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Culture Documents
L THUYT V GPS:
I- Gii
thiu v GPS:
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Hnh 1: Chm sao GPS S-band(10cm-radar short-band):1.55 -5.2 Ghz. L-band (20cm-radar long-band):950Mhz 1450 Mhz
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Hnh 3: m ha tn hi u dng phng php biphase Phn on iu khin ca h thng GPS bao gm mt mng li rng khp nhng trm theo di (tracking station), vi mt trm iu khin chnh (MCS-master control station) nh v Colorado Springs, Colorado, the United States. Nhim v ban u ca phn on iu khin l theo di du vt ca nhng v tinh GPS m nh v v tin
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Hnh 4: Nhng th h v tinh GPS hi n hnh Ban u, chm sao v tinh GPS c xy dng vi mt chui 11 v tinh, gi l nhng v tinh Khi I. V tinh u tin trong chui ny (v trong h thng GPS) bt u hot ng vo ngy 22 thng 2 nm 1978, ci cui cng bt u hot ng vo ngy 9 thng 10 nm 1985. Nhng v tinh Khi I c xy dng ch yu dng vo th nghim.
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Gc nghing mt phng qu o ca nhng v tinh ny, so vi ng xch o, l 63 , sau c sa i trong nhng th h v tinh theo sau. Mc d thi gian sng trong hn 10 nm. V tinh Khi I cui cng c rt ra khi h thng dch v vo ngy 18 thit k ca nhng v tinh Khi I l 4.5 nm, mt vi ci duy tr trong dch v nhiu
thng 11 nm 1995. Th h v tinh th hai gi l nhng v tinh Khi II/IIA. Khi IIA l mt phin bn cao hn Khi II, vi s tng ln trong kh nng lu tr d liu thng ip iu hng t 14 ngy i vi Khi II n 180 ngy i vi khi IIA. iu ny c ngha rng nhng v tinh Khi II v Khi IIA c th thc hin chc nng mt cch lin t c ,m khng cn c s h tr t mt t, trong nhng khong thi gian t 14 n 180 ngy, tng ng ln lt vi hai h thng. Tng cng 28 v tinh Khi II/IIA c thi hnh trong khong thi gian t thng hai, 1989 n thng 11 nm 1997.Trong s nhng v tinh ny, 23 ci vn cn ang trong dch v. Khng ging nh v tinh Khi I, mt phng qu o ca nhng v tinh Khi II/IIA c gc nghing l 55 so vi mt phng xch o. Thi gian sng
thit k cho nhng v tinh Khi II/IIA l 7.5 nm, nhng thc t thng vt qu con s ny. m bo an ninh quc gia,mt vi tnh nng bo mt bao gm: kh nng c th la chn(SA-selective availability) v chng la o(antispoofing) c thm vo cu trc tn hi u ca nhng v tinh Khi II/IIA. Th h mi ca nhng v tinh GPS, c bit nh l Khi IIR, hin ti ang c thi hnh. Nhng v tinh b sung ny c kh nng tng thch tr li i vi nhng v tinh Khi II/IIA, iu ny c ngha l ngi s dng hon ton c th nm bt c nhng thay i trong Khi IIR. Khi IIR bao gm 21 v tinh vi thi gian sng c thit k l 10 nm. Thm vo , nh vo chnh xc cao hn nh mong i, nhng v tinh Khi IIR c kh nng hot ng mt cch c lp trong khong thi gian t nht l 180 ngy m khng cn s iu chnh t mt t hoc l xy ra thoi ha chnh xc. Kh nng nh v t tr ca th h v tinh ny t c mt phn nh vo cc v tinh ny c kh nng sp xp ln nhau (mutual satellite ranging capabilities.). V i s h tr ca
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Hnh 5: Nhng v tr iu khin C 5 trm gim st, nh v ti Colorado Springs(vi MSC), Hawaii, Kwajalein, Diego Garcia, v o Ascension. V tr ( hoc ta ) ca nhng trm gim st ny c xc nh chnh xc. Mi trm gim st c trang b vi nhng b thu GPS cht lng cao v mt b dao ng cesium nhm mc ch theo du vt lin tc tt c nhng v tinh GPS trong tm nhn. Ngoi ra, ba trm gim st (Kwajalein, Diego Garcia, v Ascension Island) cn c trang b vi nhng antenna mt t upload thng tin ti nhng v tinh GPS. Tt c nhng trm gim st v nh ng trm iu khin mt t khng c duy tr hot ng lin tc,v c MCS iu khin t xa.
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Hnh 6: Nguyn tc c bn nh v GPS Cho n tn gn y, chnh xc khi miu t vi phng thc ny, c gii hn 100 m theo tiu chun chnh xc ngang, 156m theo tiu chu n chnh xc dc, v 340 ns i vi thnh phn thi gian, kh nng xy ra l 95%. Mc chnh xc thp ny lin quan ti nh hng ca SA (Selective Availability), mt k thut c s dng lm suy gim mt cch c ch tm tnh chnh xc trong ch nh v thi gian thc t tr (the autonomous real-time positioning accuracy) v i nhng ngi s dng khng c cp php. Vi quyt nh ca Tng thng M v vic loi b k thut ny, chnh xc theo tiu chun ngang c trng i ci thin khong 22m (kh nng c th xy ra l 95 %). Xa hn na, ci thin tnh chnh xc trong nh v GPS, mt k thut gi l phng
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millisecond.iu ny c ngha rng tc bit ca m C/A l 1.023 Mbps.Nh vy khong thi gian ca mt bit xp x khong 1ms.Mi v tinh c gn vi ch mt m C/A duy nht ,iu ny lm cho b thu GPS c th nhn dng c v tinh d dng.o lng m C/A t chnh xc h n khi so snh m t cch tng i vi s o lng m P .Tuy nhin ,n th t ph c tp hn v sn dng vi tt c mi ngi. M P l mt chui rt di bao gm nhiu bit nh phn m l p li chnh n sau 266 ngy. Ngoi ra, tc ca n th nhanh h n 10 ln so vi m C/A (tc ca n l 10.23 Mbps). Thc hin php nhn th i gian m m P cn lp li chnh n, 266 ngy, vi tc ca n l 10.23Mbps, cho ra kt qu: chiu di ca chui m P l 2.35 10 bit. Mdi-266-ngy ny c chia thnh 38 on; m mi on di 1 tun. Trong , 32 on c gn n nhng v tinh GPS khc nhau. l, mi v tinh pht i ch duy nht mt on-di-1-tun ca m P , m c khi pht vo thi im giao nhau gia th by v ch nht. Su on cn li c d tr dng trong nhng vic khc. Mt v tinh GPS c nhn dng bi mt phn on-1-tun duy nht c gn cho n trong m P. V d: v tinh GPS vi ID l PRN 20 c xc nh l v tinh GPS c gn phn on1-tun th 20 ca m P . Ban u, m P c thit k v nhng mc ch qun s. N lun
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Tn hiu iu hng GPS l mt chui d liu c thm vo c hai sng mang L1 v L2 bng phng php iu ch biphase nh phn vi tc pht l 50Kbps. N bao gm 25 frame, mi frame gm 1,500 bit, tng cng l 37,500 bit. Do , truyn dn hon ton thng ip iu hng phi mt ht 750 giy hoc l 12.5 pht. Thng ip iu hng bao gm nhng thng tin nh : ta ca v tinh GPS di dng hm ca thi gian, tnh trng v tinh, thng tin hi u chnh ng h v tinh, nin gim v tinh v d liu kh quyn. Mi v tinh truyn dn thng ip iu hng ca chnh n cng v i thng tin ca nhng v tinh khc, bao g m v tr gn chnh xc c a v tinh v tnh tr ng hot ng. Biu m ca GPS v pha ca sng mang l:
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Di tn ph tn hiu ca GPS: Ch rng m C/A c cho bn di vi mc nhiu thp, tn hi u a m trong b thu bi on m c tnh ton bn trong c p cho cc k t.
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ix
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5.5 o c tm gi:
Hnh 8: o lng tm gi Tm gi (pseudorange) l khong cch gia b thu GPS v v tinh GPS (chnh xc hn l gia anten ca b thu v anten ca v tinh). Khong cch t b thu n v tinh l mt thng s cn thit tnh ton v tr. M P hoc m C/A c th c s dng o lng tm gi(Hnh 8). Th tc xc nh tm gi GPS c th c m t nh sau. Chng ta hy t m thi tha nhn rng ng h b thu v ng h v tinh hon ton ng b vi nhau. Khi m m PRN c pht ra t v tinh, b thu cng s pht ra m t bn sao ging ht m . Sau mt khong thi gian, t ng ng vi khong thi gian tin hi u truyn i trong khng gian, m pht s c thu bi b thu. Bng cch so snh m pht v b n sao ca n, b thu c th tnh ton c thi gian m tn hi u truyn i tnh t lc pht. Thc hin php nhn tn hi u vi tc ca nh sng (299,729,458 m/s) cho ra k t qu l khong cch t v tinh n b thu.
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Tuy nhin, c mt vn . Nhng sng mang ny u l nhng sng sin thun ty, v vy tt c chu k u ging nhau. Do , b thu GPS khng c cch no c th phn bit chu k ny vi chu k kia. Ni cch khc, b thu khng th no xc nh c s lng bc sng truyn gia v tinh v b thu. V vy, s lng bc sng y cn phi xc nh gi l tham s ambiguity. May mn l b thu c kh nng pht hi n nhng s thay i pha. Do tham s ambiguity duy tr khng i ton thi gian,mi n l khng xy ra mt mt tn hiu.
Hnh 10: full: s bc sng y ca song mang; final portion: dch pha
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Hnh 11: Trt chu k GPS Mt phng php gi l kim tra baseline mc khng (zero baseline test) c s dng d ra trt tn hi u m nguyn nhn gy ra l do tr c trc b thu. i vi phng php ny, hai b thu c kt ni n mt anten thng qua m t b chia tch tn hi u (splitter). Trt chu k c th c d bng cch kim tra d tha iu chnh (adjustment residuals).
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gian 4h c s dng bi nhng h thng iu khin chc nng d bo trc nhng thnh phn qu o v tinh mi trong mi
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h v tinh vo khong 8.64 n 17.28ns mi ngy. Li khong cch tng ng vo khong 2.59 m n 5.18 m, ta c th d dng tnh ton b ng cch thc hin php nhn l i ng h vi tc nh sang (~299,729,458m/s). So snh v i ng h rubidium, nh ng ng h cesium c khuynh hng hot ng tt hn qua mi chu k thi gian di hn. Trong thc t, n nh ca ng h cesium qua mi chu k 10 ngy hoc hn tng ln nhiu. Hot ng ca ng h v tinh c gim st bi trm iu khin mt t. Ga tr sai lch c tnh ton, r i pht i nh mt phn ca thng ip iu hng di dng ba h s ca mt a thc bc hai. Li ng h v tinh khi n cho o c GPS sai s li cng sai s hn. Nhng li ny ph bin i vi tt c ngi s dng GPS ang quan st cng m t v tinh v c th c loi b thng qua phng php ly sai phn nhng quan st b thu. iu chnh li gi tr ng h v tinh trong thng ip iu hng cng chnh l iu chnh li li ng h v tinh. Tuy nhin, bin php iu chnh ny gy ra sai s khong vi nano giy,
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5.9.4 Li a ng:
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Hnh 16: Hiu ng a ng Li a ng l ngun li c bn cho c o c pha-sng mang v o c tm gi. Li a ng xy ra khi tn hi u GPS n ti anten my thu thng qua nhi u ng khc nhau. Nhng ng ny c th l ng trc tip ca tn hi u ti hoc ng tn hi u phn x t nhng vt th xung quanh anten (Hnh 16).L i a ng lm mo dng tn hiu GPS gc t can nhiu ca nhng tn hi u phn x ti anten thu. L i a ng nh hng i vi c pha-sng mang v t m gi; tuy nhin, nh hng trong o lng tm gi ln hn trong o lng pha-sng mang. nh hng ca li a ng i vi o lng phasng mang c th t n gi tr cc i l mt phn t chu k (khong 4.8cm i vi sng mang L1). Li a ng nh hng n tm gi, v mt l thuyt, c th t n vi chc met i vi m C/A. Tuy nhin, vi nhng k thut mi, tin tin trong
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Hnh 17: Gc phng v ln ca li ph thuc vo dng anten, in hnh th ng vo khong vi centimet. Tuy nhin, tht kh c th m hnh ha nh ng thay i trung tm pha c a anten, do ch c th lu tm n vic chn la dng anten. i vi nhng baseline ngn, cng mt dng anten t i mi u cui, li pha trung tm c th loi b nu nhng anten ny hng theo cng mt hng. S dng nhng anten khc nhau ho c l s dng nhng nh hng khc nhau s khng loi b c li ny. a s l li ny b b qua trong hu ht nhng ng dng GPS. Nhng li pha trung tm pha c th khc nhau i vi nhng s quan st pha-sng mang L1 v L2. iu ny nh hng n chnh xc trong ph ng php kt hp tuyn tnh t do tng in ly,c bit khi quan st nh ng baseline ngn. i vi baseline ngn, nhng li ny c tnh tng quan cao vi nhau qua kho ng cch v s b loi b thng qua sai phn. Do , s dng mt tn s duy nht l thch h p hn c i vi nhng baseline ngn trong ch tnh.
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Tng in ly l mi trng phn tn, m c tr hon m n gy ra ph thuc vo tn s ca tn hi u. Tn s cng thp th tr hon cng l n; v vy nn tr hon t ng in ly i vi sng mang L2 cao hn i vi sng mang L1. Ni chung, tr hon t ng in ly thng vo khong t 5m n 15m, nhng c th vt qu con s 150m trong iu kin mt tri hot ng tch cc, vo gia ngy v gn vi a tng (horizon). Mt electron thay i theo thi gian v v tr. Tuy nhin, mt electron c tnh tng quan cao xt trong nh ng khong cch ngn, do , ly sai phn nhng quan st GPS gia nhng ngi s dng gn nhau v khng gian c th loi b phn ln tr hon tng in ly. Da vo tnh cht phn tn c a tng in ly, tr hon tng in ly c th c m t vi chnh xc cao bng cch kt hp o c tm gi s dng m P trn c L1 v L2. Nhng khng may, m P ch c th c truy nhp duy nht bi ngi dng c cp php. Cng vi s b sung m C/A th hai trn L2, gi i hn ny b loi b. Kt hp o lng pha-sng mang trn c L1 v L2 m t nhng thay i trong tr hon tng in ly. Nhng ngi s dng b thu GPS song tn c th kt hp vi o lng phasng mang L1 v L2, t to ra tn hi u kt hp tuyn tnh t do tng in ly (ionosphere-free linear combination ) nhm loi b tr hon tng in ly. Tuy nhin, phng php ny c nhc im: 1) nhiu quan st cao hn;
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5.10.1 nh hng:
im (waypoints):mc tiu ca GPS l tm ng i t im A n im B.Cc im A,B ny gi l waypoint nh nh ,bi gi xe,sui,ni cm triNu c thng s ta ca nhng im ny, bn c th d dng nhp n vo my thu GPS v tm ng i, hng i ti , d c th bn cha bao gi ti . GPS ch ra cho bn khong cch theo ng chim bay n , hng i ti cc im .
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Hnh 18:route Track log: Bn s dng GPS ghi li chng ng i qua, chng ng ny gi l track log.Track log l t p hp cc im m GPS t ng ghi li (c th t theo ch bao nhiu giy ghi li mt ln) v bn c th s dng tracklog quay li con ng c (track back), khi GPS s da trn tracklog to ra mt route mi quay li im xut pht . Hng bc:c ba loi hng bc: Bc t : Hng bc ca a bn do t trng to nn. Bc tht: Hng bc l im cc bc ni cc kinh tuyn ct nhau. Bc theo bn : Hng bc theo li bn . C nhiu nh dng khc nhau c a ta :
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thng s ny th rt kh tnh ton b ng tay trn bn v phi quy i ra h thp phn ri tnh l i.
giy. 1 = 111
,1 =
= 1.85
,1 =
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elip gi l biaxial ellipsoid (Hnh 20). M t biaxial ellipsoid tham kh o, hay ni ngn gn l hnh ellipsoid tham kh o, c c bng cch xoay mt hinh elip xung quanh tr c b ca n, trc b. Tng t nh i vi hnh elip, biaxial ellipsoid c th c xc nh bi na trc ln v na trc b (a,b) hoc l (a,f) vi f=1-(b/a). Hnh 20: (a)mi lin h gia b mt vt l ca tri t, geoid v ellipsoid (b) nhng tham s ellipsoidal. Mt hnh ellipsoid tham kh o thch hp gi l geodetic datum. Geodetic datum l b mt ton hc, l hnh ellipsoid tham kh o, vi gc ta v nh hng r rng.
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Thm mt v d b sung vo h thng geodetic datum, mt h thng gi l vertical datum c s dng trong th c t nhm xc nh cao ca im. Bi v cao ca mt im nh v trc tip trn vertical datum c gi tr l zeros, do h thng vertical datum cn gi l b mt vi cao zeros. Mt vertical datum thng c la chn nh l mt th a cu; b mt ny xp x tt nht vi mc nc bin trung bnh trn ton c u. Trong qu kh, nhng v tr lin quan n nhng datum ngang v d c thng c m t tch ri ln nhau. V i s ra i ca h thng nh v trc a khng gian GPS, c th m t nhng v tr 3-D s dng h thng tham kho 3-D.
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Hnh 21: Khi ni m v php chiu bn Tuy nhin, theo quan im ton hc, php chuyn i t nhng ta trc a t c t GPS chng hn, thnh nh ng ta li hnh ch nht gi l hng ng (easting) v hng bc (northing). Php bi n i ny gi l php chiu bn trc tip. Php chiu ngc li, t nhng ta li sang ta trc a. Nhng ta li hnh ch nht c s dng rng ri trong th c t, c bit trong nhng cng vic lin quan n Geomatics. Nguyn nhn ch yu bi v vic tnh ton th c hin trn mt phng bn thng d dng hn l thc hin trn b mt tham kho. Khng may, do s khc bit gia b mt ellipsoid ca Tri t so vi b mt phng ca php chiu, kt qu gy ra s mo dng. iu ny tng t vi vic lm phng v ca mt na qu cam; chng ta s c nhng phn cng ra v nh ng phn co rt li, dn n kt qu lm mo dng v ca qu cam. C nhiu php chiu bn c s dng ti thiu ha mo dng.Trong hu ht nhng ng dng GPS, conformal l php chiu hay c s dng. Vi php chiu conformal, nhng gc trn b mt hnh elip c duy tr sau khi c chiu trn b mt chiu phng. Tuy nhin, c din tch v t l u b mo dng; nh rng din tch hoc l b cng ra hoc l b nn li. Php chiu bn
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t tn bng mt mu t theo th t t Nam n Bc, bt u t C n X (b qua cc mu t A,B,I,O,Y). Mi v di ct nhau thnh nh ng vng li vung mang tn bng s v mu t: s l tn ca mi, mu t l tn ca di.
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Hnh 25: chiu cao orthometric xt trong mi tng quan vi 3 h thng mt phng Trong mt vi trng hp, v d nh l GPS, chiu cao ca i tng s c tham chiu n hnh ellipsoid tham kh o, ch khng phi l geoid. Do nhng cao ny gi l chiu cao ellipsoidal. Chiu cao ellipsoidal c th mang gi tr dng hay m ty thuc vo v tr ca im nm bn trn hay bn di b mt ca hnh ellipsoidal tham kho. Khng may l nhng chiu cao ellipsoidal ch n thun mang tnh ch t hnh h c ch khng c ngha vt l no. Do , nhng dng c Geomatic khc nhau s khng s dng thng s chiu cao ny trc tip. Khong tch ri gia geoid-ellipsoid gi l chiu cao geoid undulation. Khong cch ny c th t n 100m, gi tr ca n c th dng hoc m, ph thuc vo geoid nm bn trn hoc bn di hnh elip tham kh o ti im kho st. Thng tin chnh xc v chiu cao geoid undulation dng m t cao orthometric thng qua cao ellipsoidal v ngc li. Nhng m hnh Geoid s dng m t chiu cao geoid undulation c pht trin trn khp th gii. Khng may, nhng m hnh ny khng c chnh xc ph h p v khng ng u trn khp mi ni, ch yu bi v thiu d liu trng lc a phng (local gravity) v thng tin cao i km ti mt s ni trn th gii. Nhiu b thu GPS v gi phn mm c nhng m hnh geoid xy dng bn
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Hnh 26: H thng ta 3-D H thng ta c th c phn loi theo 1-D, 2-D v 3-D, lin quan n s lng ta cn thit xc nh v tr ca mt im. V d: H thng ta 1-D c dng xc nh cao ca im so vi mt nc bin. C th phn loi h thng ta da vo dng ca b mt tham kho, hng ca trc v gc ta . Trong trng hp i vi h ta trc a 3-D, b mt tham kho l hnh ellipsoid. Hng ca trc v gc c xc nh bi hai mt phng: mt phng kinh tuyn i qua im cc hoc l trc z ( kinh tuyn l mt phng ko di t cc bc xung cc nam ca Tri t ) v mt phng xch o ca hnh ellipsoid.
Formatted: Indent: First line: 0.5"
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xem xt n tham s (a,f) ca hnh ellipsoid. Ngoi ra hon ton c th chuyn i ta trc a sang ta li hnh ch nht dng trn bn .
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6.1 nh v im GPS:
nh v im GPS cn gi l nh v t tr bao gm ch duy nht mt b thu GPS. Trong b thu GPS theo du vt ng thi 4 v tinh GPS hoc hn m t ta ca n so vi gc ta l trung tm c a Tri t (Hnh 30). Hu nh tt c nhng b thu GPS c mt trn th trng u c kh nng hin th ta nh v im.
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Hnh 30: nguyn tc nh v im GPS Bt c lc no, m t v tr im ca b thu, i hi phi c ta ca nhng v tinh cng nh l khong cch t b thu n bn v tinh . B thu c c ta ca v tinh thng qua thng ip iu hng, cn khong cch th c c t m C/A hoc l m P , ph thuc vo dng ca b thu (dn dng hay qun s). Nh cp trc , o lng tm gi b lm sai lch i bi li ng b gia ng h b thu v ng h v tinh. iu chnh li ng h v tinh c th c thc hin trong thng ip iu hng; li ng h b thu c xem l mt tham s ph no trong tin trnh nh gi. Nh vy, c tng cng 4 tham s : ba tham s l ta ca b thu v tham s cn li l li ng b ng h b thu.y l l do ti sao ta cn ti thiu n bn v tinh. N u nh c nhiu hn bn v tinh th k thut lc Kalman c s dng. Khi m t a v tinh thu c v h thng WGS 84 th ta b thu cng tng t. Tuy nhin, hu ht nhng b thu GPS u cung cp tham s chuyn i gia WGS 84 v nhiu datum cc b trn khp th gii.
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B thu nn c thit lp ti mt im vi ta chnh xc xc nh.Cn b thu kia l b thu ng cng c t ti mt im nhng ta th khng bit trc v ang c xc nh.B thu tnh c th h tr bao nhiu b thu ng cng c min l c t nht 4 v tinh hi n hu i vi c hai loi b thu. V nguyn tc ,phng php ny da trn vic tp hp nhng kt qu o c tc thi t c hai b thu trong m t khong thi gian no ; sau khi x l s liu s c c ta ca im.Thi gian quan st thay i t khong 20 pht n vi gi ph thuc vo khong cch gia b thu nn v b thu ng (baseline length),s lng v tinh hi n hu,v khi hnh h c v tinh.o c c thc hin trong kho ng thi gian m i 15giy hoc 20 giy hoc l o c mu mi 15 giy hoc 20 giy.
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Hnh 33:hot ng GPS sai phn th i gian th c B thu nn duy tr v tr tnh ti mt im xc nh. Phn mm build-in ca b thu nn s dng nhng ta nn c xc nh mt cch chnh xc v t a v tinh, dn xut t thng ip iu hng, tnh ton kho ng cch n mi v tinh. Ngoi ra, phn mm cn c kh nng ly s khc bit gia khong cch c tnh ton v t m gi o c c t xc nh c li tm gi (hoc l thng tin iu chnh DGPS). Nhng thng tin ny c pht theo mt nh dng gi l RTCM (Technical Commission for Maritime Service) n ch thng qua mt ng lin kt thng tin. ch n s s dng thng tin iu chnh DGPS ny iu chnh li tm gi m b thu ch o c. Cui cng, nhng tm gi ny s c s dng tnh ton t a ca ch.
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Hnh 35:quan st GPS RTK Trong phng php ny, b thu base duy tr v tr tnh vi mt im xc nh v i km vi mt b pht sng v tuyn. B thu ch thng c mang vc trn vai v i km vi mt b thu sng v tuyn. Tc truyn d liu l 1Hz (1 mu/giy). S liu o c t b thu nn v ta c truyn n b thu ch thng qua tuyn lin kt thng tin v tuyn. Phn mm built-in trong b thu ch kt hp nhng s liu GPS o c c t b thu nn v b thu ch v x l, kt qu l ta ca b thu ch.
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Hnh 36: v d v file quan st nh dng RINEX i vi d liu n tn Khu vc d liu chia thnh hai giai on; mi giai on u c gn th thi gian quan st (thi gian b thu thu tn hi u, theo khung th i gian GPS i vi nhng file GPS), s lng v danh sch cc v tinh, nh ng dng o c khc nhau m t trong cng mt chui hin din trong header, v chiu di tn hi u. Ngoi ra khu vc ny cn bao gm gi tr suy hao ca tn hi u ch th s tc nghn. sai lch ng h b thu tnh theo giy c th hin din hoc khng trong khu vc d liu. (Hnh 37 )
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Hnh 37: V d v file iu hng GPS Thng ip iu hng mang thng tin v v tinh. Trong phn tiu , mang nhng thng tin bao g m ngy to file, tn c quan qun l, v cc thng tin c lin quan khc. Ging nh file quan st, bn ghi cui cng trong khu vc header ca file iu hng phi l END OF HEADER. Ngoi ra, khu vc header c th mang nhng thng tin thm vo nh l nhng thng s ca m hnh t ng in ly i vi ngi s dng n tn. Tng t, nhng tham s almanac lin quan n thi gian GPS hoc thi gian UTM v leap second c th c ty chn bao hm lun trong khu v c header ca thng ip iu hng. Bn ghi u tin trong khu v c d liu mang thng tin v s PRN v tinh,th thi gian,v nhng tham s ng h v tinh (phn c c, tri git v tc tri git). Nhng bn ghi ph mang thng tin v qu o qung b ca v tinh, tnh tr ng v tinh,tun v tinh (GPS week), v cc thng tin c lin quan khc .
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File kh tng mang thng tin c g n km thi gian nh l nhit (theo Celsius), p sut khng kh (theo milibar) v m (theo phn trm) ti cnh quan st. File kh tng bt u vi khu vc header mang nh ng dng thng tin quan st khc nhau (v d nh p sut), thng tin c lin quan n cm bin, v tr chnh xc c a cm bin kh tng, v mt vi thng tin c lin quan khc, b n ghi cui cng trong khu vc header phi l END OF HEADER. Khu vc d liu mang nhng th thi gian (theo thi gian GPS), theo sau l d liu kh tng c sp xp trong cng mt chui c trng nh trong khu vc header (Hnh 38).
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Hnh 38:v d v file kh tng RINEX Hu ht cc nh sn xut b thu GPS pht tri n nhng gi phn mm postprocessing c kh nng chp nhn d liu GPS theo nh dng RINEX. Ngoi ra, a s nhng gi ny u c kh nng chuyn d liu GPS theo nh dng c quyn ca nh sn xut sang nh dng RINEX.Tuy nhin, cc nh sn xut nn bit rng, mt vi gi phn mm thay i lun nhng quan st th ban u bn trong tin trnh chuy n i (v d: iu chnh li nhng gi tr o c tm gi th).
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Hnh 39: v d v khu vc tiu ca mt file SP3 Khu vc d liu ca nhng ephemeris chnh xc trong nh dng SP3 bt u ti dng 23, bao gm d liu v thi gian ca bn ghi u tin.Thc t,bn ghi ny cng th i im vi dng u tin ca khu vc header.Nhng dng sau mang thng tin t a v tinh v d liu ng h v tinh ca giai on hin hnh.M i dng gn vi mt v tinh no v bt u vi k t p,c ngha l hng v tr.Theo sau k t P l mt con s PRN v tinh ,t a x,y,z ca v tinh theo kilomet,v thng ip iu chnh ng h v tinh theo micro giy (Hnh 40).Trong vi trng hp, tc lc v tinh v t c ca thng ip iu chnh ng h c ghp hp li vi nhau cng vi thng tin ny.Bn ghi v tr v bn ghi iu chnh ng h s nm trn mt dng ,theo sau l mt dng khc mang gi tr tc lc v bn ghi iu chnh tc ca ng h ca cng mt v tinh. Dng mang b n ghi
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Thng ip nh dng RTCM SC-104 khng th no c trc tip c; y l nhng chui s nh phn, 0 v 1. M i thng ip hoc khung RTCM SC-104 mang N +2 t, vi mi t di 30 bit; trong , N t trnh by s lng t mang d liu thc s bn trong thng ip v hai t cn li trnh by mt tiu hai t bt u ti mi thng ip. Kch thc ca N thay i, ph thuc vo dng thng ip v ni dung thng ip (v d khi m s lng v tinh thay i trong tm nhn ca trm tham kho). Kch thc t v thut ton kim tra chn tng t trong thng ip iu hng GPS.
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Hnh 41:cu trc chung ca cu GGA Bng: Gii thch nh ng thut ng v k hiu trong cu GGA
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Hu ht cc b thu c mt trn th trng u h tr tiu chun NMEA 0183. Tuy nhin khng ph i tt c b thu vi port NMEA 0183 u xut ra mt thng ip GPS c th no. Ngoi ra, m t s nh sn xut b thu GPS c th thay i mt cht nh dng
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Hnh 42: Phng php antenna swap Mt khi hot ng khi pht xong, b thu nn phi c gi nguyn trng thi tnh ti mt im c xc nh trong khi b thu ch di chuyn qua li gia nhng im c quan st. Sau khi hon thnh xong nh ng cng vic ny, d liu c download vo trong phn mm x l ca my tnh, m tr c tin l s dng d liu khi pht ban u xc nh nhng tham s ambiguity ban u.Mt khi c xc nh, phn mm s s dng nhng tham s ny nhm xc nh nh ng ta ca cc im quan st vi chnh xc l centimet. Nh n thy rng, mt khong thi gian quan st ng n hn s l khi pht gi tr ban u cho b thu.
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Ni chung, vng tin cy vi hnh dng l hyperellipsoid c nh hnh xung quanh nhng tham s ambiguity gi tr thc c xc nh. Mt hnh hyperellipsoid nh vy mang nhng tham s nguyn ambiguity ph hp vi mt kh nng no . V d, vi kh nng c th xy ra l 99%, gi tr ny c s dng v hyperellipsoid, ngha l c n 99% kh nng rng nhng tham s ambiguity nguyn thc s c nh v bn trong hnh hyperellipsoid ny. Khi m chng ta c thu n li l bit c rng
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Hnh 43:k thut OTF ambiguity resolution Sau , s dng hyperellipsoid tm kim nhng gi tr nguyn thch hp ca nhng tham s ambiguity ( l tt c nhng im bn trong vng tin c y vi nhng gi tr nguyn). Da trn kt qu nh gi thng qua th ng k, ch c duy nht mt im c la chn l im c kh nng nht tr thnh tham s ambiguity nguyn. Mt khi nhng ambiguity c phn tch m t cch chnh xc, th c hin iu chnh cui cng t c nhng ta ch vi chnh xc l centimet. V i k thut OTF, mc d c thit k ch yu phn tch nh ng tham s ambiguity trong thi gian thc,ngoi ra n cn c th c s dng trong ch thi gian phi th c.
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II. ng dng
Theo cch tip cn truyn thng, GIS l mt cng c my tnh lp bn v phn tch cc s vt, hin tng thc trn Tri t. Cng ngh GIS kt hp cc thao tc c s d liu thng thng (nh cu trc hi p) v cc php phn tch thng k, phn tch khng gian. Nhng kh nng ny phn bit GIS vi cc h thng thng tin khc v khin cho GIS c phm vi ng dng rng trong nhiu lnh
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Cc bn : giao din trc tuyn vi d liu a l tra cu, trnh by kt qu v s dng nh l mt nn thao tc vi th gii thc. Cc tp thng tin a l: thng tin a l dng file v dng c s d liu gm cc yu t, mng li, topology, a hnh, thuc tnh nh thi tit ,thin tai Cc m hnh x l: tp hp cc quy trnh x l phn tch t ng. Cc m hnh d liu: GIS cung cp cng c mnh hn l mt c s d liu thng thng bao gm quy tc v s ton vn ging nh cc h thng tin khc. Lc , quy tc v s ton vn ca d liu a l ng vai tr quan trng. Metadata: hay ti liu miu t d liu, cho php ngi s dng t chc, tm hiu v truy nhp c ti tri thc v a l a l.
Tip cn h thng GIS di hnh thc:
1. C s d liu a l (Geodatabase - theo cch gi caESRI): GIS l mt c s d liu khng gian chuyn ti thng tin a l theo m hnh d liu GIS (yu t, topology, mng li, raster,...) 2. Hnh tng ho (Geovisualization ): GIS l tp cc bn thng minh th hin cc yu t v quan h gia cc yu t trn mt t. Da trn thng tin a l c th to nhiu loi bn v s dng chng nh l mt ca s vo trong c s d liu h tr tra cu, phn tch v bin tp thng tin. 3. X l (Geoprocessing): GIS l cc cng c x l thng tin cho php to ra cc thng tin mi t thng tin c. Cc chc nng x l thng tin a l ly thng tin t cc tp d liu c, p dng cc chc nng phn tch v ghi kt qu vo mt tp mi. Tu thuc vo nhu cu ca cc ngi s dng m h thng c th phi tch hp thng tin nhiu mc khc nhau, ni ng hn, l cc t l khc
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Qun l d liu
D lieu
D liu vo: d liu c nhp t cc ngun khc nhau nh chuyn i gia cc cch biu din d liu, my qut, hnh nh t v tinh, nh chp Qun l d liu: sau khi d liu c thu thp v tng hp, GIS cn cung cp cc thit b c th lu v bo tr d liu nhm m bo: bo mt s liu, tch hp s liu, lc v nh gi s liu, kh nng duy tr. GIS lu thng tin th gii thc thnh cc tng d liu ring bit, cc tng ny t trong cng mt h trc to v chng c kh nng lin kt vi nhau. X l d liu: cc thao tc x l d liu c thc hin to ra thng tin. N gip cho ngi s dng quyt nh cn lm tip cng vic g. Kt qu ca x l d liu l to ra cc nh, bo co v bn . Phn tch v m hnh: s liu tng hp v chuyn i ch l mt phn ca GIS. Nhng yu cu tip theo l kh nng gii m v phn tch v mt nh tnh v nh lng thng tin thu thp. D liu ra: mt trong cc phng din cng ngh GIS l s thay i ca cc phng php khc nhau trong thng tin c th hin th khi n c x l bng GIS. Cc phng php truyn thng l bng v th c th cung cp bng cc bn v nh 3 chiu.
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hnh iii.1: cc thnh ph n ca GIS: Con ngi D lieu Phng php phn tch Phn mm Phn cng
Cc thnh phn ny kt hp vi nhau nhm t ng qun l v phn phi thng tin thng qua biu din a l. III.1.1. Con ngi Con ngi l thnh phn quan trng nht, l nhn t thc hin cc thao tc iu hnh s hot ng ca h thng GIS. Ngi dng GIS l nhng ngi s dng cc phn mm GIS gii quyt cc bi ton khng gian theo mc ch ca h. H thng l nhng ngi c o to tt v lnh vc GIS hay l cc chuyn gia. Ngi xy dng bn : s dng cc lp bn c ly t nhiu ngun khc nhau, chnh sa d liu to ra cc bn theo yu cu. Ngi xut bn: s dng phn mm GIS kt xut ra bn di nhiu nh dng xut khc nhau. Ngi phn tch: gii quyt cc vn nh tm kim, xc nh v tr Ngi xy dng d liu: l nhng ngi chuyn nhp d liu bn bng cc cch khc nhau: v, chuyn i t nh dng khc, truy nhp CSDL Ngi qun tr CSDL: qun l CSDL GIS v m bo h thng vn hnh tt.
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D liu khng gian (spatial) cho ta bit kch thc vt l v v tr a l ca cc i tng trn b mt tri t. D liu thuc tnh (non-spatial) l cc d liu dng vn bn cho ta bit thm thng tin thuc tnh ca i tng.
III.1.3. Phn cng L cc my tnh in t: PC, mini Computer, MainFrame l cc thit b mng cn thit khi trin khai GIS trn mi trng mng. GIS cng i hi cc thit b ngoi vi c bit cho vic nhp v xut d liu nh: my s ho (digitizer), my v (plotter), my qut (scanner) III.1.4. Phn mm H thng phn mm GIS rt a dng. Mi cng ty xy dng GIS u c h phn mm ring ca mnh. Tuy nhin, c mt dng phn mm m cc cng ty phi xy dng l h qun tr CSDL a l. Dng phn mm ny nhm mc ch nng cao kh nng cho cc phn mm CSDL thng mi trong vic: sao lu d liu, nh ngha bng, qun l cc giao dch do ta c th lu cc d liu a l di dng cc i tng hnh hc trc tip trong cc ct ca bng quan h v nhiu cng vic khc.
Capture: thu thp d liu. D liu c th ly t rt nhiu ngun, c th l bn giy, nh chp, bn s Store: lu tr. D liu c th c lu di dng vector hay raster. Query: truy vn (tm kim). Ngi dng c th truy vn thng tin ho hin th trn bn . Analyze: phn tch. y l chc nng h tr vic ra quyt nh ca ngi dng. Xc nh nhng tnh hung c th xy ra khi bn c s thay i. Display: hin th. Hin th bn . Output: xut d liu. H tr vic kt xut d liu bn di nhiu nh dng: giy in, W eb, nh, file
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III.2.1. Thu thp d liu: Thu thp d liu l qu trnh thu nhn d liu theo khun mu c p dng cho GIS. Mc n gin nht ca thu thp d liu l chuyn i khun dng mu c sn t bn ngoi. Trong trng hp ny, GIS phi c cc tin ch hiu c cc khun dng mu d liu chun khc nhau trao i. GIS cn phi c kh nng nhp cc nh bn . Trong thc t, nhiu k thut trc a c p dng thu thp d liu th, bao gm thu thp d liu v b mt tri t nh a hnh, a cht hc v thm thc vt nh trc a o c hay nh chp t v tinh, my bay. Cc d liu nh kinh t - x hi thu thp t iu tra phng vn hay chuyn i t cc bi t liu vit. Bn v bng tay trn giy phi c s ho sang dng raster. Vic s dng nh v tinh hay nh chp t my bay c xem l ngun d liu quan trng khi nghin cu ti nguyn thin nhin v o v bn a hnh. a s ngun gc thng tin khng gian l cc bn in hay bn di khun mu tng t. cc d liu ny c s dng trong GIS th chng cn c s ho. mc th cng th ch c th s ho cc c trng bn v nhp thuc tnh m t cc c trng . Cn mc t ng ho cao hn l s ho bn bng my qut nh pht sinh nh s bn y . u ra ca my qut l ma trn ca cc gi tr im nh 2D, c th c s dng cho cng vic vector ho to ra bn m
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IV .
C S D LIU:
H thng thong tin a l GIS s dng c s d liu a l lm d liu cho mnh. Tp hp d liu dng vector. Tp hp d liu dng rester. Tp hp d liu dng mng li. Tp hp d liu i hnh 3 chiu v b mt khc. D liu o c. D liu dng a ch. Cc bng d liu l thnh phn quan trng ca c s d liu khng gian , c lin kt vi cc thnh phn ho vi nhiu lin kt khc nhau.
V kha cnh cng ngh, hnh th v tr khng gian ca cc i tng cn qun l c miu t bng d liu ho. Trong khi tnh cht cc i tng duo95 miu t bng cc d liu dng thuc tnh. M hnh c s d liu dng khng gian khng nhng quy nh m hnh d liu vi cc i tng ho, i tng thuc tnh m cn quy nh lien kt gia chng thng qua m hnh quan h v nh ngha hng i tng bao gm cc tnh cht nh k tha, ng gi v a hnh. Ngoi ra, c s d liu khng gian hin i cn bao gm nhng rng buc trong c s d liu cc i tng ho trong c s d liu v c gi l topology. Vic lp bn v phn tch a l khng phi l k thut mi, nhng GIS thc thi cc cng vic ny tt hn v nhanh hn cc phng php c. Trc khi cng ngh GIS ra i th rt t ngi c nhng kh nng cn thit s dng thng tin a l gip ch cho vic gii quyt vn v a ra cc quyt nh. GIS hin i c nhiu cng c phn tch hiu qu trong c hai cng c quan trng c bit l phn tch lin k v phn tch chng xp. nhm ny to nn ng dng quan trng i vi nhiu ng dng mang tnh phn tch. Qu trnh chng xp s dng mt s bn sinh ra thng tin mi v cc i tng mi. vic phn tch chng xp mt kh nhiu thi gian v ph thuc vo nhm cc ng dng c
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Chng xp l qu trnh tch hp cc lp thng tin khc nhau. Cc thao tc phn tch i hi mt hoc nhiu lp d liu phi c lin kt vt l. S chng xp ny, hay lin kt khng gian, c th l s kt hp d liu v t, dc, thm thc vt hoc s hu t vi nh gi thu. Vi nhiu thao tc trn d liu a l, kt qu cui cng c hin th tt nht di dng bn hoc biu . Bn kh hiu qu trong lu gi v trao i thng tin a l. GIS cung cp nhiu cng c mi m rng tnh ngh thut v khoa hc ca ngnh bn . Bn hin th c th c kt hp vi cc bn bo co, hnh nh ba chiu, nh chp v nhng d liu khc Nh kh nng x l cc tp hp d liu ln t cc c s d liu phc tp, nn GIS thch hp vi cc nhim v qun l ti nguyn mi trng. Cc m hnh phc tp cng c th d dng cp nht thng tin nh s dng GIS.
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2.Difference. Cho trc hai i tng giao nhau l i tng c s v i tng so snh. Php ton difference s to ra mt i tng mi trong gi nguyn phn ca i tng c s khng nm trong i tng so snh.
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3.Clip. Cho trc mt i tng v mt hnh ch nht. Php ton clip s to ra mt i tng mi bng cch ct i tng u vo theo hnh ch nht
4.Intersect. Cho trc hai i tng. Php ton intersect s to ra mt i tng mi chnh l phn giao gia hai i tng.
5.Convex hull. Cho trc mt i tng, php ton convex hull s to ra mt i tng mi l mt polygon bng cch ni tt c cc im bin ca i tng . Ni cch khc, y l polygon nh nht bao kn i tng.
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6.Symmetric difference. Php ton symmetric difference s tin hnh so snh v tr hai i tng v to ra mt i tng mi t hai i tng ban u v b i phn giao gia chng.
7.Cut. Cho mt ng cong v mt i tng, php ton cut s tch i tng ny thnh hai phn na phi v na tri theo hng ca ng cong. Point v multipoint khng c p dng. Line v polygon ph ct ng i cong.
8.Union. Php ton ny tin hnh so snh v tr tng i ca hai i tng v tr v mt i tng trn c s hp hai i tng ban u.
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2.M hnh dng rester: M hnh raster biu din cc c trng a l bng cc im nh (pixel). D liu raster gn lin vi d liu dng nh hoc d liu c tnh lin tc cao. D liu raster c th biu din c rt nhiu cc i tng t hnh nh b mt t n nh chp t v tinh, nh qut v nh chp. nh dng d liu raster rt n gin nhng h tr rt nhiu kiu d liu khc nhau.
nh chp t v tinh, nh chp t my bay, nh qut, nh chp. Trong nh chp t v tinh l cch ly d liu tn km nht nhng li c ngha to ln trong vic nghin cu tnh hnh bin i ca cc s vt trn tri t theo thi gian. nh chp t my bay gip ta v bn mt cch chi tit. Ngoi ra ta cn raster cn c th c to ra bng cch chuyn i t nhiu ngun d liu khc nh vector hay TIN.
Raster c to nn bi mt mng 2 chiu cc im nh hay cell. Cell l m t n v ng nht biu din mt vng xc nh trn tri t. Cc cell u c cng kch thc. Gc to ca h c t ti cell nm ti nh gc tri. Mi cell c xc nh bi ch s dng v ch s ct, ng thi n cha mt s
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Kch thc ca cell trong raster ph thuc nhiu vo phn gii d liu. Gi tr ca cell s nh ngha cc nhm, lp ti v tr ca cell. Cell ti nhng im c cng mt gi tr xc nh mt vng, min. Cc cell trong cng mt min khng cn phi lin kt vi nhau. Khi mt s nguyn c ch nh cho mt tp cc cell, th s nguyn ny c th l m phn bit gia cc nhm cell. iu ny to nn mt quan h mt - nhiu gia m v cc cell c cng gi tr. V d cc cell c gi tr l 400 c gn m l 4, cc cell c gi tr 500 c gn m l 5. M ny c th xut hin nhiu ln trong raster, nhng ch xut hin mt ln trong bng gi tr thuc tnh (hnh v). Bng ny lu cc gi tr thuc tnh cho m, iu ny gip vic cp nht n gin hn. Mt thay i nh ca gi tr thuc tnh s lm thay i cch th hin ca hng trm i tng trn bn . Mi cell trong mt raster u c mt gi tr: Nominal (bin tn): mt gi tr thuc kiu d liu nominal s xc nh mt thc th t mt thc th khc. Nhng gi tr ny c phn loi to thnh cc nhm. Trong m nhm, thc th a l s lin kt vi cell i ti v tr ca cell . Nominal c dng trong rt nhiu kiu m nh m s dng t, kiu t trng. Ordinal (bin th t): mt gi tr thuc d liu ordinal s xc nh v tr ca mt thc th so vi cc thc th khc nh thc th c t v tr th nht, th hai, hoc th ba. Nhng cc gi tr ny khng thit lp t l tng quan gia cc thc th. Chng ta khng th suy lun c thc th ny ln hn, cao hn hay nng hn thc th khc bao nhiu.
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hnh 3: bn vi m hnh d liu dng TIN. TIN c kh nng biu din b mt lin tc t nhng tp hp im ri rc. V mt hnh hc, TIN l tp cc im c ni vi nhau thnh cc tam gic. Cc tam gic ny hnh thnh nn b mt 3 chiu. Cc im c lu tr cng vi gi tr gc chiu ca chng. Cc im ny khng cn phi phn b theo mt khun mu no v mt phn b cng c th thay i cc vng khc nhau. Mt im bt k thuc vng biu din s nm trn nh, cnh hoc trong mt tam gic ca li tam gic. Nu mt im khng phi l nh th gi tr hnh chiu ca n c c t php ni suy tuyn tnh (ca hai im khc nu im ny nm trn cnh hoc ca ba im nu im ny nm trong tam gic). V th m hnh TIN l m hnh tuyn tnh trong khng gian 3 chiu c th c hnh dung nh s kt ni n gin ca mt tp hp cc tam gic. Ta c th lu tr s ca TIN bng danh sch lin kt i hoc cu trc t phn. C hai phng php ny u m t cu trc hnh hc t p ca bn chia nh. S m t ny chp nhn tt c cc thao tc duyt cn thit t hiu qu.
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hnh 3.1: biu din TIN t cad i tng c bn. Breaklines:l cc on thng ni vi nhau m b mt ca a hnh c s thay i t ngt. Exclusion area: biu din cc b mt c cng cao. Project boundary: c th tch b mt ra ngoi mt vng no . Vic ny rt quan trng trong tnh ton gi tr. 3.2.Phng php xy dng TIN t mt tp cc im Bc 1: thu thp cc im cng vi to x, y, z ca chng bng cc thit b chp, h thng GPS Thu thp cc ng breakline biu din khu vc m hnh dng b mt thay i t ngt. Xc nh cc min c cng cao so vi mt nc bin gi l Exclusion area. Bc 2: t cc d liu v im v ng trn, phn mm GIS s to ra mt mng cc tam gic ti u nht, tc l cc tam gic trong m ng cng u cng tt.
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Theo cch xy dng ny, ta c th tnh ton c cao (so vi mt bin) ti mt im c to x, y bt k bng cch xc nh v tr tam gic u tin sau ni suy theo chiu cao ca n. M hnh TIN rt hiu qu trong xy dng b mt. Mt ca im trn b mt t l vi bin i ca a hnh. Nhng b mt bng phng tng ng vi mt im thp v nhng a hnh i ni c mt im cao.
3.3.Phng php xy dng TIN t cc i tng hnh hc c bn Trong phn ny chng ta s tm hiu cch xy dng TIN t point, breakline, v polygon.
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B. NG DNG:
I. ng dng GPS trong iu hng phng tin giao thng :
Khi di chuyn qua nhng khu vc khng quen thuc, nhng ngi iu khin phng tin giao thng th ng s dng bn tm ng i. Tuy nhin, bn cnh vic thiu hiu qu ,tm kim ch n s dng mt bn giy th khng an ton, c bit trong iu kin giao thng ng c. Mt k thut mi, kt hp GPS vi bn s v mt h thng tnh ton, pht tri n m vic tm ng i in t ha, ch cn chm vo nt bm.(Hnh 44)
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II. Hng dn s dng MMap (Mobile Map) GPS trong tm ng : 2.1 Hng dn ci t:
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bit c thit b kt ni vi PC hay cha ta cn xem Device connected (PIN): Nu thit b kt ni vi PC th ti Device connected (PIN): 24A903B1, dng m ny l do nh s n xut qui nh, i vi tng my th s c s PIN khc nhau. Khi thit b cha kt ni vi PC th ti Device connected (PIN): None
Khi kt ni xong ta chn Application Loader th trn mn hnh PC xu t hin hp thoi Application Loader nh sau:
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112 dhspkt-hcm-2009
Vy bt u ci t ta chn nt Browse v chn chng trnh c n ci t cho mobile. Vi nh dng file ng dng dng ci t trong Mobile Blackberry l *.alx, *.ali. khi qu trnh ci t ng dng trn mobile kt thc th khi m my c giao din:
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1. Bt Menu
3. Chn MMap
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2.4.1 tm kim: Khi chn tim kim ni y h tr chng ta tm: cy xng, ng, trng hc, bu in, cng vin gip chng ta tm nhanh hn.
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117 dhspkt-hcm-2009