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Phng php ly mu (1): Nguyn tc: Mt mu i din ca kh c ly t bn trong ng ng bng mt u d ly mu, v c chuyn n b phn thu mu qua h thng n nh kh mu v ng ng dn mu. Trn qu trnh mu chuyn n b phn thu mu, cc kh c n nh loi sol kh, bi v cc cht cn tr khc. H thng thu mu c th l: h thng hp ph, hp th, ngng t hoc ly mu kh vo dng c cha. Quy trnh k thut quan trc: Thng thng, cc kh nhim c ly mu bng cch ht mt mu kh qua h dy ng nghim cha dung dch hp th chn lc, sau khi ly mu dung dch hp th c bo qun, vn chuyn v PTN v tin hnh phn tch. Phng php ny thng c dng xc nh mt s kh nhim nh: SO2, NOx, hi axit, hi kim, hi kim loi .... Mc i din ca mu cho ngun thi ph thuc vo: Tnh ng u ca tc kh trong mt phng ly mu; Nng kh cn xc nh.; m ca kh ng khi; S xm nhp ca khng kh.... Phng php ly mu (2): Mu kh c ht ra v a vo b phn thu mu. V nguyn tc, b phn thu mu gm: u d ly mu; Mt b tch bi, t trc h thng ng hp th; H thng ng hp th (impinger); H thng bm ht; H thng o lu lng kh; c thit b loi hi m. Cn khi ly mu bng phng php hp ph hoc ngng t th ta ch cn thay ng hp th bng ng hp ph hoc thit b ngng t kh. Quy trnh k thut quan trc v phn tch bi (1): da theo TCVN 5977-1995 Nguyn tc: Mt u ly mu dng thon c

t trong ng dn; hng vo dng kh ang chuyn ng, v mu kh c ly mu mt cch ng tc trong mt khong thi gian nh. V c s phn b khng ng u ca bi trong ng dn nn cn ly nhiu mu nhiu im chn trn thit din ng dn. Bi trong mu kh c tch ra bng mt ci lc, sau c lm kh v cn. Phng php ly mu (3): Quy trnh k thut quan trc v phn tch bi (2): da theo TCVN 5977-1995 Nng bi c tnh t lng cn bi v th tch mu kh. Lu lng ca bi c tnh t nng bi v tc th tch ca kh trong ng dn. Quy trnh quan trc: Mt mu i din c ht ra t ngun. Mc i din ca mu cho dng kh ph thuc vo: Tnh ng u ca tc kh trong mt phng ly mu; S lng cc im ly mu trong mt phng ly mu; Ly mu ng tc. Thng thng, khi c ly mu nhiu im trn mt phng ly mu tu theo din tch ca mt phng ny. Mt phng ly mu thng c chia thnh nhiu din tch bng nhau v mu c ht trung tm ca cc din tch . Phng php ly mu (4): Quy trnh k thut quan trc v phn tch bi (3): da theo TCVN 5977-1995 xc nh nng bi trong mt phng ly mu, u ly mu c di chuyn t im ly mu ny sang im ly mu khc v ly mu. Mu c a vo my ly mu. V nguyn tc, my ly mu gm: Mt cn ly mu c u ly mu dng thon; Mt b tch bi, t trong hoc ngoi ng dn; Mt h thng o lu lng kh, t trong hoc ngoi ng dn; Mt h thng bm ht. B tch bi v/ hoc h thng o lu lng kh c th c t trong hay ngoi ng dn. Phng php ly mu (7): Ly mu v phn tch hm lng cc cht nhim trong kh thi (2): Phn tch

NO2 (2): Nguyn tc: Nit oxit trong mu kh c hp th vo dung dch hydro peroxyt kim (1,2 mol/l NaOH/ 0,6% H2O2) khi c mt ion ng (Cu2+) nit oxit b oxi ho thnh ion nitrit. nhng nng trn, ion nitrat khng sinh ra trong dung dch hp th. Hydro peroxyt trong dung dch hp th cn tr vic to mu. Do , hydro peroxyt c phn hu bng xc tc ca Cu2+ khi un nng dung dch 30 pht trn bp cch thu 80oC. Nng nitrit c xc nh bng cch dng my trc quang o hp th ca dung dch to mu t phn ng ca sunfanilamit vi naphtyletylendiamin (NEDA) bc sng 545 nm. Phng php ly mu (8): Ly mu v phn tch hm lng cc cht nhim trong kh thi (3): Phn tch NO2 (3): Nguyn tc: Nng khi lng ca nit dioxit thu c bng cch so snh hp th c vi ng chun c chun b t dung dch tiu chun natri nitrit tinh khit. Phn tch SO2 (2): Phng php ny da theo TCVN 5975-1995, tiu chun ny quy nh phng php hydro poroxyt/bari perclorat/thorin xc nh nng khi lng ca lu hunh dioxit pht ra t cc ngun chy v t cc qu trnh k thut vi lng khng ng k ca lu hunh trioxit v axit sunfuric. Phng php ny p dng cho nng lu hunh dioxit ti thiu l 30 mg/m3 vi khong thi gian ly mu thng thng l 30 pht. Phng php ly mu (8): Ly mu v phn tch hm lng cc cht nhim trong kh thi (3): Phn tch SO2 (2): Nguyn tc: S hp th lu hunh dioxit c trong mu kh thi khi i qua dung dch hydro peroxyt trong mt khong thi gian nht nh, kt qu to thnh dung dch axit sunfuric. iu chnh pH ca dung dch mu t ti 3,5 bng dung dch natri hydroxit hoc dung dch axit perocloric. Xc nh nng

 khi lng cc ion sunfat c trong dung dch mu x l bng cch chun vi dung dch bari perclorat khi dng Thorin lm cht ch th v tnh ton nng khi lng lu hunh dioxit. 4.7 XU LY SO LIEU Lu gi trong file my tnh. a im ly mu: Tnh (thnh ph), huyn (qun), x (phng); Ta a l; Loi thnh phn mi trng Thng tin v mu: im ly mu; Ngy v thi gian ly mu; Thnh phn mi trng ly mu (mi trng kh); Phng php ly mu, thit b ly mu; Phng php bo qun mu; Nhng x l ban u khc hin trng; Tn ngi ly mu. Cc kt qu o: Ni dung thc hin php o; Phng php phn tch; Cc kt qu o thc t ; Ch dn v tin cy ca kt qu. Cc gi tr nhm ln; Tn sut ly mu thay i trong chu k ghi chp; Cc quan trc bi trong mt chu k ly mu; khng m bo trong cc th o; C mu nh; Cc gi tr khng ph hp vi m hnh chung ca mt tp hp s liu (cc gi tr ngoi lai); Lm trn s liu o; S liu nm ti hay di gii hn pht hin. Phn tch s liu nhm chuyn s liu th v dng thng tin. 4.9 PHAN TICH DU LIEU VA LAP BAO CAO KET QUA QT IV.9. Phn tch d liu v lp bo co kt qu QT Mc tiu cui cng ca mt chng trnh quan trc l chuyn thng tin thu nhp c ti ngi s dng thng tin. C nhiu phng php khc nhau trnh by cc s liu thu c nh: trnh by di dng cc bng s liu, s liu o c x l thng k, c th c th hin di dng th, thng tin c trnh by c tnh a l hoc di dng thng tin tng hp... Phn tch kt qu quan trc: So snh vi tiu chun, Phn tch theo khng gian v thi gian (lin h vi iu kin t nhin, tnh trng s dng t, qu trnh pht trin kinh t - x hi nh cng

nghip, giao thng th, xy dng, sinh hot,...), Phn tch lin h vi cc qu trnh t nhin nh chy rng, gi ma, Phn tch v lin h vi quy trnh sn xut (cng sut hot ng so vi thit k), h thng x l kh thi. Xt trn quan im cht lng, yu cu ca mt bo co quan trc ty thuc vo mc ch quan trc (quan trc nn, quan trc thanh tra, quan trc ly s liu lm TM, quan trc nh k lm ISO, ...) tuy nhin n cng phi bao gm cc yu cu c bn: mc tiu ca chng trnh quan trc, m t c iu kin t nhin v kinh t - x hi khu vc quan trc, m t chng trnh quan trc (v tr, thng s, tng xut v thi gian la chn; ngun lc nhn lc, trang thit b v ti chnh; phng php quan trc v phn tch; chng trnh QA/QC p dng,...); kt qu thc hin, phn tch kt qu; kt lun; ph lc.