . III.2.2 Lu tr v truy cp d liu: Lu tr d liu lin quan n to lp CSDL khng gian ( ho, bn ). Ni dung

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ca CSDL ny c th bao gm t hp d liu vector hoc/v d liu raster, d liu thuc tnh nhn din hin tng tham chiu khng gian. Thng thng d liu thuc tnh ca GIS trn c s i tng c lu trong bng, chng cha kho chnh l mt ch danh duy nht tng ng vi i tng khng gian, km theo nhiu mc d liu thuc tnh khc. Ch danh i tng khng gian duy nht c dng lin kt gia d liu thuc tnh v d liu khng gian tng ng. Trong bng thuc tnh cng c th bao gm c gi tr khng gian nh di ng, din tch vng m chng c dn xut t biu din d liu hnh hc. Vi d liu raster th cc tp thuc tnh thng thng cha d liu lin quan n lp hin tng t nhin thay cho cc i tng ri rc. Vic la chn m hnh raster hay m hinh vector t chc d liu khng gian c thc hin khi thu thp d liu v mi m hnh tng ng vi cc tip cn khc nhau. Thng thng CSDL GIS cho kh nng qun tr c hai m hnh khng gian ni trn, khi xy d ng CSDL khng gian th nht thit phi lin kt bng d liu lin quan n hin tng tng ng. Theo thut ng ca h qun tr CSDL th cc m hnh vector v rasterc xem nh nhng th d ca m hnh quan nim. Chng m t cc quan nim lin quan n ng dng th gii thc c biu din trong CSDL. Cc m hnh quan nim c m t theo nhiu cp bc tru tng, trong cc m hnh vector v raster l mc tru tng thp nht. Chng gn vi biu din d liu my tnh hn cc m hnh trn c s d liu i tng, mng v b mt. Khi nim m hnh d liu lgic c s dng cp n cch m DBMS t chc m hnh quan nim thnh tp, bn ghi, ch s. Ngy nay, cng ngh CSDL truyn thng khng cn thch hp vi vic qun l d liu a l. Mt s h GIS c s dng rng ri xy dng CSDL trn c s t hp m hnh quan h qun l thuc tnh phi hnh hc v lc chuyn dng, phi quan h lu tr, x l d liu khng gian. Mt vi GIS khc li dng cc phng tin ca lc lu tr CSDL quan h qun l c hai loi d liu hnh hc v phi hnh hc. Phng tin truy nhp trong CSDL GIS bao gm c phng tin c sn ca CSDL quan h chun v kh nng xy dng cu hi truy vn tm thng tin m gi tr ca chng bng hoc nm trong khong xc nh. c tnh c bit theo v tr i vi h to no v theo cc quan h khng gian. Do nhu cu khai thc thng tin trn CSDL khng gian thng bao gm phng php ch s khng gian c bit. Cu hi khng gian thng l tm ra i tng nm trong hay trn cc bin ca ca s hnh ch nht. Khai thc d liu trn c s v tr hay quan h khng gian c xem nh l nn tng ca thm nhp CSDL GIS.

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IV .

C S D LIU:

H thng thong tin a l GIS s dng c s d liu a l lm d liu cho mnh. Tp hp d liu dng vector. Tp hp d liu dng rester. Tp hp d liu dng mng li. Tp hp d liu i hnh 3 chiu v b mt khc. D liu o c. D liu dng a ch. Cc bng d liu l thnh phn quan trng ca c s d liu khng gian , c lin kt vi cc thnh phn ho vi nhiu lin kt khc nhau.

V kha cnh cng ngh, hnh th v tr khng gian ca cc i tng cn qun l c miu t bng d liu ho. Trong khi tnh cht cc i tng duo95 miu t bng cc d liu dng thuc tnh. M hnh c s d liu dng khng gian khng nhng quy nh m hnh d liu vi cc i tng ho, i tng thuc tnh m cn quy nh lien kt gia chng thng qua m hnh quan h v nh ngha hng i tng bao gm cc tnh cht nh k tha, ng gi v a hnh. Ngoi ra, c s d liu khng gian hin i cn bao gm nhng rng buc trong c s d liu cc i tng ho trong c s d liu v c gi l topology. Vic lp bn v phn tch a l khng phi l k thut mi, nhng GIS thc thi cc cng vic ny tt hn v nhanh hn cc phng php c. Trc khi cng ngh GIS ra i th rt t ngi c nhng kh nng cn thit s dng thng tin a l gip ch cho vic gii quyt vn v a ra cc quyt nh. GIS hin i c nhiu cng c phn tch hiu qu trong c hai cng c quan trng c bit l phn tch lin k v phn tch chng xp. nhm ny to nn ng dng quan trng i vi nhiu ng dng mang tnh phn tch. Qu trnh chng xp s dng mt s bn sinh ra thng tin mi v cc i tng mi. vic phn tch chng xp mt kh nhiu thi gian v ph thuc vo nhm cc ng dng c

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tnh cht su, hay khi h thng c khai thc mc cao cho tng vng c th vi t l ph hp yu cu.

Chng xp l qu trnh tch hp cc lp thng tin khc nhau. Cc thao tc phn tch i hi mt hoc nhiu lp d liu phi c lin kt vt l. S chng xp ny, hay lin kt khng gian, c th l s kt hp d liu v t, dc, thm thc vt hoc s hu t vi nh gi thu. Vi nhiu thao tc trn d liu a l, kt qu cui cng c hin th tt nht di dng bn hoc biu . Bn kh hiu qu trong lu gi v trao i thng tin a l. GIS cung cp nhiu cng c mi m rng tnh ngh thut v khoa hc ca ngnh bn . Bn hin th c th c kt hp vi cc bn bo co, hnh nh ba chiu, nh chp v nhng d liu khc Nh kh nng x l cc tp hp d liu ln t cc c s d liu phc tp, nn GIS thch hp vi cc nhim v qun l ti nguyn mi trng. Cc m hnh phc tp cng c th d dng cp nht thng tin nh s dng GIS.

Cc m hnh d liu GIS: c 3 m hnh


M hn d liu dng vector. M hnh d liu dng rester. M hnh d liu dng TIN. 1. M hnh dng vector: M hnh d liu vector xem cc s vt, hin tng l tp cc thc th khng gian c s v t hp ca chng. Trong m hnh 2D th cc th th c s bao gm: c im (point), ng (line), vng (polygon). Cc th th s ng c hnh c thnh trn c s cc vector hay to ca cc im trong mt h trc to no . Loi thc th c s c s dng ph thuc vo t l quan st hay mc khi qut. Vi bn c t l nh th thnh ph c biu din bng im (point), ng i, sng ngi c biu din bng ng (line). Khi t l thay i ko theo s thay i v thc th biu din. Thnh ph lc ny s c biu din bi vng c ng ranh gii. Khi t l ln hn, thnh ph c th c biu din bi tp cc thc th to nn cc i tng nh ca, ng s, cc trnh tin ch, Ni chung m hnh d liu vector s dng cc on thng hay cc im ri rc nhn bit cc v tr ca th gii thc.

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Trong m hnh vector ngi ta tru tng ho cc s vt hin tng v gi chng l cc feature (nh phn nh ngha mc 2.1). Cc feature c biu din bng cc i tng hnh hc: point, line, polygon. Cc bi u din ny p dng cho nhng i tng n c hnh dng v ng bao c th.

Hnh 3.1: bn m hnh dng vector.


CC PHP TON PHN TCH KHNG GIAN M HNH VECTOR : GIS cung cp rt nhiu php ton phn tch khng gian trn m hnh d liu vector. Cc php ton ny d trn c s so snh lgic tp cc i tng ny vi a tp i tng khc. 1.Buffer . Cho trc mt i tng v mt gi tr khong cch, php ton buffer s to ra mt vng m l mt polygon bao ph xung quanh tt c cc im m khong cch t chng n i tng nh hn hoc bng khong cch ra.

2.Difference. Cho trc hai i tng giao nhau l i tng c s v i tng so snh. Php ton difference s to ra mt i tng mi trong gi nguyn phn ca i tng c s khng nm trong i tng so snh.

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3.Clip. Cho trc mt i tng v mt hnh ch nht. Php ton clip s to ra mt i tng mi bng cch ct i tng u vo theo hnh ch nht

4.Intersect. Cho trc hai i tng. Php ton intersect s to ra mt i tng mi chnh l phn giao gia hai i tng.

5.Convex hull. Cho trc mt i tng, php ton convex hull s to ra mt i tng mi l mt polygon bng cch ni tt c cc im bin ca i tng . Ni cch khc, y l polygon nh nht bao kn i tng.

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6.Symmetric difference. Php ton symmetric difference s tin hnh so snh v tr hai i tng v to ra mt i tng mi t hai i tng ban u v b i phn giao gia chng.

7.Cut. Cho mt ng cong v mt i tng, php ton cut s tch i tng ny thnh hai phn na phi v na tri theo hng ca ng cong. Point v multipoint khng c p dng. Line v polygon ph ct ng i cong.

8.Union. Php ton ny tin hnh so snh v tr tng i ca hai i tng v tr v mt i tng trn c s hp hai i tng ban u.

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2.M hnh dng rester: M hnh raster biu din cc c trng a l bng cc im nh (pixel). D liu raster gn lin vi d liu dng nh hoc d liu c tnh lin tc cao. D liu raster c th biu din c rt nhiu cc i tng t hnh nh b mt t n nh chp t v tinh, nh qut v nh chp. nh dng d liu raster rt n gin nhng h tr rt nhiu kiu d liu khc nhau.

Hnh 2: Bn vi m hnh d liu dng rester.


2.1. Ngun d liu raster:

nh chp t v tinh, nh chp t my bay, nh qut, nh chp. Trong nh chp t v tinh l cch ly d liu tn km nht nhng li c ngha to ln trong vic nghin cu tnh hnh bin i ca cc s vt trn tri t theo thi gian. nh chp t my bay gip ta v bn mt cch chi tit. Ngoi ra ta cn raster cn c th c to ra bng cch chuyn i t nhiu ngun d liu khc nh vector hay TIN.

hnh 2.1: bin i d lieu dng rester.


2.2. Cc thnh phn d liu :

Raster c to nn bi mt mng 2 chiu cc im nh hay cell. Cell l m t n v ng nht biu din mt vng xc nh trn tri t. Cc cell u c cng kch thc. Gc to ca h c t ti cell nm ti nh gc tri. Mi cell c xc nh bi ch s dng v ch s ct, ng thi n cha mt s

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nguyn (hoc s thc) biu din kiu hay gi tr thuc tnh xut hin trn bn .

Hnh 2.2 Mng cell v bng thuc tnh.

Kch thc ca cell trong raster ph thuc nhiu vo phn gii d liu. Gi tr ca cell s nh ngha cc nhm, lp ti v tr ca cell. Cell ti nhng im c cng mt gi tr xc nh mt vng, min. Cc cell trong cng mt min khng cn phi lin kt vi nhau. Khi mt s nguyn c ch nh cho mt tp cc cell, th s nguyn ny c th l m phn bit gia cc nhm cell. iu ny to nn mt quan h mt - nhiu gia m v cc cell c cng gi tr. V d cc cell c gi tr l 400 c gn m l 4, cc cell c gi tr 500 c gn m l 5. M ny c th xut hin nhiu ln trong raster, nhng ch xut hin mt ln trong bng gi tr thuc tnh (hnh v). Bng ny lu cc gi tr thuc tnh cho m, iu ny gip vic cp nht n gin hn. Mt thay i nh ca gi tr thuc tnh s lm thay i cch th hin ca hng trm i tng trn bn . Mi cell trong mt raster u c mt gi tr: Nominal (bin tn): mt gi tr thuc kiu d liu nominal s xc nh mt thc th t mt thc th khc. Nhng gi tr ny c phn loi to thnh cc nhm. Trong m nhm, thc th a l s lin kt vi cell i ti v tr ca cell . Nominal c dng trong rt nhiu kiu m nh m s dng t, kiu t trng. Ordinal (bin th t): mt gi tr thuc d liu ordinal s xc nh v tr ca mt thc th so vi cc thc th khc nh thc th c t v tr th nht, th hai, hoc th ba. Nhng cc gi tr ny khng thit lp t l tng quan gia cc thc th. Chng ta khng th suy lun c thc th ny ln hn, cao hn hay nng hn thc th khc bao nhiu.

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Interval (bin thi gian): mt gi tr thuc d liu interval biu din mt php o trn mt t l nh thi gian trong ngy. Nh ng gi tr ny nm trn mt t l xc nh v khng lin h vi mt im thc no. Ratio (bin t l): mt gi tr thuc kiu ratio c th biu din mt php o trn mt t l vi mt im c nh v mang ngha. 2.2. Cc u v nhc im ca m hnh raster: u im ln nht ca m hnh raster l ton b d liu hnh thnh bn c lu trong b nh my tnh. Do vy, cc thao tc kiu nh so snh c thc hin d dng. Tuy nhin n s gp bt li cho vic biu din ng, im v mi i tng ny l tp cc cell trong mng. ng thng c th b t on hay rng hn so vi hnh nh thc. Kh khn ln nht khi x l d liu raster l vn t bo trn. Th d, ta c mt bn l vng ven ca mt h nc n l hnh nh bao gm nc v c ven b. Khi biu din chng trn bn , s gp kh khn trong vic quyt nh gn tng cell cho lp nc hay lp c. Cc h GIS thng s dng phng php tho hip: gn thuc tnh sn cho cc t bo thuc loi ny, ngha l chung khng thuc lp nc v cng khng thuc lp c. Sau ny tu thuc vo ng dng thc t m xc nh quy lut gn gi tr li cho chng. Mt vn khc m m hnh gp phi chnh l vic lu tr d liu. Ta bit rng bn chia ra lm nhiu lp, mi mt lp gm hng triu t bo biu din mt c trng a l no . Trung bnh mt nh v tinh ph khong 30.000km2 vi kch thc ca mi im nh l 30m th c khong 35 triu t bo. V th c th ni rng s lng d liu cn lu tr l khng l, iu ny dn n nhiu kh khn cho h thng thng tin. Vn t ra l cn phi nn d liu nh mt s thut ton thch hp. Mi thut ton c nhng u im ring: thut ton bo ton d liu cho kh nng khi phc ton b d liu gc tuy nhin tn v khng gian nh, thut ton ti u v dung lng lu tr th c th mt mt thng tin so vi lc ban u. 3.M hnh dng TIN: Cc ng dng m hnh ho a hnh i hi phng php biu din cao so vi b mt nc bin. C rt nhiu m hnh biu din b mt thc hin cng vic ny, trong m hnh li tam gic khng u - gi tt l m hnh TIN c nh gi l hiu qu nht.

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hnh 3: bn vi m hnh d liu dng TIN. TIN c kh nng biu din b mt lin tc t nhng tp hp im ri rc. V mt hnh hc, TIN l tp cc im c ni vi nhau thnh cc tam gic. Cc tam gic ny hnh thnh nn b mt 3 chiu. Cc im c lu tr cng vi gi tr gc chiu ca chng. Cc im ny khng cn phi phn b theo mt khun mu no v mt phn b cng c th thay i cc vng khc nhau. Mt im bt k thuc vng biu din s nm trn nh, cnh hoc trong mt tam gic ca li tam gic. Nu mt im khng phi l nh th gi tr hnh chiu ca n c c t php ni suy tuyn tnh (ca hai im khc nu im ny nm trn cnh hoc ca ba im nu im ny nm trong tam gic). V th m hnh TIN l m hnh tuyn tnh trong khng gian 3 chiu c th c hnh dung nh s kt ni n gin ca mt tp hp cc tam gic. Ta c th lu tr s ca TIN bng danh sch lin kt i hoc cu trc t phn. C hai phng php ny u m t cu trc hnh hc t p ca bn chia nh. S m t ny chp nhn tt c cc thao tc duyt cn thit t hiu qu.

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hnh 3.1: m hnh cu trc mng TIN. ng i ny c lu vo khng gian nh trong mi tam gic t, cnh e v nh v s c mt bn ghi m t c trng ca chng. Bn ghi ca tam gic t c 3 trng con tr. Cc con tr ny tr n cc bn ghi ca cc cnh gn lin vi t. Bn ghi m t cnh e c 4 trng con tr, trong 2 con tr tr n hai tam gic gn lin vi n cn hai con tr khc tr n hai nh to nn n. Bn ghi ca nh v c ba trng lu gi tr, l to x, y v gi tr hnh chiu ca n. 3.1.Cc thnh phn ca TIN M hnh TIN c th biu din: point, line, polygon.

hnh 3.1: biu din TIN t cad i tng c bn. Breaklines:l cc on thng ni vi nhau m b mt ca a hnh c s thay i t ngt. Exclusion area: biu din cc b mt c cng cao. Project boundary: c th tch b mt ra ngoi mt vng no . Vic ny rt quan trng trong tnh ton gi tr. 3.2.Phng php xy dng TIN t mt tp cc im Bc 1: thu thp cc im cng vi to x, y, z ca chng bng cc thit b chp, h thng GPS Thu thp cc ng breakline biu din khu vc m hnh dng b mt thay i t ngt. Xc nh cc min c cng cao so vi mt nc bin gi l Exclusion area. Bc 2: t cc d liu v im v ng trn, phn mm GIS s to ra mt mng cc tam gic ti u nht, tc l cc tam gic trong m ng cng u cng tt.

Bc 3: mi tam gic ta coi l mt b mt vi dc xc nh.

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Theo cch xy dng ny, ta c th tnh ton c cao (so vi mt bin) ti mt im c to x, y bt k bng cch xc nh v tr tam gic u tin sau ni suy theo chiu cao ca n. M hnh TIN rt hiu qu trong xy dng b mt. Mt ca im trn b mt t l vi bin i ca a hnh. Nhng b mt bng phng tng ng vi mt im thp v nhng a hnh i ni c mt im cao.

3.3.Phng php xy dng TIN t cc i tng hnh hc c bn Trong phn ny chng ta s tm hiu cch xy dng TIN t point, breakline, v polygon.

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v Hin th b mt trong TIN: C nhiu cch m t trc quan b mt trong TIN v Ta c th ng dng TIN trn bn 2 chiu trong ta dng mu sc th hin: cao, dc, hng. hin th 3 chiu, ta dng cc phn mm h tr nh ArcInfor ca ESRI. Phn mm cho php ta nhn cc b mt nhiu gc nhn khc nhau vi cc hnh nh, ng mc c gp thnh cc np.

B. NG DNG:
I. ng dng GPS trong iu hng phng tin giao thng :
Khi di chuyn qua nhng khu vc khng quen thuc, nhng ngi iu khin phng tin giao thng th ng s dng bn tm ng i. Tuy nhin, bn cnh vic thiu hiu qu ,tm kim ch n s dng mt bn giy th khng an ton, c bit trong iu kin giao thng ng c. Mt k thut mi, kt hp GPS vi bn s v mt h thng tnh ton, pht tri n m vic tm ng i in t ha, ch cn chm vo nt bm.(Hnh 44)

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Hnh 44: GPS dng trong h thng iu hng xe t. V ai tr ca GPS trong cng ngh ny l m t lin tc v tr ca phng tin. Trong nhng khu vc b che khut, nh l nhng con hm trong thnh th hoc l ng hm, GPS c h tr bi mt h thng mt t nh l h thng DR khc phc tnh trng c lp tn hiu ny. DR l h thng s dng ng h o ca phng tin kt hp vi nhng gia tc k, la bn, v cm bin gyro m t hng ca phng tin v khong cch di chuyn. H thng ny ch chnh xc qua m t khong thi gian ngn. V tr phng tin c xc nh bi GPS hin th trn mt bn s in t mang c s d liu thng tin s nh l tn ng v phng hng, danh sch nh ng a im kinh doanh, sn bay, nh ng a im hp dn v nhiu thng tin c lin quan khc. Mt khi ngi li xe nhp vo a ch ch n, h thng my tnh s tm ng i tt nht tin n ch . Nhng thng s khc nh l ng i v thi gian ngn nht n ch, ng i mt chiu, nhng ch r khng c php, gii hn gi cao im, tt c u c xt n trong qu trnh tm ng. Mt vi h thng cn cho php li xe nhp vo mt s thng s khc nh l trnh xa tai n n giao thng. Ngi li xe thng xuyn ly nhng ch dn lin tc, vi nhng ch th bng mt hoc l m thanh c th n c ch. Nu ngi li xe b qua mt ch r, h thng s hin th thng tin cnh bo v tm con ng i khc thay th tt nht l trnh tr c da trn v tr hin ti ca phng tin. Mt vi nh sn xut thm h thng cellular vo cung cp thng tin th i tit, giao thng v nh v phng tin trong trng hp khn cp. S pht tri n gn y trong cng ngh lin lc khng dy thm ch gip cho ngi li xe c th truy cp internet t xe ca h.

II. Hng dn s dng MMap (Mobile Map) GPS trong tm ng : 2.1 Hng dn ci t:

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u tin ci t c MMap ln mobile blackberry 88xx (hay nhng dng sn phm ca blackberry c h tr GPS): Ta cn ci t Desktop Manager , khi ci t xong v kt ni vi thit b s c giao din nh sao:

bit c thit b kt ni vi PC hay cha ta cn xem Device connected (PIN): Nu thit b kt ni vi PC th ti Device connected (PIN): 24A903B1, dng m ny l do nh s n xut qui nh, i vi tng my th s c s PIN khc nhau. Khi thit b cha kt ni vi PC th ti Device connected (PIN): None

Khi kt ni xong ta chn Application Loader th trn mn hnh PC xu t hin hp thoi Application Loader nh sau:

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bt u ci t ng dng cho mobile ta click vo Start s xut hin hp thoi

Khi chy xong s hin ra h p thoi sau:

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Vy bt u ci t ta chn nt Browse v chn chng trnh c n ci t cho mobile. Vi nh dng file ng dng dng ci t trong Mobile Blackberry l *.alx, *.ali. khi qu trnh ci t ng dng trn mobile kt thc th khi m my c giao din:

2.2 Cu hnh kt ni GPS trn mobile:

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cu hnh kt ni GPS ta cn m chng trnh MMap ln v ln lt lm theo cc bc sau:

1. Khi chn vo th mc cha ng dng

2. Giao din khi m ng dng MMap

3. Ta vo Menu chn cng c

4. Tip tc ta chn GPS

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5. Ta chn bt GPS.

2.3 khi ng:

1. Bt Menu

2. Chn GPS App

3. Chn MMap

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2.4 Menu chn:

2.4.1 tm kim: Khi chn tim kim ni y h tr chng ta tm: cy xng, ng, trng hc, bu in, cng vin gip chng ta tm nhanh hn.

2.4.2 chn v tr ny:


Khi chn chn v tr ny th: - Ta c th lu li ni m ta yu 9.5 khi ng: thich. - Ta c th chn v tr ny l im i hay im n. - Ta cng c th nhn tin, chia s hay tm xung quanh v tr

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Khi ta chn vo 2 im bt k th n s ch ta ng i n 2 im . V d: ta chon 1 im ti inh tin hong v t lm im bt u, im th 2 l trng H.SPKT Tp.HCM v t l im n th ng i c m tae nh hnh bn. Khi ta chn Menu-> chi tit -> chi tit l trnh th thng tin c a on ng ta i nc hin th nh bn trn. T ng di l 12115m.ngoi rat a c th chn chc nng trnh di n l trnh, khi mobile s trnh din l trnh ta c n i. Ngoi ra my c th kt ni GPS hin th ta im ta ang ng, hay bt k mt v tr no trn b n s.

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